what are the possible source of ineffiency for autoclave steirlization?
545084
Not exactly sure what the question is but this may help.  Autoclave is a sterilization technique by which temperature, pressure, and time are used to kill microscopic organisms in a sealed system.  The autoclaves I am familar with used compressed steam to generate the high temperatures.  Since they are pressurized, temperatures well above the boiling point of water are achieved.  A certain amount of time is required to ensure complete sterilization.\n\nSo the answer to your question may be that inefficient sterialization will occur if the temperature or pressure are not high enough or the time is not long enough.  An experiment to measure the efficiency of a particular set of these parameters would be to autoclave contaminated auger and compare growth rates to that of the same auger that was not autoclaved.  May have to produce several hundred if not thousands of plates if you are looking for 99.99% efficiency.\n\nThe other measure of autoclave ineffiency would be to determine the amount of "over doing" a particular parameter.  An example is that it is inefficient to autoclave for 1 hour if 30 minutes would produce the same level of sterialization.  The same type of experiment as above could be used to evaluate different values of the three parameters.\n\nThe most effienct would be the lowest settings (since they consume the least amount of energy) that would produce the desired level of sterialization.  Statisically it is not possible to achieve 100% sterialization.  Therefore you have to determine if 99% (one contaminated plate in 100) or if 99.9% (one contaminated plate in 1000) sterialization is required.
1093978
Take a look at your sludge under a microscope. If the bacteria create too long fibres, the sludge will capture gas bubbles and refuse to sink even with strong coagulating agents. \n\nYou might have to restart the biological stage of your treatment plant with a new culture. Check with your service specialists first, though.
638216
All of these may have an effect on absorbance since they all have the potential to affect the final concentration of the solutions being measured; In (a), you don'y know what might be in the wet stuff in the beaker, so your absorbance might go up.  In (b), because the pipet has not been "wetted" with your solution, you might pick up less than you thought, so your concentration might be lower and give a lower absorbance.  I'll let you figure out (c) for yourself since I can't be sure what you typed!
696442
It would depend on what the nature is of the unwanted impurities. One could use chemical separation or distillation.  Distillation would be the easiest.
751652
An autoclave is a machine typically used in hospital and research settings that sterilizes equipment by using high temperature steam and pressure.  They typically run at 115 Celsius and 15 PSI if I remember correctly.
160298
Flux capacity...hmmm now that's a good one.\n\nI agree, I think someone is pulling your leg.\n\nThe only flux terminolgy I'm aware of is soldering flux, but it's not even measured, much less as a capacity measurement.
196696
One possibility is fractional distillation.  This procedure takes the boiling points of each component of a mixture into account.  The mixture is connected to the proper apparatus and placed over heat.  That component with the lower boiling point will evaporate off first and can be collected in a recovery flask.  That material with a higher boiling point will evaporate latest.
163942
food water air reproduction
593819
It appears that the constants are calculated at one condition (dry,wet,etc) whereas the effective is closer to reality.  See\n\nhttp://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/102/45/16293
527012
It is not possible for usng slar energy directly. because the compresser operations want frequent input. ( Not continuose). In the form Solar electricity is possible. \n\nHow ever Vapour Absorption syastem is possible
1056027
It's ALMOST impossible as there are so many fast ways to PRODUCE heat, but all methods to REMOVE heat are slow. They all rely on foods and drinks to BECOME cold based on the ambient temperature inside of the unit, rather than more direct methods like, for example, spraying a mug of ale with liquid nitrogen. Which would work great, but would be horribly dangerous to trust to the public.
782491
if the nutrient broth / H2O   anything  is properly steriled in a autoclave conciously with required pressure and time  and then properly cotton plugged,  there must be no trace of bacterial growth.
464193
Sludge formation is prevented.\nExisting sludge is broken into minute particles and burnt.\nClogging of fuel lines and filters is prevented.\nAtomization of fuel is improved.\nDeposits on burner nozzles are eliminated.\nFlame is stable, hotter and in the required direction.\nCombustion is catalytically improved.\nSoot formation is reduced.\nFireside deposits are eliminated.\nHeat transfer is improved.\nVanadium and sodium in the fuel are neutrallized.\nFormation of sulphur trioxide is prevented and corrosion is inhibited.\nStack temperature is reduced.\nCarbon monoxide, oxygen and unburnt hydrocarbons in the stack gases are minimized while carbon dioxide in stack gases is increased.\nFrequent cleaning, maintenance and overhaul are not required.\nFuel consumption is reduced by 4-6%.
916415
Firstly, is the culture tube to be a nutrient broth or a nutrient agar?\n\nWhichever it is, both will have to be autoclaved to remove all other organisms. After autoclaving, don't open until you want to insert the sample. Make sure you have a naked flame in front of you. The area just around the flame is your sterile area. \n\nFor a nutrient agar, heat your innoculating loop in the flame until it is red-hot then remove from the flame and flick it to cool it. Test on one side of the agar to make sure it is not too hot. If too hot, the agar will hiss. Collect your sample of E. coli with the innoculating loop and use your other hand to hold the culture tube. Open the culture tube with as few fingers as possible. Streak the E. coli on the nutrient agar making sure to spread it evenly. Always keep the mouth of the tube near the flame. The innoculating loop should also always be near the flame until the process is complete. Close the culture tube and heat the innoculating loop again.\n\nIf it is nutrient broth, then follow the same steps as above except that you insert the innoculating loop into the broth and shake it. Then close as above.\n\n*Remember... when opening the tubes, always keep the mouth of the tube close to the flame and always sterilise the innoculating loops.*\n\nEDIT: Answer to the replied question.\n\nYeah a micropipette would be easier. You'll need to autoclave the micropipette tips before using and like I said, all the procedures have to be carried out right beside the flame. The mouth of the culture tube has to be in or right beside the flame so that no contamination happens.\n\nIn any case, the innoculating loop or the pipette can be used because the nutrient broth is there for the bacteria to develop colonies and grow so the end result will still be the same.
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Dissolved materials that can precipitate out of solution can cause problems with appliances. They are a particular problem with systems that heat water, because this increases precipitation and causes scale. This can reduce efficiency of heating elements, and can block pipes.\n\nHeating systems suffer less, because it is always the same water, so once the solids have deposited out there are no more to add to the scale, and this is very little scale. However, other dissolved materials can cause problems by leading to corrosion.
1022011
This website includes MANY answers to your question, I think.  I'm a Chemical Engineer, so this isn't quite up my alley, but I think this will help!\n\nhttp://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/malabsorption_syndrome.jsp
444550
The difference in solubility of the components allows for separation.  I don't remember the specifics, but that is the reason.  Water will not have a big enough difference.