How are X-Rays produced?
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Inside the machine is an x-ray tube. An electron gun inside the tube shoots high energy electrons at a target made of heavy atoms, such as tungsten. X-rays come out because of atomic processes induced by the energetic electrons shot at the target. \n\nThere are two different atomic processes that can produce x-ray photons.\n\nOne is called Bremsstrahlung, which in German is "braking radiation." This electron slows down after swinging around the nucleus of a tungsten atom and loses energy by radiating x-rays. A lot of photons of different wavelengths are produced, but none of the photons has more energy than the electron had to begin with. After emitting the spectrum of x-ray radiation the original electron is slowed down or stopped. \n\nThe other is called K-shell emission. Atoms have their electrons arranged in closed "shells" of different energies, the K-shell is the lowest energy state of an atom. The incoming electron from the electron gun hits a K-shell electron in a tungsten target atom and can give it enough energy to knock it out of its energy state. Then, a tungsten electron of higher energy (from an outer shell) can fall into the K-shell. The energy lost by the falling electron shows up in an emitted x-ray photon. Meanwhile, higher energy electrons fall into the vacated energy state in the outer shell, and so on. K-shell emission produces higher-intensity x-rays than Bremsstrahlung, and the x-ray photon comes out at a single wavelength.
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X-rays are absorbed by the topmost levels of the earth's atmosphere.\nThe same applies to the gamma radiation emitted by the sun.\n\nWhen the incoming radiation strikes the top of the atmosphere, it interacts with the air molecules and is absorbed (by being broken into a shower of exotic particles, none of which exist for long enough to reach the surface of the planet)\n\nThere are two windows for which radiation reaches the ground, One starting at UV through to visible light and to Infrared, and the Radiowave window which satellites communicate through.
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Each pixel is a small sealed chamber of gas that illuminates when ionized.  They're arranged on a grid of "wires".  When a particular X-Y junction is energized, that pixel lights up.  It happens thousands of times per second.
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Application history of synchrotron radiation?\n\n \nSince their discovery by Roentgen just over 100 years ago, X-rays have been a powerful tool in research, industry and medicine. All facets of X-ray research have been revolutionized by the use of synchrotron radiation and the high brightness beams now available. The graph shows the rapid increase in the brightness of X-ray beams available for research, since the introduction of synchrotron radiation in the 1960's.\n\nFirst generation synchrotron sources were high energy physics accelerators, where the synchrotron radiation was an unwanted by-product.\n\nIn the 1960s, physicists and chemists began to use the radiation from several of these accelerators in a "parasitic mode". The second generation of synchrotron radiation facilities, such as the Photon Factory in Japan, were constructed expressly to provide synchrotron X-rays for research.\n\nRecently a third generation of facilities is being completed, for example, the 7 GeV Advanced Photon Source in the USA, and are providing even higher brightness X-ray beams, about 10,000 times higher than those of the second generation.\n\nToday's application\nSynchrotron radiation has become an indispensable tool in a wide range of research fields. \nUsing the intense UV, soft X-ray and hard X-ray beams produced at synchrotron radiation facilities, scientists can: determine the structure of materials and molecules, the electronic (chemical) structure of surfaces and interfaces; analyze tiny trace element concentrations in micron-sized regions; measure local molecular structures in disordered systems e.g. solutions and catalysts; obtain 3-D CAT scan images with micron resolution, and so on.\n\nOne of the first techniques to make use of synchrotron radiation was X-ray crystallography: the determination of atomic structure from X-ray diffraction data.\n\nX-ray crystallography has historically been the primary tool used to investigate the structure of matter: the atomic and crystal structures of most materials have been determined using these techniques. \nThis structural knowledge is central to the development of many new technologies, e.g. pharmaceuticals and nanotechnology. \n \nSynchrotron radiation, because of the characteristics mentioned above, has not only allowed the extension of conventional crystallographic techniques to the investigation of new materials and macro-molecules, but it has also facilitated major advances in the understanding of the structure and dynamics of ceramics, superconductors, polymers and the structure of surfaces and interfaces, even at the level of single layers of molecules.\n\nThere is a graph and a pic but i was unable to include them in the theory as it would not allow me to do so. Hope it is help ful.
