If eukaryotes display traits of both Eubacteria and Archaeobacteria, what does it suggest about it's evolution
453757
See the Endosymbiont Theory. Basically, early symbiosis between the two types of organisms, and DNA transfer from one to the other.
604610
Prokaryotes (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut or kernel, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. -otes; also spelled "procaryotes") are organisms without a cell nucleus (= karyon), or indeed any other membrane-bound organelles, in most cases unicellular (in rare cases, multicellular). This set of characteristics is distinct from eukaryotes (also spelled "eucaryotes"), organisms that have cell nuclei and may be variously unicellular or multicellular. The difference between the structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is so great that it is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms. Most prokaryotes are bacteria, and the two terms are often treated as synonyms. However, Woese has proposed dividing prokaryotes into the Bacteria and Archaea (originally Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) because of the significant genetic differences between the two. This arrangement of Eukaryota, Bacteria, and Archaea is called the three-domain system. This replaces the two-empire system.\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote\n\n\nA eukaryote (IPA: [juːˌkarɪəʊt]), also spelled eucaryote, is an organism with a complex cell or cells, in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nucleus/nuclei. Eukaryotes comprise animals, plants, and fungi—which are mostly multicellular—as well as various other groups that are collectively classified as protists (many of which are unicellular). In contrast, prokaryotes are organisms, such as bacteria, that lack nuclei and other complex cell structures. Eukaryotes share a common origin, and are often treated formally as a superkingdom, empire, or domain. The name comes from the Greek ευ, meaning good, and κάρυον, meaning nut, in reference to the cell nucleus).\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote\n\nMORE STUFF ON LINKS
741756
In the most general sense, cellular life falls into one of 2 categories: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.  Prokaryotic cells are relatively small (1-10 um) and lack a nucleus and other major organelles as found in eukaryotic cells.  Prokaryotic cells are reminiscent of the earliest forms of life that appeared perhaps as much as 4.0 billion years ago.  The forms of life found today known as bacteria are the only living things made of prokaryotic cells.  Most bacteria are unicellular and very tiny, but some form small filaments or clusters of cells known as cyanophytes (aka blue-green algae). Eukaryotic cells are on average much larger and internally more complex than prokaryotic cells; we will investigate them is greater detail in this lab later.
373493
1. Genetic analysis shows similarities among species reflecting evolutionary origins.\n\nThe main point here is that recent work has shown that the extent of genetic divergence among species is consistent with the expected separation based on the fossil record and morphological evidence. This supports the conclusions drawn from the other evidence.\n\nGenetic analysis often reveals remnants of a gene that is functional in one species but not another (i.e. a mutation occurred that made the gene non-functional, but most of the sequence is still intact). Why would God have created non-functional sequences that are extremely similar to functional genes found in related species?\n\nAlso, non-coding regions of DNA show degrees of similarity that are consistent with the expected degree of evolutionary divergence. I understand how you could argue that God was essentially working form a common genetic template for all species, but why change the non-coding regions? These differences result from mutations that do not affect the phenotype of the species in any way but accumulate over time. Non-coding regions show sequences that are conserved with changes, and the number of changes is consistent with the number of mutations that would be expected to have occurred since the approximate time of existence of most recent common ancestor.\n\n2. Many cellular and biochemical processes are conserved in a variety of species.\n\nThe point here is that virtually all cells utilize similar mechanisms of DNA replication and protein synthesis, share certain respiration pathways, and other biochemical processes. Related species show more similarities. For example, all plants are capable of photosynthesis, and utilize a virtually identical biochemical pathway to accomplish this. If you study cell biology you will find numerous examples of pathways that are common to different types of cells. I'm not going to go into this more here as it requires considerable background in cell biology. However, these biochemical similarities support they theory that all cells share a common ancestor.\n\n3. Vestigial biochemical pathways (for example, pancreatic cells are light-sensitive even though they are located deep inside the body).\n\nThese are similar to vestigial structures at the cellular level. The specific example I mentioned is the light-sensitive behavior of pancreatic cells. Basically, the pancreas is located inside the body and will never be exposed to light. However, pancreatic cells grown in vitro (i.e. in a Petri dish, test tube, etc.) demonstrate light-sensitive activation of biochemical pathways similar to that seen in the cells that form the retina. There is no reason for this behavior unless this pathway is a remnant (i.e. a vestigial pathway) of a pathway present in an ancestral cell that did have come in contact with light.\n\nThere are many other examples of vestigial biochemical pathways. Like vestigial structures, their existence is easily explained by evolution but makes no sense in the context of creationism or "intelligent design."
