Explain how the TCP/IP suite addresses the following:Error control and flow control,Application support?
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TCP effectively accomplishes error control through a mechanism called positive acknowledgment with retransmission.  Every segment that does not get positively acknowledged is assumed to have arrived in error (or not arrived at all) and will get retransmitted.  So TCP is a "positive acknowledgment protocol" and it does this by sending sequence numbers back in the ACK packets, so it can associate ACKs with packets.  Now here's where flow control comes in... the straight positive ACK system by itself is just a stop and wait protocol, where a new packet cannot be sent until the ACK for the previous packet has come back.  So TCP creates what is called a sliding window, where several unACKed packets can exist at any time.  As the ACKs come back, the window slides forward and more packets are sent.  This allows TCP to make the best use of bandwidth.
21292
It is one of many servers that assign IP address schemes to a computer (called a node in network jargon). The IP address stands for Internet Protocol and the main Internet Protocol used is TCP/IP. The current IP address scheme that DHCP servers assigns allows for over a billion nodes and uses a sophisticated scheme of binary to hexidecimal number conversion to manipulate the IP address into a network address and finally a subnet mask.
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Generally the users supported are limited by two factors, the subnet mask used for the ip address, and the dhcp address range assigned. Of course there is also the practicle limit reached when you saturate the network with more traffic than can be supported.
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The transport layer usually turns the unreliable and very basic service provided by the Network layer into a more powerful one. There is a long list of services that can be optionally provided at this level. None of them are compulsory, because not all applications want all the services available. Some can be wasted overhead, or even counterproductive in some cases.\nInternet protocol suite Layer\nConnection-Oriented\n    This is normally easier to deal with than connection-less models, so where the Network layer only provides a connection-less service, often a connection-oriented service is built on top of that in the Transport layer.\nSame Order Delivery\n    The Network layer doesn't generally guarantee that packets of data will arrive in the same order that they were sent, but often this is a desirable feature, so the Transport layer provides it. The simplest way of doing this is to give each packet a number, and allow the receiver to reorder the packets.\nReliable Data\n    The underlying network may well be noisy, and the data received may not always be the same as the data sent. The Transport layer can fix this: typically by providing a checksum of the data which detects if there has been a glitch of some kind. Of course, error free is impossible, but it is possible to substantially reduce the numbers of undetected errors. This layer may also retransmit packets which have gone missing en route.\nFlow Control\n    The amount of memory on a computer is limited, and without flow control a larger computer might flood a computer with so much information that it can't hold it all before dealing with it. Nowadays, this is not a big issue, as memory is cheap while bandwidth is comparatively expensive, but in earlier times it was more important. Flow control allows the receiver to say "Whoa!" before it is overwhelmed. Sometimes this is already provided by the network, but where it is not, the Transport layer may add it on.\nByte Orientation\n    Rather than dealing with things on a packet-by-packet basis, the Transport layer may add the ability to view communication just as a stream of bytes. This is nicer to deal with than random packet sizes, however, it rarely matches the communication model which will normally be a sequence of messages of user defined sizes.\nPorts\n    Ports are essentially ways to address multiple entities in the same location. For example, the first line of a postal address is a kind of port, and distinguishes between different occupants of the same house. Computer applications will each listen for information on their own ports, which is why you can use more than one network-based application at the same time.\n\nOn the Internet there are a variety of Transport services, but the two most common are TCP and UDP. TCP is the more complicated, providing a connection and byte oriented stream which is almost error free, with flow control, multiple ports, and same order delivery. UDP is a very simple 'datagram' service, which provides limited error reduction and multiple ports. TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, while UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol. Other options are the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP).\n\nSome things, such as connection orientation can be implemented at either Transport or Network layer. The idea is that the Network layer implements whatever set of options is easiest: for some underlying networks it is easiest to implement connectionless communication, while for others it is easiest to implement connection oriented communication. The Transport layer uses this simplest set of options to implement whatever combinations of options are actually desired.\n\n///
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Which client are you using?  Microsoft's or Novell's?  What version?  Are you running NetwareIP on your server or just IPX?\n\nDon't mean to be rude, but none of the other posters understand your environment.  One thing to definitely check is whether the client is trying to use TCP/IP.  If the server doesn't have IP, the client will time out and then try IPX.  You can unbind IP from the client by going to Network Connections.  Under Advanced/Advanced settings, uncheck the box next to "Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)" under the Netware client.  This will cause the client to only use IPX.