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yes they can.  there is an entire field of active research devoted to x-ray optics, which has lots of use in medical imaging, crystallography, protein studies, and space telescopes.\n\ngoogle for x-ray optics:\nhttp://www.google.ca/search?hl=en&q=x-ray+optics&meta=
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Radiology uses computers all the time.  For example, x-rays are taken on an imaging plate and are processed within seconds to create an image.  Mammograms, chest x-rays, and some Cat Scans use a device called CAD (computer aided detection) to find abnormal pixel variations and determine the possibilities of cancer.
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Refer to an electromagnetic spectrum.\nRadiation is emission and propagation and emission of energy in the form of rays or waves (http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q...\nIn other words as long as waves travel there is radiation.\nThere are two types of radiation, the ionizing (harmful) radiation and the non-ionizing (not harmful) radiation.\nYou can see it in a magnetic spectrum. High frequency and low wavelength are those ionizing radiation. High wavelenth and low frequency are those non-ionizing radiation. Penetration of these waves are dependent on their frequencies. High frequencies are able to tranmsmit objects.\nFrom the magnetic spectrum there are different kinds of waves, (from non-ionizing to ionizing) radiowaves, microwaves, infrared, white light, UV, x-rays, gamma rays cosmic rays. These waves travel in a straight line unless scattered by hitting an object or being blocked or interrupted or you know I mean.\nThat's why astronomers detect radiowaves from the outerspace.
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The X-ray and Gamma radiations, which are both pretty much the same, are very high energy electromagnetic radiation. Besides the X-ray machine they are produced by very hot bodies like stars. They are produced by both yang and older stars.\n\n“In stars like our sun, X-ray flares are produced by the hot outer surface, or corona, of the star. The intensity of the X-rays produced is dependant on a number of factors including the star’s age and rotation. Using Chandra, researchers have found “violent” stars that tend to produce flares one hundred times more powerful than those produced by more docile stars. When these super-flares strike the planet-forming disks that surround the star, they can alter the positions of any nascent planets.” http://www.jyi.org/articletools/print.php?id=223 \n\n\nI think this what you were after.\n“The scientists calculated that gamma-ray radiation from a relatively nearby star explosion, hitting the Earth for only ten seconds, could deplete up to half of the atmosphere's protective ozone layer. Recovery could take at least five years. With the ozone layer damaged, ultraviolet radiation from the Sun could kill much of the life on land and near the surface of oceans and lakes, and disrupt the food chain.” \n\nSS
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did they do an x-ray on u?
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While black holes don't explode in the classic sense of the word, as objects are drawn into them they are forced to compress beyond the ordinary forces of matter and they disintegrate into subatomic particles which give off high bursts of energy.  Typically these are X-rays and gamma rays.  In fact that is one way they have of determining the presence of Black holes.  Astronomers look for the presence of otherwise un-explained X-ray sources.
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In most electric power plants, water is heated and converted into steam, which drives a turbine-generator to produce electricity. Fossil-fueled power plants produce heat by burning coal, oil, or natural gas. In a nuclear power plant, the fission of Uranium atoms in the reactor provides the heat to produce steam for generating electricity.\n\nHeat is produced in a nuclear reactor when neutrons strike Uranium atoms causing them to fission in a continuous chain reaction. Control elements, which are made of materials that absorb neutrons, are placed among the fuel assemblies. When the control elements, or control rods as they are often called, are pulled out of the core, more neutrons are available and the chain reaction speeds up, producing more heat. When they are inserted into the core, more neutrons are absorbed, and the chain reaction slows or stops, reducing the heat. \n  Most commercial nuclear reactors use ordinary water to remove the heat created by the fission process. These are called light water reactors. The water also serves to slow down, or "moderate" the neutrons. In this type of reactor, the chain reaction will not occur without the water to serve as a moderator.
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For element X the amount of energy required to remove one of the the outermost electrons to make the ion X+ (hence the name Ionisation)
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Yes. Rays? yes, that too... but mainly becuase of eyes intense light for fairly long time. Objects moving continuously. With tube-type TVs some X-ray is also emitted.
