Difference between single host,definte host,and intermediate host ?
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A primary host or definitive host is a host in which the parasite grows mature; a secondary host or intermediate host is a host that harbors the parasite only for a short transition period. For trypanosomes, the cause of sleeping sickness, humans are the primary host, while the tsetse fly is the secondary host...
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The version number refers to the number of octets in the IP address. In IPv4, there are four octets (e.g. xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx). In IPv6, there are six octets (e.g. xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx). \n\nBTW, they are called octets because the number represented by xxx in the above examples is a number between 0 and 255, which includes all numbers that can be represented using 8 binary digits.
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There are all used as batch scripts and user inputs. Portability and user preferences is the reason people choose different ones.\n\nsh, csh, ksh\nash, bash
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Midphase is the best host I've found.\n\nThey're cheap, offer plenty of space and a free domain for the life of your account.\n\nhttp://www.daylon.com/midphase/
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person -----------to client--------------person\npeer-------------to --------------------peer
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In a Class A address, the first octet is the network portion, so the Class A example in Figure 1 has a major network address of 10. Octets 2, 3, and 4 (the next 24 bits) are for the network manager to divide into subnets and hosts as he/she sees fit. Class A addresses are used for networks that have more than 65,536 hosts (actually, up to 16777214 hosts!). \n\nIn a Class B address, the first two octets are the network portion, so the Class B example in Figure 1 has a major network address of 172.16. Octets 3 and 4 (16 bits) are for local subnets and hosts. Class B addresses are used for networks that have between 256 and 65534 hosts. \n\nIn a Class C address, the first three octets are the network portion. The Class C example in Figure 1 has a major network address of 193.18.9. Octet 4 (8 bits) is for local subnets and hosts - perfect for networks with less than 254 hosts.
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All 3 are malware of one form or another.  They vary in how they infect a system, and whether or not they can replicate themselves to other systems.\n\nViruses are "parasites" - they attach to files (executables, Word macros, etc).  They self-replicate, but require some sort of user interaction to infect a system (opening a document, running a program, etc.)  Typically, viruses alter the program they're attached to in order to run their commands.\n\nWorms are standalone - they attack system vulnerabilities (such as network services).  These self-replicate, and require no user interaction - which leads to them spreading quickly.\n\nTrojans are, like the original trojan horse, not what they seem.  They're the bait-and-switch model - programs that claim to do one thing while doing something else.  These do not replicate, and require user intervention to infect a system.
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Better for what?\n\nLinux is more secure but a damn sight harder to use.\n\nWindows is a virus magnet but is easy to use and is the defacto standard OS.\n\nDepends on what you want from your OS.\n\n///
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Depends on what you mean by configuration and what you are using it for. If you mean hardware config then the second is a must know. If it is OS config then it depends on personal preference and what you are doing with it.
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An IP address is divided into two parts, the "network" part and the "local" part.  Each of the four numbers in an IP address can range from 0 to 255 (in geek it is an 8 bit number), and there are various rules for what values the numbers can have.  In the "normal" case (in geek  the 192.168/16 networks subnetted as /24), the first three numbers (192.168.1) are the network part.  All machines with the same network part can talk to each other without needing a router between them.  This is the case for most home networks--all the machines will have the same first 3 numbers (in geek that's only for /24 Class C nets, with a netmask of 255.255.255.0, but I digress...) \n\nThen the final number (must range from 1 to 254) is the local part, which identifies a particular computer, or "host".  The host numbers "0" and "255" are reserved (you'll see why below) and may not be used as a local part to identify a host.\n\nWhen talking from one host to another, if the final number is "255" or "0, it means "broadcast this to ALL the hosts with the same network part".  Thus "0" and "255" mean "ALL hosts", which is why it is reserved for identifying a PARTICULAR host.  (Yes, technically "0" is reserved and "255" is the broadcast address, but for historical reasons using "0" works just fine for broadcast)\n\nFun tip: If you "ping" 192.168.1.255 (or 192.168.1.0), then ALL the hosts on the network will respond (due to 0 and 255 being the "broadcast" address, so all the hosts see the ping request and will respond).  Some versions of ping require a "-b" option to send to the broadcast address.  This is a quick and dirty way to see what hosts are out there on a network.  You can also ping "255.255.255.255" which is the universal broadcast address (all networks, all hosts).\n\nBTW, routers don't (as a norm) forward packets sent to the broadcast addresses, so trying the broadcast "ping" to a network with a different network part than the machine doing the pinging won't work.  If it did, you could get a response from every host on the internet!
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http://www.interkeys.com/tophosts is pretty good. All the recs there are top notch hosts, very easy for beginners, and most importantly affordable.
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Change in httpd.conf\nChange in /etc/hosts\nChange DNS entry
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DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) works by assigning(leasing) a single computer an IP address from a pool of available addresses to access either the Internet or resources on a network. \n\nPPPoE(Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet) works by establishing a connection with from pc to pc usually over some type of data line(DSL, Cable, etc.)
