What are some of the advances in genetic engineering?
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Applications of Genetic ENGINEERING\n\nThe first Genetically Engineered drug was human insulin approved by the USA's FDA in 1982 [1]. Another early application of GE was to create human growth hormone as replacement for a drug that was previously extracted from human cadavers. In 1986 the FDA approved the first genetically engineered vaccine for humans, for hepatitis B[2]. Since these early uses of the technology in medicine the use of the GE has expanded to supply many drugs and vaccines.\n\nOne of the best known applications of genetic engineering is that of the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).\n\nThere are potentially momentous biotechnological applications of GM, for example oral vaccines produced naturally in fruit, at very low cost.\n\nA radical ambition of some groups is human enhancement via genetics, eventually by molecular engineering. See also: transhumanism.\n\nDNA sequencing is a technique which is used to identify each base in DNA. Although the costs of DNA sequencing has dropped dramatically, the NIH estimates it costs at least $10 million to sequence 3 billion base pairs [3] - the size of the whole human genome.\n\n[edit]\nGenetic Engineering and Research\nAlthough there has been a tremendous revolution in the biological sciences in the past twenty years, there is still a great deal that remains to be discovered. The completion of the sequencing of the human genome, as well as the genomes of most agriculturally and scientifically important plants and animals, has increased the possibilities of genetic research immeasurably. Expedient and inexpensive access to comprehensive genetic data has become a reality, with billions of sequenced nucleotides already online and annotated. Now that the rapid sequencing of arbitrarily large genomes has become a simple, if not trivial affair, a much greater challenge will be elucidating function of the extraordinarily complex web of interacting proteins, dubbed the proteome, that constitutes and powers all living things. Genetic engineering has become the gold standard in protein research, and major research progress has been made using a wide variety of techniques, including:\n\nLoss of function, such as in a knockout experiment, in which an organism is engineered to lack the activity of one or more genes. This allows the experimenter to analyze the defects caused by this mutation, and can be considerably useful in unearthing the function of a gene. It is used especially frequently in developmental biology. A knockout experiment involves the creation and manipulation of a DNA construct in vitro, which, in a simple knockout, consists of a copy of the desired gene which has been slightly altered such as to cripple its function. The construct is then taken up by embryonic stem cells, where the engineered copy of the gene replaces the organism's own gene. These stem cells are injected into blastocysts, which are implanted into surrogate mothers. Another method, useful in organisms such as Drosophila (fruit fly), is to induce mutations in a large population and then screen the progeny for the desired mutation. A similar process can be used in both plants and prokaryotes. \nGain of function experiments, the logical counterpart of knockouts. These are sometimes performed in conjunction with knockout experiments to more finely establish the function of the desired gene. The process is much the same as that in knockout engineering, except that the construct is designed to increase the function of the gene, usually by providing extra copies of the gene or attracting more frequent transcription. \n'Tracking' experiments, which seek to gain information about the localization and interaction of the desired protein. One way to do this is to replace the wild-type gene with a 'fusion' gene, which is a juxtaposition of the wild-type gene with a reporting element such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) that will allow easy visualization of the products
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cloning\nstem cells\ngenetic manipulation
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Ya why not? If you really think about humans have been modifying plants and animals for a long time.  When we first tilled the soil and intentionally planted a seed that nature didn't put there and we first slaughtered an animal we raised for that soul purpose, we have been modifying nature.  Now its just so that we can have healthier food in more quantities.\n\nSome current applications of plant biotechnology include:\nDeveloping plants that are resistant to diseases, pests, and stress\nKeeping fruits and vegetables fresh for longer periods of time which is extremely important in tropical countries\nProducing plants that possess healthy fats and oils\nProducing plants that have increased nutritive value\nProducing soybeans with a higher expression of the anti-cancer proteins naturally found in soybeans\nDeveloping a whole range of higher value added feed\nOther applications such as lignin modification in trees that will make possible much higher fiber extraction rates in the paper and pulp industry\nProducing new substances in plants, including biodegradable plastics, and small proteins or peptides such as prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines\n\nAnimals \nIncreased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency \nBetter yields of meat, eggs, and milk \nImproved animal health and diagnostic methods
76852
Biotechnology covers a wide range of uses, but I'd say that mostly it's about manipulating cells to express genes that we want them to express.  This could be to make them produce industrial enzymes, designer agriculture, or biopharmaceuticals.  the genetic code is pretty much universal, meaning we can take a gene from one organiand put into another to acheive specific results.  Industrial enzymes can be used for anything from cleaning wastewater with special enzymes to degrade certain toxins, to making enzymes that breakdown starch into sugar for the production of ethanol for fuel, to the making of specific detergents.  With agriculture, we can transfect plants with genes that make them more resistant to diseases or vermin, or more robust and able to grow under more varied claimates, or we can make food bigger or more nutritious.  In biopharmceuticals, we address genetic disorders by creating the proteins that some people are unable to make for themselves, allowing them to lead more normal lives.
