how did Rome improve or invent cement and bricks?
448196
Look it up.  I'm fairly sure that was the point of the question.\n\n*speech mode*\nWhen teachers give you assignments, they don't just want you to learn the facts, they also want you to learn how to GET the facts.  How Rome improved bricks may not seem like something you will need to know in the future, but the ability to find the answers to this sort of question will be invaluable to you in the future.\nLearn to use search engines, and your library.
777840
Rome wasn't built in a day.\n\nBricks & mortar make a house, but laughter & children make a home.\n\n"I call architecture frozen music."(Goethe)\n\nAn architect drafts a plan of your house & plans a draft of your money.\n.
751593
The Romans incorporated many of the Gods and Goddesses of the people they conquered.  It was an ingenious way to control the masses.
1013363
I think brick is so beautiful, is eclectic feeling, and has character and history. vinyl and stucco are so unoriginal. of course, brick is more expensive, but it is durable and you  wont have any problems with it so it would be well worth the money in my opinion.
105012
You can build all (or most of) the platonic and archimedaic solids using Origami.\n\nYou can also buid conic sections (hyperboles, parabola, ellypse and circle) by repeatedly folding a piece of paper along the tangents, point by point, using fundamental properties of each one. (= you get them as the envelope of their tangents).
856161
By unit volume, probably dry cement is heavier. Why? Because rocks are heavier than water.
835401
I think it might be difficult to find a website, but a history book about the area and time that includes a cultural section might help.  You can find websites that have Roman hygiene practises from that era, and since Rome owned much of the Middle East at the time, they might be one in the same.  The Romans used a sponge attached to the end of a stick for you know what and that's where the expression, "Getting the sh.....y end of the stick." comes from.  The Roman army also knew that putting the latrine too close to their camps caused disease, but they didn't know why.  Cities also had an elementary sewer system for the same reason and the Romans built common bathrooms with the famous outhouses on every corner over these sewers.  People were expected to use the public outhouses or chamber pots and were required to take their donations in the public outhouse for disposal.  If a person took a journey they had to take a bath before they were allowed entrance to any Roman city and everyone who lived in a Roman city, including slaves, had to take a bath on a regular basis.  I think it was on a weekly basis, but it may have been more than one time a week.  The Romans also built some baths along their main road system.  Roman baths had three stages, steam, warm water, and cold water.  The Minoans who lived on Crete (the capital was Knossos) was one of the very first civilizations also built a water channel to carry away you know what from the city and small stone bath tubs with head rests have been excavated in the ruins of Minoan houses but it is not known how often they bathed and what they used for soap.  Archeologist have found clay bottles filled with a mild form of lime and they theorize that they just soaked until the felt clean.  The bath tubs also have salt deposits so it is known they used sea water, not fresh.  As for the Celtic people, Roman conquers described that the Celts bathed in half barrels and in mineral springs, cold or hot.  The Gaelic word for mineral spring is spa.  Also medieval writing describes that the average working stiff took a bath using a barrel cut in half almost every day, so when you see those movies with medieval people looking all grimy, it wasnt' true.  This myth comes from stories of few people who didn't bathe because it washed off holy water from the Mass.  The Roman conquerers also record that the ancient celts made soap basically the same way natural soap is made today.  This soap lathered and was easily wiped off.  The Romans used olive oil mixed with ashes which did not lather and had to be scraped off.
49380
Cement is made from gypsum, shale or clay, and limestone. The term "cement" is most often used to refer to Portland cement. Portland cement, when mixed with sand, gravel, and water, makes concrete.\nTo make cement, clay, shale and limestone is ground to a powder and baked in a kiln. The baked mixture forms clods (clinkers), which are then ground up and mixed with gypsum. Although the terms cement and concrete often are used interchangeably, cement is actually an ingredient of concrete.