60547
1.  They both have  DNA  as their genetic material.\n   2. They are both membrane bound.\n   3. They both have ribosomes .\n   4. They have similar basic metabolism .\n   5. They are both amazingly diverse in forms. \n\nThe major and extremely significant difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles , while prokaryotes do not. The DNA of prokaryotes floats freely around the cell; the DNA of eukaryotes is held within its nucleus. The organelles of eukaryotes allow them to exhibit much higher levels of intracellular division of labor than is possible in prokaryotic cells. Additional obvious differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes include:\n\nSize\n    Eukaryotic cells are, on average, ten times the size of prokaryotic cells. \nGenomic composition and length\n    The DNA of eukaryotes is much more complex and therefore much more extnsive than the DNA of prokaryotes. \nCell Wall\n    Prokaryotes have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, a single large polymer of amino acids and sugar . Many types of eukaryotic cells also have cell walls, but none made of peptidoglycan.
115351
There are many different kinds of cells. Eukaryotic (mostly all animal, fungi, and plant cells), Prokaryotic (bacteria), and then there are specialized cells in most organisms. I.E. storage cells, bacteria-fighting cells, hormone producing and recieving cells. I am not sure that there is a set number of different kinds. However, the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic division is the beginning of differentiation among all cells. It is used to help differentiate different kingdoms of organisms.
463979
Eukaryotic means an organism has a nucleus...prokaryotic means it doesn't have a nucleus.
522113
Archaebacteria are the oldest living organisms on earth. They are unicellular. Archaebacteria are found in very harsh conditions (such as at the bottom of the sea or in volcanic vents). This is thought to be because the early Earth’s atmosphere was filled with poisonous gases and was very hot – nothing could survive except the archaebacteria. These slowly gave way to modern organisms when the Earth’s conditions settled down and oxygen was introduced to the atmosphere.\n\n    There are three phyla of archaebacteria. The methanogens are characterized by their ability to harvest energy by converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas. They (and all archaebacteria) are obligate anaerobes, meaning they cannot live in the presence of oxygen. They are found in marshes and in the intestinal tracts of humans and some animals (cows, for example).\n\n   The second phylum is the extreme halophiles. These organisms are names because they are salt-loving. Though salt kills most bacteria, it helps the extreme halophiles to thrive. They are found in the Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, and other areas with a high salt content.\n\n   The third phylum is the thermoacidophiles. These bacteria are found in extremely acidic conditions and in areas with very high temperatures. They can survive in areas with temperatures as high as 230 degrees Fahrenheit and with pHs below 2 (hydrochloric acid, which is incredibly strong, has a pH of 1). These locations include volcanic vents and hydrothermal vents (cracks in the ocean floor where scalding water leaks out).\n\nThe eubacteria are more complex, and common, than the archaebacteria. It is the eubacteria that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions. They can be found everywhere around us – in our bodies, our food, etc. There are four phyla of bacteria, some of which are divided into subgroups.\n\n   Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic, like plants, which means that they use the sun’s energy to make food for themselves. They are thought to be the second organisms in existence, because they give off oxygen as a byproduct. This allowed aerobic organisms (ones that need oxygen to survive) to develop. They are found in the water and were once thought to be blue-green algae (however, they lack a membrane-bound nucleus and chloroplasts).\n\n   Spirochetes are gram-negative (a gram stain is a technique for classifying bacteria), spiral-shaped, and heterotrophic. Some of them live in the presence of oxygen, others don’t. They may be parasitic, living symbiotically or free-living. \n\n   Gram-positive bacteria are not all gram-positive, despite the name. They are grouped together due to other similarities. This phylum includes the strain of streptococcus bacteria that causes strep throat. It also includes the bacteria that produces yogurt, by growing and fermenting in milk (producing lactic acid). These bacteria also produce many of our antibiotics.\n\n   Proteobacteria is one of the largest phyla of all the bacteria. Many are gram-negative. They are divided into several subgroups, such as enteric bacteria, chemoautotrophs, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The enteric bacteria live mainly in intestinal tracts, like E. Coli. The chemoautotrophs oxidize chemicals in minerals to obtain energy. The nitrogen-fixing bacteria are essential to many ecosystems – one type converts the unusable nitrogen in the atmosphere to ammonia, the form plants can use most easily.
