Which layer of the OSI model do routers predominantly operate in?&#92;?
546227
Routing occurs at layer 3 (the Network layer e.g. IP) of the OSI seven-layer protocol stack.
685495
When i was tech support team in my high school, we had a fiber optic line coming in to main school server.  And in district office, they had OC12 and it was blazing fast!  That was 10yrs ago, so i imagine it's a light speed by now.
431740
depends on the router model/series, memory, etc.\ncheck cisco.com
323541
A server is a device (either a stand alone computer, or an application within one computer) that manages network resources.  This can be as simple as a print server, that allocates printing resources from different computers to a server that houses pages of websites.\n\nA router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs (local area networks) or WANs (wide area networks) or a LAN and its ISP’s network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect.\n\nA switch is a device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments. Switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI Reference Model and therefore support any packet protocol. LANs that use switches to join segments are called switched LANs or, in the case of Ethernet networks, switched Ethernet LANs.\n\nGenerally, in a home setting, you do not have either a stand alone router or a swich.  You have a modem (DSL or Cable) connected directly to the ethernet connection of your computer, or a built in dial up modem in the computer that utilizes a telephone line to transfer information.  If you have a wireless network at home, however, you most likely have a switch built into your wireless router.  Most home routers generally have four different ethernet connections that you can hook different computers to.  It is a switch that allows the router to have 4 connections.  In a larger setting, a switch is a seperate device.  The most commonly used switches are made by Cisco, and the typical switch has 24 connections.  Linksys is the division of Cisco that provides hardware to home users.  Even if you don't have the need for wireless networking or to connect several computers together, it is advisable to have a router between your modem and your computer, as the better home routers have built in firewalls that will in essence make your computer invisible to hackers searching for computers.
522458
To keep things simple the router is a computer. It is assigned the "Gateway" or ISP's IP address. It then assigns the computers on the LAN an internal IP address and "routes" requests to and from the computers on the LAN. You can assgin "Static" IP addresse on the LAN but without a reason to do so it is pointless, and in fact could leadd to other problems.\n\nHere are three web sites that I have found use full.
1100213
In packet-switched networks such as the Internet, a router is a device or, in some cases, software in a computer, that determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination. The router is connected to at least two networks and decides which way to send each information packet based on its current understanding of the state of the networks it is connected to. A router is located at any gateway (where one network meets another), including each point-of-presence on the Internet. A router is often included as part of a network switch. \n\nA router may create or maintain a table of the available routes and their conditions and use this information along with distance and cost algorithms to determine the best route for a given packet. Typically, a packet may travel through a number of network points with routers before arriving at its destination. Routing is a function associated with the Network layer (layer 3) in the standard model of network programming, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. A layer-3 switch is a switch that can perform routing functions. \n\nAn edge router is a router that interfaces with an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network. A brouter is a network bridge combined with a router. \n\nFor home and business computer users who have high-speed Internet connections such as cable, satellite, or DSL, a router can act as a hardware firewall. This is true even if the home or business has only one computer. Many engineers believe that the use of a router provides better protection against hacking than a software firewall, because no computer Internet Protocol address are directly exposed to the Internet. This makes port scans (a technique for exploring weaknesses) essentially impossible. In addition, a router does not consume computer resources as a software firewall does. Commercially manufactured routers are easy to install, reasonably priced, and available for hard-wired or wireless networks.
783051
IPv4 is the addressing scheme in use today. It is made up of 32 bits, broken into 4 octets. It is commonly written in dotted decimal notation.  You're probably familiar with this...ex: 192.168.1.1. \n\nIPv6 is a more expansive version of IPv4 which will eventually be introduced in order to increase the number of available IP addresses.  This address will be made up of 128 bits. Because the size of this would likely be unmanageable in dotted decimal, it will be represented in hexadecimal format.\n\nMAC Addressing is somewhat different. This is the physical address of a piece of equipment. Unlike the IP addresses that identify a piece of equipment on a network somewhere, the MAC address is assigned to the physical equipment by the manufacturer or vendor, and in most cases, does not change. It is represented in a hexadecimal format.
981769
A wireless router xxxxx
1180473
You're right, your existing access lists won't be able to operate on packets in labelled MPLS VPNs. You should move your access lists as close as possible to the source of traffic, possibly to the distribution/access layer routers. Network core is supposed to be switching data very quickly. In certain situations access lists are processes by the main processor (as opposed to the hardware ASICs) and can be very processor intensive and slow in the core routers. Move your access list closer to the source.
114386
I am not sure if you are referring to the OSI layers, if it is the OSI layers, there would be 7. Data, Physical, Network, Transport, Session, Presenation, and Application. Hope this is what you are looking for.
