I found lower bactericidal activity and lower level of C3 in diabetes but higher C4. What is the explanation?
553674
Complement mediation needs some amount of energy (created by Glucose utilisation)and so bactiriacidal activity is lower in less controlled diabetics.Complement inactivated serum does not need extra energy.I can not readily explain defference between C3 and  C4.Even plasma cells need effective glucose utilisation for optimal functioning.So IgG and IgA  are in higher quantity.
177698
It is difficult to tell with out a proper sugar level test that is performed by a doctor.\n\nHere are some signs to look for:\nFeeling hot and perspiring even when it is cool and you do not have a fever.\nHeadaches that go away when you eat something\nShaking hands (like a light palsy)\nUnable to concentrate\n\nTry eating something with a small to moderate amount of sugar in it that is balanced with a high quantity of Protein.  This will usually balance your system and prevent yo-yo cures of Hypoglycemia.  If you take in only sugar, you will feel better for a short time and then usually relaspe very quickly.\n\nIf you have it, it is a great idea to cut out sodas.  After cutting out sodas from my diet, I became nearly attack free only having slight attacks maybe a couple of times a year.  I have since added sodas back into my diet, but on a very limited amount.\n\nThe symptoms you experience will be caused by too much insulin in your system and no sugar to process for energy.  The insulin can actually start attacking tissue in attempts to release energy so it is important that you get this under control if you are found to have it.
998000
You don't get infected by it.  Two types of diabetes, one type is hereditary and the other, adult onset diabetes, is usually due to obesity, poor diet, lack of excersise and other health problems.
337443
Whoa... I can see there is a lot of misunderstanding about diabetes.  The thing you need to know is that there are two types of diabetes.\n\nType 1 Diabetes presents more commonly during early childhood or early puberty but can occur at any age.  Type 1 specifically refers to diabetes resulting from the destruction of insulin-secreting cells in your pancreas.  All Type 1 diabetics require insulin because their body no longer makes it.\n\nType 2 Diabetes presents more commonly in adulthood but can occur at any age and is being seen in younger and younger patients.  Type 2 specifically refers to diabetes resulting from your body's becoming more resistant (or less sensitive) to the insulin that your pancreas produces.  Most patients can be treated with oral medications that improve your body's sensitivity to your endogenous insulin or stimulate more insulin release from your pancreas.  Type 2 diabetics have high levels of insulin circulating unlike Type 1 diabetics.  Some Type 2 diabetics may go on to need insulin if their oral medications are not adequately controlling their sugars; most will be on a combination of insulin and oral meds.\n\nBoth Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are multifactorial.  There are both genetic and environmental factors that lead to the disease.  Therefore, just because one identical twin has diabetes (either kind) does not necessarily mean that the other will get it as well!\n\nPopulation studies have shown that for Type 1 diabetes...\nIf your mom has Type 1 DM - your risk is 1 in 17\nIf your mom has Type 1 DM and had you before age 25 - your risk 1 in 25\nIf your mom has Type 1 DM and had you after age 25 - your risk 1 in 100\nIf your mom got Type 1 DM before she was 11 - the above risk doubles\nIf both your parents have Type 1 DM - your risk is 1 in 5\n\nFor Type 2 diabetes...\nIf you have one parent who had Type 2 DM before 50 - your risk is 1 in 7\nIf you have one parent who had Type 2 DM after 50 - your risk is 1 in 13\nIf you have two parents with Type 2 DM - your risk is 1 in 2\nIf you have an identical twin with Type 2 DM - your risk is 3 in 4\n\nThis information is all available from the American Diabetes Association.  As you can see, Type 2 diabetes actually has a higher inherited risk than Type 1!  There are things that you can do to minimize your chances of developing Type 2 DM, though, even though you are at risk.  That includes regular exercise, maintenance of a healthy weight, and reducing fat and calorie intake.  There are also some medications that can reduce your risk of developing Type 2 DM; you should talk to your doctor about whether these would be appropriate for you.  Above all, don't worry!  You are expressing concern about your health which is the FIRST STEP!  If you are motivated to take the appropriate steps towards maintaining your health, the odds of preventing diabetes are in your favor!!  Good luck!\n\nEDIT:\nTo justwannaknow - I think what you say is misleading.  The AMA's recommendation in 2002 was for people to take a daily multivitamin.  There is still no recommendation for physicians to advise patients to take herbal supplements and other nutritional supplements like "Glycoscience".\n\nTo hmt42play - Islet cell transplants are not being recommended for patients with Type 2 diabetes!!!  As you diabetes educator, you should be aware of this!  Type 2 diabetics generally have functioning islet cells and DO produce insulin.  The problem is with insulin resistance so giving them more islet cells would not resolve the underlying problem.  Islet cell transplants are currently only being used in unstable Type 1 diabetics.  Please do not give this poor woman the idea that islet cell transplantation is a cure for Type 2 diabetes!
