how does injection of insulin lower blood glucose levels?
541614
Four hormones are produced by the Langerhans islet cells. Insulin is produced in the B cells, glucagon in the A cells, somatostatin in the D cells, and pancreatic polypeptide in the F cells. Insulin promotes anabolism (building up of tissues) and inhibits catabolism (breaking down of tissues) in muscle, liver, and fat cells. It increases the rate of synthesis (blending) of glycogen, fatty acids, and proteins. Lack of insulin causes diabetes mellitus (a disease characterized by excess sugar in the blood and other body fluids).\n\nInsulin's most important feature is its ability to increase the rate of glucose (a crystalline sugar) absorption by cells. Glucose is the most efficient fuel used by and found in almost all cells. Insulin causes a decreased concentration of glucose in the blood and causes the cells to store glycogen (a starchlike substance), mostly in the liver. It also promotes the entry of other sugars and amino acids into the muscle and fat cells. Insulin is therefore responsible for promoting fat storage in fat cells and for the total quantity of protein in the body.
7665
1. loose weight\n\n2.  exercise more - this will use up more sugar and make you more insulin sensitive\n\n3.  eat less carbs.
701108
If you absolutely have to have it sweet then use Splenda.  It is made from sugar but doesn't have the effects of sugar.  Even sugar subsitutes should be avoid where possible because they tend to elevate you insuline.
1072683
After you eat, the food is broken down into glucose, the simple sugar that is the main source of energy for the body's cells. But your cells cannot use glucose without insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin helps the cells take in glucose and convert it to energy. When the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is present, the cells cannot use glucose. Excess glucose builds up in the bloodstream, setting the stage for diabetes.
710208
INTRODUCTION — Insulin is used in the treatment of patients with diabetes of all types. The need for insulin depends upon the balance between insulin secretion and insulin resistance. All patients with type 1 diabetes need insulin treatment permanently, unless they receive an islet or whole organ pancreas transplant; many patients with type 2 diabetes will require insulin as their beta cell function declines over time.\n\nIndications for insulin therapy, available formulations of insulin, insulin pharmacokinetics, and determinants of efficacy will be reviewed here. The specifics of insulin therapy for type 1 and type 2 diabetes and intensive insulin therapy for critically ill patients who become hyperglycemic are discussed separately. (See "Insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus", and see "Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus" and see "Nutritional support in the critically ill", section on Glucose control).\n\nWHICH PATIENTS NEED INSULIN — Insulin should be given to all patients with type 1 diabetes, which is due to autoimmune islet-cell injury that eventually leads to virtually complete insulin deficiency. (See "Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus"). The peak incidence of type 1 diabetes is around the time of puberty, but about 25 percent of cases present after 35 years of age [1]. Insulin is also indicated for patients with secondary diabetes due to pancreatic insufficiency, as well as in many patients with type 2 diabetes to manage hyperglycemia.\n\nClinical features which, if present in a patient with diabetes at any age, suggest the need for insulin therapy include marked and otherwise unexplained recent weight loss (irrespective of the initial weight), a short history with severe symptoms, and the presence of moderate to heavy ketonuria. Diabetic ketoacidosis at first presentation usually indicates that the patient has type 1 diabetes and will require lifelong insulin treatment. However, some patients with type 2 diabetes, especially in the Afro-Caribbean populations (so-called "Flatbush diabetes"), may present with ketoacidosis [2]. (See "Classification of diabetes mellitus and genetic diabetic syndromes").\n\nA more difficult question is when to use insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes. This disorder is characterized by both insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Therapy should begin with diet, weight reduction, and exercise, which can frequently induce normoglycemia if compliance is optimal. Patients with persistent hyperglycemia are often started on one or more oral hypoglycemic drugs. Metformin is a good early choice, based on its safety profile, neutral effect with regard to weight gain, and ability to lower glycemia. Insulin is added if goal glycemic control is not attained. (See "Glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Initial treatment"). Initiation of insulin therapy, however, is often unnecessarily delayed, owing to physician or patient reluctance and other factors, thus exposing patients to the physiological consequences of prolonged hyperglycemia.\n\nPatient preconceptions about use of insulin need to be addressed (show table 1) [3]. Earlier intervention with insulin in type 2 diabetes has been shown to result in long-term remissions with normal glycemia and no need for hypoglycemic medications [4]. (See "Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus").\n\nINSULIN PREPARATIONS \n\nStandard preparations — Standard insulin preparations can be divided into two basic categories:\n\nIntermediate- to long-acting preparations (NPH, detemir, or glargine) are typically administered once or twice daily to provide basal insulin levels that suppress hepatic glucose production and maintain near normoglycemia in the fasting state. Intermediate-acting insulin (NPH) also provides some peak coverage for breakfast and lunch intake, although not as physiologic as replacement with faster-acting insulin giv
386833
Throw it out. \n\nIt's true that many medications can be used beyond their expiration date, and in fact they are often shipped to third world countries where they are sorely needed.\n\nUnfortunately, insulin loses its potency more quickly than most drugs. If it isn't potent enough to control your blood glucose you could potentially end up in the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis.\n\nPlay it safe. Get some fresh insulin. You and your health are worth the effort.
419534
Since my mother is Diabetic this isn't very difficult.  3.  Although 1 is a correct answer it is misleading.  The idea is to lower the insulin but to do that you have to give the person sugar so that the insulin has something to latch onto.
