what were the long term effects of agent orange in vietnam?
536207
Mental disease, cancer and bad health problems all their life.  Not to mention the 56,000 soldiers who died.\nthousands more were crippled and injured for life.\nHad arms and legs blown off.  Agent orange killed thousands of civilians from old ladies to tiny babies and pregnant mothers.
1161534
Further to Dave Stark's answer :\n\nAgent Orange was the generic name given to a cocktail of defoliants used in Vietnam. Within the mix was :\n\n2,4D [ 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - present as the amine salt or ester depending on application]\n\n2,4,5-T [2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid - present as the amine salt or ester depending on application]\n\nTCDD [ Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin ] TCDD is formed when the reaction used to manufacture 2,4,5-T from 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and acetic anhydride is allowed to overheat. This changes the selected endproduct from 2,4,5-T to TCDD. The 2,4,5-T used in the production of agent orange was not suitable for sale in the US [as the level of TCDD was about 10000 times higher than was acceptable for "domestic" sale] so was used by the armed forces as a defoliant for "remote areas".\n\nThe mode of action of the phenoxyacetates is as "auxins" - synthetic plant hormones - which modify the way plants grown and use nutrients.\n\nGlyphosate is a glycine derivative -  (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine, C3H8NO5P)  to be specific. Its mode of action is to interfere with the enzyme EPSPS.
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Ho Chi Minh City is the forefront of cosmopolitan standards. But even there, don't drink the tap water, brush your teeth, eat uncooked vegetables or trust unsealed bottled water.  Anyhow, that's what I freaked about when I first lived there.  If you are there for longer than a couple weeks, consider relaxing all but the outright tap water drinking. You'll get mild dysentary which you can ward off with standard penicillen easily while gaining an immunity and saving yourself a lot of trouble. \n  You should probably be more worried about the street dust blowing in your face and on your food given that it's composed of a world of public toilet atrocities.
1171209
The "domino theory" was specific to U.S. strategic purposes in the Vietnam War and other actions opposing Communist or pro-Communist parties, governments, leaders and forces in southeast Asia.\n\nIt was originally articulated in the late 1950's - I am working from memory on this one and may be wrong, but recall that Dean Atcheson was a principal promoter of the concept.\n\nAlthough in general the United States chose to pusue a program of opposing the spread of Communism wherever the ideology seemed popular, and especially wherever governments based on Communist theory and principle were likely to arise, there were some parts of the world seen as more important than others in anti-Communist activity.\n\nSoutheast Asia is a region with substantial populations and very important natural resources.  Oil, gas, timber, minerals, and rubber are chief among these.  Japan ultimately went to war with the United States in World War II over control of and access to these resources.\n\nIn the late 1950's and the 1960's, American political strategists felt that if states such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Burma should become Communist, the Straits of Molucca through which much vital material had to pass would be taken over by hostile interests.  A Communist Vietnam, it was said, would be the first "domino" to fall in a series of Communist takeovers of vital states, perhaps including Indonesia.\n\nBesides the Vietnam War, the U.S. took action in Cambodia and Laos, based vast numbers of troops and aircraft in Thailand, and supported the overthrow of a suspected pro-Communist head of state in Indonesia.  U.S. efforts also affected the governments of Burma and Malaysia.\n\nSome of these efforts may have prevented later Communist successes in Malaysia, burma and Indonesia.   However, both countries passed through long periods of conflict and instability and great suffering.\n\nThailand managed to avoid the terrible consequences of the Communist victory in Vietnam, but Cambodia and Laos were convulsed with war and death for a very long time afterward.  Ultimately, the brutual military dictatorship that rules Burma today emerged from the destabilization caused by the Vietnam War and later undercover intervention in that country.
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vietnam \nIndo-Pak war 1971
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Effects\nThe combined effects of pyroclastic flows, volcanic ashes and tsunamis had disastrous results in the region. There were no survivors from 3,000 people located at the island of Sebesi, about 13 km from Krakatoa. Pyroclastic flows killed around 1,000 people at Ketimbang on the coast of Sumatra some 40 km north from Krakatoa. The official death toll recorded by the Dutch authorities was 36,417 and many settlements were destroyed, including Teluk Betung and Ketimbang in Sumatra, and Sirik and Semarang in Java. The areas of Banten on Java and the Lampong on Sumatra were devastated. There are numerous documented reports of groups of human skeletons floating across the Indian Ocean on rafts of volcanic pumice and washing up on the east coast of Africa, up to a year after the eruption. Some land on Java was never repopulated; it reverted to jungle and is now the Ujung Kulon National Park.\n\nRead more --> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatoa#Effects
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http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=%22long+term+effects+of+marijuana%22&ei=UTF-8&fr=ks-ques&x=wrt
545818
My father manufactured the active ingredient in agent orange,(C-5,6), at Hooker Chemical's Montague Michigan plant for the duration of the Vietnam War. The process was so volatile and so toxic that it had to be manufactured on a seven story wall-less superstructure in the middle of a 160 acre field. All of the production was then loaded on railway tankcars for shippment to Dow Chemical of Midland Mi.for addition of solvents and packaging for shipment to the military. At the close of the war, the superstructure was dismantled, and it, and all associated equipment, tools etc. were buried in a huge clay lined disposal pit on the site. The site remains a Toxic hot spot to this day and all of the surrounding neighborhood has water piped into them as the groundwater is highly contaminated. From '82-'93 my father ran a chlorine plant's maintainence department on the persian gulf, about 25 kliks from Kuwait City in Saudi. In 1997 he fell ill with the small cell cancer that has become consistent, though unrecognized by our government, as due to exposure to AO or its components. I know this as I was a service officer for the Am Legion Post here in my  town, and have seen the wreckage that this stuff left in its wake. I am an Non Combatant, US Navy, Vietnam Era vet, ( Commonly refferred to as a "rear echelon puke" ), who salutes and thanks you for your service. Hope you are well, and look forward to your Photo posts as you are quite knowledgeable on the subject. God Bless, Jed
320151
Depleted Uranium dust can cause death and/or permanent genetic damage in doses under 10mg. Our troops in Iraq are inhaling it every day.