1044878
Cement, known as Portland cement, which is used in concrete is not calcium carbonate and is in fact a silicate compound. There is no similarity between the reaction of cement and the hydration of calcium oxide that is described in another answer here and the reaction that takes place when cement is mixed with water. The statement "If you add water to the CaO... it will form again CaCO3 capturing the CO2 dissolved in the water" is absolutely incorrect and does not describe the reaction of cement with water. \n\nThe elements of dry cement that you are refering to are:\ntricalcium silicate (3CaO × SiO2)\ndicalcium silicate (2CaO × SiO2)\n tricalcium aluminate (3CaO × Al2O3)\ntetra-calcium aluminoferrite (4CaO × Al2O3Fe2O3)\n\nAs you can see the only thing they have in common with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is the CaO. In fact calcium carbonate is a raw material used in manufacturing cement, but the resulting chemical compound is NOT calcium carbonate and has no similarity. The raw materials used in manufacturing cement are limestone, shale or clay, and gypsum. These are heated in kilns to about 1550 degrees F. \n\nThe main chemical reaction that chemically combines cement and water (the water is incorporated into the molecular structure- it does not 'dry' out) is as follows:\n2 Ca3SiO5 + 7 H2O ---> 3 CaO.2SiO2.4H2O + 3 Ca(OH)2 + 173.6kJ  \n\n\nTo answer your question, yes cement is known to occur in nature. Geologists discovered a natural deposit in the 1960's that is about 12 million years old, that formed where an oil shale reacted with a limestone. The Greeks were probably the first to discover cement similar to what we know today. Here is a timeline:\nhttp://matse1.mse.uiuc.edu/concrete/hist.html
1058021
The Greeks prefered to use marble and limestone in their buildings. Cement is one of the three components of concrete, along with water and an aggregate. Concrete was not to become a popular or successful building material until the Romans employed it in nearly everything they built. \n\nThe Greeks had a passion for proportions. Every building or sculpture was designed with a set of rules governing how the pieces should be sized in relation to each other. This makes their buildings attratctive, if a little formal.\n\nThe principle element of Greek architecture is the column. Columns developed through the ages, and eventually evolved into three main types. Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. These are listed in order of increasing complexity and ornamentation. Columns often have grooves in the shaft called flutings. Columns sit on a base, and terminate in a capital. Columns were often connected by a large triangular section called a pediment. Pediments were often filled with sculpture depicting mythical events. Other parts of the building were decorated with friezes, triglyphs and metopes, and many other features. Every part of a Greek building has a name, and it would take the next four days to list and explain them all. This very short list should be enough for your question.
895015
Well, history did not start with today's breakfast.\n\nThe components we use now for things like cans and pencil, were different in older times.  Language, however, carried to us today, the old materials used for those things.\n\nYes, long ago, cans were made of tin and pencils used lead (Romans for example). Aluminum is relatively very new.\n\nHey, the Romans used lead as wine bottles.  Some people say, that was one of the reasons the Roman empire fell.
948146
I happen to be in venice in year 2000 as per people the sea is rising and almost every building ground storey is now under water\nin almost over 200 years.Iam sure they have done something remarkable with foundations but one thing for sure they have not\nmade any new construction.
286959
The Romans were master machine builders.\n\n"They lifted heavy stones using cranes that were worked by windlasses or treadmills or the backs of men, they dredged harbors, emptied lakes, and drained swamps"\n\nI expect that they used more than one technique.  Dragging scooping sleds over the bottom when it was smooth, dragging nets when less smooth.   I imagine some sort of conveyor belt or waterwheel would have been used as well.
1018982
sparticus maximus, he was brilliant
181555
Advantages of adobe \n\n• Adobe mud is a widely available, local resource. \n• Construction is approved by most building departments. \n• For owner-builders traditional adobe is inexpensive and a fairly low-skill job. \n\nDisadvantages \n• Building is time-consuming and labor intensive. \n• If labor costs are high, adobe home construction can be quite expensive. \n• Traditional adobe block construction requires adequate drying periods, and thus might not be suitable for wetter, colder climates.
271310
They used the same technology the egyptians used to build the pyramids.  Except they used wood, instead of stone.
309009
First you gather the components used to make bricks.  Mud, straw, water.  Mix together very well. The consistancy should be where you can shape it and it'll stand on it's own.  Or, you could put it in a mold if you'd like. Shape the mixture to what pleases you, then either fire up or dry out in the hot sun.  When it is completely hardened you have a brick.