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Not sure, but new treatments are comming....\n\nUS scientists crack entire genetic code of breast and colon cancers\n\nResearch on cancer and the genetic code looks like it may at long last  produce real breakthroughs\n\nFor more info, visit:\nhttp://www.librarynews.info/\nhttp://www.medical-research-study-directory.info/medical-research-study-directory/\nhttp://www.medical-research-study-directory.info/\nhttp://www.lasik-surgery-san-diego.info/\nhttp://www.san-diego-dentist.us\nhttp://www.san-diego-plastic-surgery-cosmetic-surgery-doctors.us/\nhttp://www.acne-treatment-medicine-1.info/
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Genetic Engineering.\n\nWhich isn't around yet, so you're stuck with what you have.
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I agree with the above post in that if any research is being done, then it's still in the works, so it hasn't been announced yet. And genetically altering things, especially something as complicated as poultry, is a lot harder than most people seem to think. I would seriously doubt that anyone is working on genetically altering an entire species just to raise resistance to this strain of avian influenza. Any mutation in the flu and the genetic alterations would probably end up useless.
233182
There is not a lot of information out there on GE foods. Some of the testing has been stopped because the results were not what the GE companies wanted. You could start by looking at "Seeds of Deception" by Jeffery M Smith.(copywrite 2003) It does not talk about fruits specifically, but does discuss some potential effects of genetic engineering. There is also an extensive bibliography with some references from 2002.
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Genetically modified foods, bio-pesticides and bio-engineered therapeutic products or vaccines are some examples.
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See the following reference.\nBiotechnology and bioengineering  (Biotechnol. bioeng.) 1996, vol. 52, no3, pp. 429-432.
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Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM) and gene splicing are terms for the process of manipulating genes, usually outside the organism's natural reproductive process.\n\nIt involves the isolation, manipulation and reintroduction of DNA into cells or model organisms, usually to express a protein. The aim is to introduce new characteristics or attributes physiologically or physically, such as making a crop resistant to a herbicide, introducing a novel trait, or producing a new protein or enzyme,along with altering the organism to produce more of certain traits. Examples can include the production of human insulin through the use of modified bacteria, the production of erythropoietin in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, and the production of new types of experimental mice such as the OncoMouse (cancer mouse) for research, through genetic redesign.\n\nSince a protein is specified by a segment of DNA called a gene, future versions of that protein can be modified by changing the gene's underlying DNA. One way to do this is to isolate the piece of DNA containing the gene, precisely cut the gene out, and then reintroduce (splice) the gene into a different DNA segment. Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith received the 1978 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their isolation of restriction endonucleases, which are able to cut DNA at specific sites. Together with ligase, which can join fragments of DNA together, restriction enzymes formed the initial basis of recombinant DNA technology.\n\nApplications --- :\n\nThe first Genetically Engineered drug was human insulin approved by the USA's FDA in 1982. Another early application of genetic engineering was to create human growth hormone as replacement for a drug that was previously extracted from human cadavers. In 1986 the FDA approved the first genetically engineered vaccine for humans, for hepatitis B. Since these early uses of the technology in medicine, the use of GE has expanded to supply many drugs and vaccines.\n\nOne of the best known applications of genetic engineering is that you can probilize the outcome of offspring. There are potentially momentous biotechnological applications of GM, for example oral vaccines produced naturally in fruit, at very low cost.\n\nA radical ambition of some groups is human enhancement via genetics, eventually by molecular engineering. See also: transhumanism.