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Among the important early researchers in X-rays were Professor Ivan Pului, Sir William Crookes, Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Eugen Goldstein, Heinrich Hertz, Philipp Lenard, Hermann von Helmholtz, Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, Charles Glover Barkla, Max von Laue, and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.\n\nPhysicist Johann Hittorf (1824 - 1914) observed tubes with energy rays extending from a negative electrode. These rays produced a fluorescence when they hit the glass walls of the tubes. In 1876 the effect was named "cathode rays" by Eugen Goldstein. Later, English physicist William Crookes investigated the effects of energy discharges on rare gases, and constructed what is called the Crookes tube. It is a glass vacuum cylinder, containing electrodes for discharges of a high voltage electric current. He found, when he placed unexposed photographic plates near the tube, that some of them were flawed by shadows, though he did not investigate this effect.\n\nTesla\nIn April 1887, Nikola Tesla began to investigate X-rays using high voltages and vacuum tubes of his own design, as well as Crookes tubes. From his technical publications, it is indicated that he invented and developed a special single-electrode X-ray tube, which differed from other X-ray tubes in having no target electrode. He stated these facts in his 1897 X-ray lecture before the New York Academy of Sciences.\n\nThe principle behind Tesla's device is nowadays called the Bremsstrahlung process, in which a high-energy secondary X-ray emission is produced when charged particles (such as electrons) pass through matter. By 1892, Tesla performed several such experiments, but he did not categorize the emissions as what were later called X-rays, instead generalizing the phenomenon as radiant energy. He did not publicly declare his findings nor did he make them widely known. His subsequent X-ray experimentation by vacuum high field emissions led him to alert the scientific community to the biological hazards associated with X-ray exposure.\n\nHertz\nIn 1892, Heinrich Hertz began experimenting and demonstrated that cathode rays could penetrate very thin metal foil (such as aluminium). Philipp Lenard, a student of Heinrich Hertz, further researched this effect. He developed a version of the cathode tube and studied the penetration by X-rays of various materials. Philipp Lenard, though, did not realize that he was producing X-rays. Hermann von Helmholtz formulated mathematical equations for X-rays. He postulated a dispersion theory before Röntgen made his discovery and announcement. It was formed on the basis of the electromagnetic theory of light (Wiedmann's Annalen, Vol. XLVIII). However, he did not work with actual X-rays.\n\nRöntgen\nOn November 8, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, a German scientist, began observing and further documenting X-rays while experimenting with vacuum tubes. Röntgen, on December 28, 1895, wrote a preliminary report "On a new kind of ray: A preliminary communication". He submitted it to the Würzburg's Physical-Medical Society journal. This was the first formal and public recognition of the categorization of X-rays. Röntgen referred to the radiation as "X", to indicate that it was an unknown type of radiation. The name stuck, although (over Röntgen's great objections), many of his colleagues suggested calling them Röntgen rays. They are still referred to as such in many languages, where available see the list of titles for versions of this article in other languages. Röntgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery.\n\nRöntgen was working on a primitive cathode ray generator that was projected through a glass vacuum tube. Suddenly he noticed a faint green light against the wall. The odd thing he had noticed, was that the light from the cathode ray generator was traveling through a bunch of the materials in its way (paper,wood, and books). He then started to put various objects in front of the ge
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they weren't "invented" so much as they were discovered.  here's the answer i think you are looking for, though.\n\nAmong the important early researchers in X-rays were Professor Ivan Pului, Sir William Crookes, Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Eugen Goldstein, Heinrich Hertz, Philipp Lenard, Hermann von Helmholtz, Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, Charles Glover Barkla, Max von Laue, and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.\n\n \nEX: water cooled X-ray tube: Physicist Johann Hittorf (1824 - 1914) observed tubes with energy rays extending from a negative electrode. These rays produced a fluorescence when they hit the glass walls of the tubes. In 1876 the effect was named "cathode rays" by Eugen Goldstein. Later, English physicist William Crookes investigated the effects of energy discharges on rare gases, and constructed what is called the Crookes tube. It is a glass vacuum cylinder, containing electrodes for discharges of a high voltage electric current. He found, when he placed unexposed photographic plates near the tube, that some of them were flawed by shadows, though he did not investigate this effect.
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The Sun produces energy through a process called "nuclear fusion." This is the same process that happens in a hydrogen bomb. The Sun converts hydrogen into helium, and that conversion process releases energy, mostly in the form of heat. The Sun "burns" about 600-million tons of hydrogen every second.
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First...ultrasound is using high frequency sound waves whic are sent into the body through the probe. these are bounced back as they hit different density parts. they then show on a screen in real time. An x-ray is where radiation (x particles) are blown into the body and straight through. the xrays then make a print on the film. These are no longer real time as the film needs developing. Both need to interpret their product. Advantages for both are evident with the ultrasound able to be repositioned quickly to get another view and the xray has a film which can be studies and transported easily time can be taken to diagnose a result. Ultrasound is also very safe where xray is very dangerous.