How are spores Dispersed?
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Spores are most commonly wind dispersed. The plant or fungus simply sheds them into the air and they are blown around in the wind.\n\nHowever some spores are water dispersed and are shed into the water and drift around that way. Some aquatic ferns go to the extent of shedding the spores in specialised floating containers rather than releasing them individually. These ferns effectively evolved fruit millions of years before flowering plants.\n\nThere are also many species of moss and fungi that rely on insects to disperse their spores. These organisms have spore producing bodies that are often brightly coloured or scented. These bodies act like primitive flowers in attracting insects. The spores themselves are held to the sporing structure in a sticky gel rather than being loosely held and able to blow around as is more common. When insects land on the sporulating structure the gel and the spores stick to their feat and are carried to other locations.
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its a wonder\n\n!\n\nto know it\nThe seeds are carried away from the mother plant by animals called dispersers. In some cases the animal carries away an entire fruit, in other cases the animal is carrying seeds alone. The animal usually feeds on the fruit (ovary wall), but "tosses" the seeds (or passes them through its digestive system). This assures that seeds end up far away from the "mother" plant, where they can develop without competition from "mom."\n\nHaving been taken away from the parent, it is time for the seeds to sprout or germinate. Seed germination is defined as the emergence of the radicle through the seed coat. Common garden seeds germinate if given just water and reasonably warm temperatures.\n\nWild species usually have some kind of deeper dormancy to avoid sprouting in late summer or fall when the seeds are commonly dispersed. This assures that tender seedlings are not frozen at a young age by the approaching winter. Instead the seedlings do not appear until warm weather arrives in springtime.\n\nIf a species has evolved a very thick seed coat, it may require scarification of that seed coat before water can enter the seed and initiate germination. Perhaps the coat has to be gnawed at by animals, or frozen and thawed repeatedly to crack the coat, or rund down the rocks in a stream bed or up beach in pounding surf to wear the coat down. Perhaps the seed is swallowed whole by the disperser. The thick seed coat protects the dormant embryo as it passes through the animal's digestive system. The weakening of the seed coat through digestion means that the seed is ready to sprout when it gets deposited (along with a bit of fertilizer) by the disperser somewhere new in the environment. Yet other seeds require a brief exposure to fire to scarify the seed coat.\n\nIn species with thin seed coats, light may be able to penetrate into the dormant embryo. The embryo may then either use the presence of light or the absence of light to trigger its germination process. Small seeds with thin seed coats are likely to use light as a signal for germination. If these are buried shallowly enough for light to hit the seed, then its germination will initiate and before it runs out of reserves, its cotyledons will be doing photosynthesis. If the small seed is deeply buried it does not germinate; it has no idea how deep it is buried and may not have sufficient reserves on board to make it to the surface before they run out. Evolution favors shutting down germination in the dark for those species. For large-seeded species, the opposite may be true. There is an advantage to having your reserves buried before starting to germinate...otherwise the sprout just acts as a flag to say..."come and eat my nutritious seeds here on the surface." Evolution favors a large seed with lots of investment in storage to wait until it is buried before sending up its shoot. Such a seed will key in on darkness rather than light. In laboratory you will see an example of each of these kinds of evolutionary adaptations!\n\nIn yet other species, the embryo is fully developed when the seeds are dispersed. They need to be deposited in soil that possesses fungi that serve as host to the seed and seedling until the development is completed and the seedling is big enough to grow on its own. Trying to sprout many orchid seeds in common garden soil is futile...the required fungal hosts are not present...so leaving wild orchids where they naturally grow is the best idea.\n\nIn most species of wild plants the mother invests the seed with abscisic acid. This hormone makes the embryo dormant until environmental conditions and native enzymes permit the abscisic acid to be broken down inside the embryo. The enzyme required is present in the embryo in the fall, but it is inactive until activated by low temperature. About four weeks at 4°C is required to activate the enzyme and degrade all the abscisic acid in the embryo. This cold
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* Many seeds (e.g. maple, pine) have a wing that aids in wind dispersal.\n    * The dustlike seeds of orchids are carried efficiently by the wind.\n    * Some seeds, (e.g. dandelion, milkweed, poplar) have hairs that aid in wind dispersal.\n    * Seeds with a fleshy covering (e.g. apple, cherry, juniper) which is eaten by animals (birds, mammals) which then disperse the seeds in their droppings.\n    * Seeds (nuts) which are an attractive long-term storable food resource for animals (e.g. acorns, hazelnut, walnut); the seeds are stored some distance from the parent plant, and some escape being eaten if the animal stores more than it needs, forgets where it has stored the seed, or dies.\n    * Seeds (burrs) with barbs or hooks (e.g. acaena, burdock, dock) which attach to animal fur or feathers, and then drop off later.\n    * Seeds of some mangroves are viviparous, they begin to germinate while still attached to the parent. The large, heavy root allows the seed to penetrate into the ground when it falls.\n    * Some seeds have appendages called elaiosomes, e.g. bloodroot, trilliums and Acacias. Elaiosomes provide food for ants, which usually disperse such seeds. \n    * Some plants, such as Mucuna and Dioclea, produce buoyant seeds termed sea-beans or drift seeds because they float in rivers to the oceans and wash up on beaches.