488176
Septicemia is very serious. It means that bacteria are not only IN your bloodstream, but are growing there. It doesn't mean certain death, but can cause it. Fungal infections are harder to treat however. Why have they let this infection go so long as to cause this severity, and why are they just letting him go? Sounds like something is up. I know they can amputate (as with diabetic patients who let foot infections get so bad the foot/leg turns "black") as a last resort. Sounds odd to me.
459771
Always pleased to further the resaerch into diabetes and it's effects. I have been diabetic for 10 years now and still struggle with the fact i have it. I thinl there should be some kind of couselling form newly diagnosed diabetics but... yeah send those questions on. joelle@melvern.co.uk
648824
7% was the old recommendation for diabetics, now its 6% and under is what the current guideline recommend. For most labs, 4% to 5.9% is normal.
905173
no, as  it has been said, vitamin c is water  soluble and the body flushes out  unabsorbed vitamin  c. diabetes can't really be cured, it can be controlled. taking ENOUGH vitamin c in by diet  or supplement might be a good idea especially for diabetics because of the vision problems diabetics tend to face. your mom was right about eating carrots for your eyes, it's not a save  all, but has been shown to help
373976
Monocube kind of has the right idea, but not really. The first thing you look at is the pH. Normal range is 7.35 - 7.45, with the absolute being 7.4. the lower the #, the more acidic it is, and the higher it is the more alkalotic. \n\nThe next thing you look at is the PaCO2. Normal = 35 - 45. When CO2 mixes w/ H20, you get carbonic acid, so increased PaCO2 will cause the pH to be more acidic (lower pH), decreased - more alkaline (higher pH).\n\nThen you look at the HCO3 level. Normal is 22-26. Bicarb is alkaline. The higher the bicarb level, the more alkaline (higher pH) and decreased bicarb = more acidic (lower ph).\n\nSo, lets make up a blood gas:\npH 7.28  PaCO2 74 HCO3 26 (we'll forget the other results for now & concentrate on this part)\n\nOk, so we see that the pH is low, so this is an acidic result. Now - what's causing it? The respiratory system, or the kidneys? Our CO2 (respiratory) is high, which means acidic. The bicarb is normal, so it is not a metabolic (kidney) problem. This is a respiratory acidosis.\n\n And you want to know about compensation...compensated means that it is a chronic problem. Something that has been going on for awhile, and the body has had time to fix the problem, and return the pH back to the normal level. \nThe example we have above is an acute problem. The bicarb level is normal. It takes at least 24 hours for the kidneys to try to compensate for a respiratory problem. This is an acute respiratory acidosis.\n\nIf we change the values - pH 7.33, same PaCO2 - 74, and HCO3 of 32, then we see that the kidneys have now started to fix the problem. Our pH is still acidic, still caused by a respiratory issue, but the bicarb is now elevated, so this is a partially compensated respiratory acidosis.\n\nOnce again, changing values to pH 7.37, PaCO2 74, HCO3 36. Now our pH is in the normal range. BUT, this is where people get messed up - you have to remember that the absolute normal is 7.40. This pH is on the acidic side, even though it is in the normal range. So then you look at the other values. the CO2 is very high, but so is the bicarb.\n I have seen Doctors and nurses who are unfamiliar with blood gas interpretation freak out on a gas like this. Is this patient in respiratory distress? NO! let me explain why. This is a compensated respiratory acidosis. The pH is back in the normal range! This is a typical blood gas for a COPD patient. This is where they "live". They retain CO2, their levels are always high, so the kidneys "compensate".\n\n If you have more questions, feel free to email me at mike.marlow@yahoo.com I hope this helps you.
175820
All meters are allowed to have a margin of error, so whether it is something to be conscerned with deopends on how different it is.\n\nI assume the lab value was taken with blood from a vein and the meter reading was taken from a finger stick.  Because of this, the vein reading will reflect changes in blood sugar more quickly.\n\nYou also need to consider how the finger that was pricked was cleaned first- if it was dirty, it can read higher, if it was cleaned with alcohol and still wet, it can read higher, if it was cleaned with soap and water and was still wet, it will read lower.\n\nWas your meter calibrated correctly, either with a code chip or by punching the code in?\n\nFinally, it depends on the meter.  Labs read "plasma values" of glucose results.  Some meters read "whole blood" results.  The whole blood result will be lower, so call your meter company to find out which your meter uses.
