How did the Muslims make ice in the desert during the crusades?
537235
One way they could have is if they had purified ammonium nitrate then added water in a water tight bag next to fresh water.
918443
Making ice cream is just a matter of freezing the mixture.  You use a mixture of ice and salt (because it has a lower temperature than just ice) to remove heat from the ice cream mixture. So, the ice cream mixture loses heat until it reaches its freezing/melting point, and then continues to lose heat until it is the same temperature as the ice/salt mixture.  That mixture gains heat from the ice cream mixture, and the ice melts, dissolving the ice.\n\nHope this helps...
777584
It might be because ancient arabs used to travel during the night to avoid scorching heat of sun during the day.\nSo they liked moon better, their calandar is based on moon shapes,\nrather than sun.\nTheir swords were made like moon cresent which was perfect for beheading people. \nThey also feet themselves on nucturnal animals, like lizzards, rats, and bats.\nMoon simply worked better for them.
530224
Great question. Up in New England, ice houses were common businesses. Men cut chunks of ice with special handsaws, and took them by wagon to the ice house,  a type of thick-walled building that sometimes was built partially underground. Ice from the ponds was stored in sawdust (which provided insulation.) \n\nThen the ice was transported by train or horse-drawn wagon to towns, where it was sold by deliverymen (the iceman.) Kids would follow the ice truck, begging the iceman for chips of ice. People who had iceboxes would take delivery of the cube and put it in the compartment, usually lined with tin. This would provide cooling for milk and butter. \n\nSo "they" were people in colder climates who had access to frozen ponds and lakes. (Incidentally, in some parts of New England, ice stays on ponds well into the Spring, until 'ice out' day which can be in May or even early June way up north.
1019877
Narrated Abu Qilaba: "Anas said, "Some people of 'Ukl or 'Uraina tribe came to Medina and its climate did not suit them. So the Prophet ordered them to go to the herd of (Milch) camels and to drink their milk and urine (as a medicine)... " (Sahih Bukhari, Ablutions (Wudu'), Volume 1, Book 4, Number 234)"\n\nBy North Africa correspondent David Bamford \n\nScientists from the United Arab Emirates have proposed using one of the world's hardiest mammals - the camel - in the campaign to fight and eradicate human diseases. \n\nCamels are free from viruses such as foot and mouth \n\nA team led by Dr Sabah Jassim, from the Zayed Complex for Herbal Research and Traditional Medicine, says camels are highly resistant to many deadly viral diseases and believes their antibodies could be used for new drugs. \n\nCamels have a unique physiology that allows them to thrive in some of the world's harshest environments. \n\nThey can survive the perils of desert dehydration by storing water in their bloodstream; they can survive lack of food by holding extra fatty tissue in their humps; their milk stays fresh much longer than that of a cow. \n\nNatural immunity \n\nBut as well as these advantages, they have immune systems that are so robust. They remain free from many of the viral diseases that affect other mammals, such as foot-and-mouth and rinderpest. \n\nThe antibodies that camels carry inside them are structurally much simpler than those of humans, and Dr Sabah Jassim suggests they could be much simpler to replicate artificially than human antibodies. \n\nWriting in the British Institute of Biology's magazine, The Biologist, Dr Jassim says the small size of camel antibodies would also allow them to penetrate deep into human tissue and cells that would not be otherwise accessible. \n\nHe said the camel antibodies, by being transported from the desert sands into the laboratory test tube, had the potential to be a vital weapon against human diseases.\n\n\n\nSome more info:\n\nThe hadeeth referred to by the questioner is a saheeh hadeeth, in which it says that some people came to Madeenah and fell sick. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) told them to drink the milk and urine of camels, and they recovered and grew fat. In the story it also says that they apostatized and killed the camel-herder, then the Muslims caught them and executed them. Narrated by al-Bukhaari (2855) and Muslim (1671). \n\nWith regard to the health benefits of drinking the milk and urine of camels, they are many, and they are well known to the earlier generations of medical science and they have been proven by modern scientific research. \n\nIbn al-Qayyim said: \n\nThe author of al-Qanoon (the Canon) – i.e. the doctor Ibn Seena (Avicenna) – said: \n\nThe most beneficial of urine is the urine of Bedouin camels which are called najeeb. End quote. \n\nZaad al-Ma'aad (4/47, 48). \n\nIn the Emirati newspaper al-Ittihaad (issue no. 11172, Sunday 6 Muharram 1427 AH/5 February 2006) it says: \n\nOne of the most important things for which camels are raised is their milk, which is efficacious in treating many illnesses, including hepatitis, and the digestive system in general, various types of cancer and other diseases. \n\nIn an article by Dr Ahlaam al-'Awadi, which was published in al-Da'wah magazine, issue no. 1938, 25 Safar 1425 AH/15 April 2004 CE, about the diseases which can be treated with camel's milk, as proven by experience, it says that there are many benefits in camel's milk. There follows some of what was said in the article by Dr. Ahlaam: \n\nCamel's urine is efficacious in the treatment of skin diseases such as ringworm, tinea and abscesses, sores that may appear on the body and hair, and dry and wet ulcers. Camel's urine brings the secondary benefits of making the hair lustrous and thick, and removing dandruff from the scalp. Camel's milk is also beneficial in treating
431107
Just the water evaporates leaving behind the salt.  Some places along the Mediterranean they have a process that the salt water goes though leaving behind the salt that we use.  They have several locks that the salt water drain from and finally ends up as a pile of salt to be processed.\nOh by the way clouds don't melt.  The water vapors get heavy until they're so heavy the the water drop as rain droplets.No they do not mix into a different form of water.\nNO! NO! NO! to all the rest of your question.\nChuck
819865
Conservation of energy.\n\nCalculate the amount of heat stored in the 28ºC water using 0ºC as the starting point.  This energy must first melt the ice, for which you'll need to use the heat of fusion of water.  The remainder of the energy will warm up the entire amount of water.