\n\nGenetic engineering and research\nAlthough there has been a tremendous revolution in the biological sciences in the past twenty years, there is still a great deal that remains to be discovered. The completion of the sequencing of the human genome, as well as the genomes of most agriculturally and scientifically important plants and animals, has increased the possibilities of genetic research immeasurably. Expedient and inexpensive access to comprehensive genetic data has become a reality with billions of sequenced nucleotides already online and annotated. Now that the rapid sequencing of arbitrarily large genomes has become a simple, if not trivial affair, a much greater challenge will be elucidating function of the extraordinarily complex web of interacting proteins, dubbed the proteome, that constitutes and powers all living things. Genetic engineering has become the gold standard in protein research, and major research progress has been made using a wide variety of techniques, including:\n\nLoss of function, such as in a knockout experiment, in which an organism is engineered to lack the activity of one or more genes. This allows the experimenter to analyze the defects caused by this mutation, and can be considerably useful in unearthing the function of a gene. It is used especially frequently in developmental biology. A knockout experiment involves the creation and manipulation of a DNA construct in vitro, which, in a simple knockout, consists of a copy of the desired gene which has been slightly altered such as to cripple its function. The construct is then taken up by
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Stem cell research and cloning are still "blockbusters", but specific antibody research, gene therapy and advanced imaging techniques (fret, for example) are hot too.\n\nOff course, I would certainly add RNA interference to the list!
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Genetic Engineering is that branch of Biology or life science in which the gene structure of organism is altered to suit a particular purpose. In other words, it is gene manipulation.  This branch will be very helpful to make life easier to the increasing population on earth.\nExamples 1) At present rice grain is more rich in starch and poor in proteins. By application of this method the protein content of rice can be increased.\n2) Disease resistant genes can be introduced in crop plants.\n3) Bacteria can be made to produce life saving drugs at a cheaper cost. \nThus the applications are many and varied.
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The thrust of research is to bring the techniques of plant tissue culture and molecular biology in the development of procedures for embryo rescue and regeneration, development of novel hybrids, induction of somatic embryogenesis, micro-propagation of endemic and/ or endangered medicinal plant species, isolation and heterologous expression of genes for the synthesis of biodegradable polymers, and characterization of lignin biosynthesis pathway genes and their down regulation.
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like any new technology genetic engineering will take on bigger and bigger projects until it gets too big.  Then it will scale back.  Predicting the future is tough work.  \n\nThe ethical issues involve how much control we give to an almighty God or to the hand of man (and woman).  Another big issue is who gets what?  Who will get the benefits and who will absorb the losses?  Genetics brings up malthusian doctrines and hitlerism all over again.  It's unavoidable questions of how to make the world a better place.  how we answer will determine the future.  \n\nThe safety risks are mainly centered around quality of life and life itself.  Genetic engineering enables complete control (eventually) of how we all turn out or modify, or replace, or even clone or reproduce ourselves.\n\nThese topics could fill many books and have.
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pcr, gene therapy, antisense drugs... umm
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I'm not sure what you're looking for, but use Google Scholar to look for articles (and the spelling is "recombinant", not recombinent). \nThe development of new vaccines offers good examples of new advances in recombinant DNA use. \nCheck these links.\nVaccines:\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12518231&dopt=Citation\nNerve cells regeneration:\nhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02803.x/abs/\nHaemophilia treatment:\nhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111%2Fj.1538-7933.2004.00646.x