502759
Insulin secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas controls the blood glucose levels by stimulating body cells to increase the uptake and utilization of glucose; enhancing the formation of glycogen from glucose and by stimulating fat synthesis in liver. \n\nWhere as the other hormone GLUCAGON (secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas) increases the blood glucose level when the level goes below normal. This is done by accelerating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and by increasing the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol(this can be used as a source of energy instead of glucose).
997449
Do find out your Fasting bllod sugar and react with Insulin Injections
1132832
i suggest that you talk about genetic engineering.\nto produce insulin for patients suffering from diabetes a bacteria is obtained and the plasmid DNA is extracted from it in addition to the insulin DNA which is extracted from a human the insulin DNA  is made part of the plasmid DNA and the plasmid is put back again into the bacteria. eventually the bacteria will produce insulin which is given to diabetes patients.
193422
The beta cells in the pancreas produce insulin continuously, and in non-diabetics, there is always some insulin on hand in each cell. When blood glucose increases, non-diabetics (and some diabetics as well) this causes release of the already procuded insulin into the blood. \n\nThe actual amount stored in all the beta cells together is very small. Insulin, in non type 2 diabetics, is effective in very small quantities (micrograms is typical). So there will not be as much as a small drop ever on hand in all the beta cells together even when the most insulin has been stored. This is not very much like the gall bladder which does store gall (from the liver), or any of several other secretory organs.
370822
If you are not diabetic, and you don't faint in the streets from too low blood glucose, then your problem -- whatever it is -- would not seem to be immediately life threatening. And the erratic changes are not likely due to insulin. Here's why. \n\n=======\nbackground\n\nMetabolic control in the human body is fairly simple in principle. Just involved and interconnected, and only partially understood even now. \n\nYou absorb glucose from food in the intestines (after breaking down complex carbohydrates so it's possible to absorb them) and it goes into the blood. From there it can be absorbed by body cells and insulin is required for about 2/3 of them to do the absorption. Only two types of cells storage significant amounts of glucose internally (liver cells and muscle cells). As the glucose is used as fuel within cells, they either convert internal stores back to glucose, or absorb more from the blood. Glucose absorption is controlled in the 2/3 of the total by insulin, which is required for those cells to absorb glucose. When the beta cells (which are the only source of insulin) see high blood glucose, they release insulin. In non-diabetics, this causes those 2/3 of cells to absorb glucose, the blood level to drop, and the release of insulin to cease. \n\nWhen glucose levels are low, and so insulin levels are as well, liver cells (but not muscle cells) to release stored insulin into the blood. The result is that blood glucose is kept at a more or less constant level, save just after meals when it rises somewhat. \n\nNote that insulin, and exercise, are the only control for reducing glucose levels. There are several situations in which glucose levels are raised by opposing hormones. All of the stress hormones (adrenalin, for instance) cause the liver to output stored glucose and so to raise blood glucose levels. Another hormone, glucagon, also causes the liver to output stored glucose to the blood, and it's sometimes carried by those whose glucose levels are characteristically too low. Infections also usually cause glucose levels to rise. \n\nSo, \n\nfood and any of several signals to the liver cause blood glucose to rise. \n\ninsulin and exercise cause blood glucose to go down; glucose is strongly conserved and is never lost in normal circumstances. \n\nBlood glucose levels vary somewhat in the normal usual course of things. The fluctuations you note in your case, if abnormal, are most likely due to one of these controls.
105087
Insulin is a hormone that regulates the glucose level in blood. It is a hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that regulates the level of glucose in the blood. Deficiency in production results in diabetes mellitus.
1079535
Pancreas creates insulin and glucagon.\n\nInsulin helps the body use up excess sugar in the bloodstream.\nGlucagon helps the body release sugar back into the bloodstream.
1072168
Diabetics have a pancreatic disorder in which they can not produce insuline.\nInsuline is secreted when we eat all types of sugars. It does not destroy or remove it. It aids the body in utilizing the sugar for energy and storage.\nInsuline injections do the same. It replaces what the body should have created, but can not.\nHowever, there are different types of diabetes. Some people just eat too much sugar and do not produce anough insuline. Those are usually the overwieght. These people can control thier diabetes through a strict diet plan and sometimes not take any meds at all.\nFor those that produce no insuline, it doesn't matter how much sugar you eat or how much you wiegh, you will always need injections.
228399
Limit your carb intake. The body turns all carbs into sugar. With simple carbs; sugar, honey, syrup, etc. the body converts these quickly causing your blood sugar to spike so avoid these. Complex carbs like rice, oatmeal, beans, etc. take longer to convert so your blood sugar doesn't spike, but it will still go up. You also have to be careful not to eat too much protein. Protein won't effect your blood sugar, but will effect your kidneys which are already working overtime trying to get rid of the excess sugar. Make an appointment and talk with a dietitian. In the meantime practice portion control. That's where most of us get in trouble. 1/2 Cup is a serving of starch like corn, beans, pasta, potatoes. 1 Cup is a serving of raw veggies and 1/2 Cup cooked veggies = a serving. 1 oz. of meat = 1 serving of meat. Watch your diet and talk with a dietitian and you should be able to control your diabetes without having to go on meds. OH and always carry some hard candy with you in case your blood sugar gets too low. Good luck with this.
78128
The best way is to eat right, exercise, and avoid carrying too much weight. That does not mean that you can PREVENT it, but you can make it much easier to treat. The more fat you carry on your body, the less efficiently your body will use its own insulin. In type 2, you are still making insulin, your body just can't use it. So eating a healthy diet and regular exercise will help your body burn off the excess glucose in your blood.