Does heavy ions form tracks in silicate glasses or polymers?
551267
Yes, heavy ions irradiation causes the formation of latent tracks (a few angustrom radii) in silicate glasses and polymers. It is actually possible to 'see' these latent tracks using scanning probe microscopy.\n\nWhen an amorphous material (target) is bombarded with swift heavy ions (SHI), latent tracks are formed. Latent tracks, which are basically cylinders of somewhat different material (usually, more amorphous than the original target material, possibly having different physical and chemical properties) as compared to the prestine material.\n\nThere are a few damage models which describe how these latent tracks are formed in materials. The two most accredited ones are discussed below:\n\nThe Coulomb Explosion Spike Model : \nIn the wake of a fast ion (or, projectile, usually, highly positively charged), neutral target atoms are stripped off a few electrons making them positively charged ions, which are mutually repulsive. If the time of a projectile to cover a distance of one atomic diameter a_0 is short in comparison to the response time of the conduction electrons, the wake of the projectile is a long cylinder of radius a_0 containing charged target ions. This cylinder explodes radially under the Coulomb forces until the ions within the cylinder are screened (neutralized) by the conduction electrons. This whole process results in the formation of latent tracks.\n\nThe Thermal Spike Model : \nMost of the theoretical work concerning the formation of latent tracks, results from the thermal spike model making it the most accredited damage model. A thermal spike is a high temperature region formed along the trajectory of an energetic ion. If the electronic energy loss, S_e is sufficiently high then the material is melted within a cylinder around the path of the incident SHI. The melt cools down within  10^-12 to 10^-11 s with a cooling rate of 10^15 to 10^14 K/s. Because of this extremely high cooling rate, the process may result in the formation of an amorphous phase (of cylindrical shape) completely different from the original bulk of the material.\n\nTracks are usually not formed in SHI irradiated crystalline materials, like metals, because,\n1. the recombination time required to neutralize the charged ions is too short due to the presence of large number of conduction electrons in metals (talking about the first model).\n2. the time required to re-crystallize the melt of the material is too short in metals (talking about the second model). That is why it is very difficult to prepare amorphous metals (like, copper).
623497
Glass and SiO2 are chemically same. But the glass is sytematic arrangement of atomic structure and can happen as a slow physical process
205880
igneous... hmm fudge? sedimentary, sugar cookies? metamorphic chocolate chip. neat question but I think candy is more like igneous, fudge more like sedimentary, and metamorhic... crush up several types and rebake them as granite!
998795
MgO and Al2O3 have greater ionic character than SiO2. A compound melts when the lattice breaks down and a lattice breaks down when the bonds holding it in place give way.\n\nIonic bonds are stronger than Covalent ones.\n\nThere are some amorphous forms of SiO2.\n\nYes, an insulator can conduct under such conditions.
1116509
analize an existing polymer with as many properties of the ones you are looking for, determine the formula ( possibly use a mass spectrometer for the recipe,)  experiment with the atomic structure of the elements in the formula. wouldn't it be great if you could manipulate the structure at subatomic level, i.e. at levels below protons and neutrons like quarks.\ntry changing the formula ( recipe?) at its basic level, with different proportions of at least carbon and hydrogen, possibly adding 'alloying' elements into the atomic structure.
1103995
mirrors attract ligtning due to their glass. Particles in the glass contain small amouns of parfanenon. This element is conductable with ligtning like water.
563026
Silicon Dioxide\nSiO2
910706
so you plot the proton number on the y-axis, and the different melting points of the elements across the x- axis.. actually are sure it has to be a bar graph.. i think a line/scatter graph would be more accurate maybe?
334397
The answer is glass... glass is an amorphus solid, meaning that it has solid characteristics, but is technically "flowing"
697102
The main constituent of Flat Glass is SiO2 (silica sand). This has a high melting temperature in the region of 1700 degrees C and its state at this temperature is like syrup on a very cold day.\nFor practical and economic reasons, the high melting point and viscosity of silica is reduced by adding sodium oxide (a flux)
526456
No, it's evidence of combustion.  Radioactive decay is usually invisible unless you have film there to see the particles given off.