1130483
I found this on PBS, there's more on the link as well\n\nScientists say that the two key ingredients needed to make a monsoon are a hot land mass and a cooler ocean. In India, for instance, the land absorbs more heat from the sun than the surrounding Indian Ocean does. This causes air masses over the land to heat up, expand, and rise. As the air rises, it's replaced with cooler, moister, and heavier air from over the ocean. Over India, this damp, chilly layer can be three miles thick! As the cool air arrives, the winds also shift. During the dry season, the winds blow offshore, from land to sea. Then, as the monsoon begins, the winds blow onshore, from sea to land. This phenomenon probably explains why early Arabs named the monsoon "Mausin," or "the season of winds."
444830
I am not going to read such an absurd theory. But come on, has he done any research to see if such a huge body of water in that area of the world can freeze over?? Has he even read the story?? Most bible historians believe that it was the Sea of Galilee where this happened which is a HUGE body of water! The story also states that a huge storm occured during this , so wouldnt the hugh waves during the storm,pretty much break up all the frozen water?? Just another antheist trying to gain some ground for Satan!
509597
Ice was "harvested" from frozen lakes in the winter time by sawing the ice with long thin saws.  The ice would be stored packed in sawdust (not straw, which would mold as the ice melted and wet the straw) with about 6" of sawdust between blocks of ice that might be a foot or two on a side.  \n\nThis worked well in Minnesota, but not so well in places like Phoenix, where there wasn't a lot of water, and it rarely got cold enough to freeze, even in the winter.  Sometimes ice would be brought in by train.  (In England, ice was brought from Norway via the canals.)\n\nMostly, people did without.  They ate vegetables when they were fresh or preserved them in jars.  Root vegetables and hard fruit like apples were stored in cellars.  Meat was eaten fresh and the remainer was smoked or salt cured.  In addition, if the way to get steaks is to go out and slaughter a cow instead of perusing the meat department at the local grocery, you don't need as much ice.  Ice was something rich people had.\n\nThere's a funny song from the musical Oklahoma called Pore Jud is Daid that includes the lyrics:\n\nPore Jud is Daid; a candle lights his haid!\nHe's lookin' oh so purty and so nice.\nHe looks like he's asleep, \nIt's a shame that he won't keep\nBut it's summer and we're running out of ice.
407708
No, there has been an tremendous amount of effort to provide natural explanations to the supernatural events described in the scripture. It doesn't matter how far-fetched the alternate explanations are. As long as they make no mention of the supernatural, they make national news. Read the article. Here are some choice quotes - \n\n"But they say geological core samples suggest that average temperatures were lower in Jesus' day, and that at least two protracted cold spells occurred in the region 1,500 to 2,500 years ago."\n\nWOW! What a revelation! The samples SUGGEST that in a period of one thousand years, the temperatures may have dropped to freezing temps TWO TIMES! \n\nThere's more! "In addition to chilly weather, their explanation depends on a rare physical property of the Sea of Galilee ... It is fed by salty springs along its western shore that produce plumes of dense water, thermally isolating areas that could freeze even if the entire lake did not, they assert." \n\nWell, in addition to the chilly weather that occurred twice in a thousand years, more conditions apply. If thermal isolation was ocurring, some of the areas COULD freeze. \n\nLet's recap. We're scientists and we don't believe the Biblical story is true. But, we'll pretend it is and come up with a far-fetched explanation that makes national news and makes the Bible's story sound like bunk. \n\nSo, here's the story: Twice in a one-thousand year period, the temperatures may have gotten really cold. We don't know how cold, but we'll assume that the tropical&#92;subtropical climate of the middle east possibly even got down to freezing temps. Because we know that there is no way it could get cold enough to freeze a large body of water like the Sea of Galilee, we'll mention that there is some thermal isolation in the sea. These isolated regions may have got cold enough to freeze completely solid. These regions may even have become solid enough to support the weight of an adult male. \n\nWhat about the other details of the Biblical account? Why didn't the heavy winds that night help mix the water and dissolve these thermally isolated regions? How did these ice sheets stretch out three and a half miles and provide a perfect walkway right up to the side of a moving boat? What about Peter? He walked on the water for a little while, as well. Did he just happen to step out onto a floating piece of ice? \n\nThe solution offered by the researchers, speculative and far-fetched at best, still fails to handle the Biblical account accurately. They have taken the parts of the Biblical account that were convenient to try to discredit, but ignored the speciic details of the Biblical account. For the uninformed reader, especially those who are looking to discredit the Bible, this article is music to their ears.
