How does BCG provide immunity to TB - does it stimulate specific immunoglobulins ?
554037
Yes BCG does confers some immunity against T.B, which is a live attenuated that is weak strain of a T.B organism knowna as Mycobacterium bovis , which is injected in ur blood stream, it offers partial resistance to tuber culosis remeber partial resistance , that is prevents appearance of clinical disease in children particularly , but it certainly does'nt prevent infection from T.B. as the organism is different called Myco bacterium Tuberculosis and this one u are injected with is is mycobacterium bovis , so it's related to the other one , and offers partial resistance but not complete immunity .
918675
the main part of specific immune system is Tcell and Bcell...it's hard to explain in details but i try to sum up,when the antigen enters the bode Tcell works a APC and receives antigene parts by MHC on it,MHC stimulate the Tcell to produce IL and INF and these stimulate Bcells to produce specific antibodies against Ag...some of these antibodies destroy the Ag by stimulating the complements and other parts of immune system and some Bcells convert to memory cells for the next time
732559
Hi Ed\n\nI dont know about drug combos, but here is what I do know. Ideas on how to get well.\n\nCause\nTB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB causes 1,800 deaths per year and 20,000 new cases are reported annually. The primary risk groups are older African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. Also at greater risk are people with illnesses that decrease immune function, such as alcoholics, malnutrition, diabetics, and people who are HIV positive. \n\nCaution: Drugs that act as immune suppressants, such as corticosteroids, can retrigger tuberculosis.\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNatural Cures\n\nNote: Prevention is the key to treating and minimizing the spread of TB. This is achieved through vaccinations, such as the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Contact tracing using skin testing and x-ray should be performed on relatives and friends of patients with TB as an effective way to detect early cases of TB that have not yet presented with symptoms. Proper diagnosis must include a chest X-ray and skin and sputum tests, and proper treatment must include drugs. \n\nDiet: Eat an organic, whole foods diet that emphasizes raw vegetables and pure filtered water. Pears, pear juice, and pear sauce can also be helpful, as pears can help hasten healing of the lungs. Other helpful foods include fenugreek and alfalfa sprouts, garlic, pomegranate, and all forms of fermented milk such as yogurt and kefir. \n\nHerbs: Combine the tinctures of echinacea, elecampane, and mullein in equal parts and take one teaspoon three times a day. This remedy is very effective for soothing the lungs.\n\nHydrotherapy: Hydrotherapy is the application of water, ice, steam and hot and cold temperatures to maintain and restore health. Treatments include full body immersion, steam baths, saunas, sitz baths, colonic irrigation and the application of hot and/or cold compresses. Hydrotherapy is effective for treating a wide range of conditions and can easily be used in the home as part of a self-care program. Many Naturopathic Physicians, Physical Therapists and Day Spas use Hydrotherapy as part of treatment. I suggest several at-home hydrotherapy treatments. \n\nJuice Therapy: Combine raw potato juice with an equal amount of carrot juice. Add one teaspoon of olive or almond oil and one teaspoon of honey, and drink three glasses each day.\n\nLifestyle: Get plenty of fresh air, rest, light, exercise, and relaxation.\n\nNutritional Supplementation: The following supplements are recommended for TB: Vitamin A, beta carotene, vitamin B complex, vitamin C, Vitamin E, multiminerals, essential fatty acids, zinc, garlic capsules, citrus seed extract, lipotropic formula, deglycerinated licorice, and lung glandulars.\n\nTopical Treatment: Eucalyptus oil packs applied topically over the lungs can help break up congestion and collected fluids.\n\nAlternative Professional Care\nIf your symptoms persist despite the above measures, seek the help of a qualified health professional. The following professional care therapies have all been shown to be useful for treating TB: Acupuncture, Detoxification Therapy, Energy Medicine (Light Beam Generator, Ondamed), Homeopathy, Light Therapy, Magnetic Field Therapy, Oxygen Therapy, Qigong, and Traditional Chinese Medicine.\n\nBest of health to you\n\nCheers
479951
Not sure if this will help, but check out this paper:\nhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6871/full/415536a.html\n\nThis is the abstract:\n\nActivation of naive CD4+ T-helper cells results in the development of at least two distinct effector populations, Th1 and Th2 cells1. Th1 cells produce cytokines (interferon (IFN)-, interleukin (IL)-2, tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)- and lymphotoxin) that are commonly associated with cell-mediated immune responses against intracellular pathogens, delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions4, and induction of organ-specific autoimmune diseases5. Th2 cells produce cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) that are crucial for control of extracellular helminthic infections and promote atopic and allergic diseases4. Although much is known about the functions of these two subsets of T-helper cells, there are few known surface molecules that distinguish between them. We report here the identification and characterization of a transmembrane protein, Tim-3, which contains an immunoglobulin and a mucin-like domain and is expressed on differentiated Th1 cells.
768447
Tuberculosis can back but not likely as long as if that person did follow his/her medication regimen. Since tubeculosis is caused by a bacteria (Myobacterium tuberculi), that person wouldnt be immune to it. Its not like chicken pox which is caused a single strain of virus that the body can remember and fight for that virus when it comes back to invade the body. TB is different. For all I know, TB doesnt cause any permanent damage. It prolly will changed the way a person breath since sometimes it causes pain if the lungs are badly damaged by the bacteria. My advice, religously follow the medication regimen esp. on the first 6 months bcoz thats the very critical phase of the destroying all the bacteria in the lungs and preventing it from traveling to the kidneys, brain and the lymph nodes. After the person finishes the medication regimen, do a yearly check up to see how that person's lungs is doing.