518033
During electrolysis, the oxygen atom in H20 has 2 pairs of unbonded electrons, and it is these electrons that act as "solvents" breaking the bond between atoms and attacking the postive ion that forms as a result.  So you can visualize a solution as islands of ions surrounded by water ions, with the extra electrons of oxygen surrounding the positive ions and the negative ions surrounded by the hydrogens of water.  \n\nA "strong" electrolyte is one that dissociates almost completely into ions i.e the water molecules break its bond and surround its ions easily.  HCl is a good example.  HF is an exception.  Since F is the element with the strongest electronegativity (4.0) it forms very strong bonds.  And, apparently, water molecules just don't have the ability to break the H-F bond, so very little of HF ionizes in water.    Talking about HF, it is one of the few compounds (and as far as I know, the only compound) that can attack glass (Si03) to form fluorosilicates.
752194
Lithium is very reactive, especially as a metal interacting with water. I would classify boron as reactive.
885930
Radioactivity was first discovered in 1896 by the French scientist Henri Becquerel while working on phosphorescent materials. These materials glow in the dark after exposure to light, and he thought that the glow produced in cathode ray tubes by X-rays might somehow be connected with phosphorescence. So he tried wrapping a photographic plate in black paper and placing various phosphorescent minerals on it. All results were negative until he tried using uranium salts. The result with these compounds was a deep blackening of the plate.\n\nHowever, it soon became clear that the blackening of the plate had nothing to do with phosphorescence because the plate blackened when the mineral was kept in the dark. Also non-phosphorescent salts of uranium and even metallic uranium blackened the plate. Clearly there was some new form of radiation that could pass through paper that was causing the plate to blacken.\n\nAt first it seemed that the new radiation was similar to the then recently discovered X-rays. However further research by Becquerel, Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, Ernest Rutherford and others discovered that radioactivity was significantly more complicated. Different types of decay can occur.\n\nFor instance, it was found that an electric or magnetic field could split such emissions into three beams. For lack of better terms, the rays were given the alphabetic names alpha, beta, and gamma, names they still hold today. It was immediately obvious from the direction of electromagnetic forces that alpha rays carried a positive charge, beta rays carried a negative charge, and gamma rays were neutral. From the magnitude of deflection, it was also clear that alpha particles were much more massive than beta particles. Passing alpha rays through a thin glass membrane and trapping them in a discharge tube allowed researchers to study the emission spectrum of the resulting gas, and ultimately prove that alpha particles are in fact helium nuclei. Other experiments showed the similarity between beta radiation and cathode rays; they are both streams of electrons, and between gamma radiation and X-rays.\n\nThese researchers also discovered that many other chemical elements have radioactive isotopes. Radioactivity also guided Marie Curie to isolate radium from barium; the two elements' chemical similarity would otherwise have made them difficult to distinguish.\n\nThe dangers of radioactivity and of radiation were not immediately recognized. Acute effects of radiation were first observed in the use of X-rays when an Serbo-Croatian-American electric engineer Nikola Tesla intentionally subjected his fingers to X-rays in 1896. He published his observations concerning the burns that developed, though he attributed them to ozone rather than to the X-rays. Fortunately his injuries healed later.\n\nThe genetic effects of radiation, including the effects on cancer risk, were recognized much later. It was only in 1927 that Hermann Joseph Muller published his research that showed the genetic effects. In 1947 he was awarded the Nobel prize for his findings.\n\nBefore the biological effects of radiation were known, many physicians and corporations had begun marketing radioactive substances as patent medicine and Radioactive quackery; particularly alarming examples were radium enema treatments, and radium-containing waters to be drunk as tonics. Marie Curie spoke out against this sort of treatment, warning that the effects of radiation on the human body were not well understood (Curie later died from aplastic anemia assumed due to her own work with radium, but later examination of her bones showed that she had been a careful laboratory worker and had a low burden of radium; a better candidate for her disease was her long exposure to unshielded X-ray tubes while a volunteer medical worker in WW I). By the 1930's, after a number of cases of bone-necrosis and death in enthusiasts, radium-containing medical products had all but vanished from the market.\n
436829
What you are asking about is in the realm of surface science.  There are many analytical techniques and I will not try to go through all of them.  This is a good starting place: http://www.uksaf.org/tech/list.html
194993
Maybe you are asking for Uranium decay?\n\nCheck this link  http://www.ieer.org/fctsheet/uranium.html
882835
Probably carbon latice structures, like buckeyballs or nanotubes.  These could then contain the smaller compounds that are doing the desired work.