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try in the cisco.com web site.\nin the search textbox simply write SNMP...you will find all the specifications about how it works, and how is it used in networks today.
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"Decision control"? I hope, you mean "flow control"... the decisions, hopefully, are still under the programmer's control.\nI hope, you don't expect ALL the flow control structures explained... They are fairly self-explanatory, and there are tons of books  on the subject.\nI'll explain a couple to you here:\n- goto keyword is used to implement non-sequentual execution paths - like conditional statements or loops.\nfor example:\nL1: cin>>s;\n      if cin.eof() goto L2;\n      cout << s;\n      goto L1;\n\n- Long jump is similar to goto, but can be used to implement "jumps" accross code segments. Useful to implement function calls or so called exceptions.\nFor example:\nstring error_message = 0;\nvoid *ret = 0;\nL1: if (!error_message) longjmp (L2);\nabort (error_message);\n...\nL3: cin >> s;\nif cin.bad() goto L4;\ncout<<s;\ngoto L3;\nL4: error_message = "Read error"; \nlongjmp(L1);
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I'm not sure about websites, but this book is AWESOME:\n\n"Practical TCP/IP: Designing, Using, and Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networks on Linux and Windows"\n\nI highly recommend it for the absolute beginner and networking-veterans. It describes *everything* in great detail, including troubleshooting tips and tools. It has screenshots and sample outputs for both Unix and Windows network tools and tons of insights from the author who's job was to troubleshoot and fix simple and complex networks.\n\nThe best part is, he teaches by example. You set up little networks and slowly grow their features and nodes.
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DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) works by assigning(leasing) a single computer an IP address from a pool of available addresses to access either the Internet or resources on a network. \n\nPPPoE(Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet) works by establishing a connection with from pc to pc usually over some type of data line(DSL, Cable, etc.)
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Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away\n\nApplication - email..telnet...ftp layer\nPresentation - encryptian layer\nSession - establish, manage, terminate connections between apps.\nTransfer - end to end error recovery and flow control\nNetwork - switching/routing, IP address\nData Link - encode/decode into bitsMAC address layer\nPhysical - bit stream (electrical pulses, light, or sound signal)\n\nThese are the 7 layers.  I am not sure where you got 5.  This is the correct order as well.
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ip - internet protocol\n\nThis is a series of numbers, separated by periods.  For a local area network, the typical sequence is  192.168.0.1\n\nport - TCP/IP consists of many ports for communication.  One port for e-mail, another for webpages, another for FTP, another for VOIP.  another for VPN.   Use the default setting.  There are thousands of ports.  In most routers, only the important ports are open.  To use VPN, you have to open those ports.
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You don't need instructions for TCP/IP. TCP/IP is the communication method your computer uses to talk on the Internet. Don't mess with it at all.
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the client connects to the server and gets all the info it needs...\n\nthe client is the users machine
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VOIP uses the protocol UDP, user datagram protocol to send and recieve datagram packets. i recomend getting on google and research into this protocol, its tricky as there less way's of catching errors. You'll need to get your app to connect through tcp/ip and then set up a connection using udp. hope that helps\n\nR3dm0
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In the TCP/IP protocol suite, data is exchanged in the form of packets. Because of the way TCP/IP performs routing, the path taken by packets can change dynamically throughout a session. This means that if Host A and B are communicating and Host A sends two packets, they could potentially take different paths to Host B, and could arrive out of order. Host B must therefore have a way to re-assemble the packets (containing the data in octets) in correct order. \n\nTCP/IP provides a way to do this using sequence numbers. Starting from an initial sequence number (ISN) that each host provides as part of the session setup, each octet is assigned a sequence number that is one larger than that of its predecessor. For example, if Host B provides 123 as the initial sequence number for its session with Host A, Host A's first octet is numbered 123, the second is numbered 124, the third is numbered 125, etc. \n\nIf someone attempts to launch an attack against another computer and the attacker can predict how a host selects ISNs, it's possible to conduct two types of attacks, known as IP address spoofing and session hijacking. The more random the ISNs are, the more difficult it is to carry out these attacks. \n\nFor related information on this problem, please visit the following Microsoft Web site: \nhttp://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/MS99-046.asp (http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/MS99-046.asp)\nFor additional security-related information about Microsoft products, please visit the following Microsoft Web site: \nhttp://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/
139199
It is a suite of networking protocols and is named after two of its most important protocols - the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP).
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what does this have to do with computer networking?