161007
Good question !! base of networking.\n   Gateway: When number of system are in the same network & want to access the other network a device called as Router or L3 switch helps to connect other networks. So to move out to other network through router or the l3 switch one ip is given to the interface of the device ie router or switch. That ip is called as gateway of the network.\n Also gateway is the hardware device which helps to convert the protocols.\n  Subnet : Sub net the word it self gives the idea that it divide's the network. Subnetting help to divide the host bits & network bits.\n  Tcp-ip : Tcp-ip is the universal suite of protocol.It works on the transport layer of OSI module. It is the media of communication between computers.\n   Its very deep theory dear !!!! but i had given brief idea on it !!! i hope u get it!!!!  hacker2783@yahoo.com
628475
what OS (operating system) are you using what type of internet connection and what firewall
745362
A router is a computer networking device that forwards data packets across a network toward their destinations, through a process known as routing. Routing occurs at Layer 3 (the network layer i.e. Internet Protocol (IP)) of the OSI seven-layer protocol stack.\nclick here:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router\n\nGateway has several meanings. It may often share meanings with the term gate.\nclick here:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway
435989
I configured a lot of routers, and i made a lot of connections (i work on that) but, tell me exactly what u wanna know...\n\n\n"From Cisco they are configured with a console cable or via telnet"\n\nI hope that was the answer to your question...
160433
the four layers are:\nnetwork\ninter-network\nhost-to-host\napplication
497379
One can only functionally position the internet model to the ISO OSI model because basic differences exist such as: \n\nIn the internet protocol suite, a layer represents a reasonable packaging of function. \nThe ISO view, on the other hand, treats layers as rather narrow functional groups, attempting to force modularity by requiring additional layers for additional functions. \n\nIn the TCP/IP protocols, a given protocol can be used by other protocols within the same layer, whereas in the OSI model two separate layers would be defined in such circumstances. Examples of such "horizontal dependencies" are FTP, which uses the same common representation as TELNET on the "application layer," and ICMP, which uses IP for sending its datagrams on the "internetwork" layer. \n\nIn practice, what we are discussing here is the difference between a de jure standard, OSI, and a de facto standard, TCP/IP. The focus in the TCP/IP world is on agreeing on a protocol standard which can be made to work in diverse heterogeneous networks. The focus in the OSI world has always been more on the standard than the implementation of the standard. \n\nEfficiency and feasibility. The OSI norms tend to be prescriptive (for instance the "layer N" must go through "all layers below it"), whereas the TCP/IP protocols are descriptive, and leave a maximum of freedom for the implementers. One of the advantages of the TCP/IP approach is that each particular implementation can use operating system-dependent features, generally resulting in a greater efficiency (fewer CPU cycles, more throughput for similar functions), while still ensuring "interoperability" with other implementations. \nAnother way to see this is that most of the internet protocols have first been developed (coded and tested), before being "described" in an RFC (usually by the implementer) which clearly shows the feasibility of the protocols. \n\n2.14.2 The Internet World and OSI \nThe Department of Defense (DoD), funder of the original ARPANET research, made a statement on OSI in January '88, based on the Government OSI Profile (GOSIP) of April 22, 1987. \n\nThe following is an excerpt from the statement, which is published in RFC 1039 - A DoD Statement on OSI: "... It is intended to adopt the OSI protocols as a full co-standard with the DoD protocols when GOSIP is formally approved as a Federal Information Processing Standard. Two years thereafter, the OSI protocols would become the sole mandatory interoperable protocol suite; however, a capability for interoperation with DoD protocols would be provided for the expected life of systems supporting the DoD protocols. ..." \n\nA lot of study has already been done by the internet world on possible transitions and coexistence of the protocols. The following list is a series of RFCs already issued for that purpose: \n\nRFC 983 - ISO Transport Services on Top of the TCP. \nRFC 1006 - ISO Transport Services on Top of the TCP - Version 3. \nRFC 1039 - A DoD Statement on Open Systems Interconnection Protocols. \nRFC 1069 - Guidelines for the Use of Internet IP Addresses in the ISO Connectionless-Mode Network Protocol. \nRFC 1085 - ISO Presentation Services on Top of the TCP/IP-based Internets. \nRFC 1086 - ISO-TP0 Bridge between TCP and X.25. \nRFC 1090 - SMTP on X.25. \nRFC 1161 - SNMP over OSI. \nRFC 1195 - Use of OSI IS-IS for Routing in TCP/IP and Dual Environments. \nRFC 1238 - CLNS MIB for Use with Connectionless Network Protocol (ISO 8473) and End System to Intermediate System (ISO 9542). \nRFC 1240 - OSI Connectionless Transport Services on top of UDP: Version 1. \nRFC 1308 - Executive Introduction to Directory Services using the X.500 Protocol. \nRFC 1309 - Technical Overview of Directory Services using the X.500 Protocol. \nRFC 1327 - Mapping between X.400 (1988)/ISO 10021 and RFC 822. \nRFC 1328 - X.400 1988 to 1984 Downgrading. \nRFC 1330 - ESCC X.500/X.400 Tas
1171501
A layer 3 switch will switch packets faster than a traditional router because the packet switching is done in hardware as opposed to being done in software.  \n\nThat said, if you have these servers all on the same network/subnet, you don't need either one.  Just a fast layer 2 switch.  \n\nBut if you are going to have to jump between networks/subnetworks where a router would normally be required, a layer 3 switch (a fast one) is the way to go.