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a sol is colloid in which solid is dispersed in liquid.
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yes they are. Seeds are much more complex than spores.\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeds#Seed_structure\n\nyay take a look!
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Several things:  rotting leaves in moisture send up molecules of odor.  They are blown on the wind.  Gentle rains bounce off of leaves, where spores have settled, wind then move them.  In some places dampness puts plant esters into the wind.  The aromas after a rain, or in a damp forest, or even your back yard are caused by them being wafted into the air, then moved by the wind.  No such aromas exist out on  the ocean.....And your allergies go away too....  Spores, pollens and esters all cause allergies, but they are the aromas of plant life.
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The white fuzzy things are dandelion fluffs from the dead ones floating throught the air. This is how they spread their seeds, they actually are dandelion fluffs but ones that dropped their seeds already
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plants on land have a harder time spreading out their young, look at pollen and seeds.  water plants just release their gametes and they float away
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If the relation is not intimate as in mycorrhiza as said by skeptic,there are certain fungi which thrive on exudates from roots at it's rhizosphere.So,due to this reason they are species specific.These biochemical secretions are needed for it's growth and germination of spores.
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The answer is compression.  Rarefaction refers to the opposite (where 'spreading out' is observed).
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Initially a spore (the fungal equivalent of a seed) lands on some suitable ground. It starts to grow underground, pushing out mycelium (fungal threads) in all directions. As the mass of mycelium grows the central part dies off, leaving a disc of mycelium growing at the outer edge. Eventually, when season and weather allow, mushrooms are produced above the mycelium and release spores. Sometimes, several years may go by before mushrooms are seen at a fairy ring. The underground presence of the fungus sometimes causes withering or varying colour or growth of the grass above.
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It is like a cream separator, only stretched out along its axis.\n\nThe devices consists of a corkscrew-shaped flume.  A slurry of the material to be separated is flowed down the flume.  The greater momentum and proporitionally less hydrodynamic drag of larger and/or denser particles cause them to segregate along the outer margin of the flume.  One or more vanes at the bottom of the spiral separates the segregated slurry into two or more streams.
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Some members of the Firmicutes (phylum), including the genera of Clostridium (and Clostridium-related bacteria) and Bacillus can form endospores.\n\nSome members of the order Actinomycetales, including but not limited to the genera Actinomyces and Streptomyces, are capable of forming spores in arial hyphae (spelling on that one).\n\nSome members of the family Myxococcaceae, including the genera Myxococcus and Anaeromyxococcus, are capable of forming spores inside of fruiting bodies.\n\nFungii also form spores.
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You need to get the sperm to the eggs and with an "army " of sperm, its more likely that some of it will eventually make it past all of the factors that might cause it from not reaching its target... such as when pollen is on a pollinator, some of it is usually lost in flight or just in the regualr movement of the animal that does that job. some plants are pollinated by the wind and the more that is released increases the  chance that some of it will reach the egg. Eggs are usually very close to the adult version of the plant or even within the plant before they are fertalized so they are mainly stationary... with more chances to reach the egg it increases the fecundity.
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The paper will carry mold spores forever, so I would pitch them and try to get copies.  If you can't part with them, maybe you can scan or copy the papers onto fresh papers and throw away the originals.  Please don't put your health on the line.
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Convection leads to upward air movement, which in turn cools down the air. Cool air can hold less humidity, so a plume of mist forms where the formerly warm air gets cooled down. The droplets have a tendency to sink down but are moved up again by the convection which created them, thereby concentrating in one volume.\n\nStrong wind currents won't blow them apart but carry them along. What breaks up a cloud are irregular currents, or obstacles.
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"Females release thousands of transparent eggs in jelly-like strands into the water. \n Take a close look at a developing squid, or paralarva. It looks like a miniature adult. \n\nMales produce long tubes, or spermataphores, filled with millions of sperm. Most species have a modified arm for depositing these in or on the female. This spermataphore cluster is implanted on the head of a female (Abraliopsis sp.). No wonder scientists are puzzled as to how squid eggs get fertilized!"