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In the TCP/IP protocol suite, data is exchanged in the form of packets. Because of the way TCP/IP performs routing, the path taken by packets can change dynamically throughout a session. This means that if Host A and B are communicating and Host A sends two packets, they could potentially take different paths to Host B, and could arrive out of order. Host B must therefore have a way to re-assemble the packets (containing the data in octets) in correct order. \n\nTCP/IP provides a way to do this using sequence numbers. Starting from an initial sequence number (ISN) that each host provides as part of the session setup, each octet is assigned a sequence number that is one larger than that of its predecessor. For example, if Host B provides 123 as the initial sequence number for its session with Host A, Host A's first octet is numbered 123, the second is numbered 124, the third is numbered 125, etc. \n\nIf someone attempts to launch an attack against another computer and the attacker can predict how a host selects ISNs, it's possible to conduct two types of attacks, known as IP address spoofing and session hijacking. The more random the ISNs are, the more difficult it is to carry out these attacks. \n\nFor related information on this problem, please visit the following Microsoft Web site: \nhttp://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/MS99-046.asp (http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/MS99-046.asp)\nFor additional security-related information about Microsoft products, please visit the following Microsoft Web site: \nhttp://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/
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ISO/OSI Network Model\nThe standard model for networking protocols and distributed applications is the International Standard Organization's Open System Interconnect (ISO/OSI) model. It defines seven network layers. \n\nLayer 1 - Physical \nPhysical layer defines the cable or physical medium itself, e.g., thinnet, thicknet, unshielded twisted pairs (UTP). All media are functionally equivalent. The main difference is in convenience and cost of installation and maintenance. Converters from one media to another operate at this level. \n\nLayer 2 - Data Link \nData Link layer defines the format of data on the network. A network data frame, aka packet, includes checksum, source and destination address, and data. The largest packet that can be sent through a data link layer defines the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). The data link layer handles the physical and logical connections to the packet's destination, using a network interface. A host connected to an Ethernet would have an Ethernet interface to handle connections to the outside world, and a loopback interface to send packets to itself. \n\nEthernet addresses a host using a unique, 48-bit address called its Ethernet address or Media Access Control (MAC) address. MAC addresses are usually represented as six colon-separated pairs of hex digits, e.g., 8:0:20:11:ac:85. This number is unique and is associated with a particular Ethernet device. Hosts with multiple network interfaces should use the same MAC address on each. The data link layer's protocol-specific header specifies the MAC address of the packet's source and destination. When a packet is sent to all hosts (broadcast), a special MAC address (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff) is used. \n\nLayer 3 - Network \nNFS uses Internetwork Protocol (IP) as its network layer interface. IP is responsible for routing, directing datagrams from one network to another. The network layer may have to break large datagrams, larger than MTU, into smaller packets and host receiving the packet will have to reassemble the fragmented datagram. The Internetwork Protocol identifies each host with a 32-bit IP address. IP addresses are written as four dot-separated decimal numbers between 0 and 255, e.g., 129.79.16.40. The leading 1-3 bytes of the IP identify the network and the remaining bytes identifies the host on that network. The network portion of the IP is assigned by InterNIC Registration Services, under the contract to the National Science Foundation, and the host portion of the IP is assigned by the local network administrators, locally by noc@indiana.edu. For large sites, usually subnetted like ours, the first two bytes represents the network portion of the IP, and the third and fourth bytes identify the subnet and host respectively. \n\nEven though IP packets are addressed using IP addresses, hardware addresses must be used to actually transport data from one host to another. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to map the IP address to it hardware address. \n\nLayer 4 - Transport \nTransport layer subdivides user-buffer into network-buffer sized datagrams and enforces desired transmission control. Two transport protocols, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), sits at the transport layer. Reliability and speed are the primary difference between these two protocols. TCP establishes connections between two hosts on the network through 'sockets' which are determined by the IP address and port number. TCP keeps track of the packet delivery order and the packets that must be resent. Maintaining this information for each connection makes TCP a stateful protocol. UDP on the other hand provides a low overhead transmission service, but with less error checking. NFS is built on top of UDP because of its speed and statelessness. Statelessness simplifies the crash recovery. \n\nLayer 5 - Session \nThe session protocol defines the format of the data sent over the connections. The NFS uses the Remote
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IP address :  32 bits long (Ex 1010101010101010 .....32times)\nIts commonly written as octed (eg 10.12.4.3  i.e 8x4=32 bits)\n\nIP address is like ur telephone # which is unique across the globe(eg +91 9845012345 ) but instead of tel instrument u have a computer.\n\nHost name is the name of ur computer ( like ur name for the telephone # ).This may not be unique across the globe.However the combination of host name & the IP address is unique.\n\nDNS : Domain name service --- Ex . Its difficult to identify the person staying in ur apartment with his tel number especially when it is 32 bits long(IP address).You rather prefer addressing him by his name(host name).This particular server resolves/finds the IP address for a particular host (Like having table where u write name of the person against their tel number)
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session initiation protocol\nsystem initialization procedure\nstandard inspection plan\nsequential isolation procedure\nscientific instruction processor\nsales & inventory planning