486941
The origin of the eukaryotic cell was a milestone in the evolution of life, since they include all complex cells and multi-cellular organisms. The timing of this series of events is hard to determine; Knoll (1992) suggests they developed approximately 1.6 - 2.1 billion years ago. Fossils that are clearly related to modern groups start appearing around 800 million years ago.\n\nrRNA trees constructed during the 1980s and 1990s left most eukaryotes in an unresolved "crown" group (not technically a true crown), which was usually divided by the form of the mitochondrial cristae. The few groups that lack mitochondria branched separately and so the absence was believed to be primitive, but this is now considered an artifact of long branch attraction and they are known to have lost them secondarily.\n\nTrees based on actin and other genes have painted a different and more complete picture. Most eukaryotes are now included in several supergroups:\n\nOpisthokonts Animals, fungi, choanoflagellates, etc. \nAmoebozoa Most lobose amoebae and slime moulds \nRhizaria Various amoeboid protozoa \nExcavates Various flagellate protozoa \nArchaeplastida Land plants, green and red algae \nHeterokonts Brown algae, diatoms, water molds, etc. \nAlveolates Ciliates, Apicomplexa, dinoflagellates, etc. \n\nThe heterokonts and alveolates may be part of a larger group that is ancestrally photosynthetic, called the chromalveolates, but this remains contentious. Otherwise the relationships between the different supergroups are mostly uncertain, and in particular there is dispute about where the root of the evolutionary tree belongs, and as a result what the earliest eukaryotes were like. A few small protist groups have not been related to any of the major supergroups, notably the centrohelids, apusozoans, and ebriids.\n\nEukaryotes are closely related to archaea, at least in terms of nuclear DNA and genetic machinery. In other respects, such as membrane composition, they are similar to eubacteria. Three main explanations for this have been proposed:\n\nEukaryotes resulted from the complete fusion of two or more cells, the cytoplasm forming from a eubacterium and the nucleus from an archaeon (alternatively a virus). \nEukaryotes developed from Archaea, and acquired their eubacterial characteristics from the proto-mitochondrion. \nEukaryotes and Archaea developed separately from a modified eubacterium. \nThe origin of the endomembrane system and mitochondria are also disputed. The phagotrophic hypothesis states the membranes originated with the development of endocytosis and later specialized; mitochondria were acquired by ingestion, like plastids. The syntrophic hypothesis states that the proto-eukaryote relied on the proto-mitochondrion for food, and so ultimately grew to surround it; the membranes originate later, in part thanks to mitochondrial genes (the hydrogen hypothesis is one particular version).
742991
I don't think so becasue prokaryotes means ''primitive cell'' so eukaryotes come form themm they are ''true cells''. \n\n2. electorn microscoep,- advantges: 3d images, very high resolution.\ndisadvanteges: long time to prepare sample, sample most be dead, electron micrsocope are expensive, and the images are in black and white.\n\n I you want to know how a susbtance enters a cells is better with a light microscope because you cant have a life cell. but i think you could still study it with electron. But take in consideration that disavantages i told you.
116715
bacteria are prokaryotic(no nucleus)
1180864
five kingdoms = animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria\n3 domains = archaea, bacteria, eukarya\n\nbefore 3 domains all prokaryotes were lumped together in the bacteria kingdom, but there are actually 2 very very different groups which became the 2 domains archaea and bacteria. Eukarya is all the eukaryotes.  The domains need to be further broken down into kingdoms, but 5 won't do. Protists are too diverse to be in 1 kingdom and so they're working on a 6 kingdom system.
137015
eukarotic bacteria are unicellular; fungi can be multicellular whereas bacteria can not. Bacteria move themselves by means of a flagella unlike fungi which don't. Bacteria lack a nucleous and mitochondria unlike fungi. Many bacteria have differing cell walls from fungi. I believe the term used is peptidoglcoans, which describes the cell wall.
695785
Are you looking for all known orthologues of the individual genes in the operon (I assume) or for all occurences of these particular genes in an operon in other organisms (bacteria)?\n\n\n\n/////////\nI would try to look at "HomoloGENE", "Genome" and "UniGene" at the Entrez gateway at the US National Library of Medicine, Nat'l Ctr. for Biotechnology Info. (NCBI) \n\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gquery/gquery.fcgi?itool=toolbar
948983
Technically, it's somewhere between possible and likely that there were multiple original organisms, who were promiscuously swapping genetic material.  This is way back, before the eukaryotes, archea and eubacteria separated.\n\nBut yeah, all eukaryotes almost certainly descend from a single eukaryote (the integration of the first mitochrondria appears to be such an unlikely occurance that it probably only happened once)
427095
prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, each consisting of a (small) 30S and a (large) 50S subunit, whereas eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a (small) 40S and a bound (large) 60S subunit. However, the ribosomes found in chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotes are 70S, this being but one of the observations supporting the endosymbiotic theory.\nwhat do you mean by inclusive? Subspecies ?
924396
It is very simple. Last band gives you that answer. You need to see G=G bond and it is follow by TAG. It is definatly eukaryotic.