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It was the Vietnam War.  Millions of gallons were used.  A whole lot.  Look it up on Wikipedia or do a google search.
283920
try this place out, it might help:\n\nhttp://www.adrc.or.jp/countryreport/VNM/VNMeng99/Vietnam99.htm
722287
Pretty twisted. "Better dead than red" was a common saying. We got 50,000 boys killed in Vietnam for no logical reason at all.
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Agent Orange is a roughly 1:1 mixture of two phenoxy herbicides in ester form, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). These herbicides were developed during the 1940s by independent teams in England and the United States for use in controlling broad-leaf plants. Phenoxy agents work by mimicking a plant growth hormone, indoleacetic acid (IAA). When sprayed on broad-leaf plants they induce rapid, uncontrolled growth, eventually killing them. When sprayed on crops such as wheat or corn, it selectively kills just the broad-leaf plants in the field - the weeds - leaving the crop relatively unaffected. First introduced in 1946, these herbicides were in widespread use in agriculture by the middle of the 1950s.\n\nIt was later learned that a dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD), is produced as a side effect of the manufacture of 2,4,5-T, and was thus present in any of the herbicides that used it. The National Toxicology Program has classified TCDD to be a human carcinogen, frequently associated with soft-tissue sarcoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). 2,4,5-T has since been banned for use in the US and many other countries.\n\nThe herbicide 2,4-D does not contain dioxin, and remains one of the most used herbicides in the world today.\n\nDiseases associated with dioxin exposure are chloracne, soft tissue sarcomas, Hodgkin's disease, and non-Hodgkin's disease. Diseases with limited evidence of an association with Agent Orange are respiratory cancers, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, Porphyria cutanea tarda (a type of skin disease), acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy, spina bifida, Type 2 diabetes, and acute myelogenous leukemia found only in the second or third generation. Diseases with inadequate or insufficent evidence of an association are hepatobiliary cancers, nasal or nasophargyngeal cancers, bone cancer, female reproductive cancers, renal cancer, testicular cancer, leukemia, spontaneous abortion, birth defects, neonatal or infant death and stillbirths, low birth weight, childhood cancers, abnormal sperm parameters, cognitive neuropsychiatric disorders, ataxia, peripheral nervous system disorders, circulatory disorders, respiratory disorders, skin cancers, urinary and bladder cancer. Diseases with limited or suggestive evidence of no association are gastrointestinal tumors such as stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, and rectal cancer, and brain tumors.
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http://www.nap.edu/books/0309075521/html/146.html\n\nVeterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 (2001)\nInstitute of Medicine (IOM)\n\n\nSchildt et al. (1999) conducted a case-control study in Sweden investigating the risk of oral cancer from occupational exposures and particular occupations. The cases consisted of all histopathologically verified squamous cell oral cancer cases in the Cancer Register for four counties in Sweden. A total of 410 cases out of 419 identified individuals were used. One control was matched for each case on the basis of age, sex, county of residence, and age at death if the case was deceased. Questionnaires were sent to all living subjects and next of kin for
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Hi, I spray Agents Orange, White, and Blue in Nam. And yeah, it wasn't really known how bad the sh!t was. It was the contaminants in the Orange (PCB) that we were still removing from transformers on electrical poles all the way into the 1990s. \n\nNow about napalm and white phosphorus...that really was rude. And we knew it. We made up rhymes, stupid poems, to deal with the horror of dropping it on women and children: "Napalm Sticks to Kids." \n\nWe also used CS, tons of that tear "gas". I pushed 30 gal drums out of the back of Chinook helicopters, 30 drums per sortee. We turned the jungle white with that.\n\nAll of that was chemical weapons. My  MOS (military occupational specialty) was 54E - chem. staff specialist. There was all sorts of military double think about it not being lethal. That was BS when it came to napalm. Agent Orange like I said we did not know until later. People were using Roundup, an herbacide, that was d@mned near the same as Orange, all over the US. \n\nWe were frustrated by an "insurgent" action. It was like Iraq. We could not get the locals to play set-piece battles. They hit and hid. We thought we could use science to make it harder. The science turned against us. And yes, there were some who wanted to use nuclear weapons then, too. \n\nDow Chemical and the other big companies made money off the war. 50,000 Americans died. Over half of us died while trying to turn over the reins of government to the locals. Sound familiar?\n\nOver 150,000 Nam vets have since taken their lives with single car accidents, overdoses, and cleaning gun accidents. But I am sure Iraqi/Afghani war vets will get taken care of better. Aren't you? </sarcasm mode off>\n\nI am sick of war. Excuse me.\n\n-- Vietnam Class of 70-71 1st Cav & Americal
533378
throw it away. it has a long term side effect.
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You might want to read this artical on Love Canal. It was used as a toxic waste dump & many people lived there without knowing & became very sick.