472772
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15752236&dopt=Abstract\n\n\n\nhttp://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/7/1838
714628
yeah i have no idea where you get 7.2. but you won't read this if your sugar is 7.2 right now.  Normal reading is 70-110.  This can fluctuate from stress like surgery or exercise (either up or down) and from food.   Your doctor can administer the oral glucose tolerance test, test a fasting sugar, and draw a HbA1c with is the average of the last 3 months of blood sugars.  In fact that 7.2 sounds more like that test.  If you are diabetic, you will start to see excessive eating, this due to your bodys cells telling you that they have glucose to process because it is all in you bloodstream and is unable to get into the cells due to lack of insulin.  Excessive urination, from your body's safety mechanism for purging glucose from the body throught the kidneys along with ketones when the sugar gets really high.  Finally excessive drinking, from being dehydrated from all the urination, also it lowers the bodys pH from ketosis. (ketones in blood).  For your last question about the speed of sugar entering the bloodstream, sugar and carbs entering the blood stream is delayed or slowed by anything that takes longer to digest (fats or protein) For example, a bag of skittles would raise you blood sugar faster than that chocolate.
950493
if you are diabetic the A1C TEST RESULTS HAVE TO BE LESS THAN 6%. THAT MEANS THEIR SUGAR IS WELL MAINTAINED AND ITS USEFULL FOR THOSE WHO NEED THAT TYPE OF BLOOD RIGHT AWAY.
370822
If you are not diabetic, and you don't faint in the streets from too low blood glucose, then your problem -- whatever it is -- would not seem to be immediately life threatening. And the erratic changes are not likely due to insulin. Here's why. \n\n=======\nbackground\n\nMetabolic control in the human body is fairly simple in principle. Just involved and interconnected, and only partially understood even now. \n\nYou absorb glucose from food in the intestines (after breaking down complex carbohydrates so it's possible to absorb them) and it goes into the blood. From there it can be absorbed by body cells and insulin is required for about 2/3 of them to do the absorption. Only two types of cells storage significant amounts of glucose internally (liver cells and muscle cells). As the glucose is used as fuel within cells, they either convert internal stores back to glucose, or absorb more from the blood. Glucose absorption is controlled in the 2/3 of the total by insulin, which is required for those cells to absorb glucose. When the beta cells (which are the only source of insulin) see high blood glucose, they release insulin. In non-diabetics, this causes those 2/3 of cells to absorb glucose, the blood level to drop, and the release of insulin to cease. \n\nWhen glucose levels are low, and so insulin levels are as well, liver cells (but not muscle cells) to release stored insulin into the blood. The result is that blood glucose is kept at a more or less constant level, save just after meals when it rises somewhat. \n\nNote that insulin, and exercise, are the only control for reducing glucose levels. There are several situations in which glucose levels are raised by opposing hormones. All of the stress hormones (adrenalin, for instance) cause the liver to output stored glucose and so to raise blood glucose levels. Another hormone, glucagon, also causes the liver to output stored glucose to the blood, and it's sometimes carried by those whose glucose levels are characteristically too low. Infections also usually cause glucose levels to rise. \n\nSo, \n\nfood and any of several signals to the liver cause blood glucose to rise. \n\ninsulin and exercise cause blood glucose to go down; glucose is strongly conserved and is never lost in normal circumstances. \n\nBlood glucose levels vary somewhat in the normal usual course of things. The fluctuations you note in your case, if abnormal, are most likely due to one of these controls.
1113665
The wall of the intestine has many tiny finger like projections called Villae, these make the surface area very large.  Glucose moves throught the epithelial cells on the walls of the villae by "active transfer" a type of osmosis.  Glucose levels are maintained by the action of the hormone Insulin, failure in this system leads to the disorder Diabetes.  Search on some of these words in  google and you'll find loads of articles at different levels.  There are two site below to get you started.
967067
that's so weird, we're doing something similar in my bio class...\n\nI would agree with you....glucose should be broken down faster...perhaps theres some error in ur results.\n\nI did the same experiment...and I had glucose produce a little more CO2 than sucrose.
501808
No that is way way too low.. You need to eat something or drink some orange juice fast, even candy. You MUST talk to your doctor about this. You may be bottoming out. Try to keep record of the time of day this is happening.. My Mom had this problem and twice she fell out in a diabetic coma. She could have died if no one was there.. You could too.. \n\nThis is a must.. It should not be that low...\n\n NOW ONE MORE THING.. IF YOUR METER IS OUT OF WHACK OR THE STRIPS ARE OLD, YOU CAN GET FALSE READINGS FROM THAT. TAKE YOUR METER TO THE DOCTOR WHEN YOU GO AND THEY CAN TEST IT FOR YOU.. IT MAY NEED BATTERIES.. Oooops, Sorry I didn`t mean to yell.. {:-)\n\nGood luck and God bless  <><