618782
Indirectly, yes. Antibodies are produced by B cells, which are, in turn, regulated by helper T cells by chemicals called cytokines.
68845
I'm not a Dr. but I believe that it is negative because is says no dna from the M.tuberculosis complex was detected.  The sensitivity tells that the test should detect it with a 95% accuracy. The note just tells which method of testing should be done.  At least that is what I would make out of it.  Why can't they just give a straight negative or positive.  It would make things much easier wouldn't it?
104385
Generic Name: Adalimumab\nWARNING:\nThis medication can decrease your immune system's ability to fight infections. Though unlikely, this drug may slightly increase your risk of developing serious, possibly fatal, infections. This risk is higher if you are also taking other drugs to suppress the immune system such as cyclosporine.\n\nBefore starting this drug, you should take a tuberculosis (TB) skin test to check for a type of tuberculosis that may not be causing any symptoms (latent TB). If you are diagnosed with TB, you must first be treated for it before you start adalimumab to prevent a serious TB infection.\n\nOther CHEAP "drugs" Aspirin, Bayer, Celebrex, Prednisone
95924
No TB is tuberculosis which is totally different from HIV.\nTuberculosis (commonly shortened to TB) is an infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system, circulatory system (Miliary tuberculosis), genitourinary system, bones and joints. Tuberculosis is one of the most deadly and common major infectious diseases today.\n\nHuman immunodeficiency virus, commonly known by the initialism HIV, is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid or breast milk. This transmission can come in the form of: penetrative (anal or vaginal) sex; oral sex; blood transfusion; contaminated needles; exchange between mother and infant during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding; or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
452496
Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies, which are made by B lymphocytes, when they mature to be plasma cells.\n\nCell mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes of various kinds.\n\nActually, AFAICR, T lymphocytes play a role in the very early stages of initiating Humoral immunity to a new antigen; they do the control and liaison work, via cytokines (lymphokines.)
336160
WOW... so many wrong answers... There is a vaccine to TB, it was used in most 3rd world countries until very recently, it's called BCG.  It was stopped recently primarly due to the quality of some of the vaccinations as well as the variety of medications to safely and effectively treat TB. \n If you received the BCG vaccination you would have an approximately 1cm indention on your upper arm where the injection was administered.  \nYour PPD test or TB test that they inject into your arm will always come back positive, b/c your body will have antibodies to TB (which is what a PPD test is checking for)\nIf your TB test comes back postive, you must follow up with a chest x-ray showing that you have no active infection with TB.
461831
Humoral immunity refers to an immune response from antibodies (for example, an antibody is produced by a B cell and recognizes a foreign antigen and triggers an immune reponse).  In contrast, cell mediated immunity occurs when a cell (for example a T cell) directly recognizes a foreign antigen being "presented" by another cell.
99678
The body produces two types of antibodies. The first is designed to attack an antigen that has entered the body, to keep it from multiplying. This first type is stored in the lymph system throughout the body, and is assigned to attack antigens as they appear.\n\n The second type of antibody, the one you are concerned with, is formed to attack a specific microorganism. When a vaccine is administered into the body, it is a weakened or dead form of microorganism, which the body produces antibodies against. These antibodies remain in the body in great enough numbers to ward  off infection from that microorganism, in many cases, for the remainder of your life. The second type of antibody would only serve to protect the body from that microorganism for which it was originally formed ( the vaccination). Hope this helps some.
957463
Yes,, if a person has active tuberculosis\n and licks a spoon ......\n the person who puts, that spoon in there mouth\n ( without thoroughly cleaning it first ,may  contact  tuberculosis .\n\n It is mainly spread ,through coughing in public ;\n\n ( airborne bacillus are inhaled, &  can infect any one)\nWho is not   protected,\n by a mask or  succesfully  vaccinated against   tuberculosis.\n( BCG vaccine )\n\n>^,^<
644442
Yes.\n\nFALSE-POSITIVE reactions to the tuberculosis skin test typically occur because of:\n\n# an infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria(e.g. MAV)\n# BCG vaccination\n\nAn infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria is an infection caused by mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis.\n\nThe BCG vaccination is a vaccine used for preventing tuberculosis in many countries. However, it is not used in the United States because of concerns with its effectiveness.\n\nRegardless of the reason for the positive result, further evaluation of the test site should be examined by a healthcare professional. \n\nFALSE-NEGATIVE Tuberculosis skin test occurs:\n\nAnergy\nWhen a person's immune system is weakened by a disease, such as HIV, cancer or even severe Tuberculosis itself, the body may not be able to react to the Tubercuolsis skin test.\n\nRecent Tuberculosis Infection\nIf a person has been infected within the past ten weeks, the body's immune system may not be able to react to the tuberculin. This is because the Tuberculosis skin test cannot detect a Tuberculosis skin infection for several weeks after infection.\n\nAge\nBabies less than 6 months old may have false-negative Tuberculosis skin test results because their immune systems are not fully developed yet.\n\nTest Administration\nA false result may occur if the Tuberculosis skin test is not administered correctly.
719494
that you have been exposed to TB
52588
B CELLS ARE ANTI-BODY PRODUCERS AND THEIR ORIGIN IS RED MARROW.\nT CELLS DO NOT PRODUCE ANTIBODIES SOME ARE KILLERS,SOME ARE HELPERS, SOME UNDERGO PHAGOCYTOSIS ALL BECOME COMPOTENT IN LYMPHATIC TISSUE AND ESPECIALLY IN THE YOUNG THYMUS GALND AFTER A RED MARROW ORIGIN.