223212
http://crusades.boisestate.edu/Europe/france/05.shtml
681245
Contrails form through the injection of water vapor into the atmosphere by exhaust fumes from a jet engine. If there is sufficient mixing between the cold upper tropospheric air and the hot exhaust gases to produce a state of saturation, ice crystals will develop.
115156
Read this aricle and you judge, not by watchind Fox news and CNN, you will be able to give good jusdgement.\n\n\nIn his book "Civilization of the Arabs," Dr. Gustav LeBon says, "The reader will find, in my treatment of the Arabs' conquests and the reason of their victories, that force was never a factor in the spread of the Koranic[1] teachings, and that the Arabs left those they had subdued free to exercise their religious beliefs. If it happened that some Christian peoples embraced Islam and adopted Arabic as their language, it was mainly due to the various kinds of justice on the part of the Arab victors, with the like of which the non-Moslems were not acquainted. It was also due to the tolerance and leniency of Islam, which was unknown to the other religions." \n\nIn another place of his book, Dr. LeBon adds, "The early Arab conquests might have blurred their common sense and made them commit the sorts of oppression which conquerors usually commit, and thus ill-treat the subdued and compel them to embrace the Faith they wanted to spread all over the globe. Had they done so, all nations, which were still not under their control, might have turned against them, and they might have suffered what had befallen the Crusaders in their conquest of Syria lately. However, the early Caliphs[2], who enjoyed a rare ingenuity which was unavailable to the propagandists of new faiths, realized that laws and religion cannot be imposed by force. Hence they were remarkably kind in the way they treated the peoples of Syria, Egypt, Spain and every other country they subdued, leaving them to practise their laws and regulations and beliefs and imposing only a small Jizya[3] in return for their protection and keeping peace among them. In truth, nations have never known merciful and tolerant conquerors like the Arabs." \n\nHe further explains, "The mercy and tolerance of the conquerors were among the reasons for the spread of their conquests and for the nations' adoptions of their Faith and regulations and language, which became deeply rooted, resisted all sorts of attack and remained even after the disappearance of the Arabs' control on the world stage, though historians deny the fact. Egypt is the most evident proof of this. It adopted what the Arabs had brought over, and reserved it. Conquerors before the Arabs -- the Persians, Greeks and Byzantines -- could not overthrow the ancient Pharaoh civilization and impose what they had brought instead." \n\nThen in another place he adds, "A few impartial European scholars, who are well-versed in the history of the Arabs, do confirm this tolerance. Robertson, in his book "Biography of Charlequin," says that the Moslems alone were the ones who joined between Jihad and tolerance toward the followers of other faiths whom they had subdued, leaving to them the freedom to perform their religious rites." \n\nIn his book "History of the Crusades," Michel Michaud says, "Islam, besides calling for Jihad, reveals tolerance toward the followers of other religions. It released the patriarchs, priests and their servants from the obligations of taxes. It prohibited, in special, the killing of priests for their performance of worship, and Omar Ibn Al-Khattab[4] did not inflict harm on the Christians when he entered Jerusalem as a conqueror. The Crusaders, however, did slay Moslems and burn the Jews when they entered the city." \n\nIn his book, "Islam: Impressions and Studies," Count de Castri says, "After the Arabs yielded to, and believed in the Koran, and people received enlightenment through the True Religion, the Moslems appeared with a new show to the peoples of the earth, with conciliation and treatment on basis of free thinking and belief. The Koranic verses then succeeded one another, calling on kind treatment, after those verses in which warnings had been addressed to the heretic tribes... Such were the
517567
In mughal india, they mainly used chariots, horses, elephants, and boats. The royal people used most of these and they also used palanquins. Commoners travelled on foot, or on horseback or camelback.
211173
they kept moving south, away from the ice. They were following the food.  So improvments in hunting helped them branch away from the demanding path of the mammoths.  Then, fire and the wheel, basic I know, but they needed to get far enough south to avoid the ice, OR skin the animals for their most valuable fur.
1140990
There is no specificate year but it is known that the Knights Templar were a group of fighting knights that were used in the Crusades to allow Christians to safely enter the Jerusealm.