What determines the max level of work in well trained athletes?  What limits max level of work in the av. pop?
449878
Everybody's a little different.  For example, a person's ability to run a marathon might be limited by muscular endurance (not having enough stored energy), or it might be limited by cardiovascular endurance (not being able to deliver enough oxygenated blood to the leg muscles).  In theory, you want these things to be matched pretty well--if you're pushing yourself to exhaustion.  For example, if your lungs crap out before your legs do, then you've basically wasted all that reserve energy you've got in your legs.\n\nWhat determines muscular performance?  Nutrition, muscle mass, regularity of exercise.  A lot can be attributed to the physical shapes of your bones and how the muscles are attached--that's stuff that you can thank or curse your parents for.\n\nWhat about cardiovascular performance?  Again, there is some genetic component to it, but this one is probably much more dependent on training--getting the heart rate up for sustained periods frequently.\n\nI'm willing to guess that most athletes are limited more by their muscular endurance, while most average people are limited by their cardiovascular endurance.
418727
A case of supply and demand - a limited number of people have the talent and dedication to play to a high level, and millions are prepared to pay to watch them do so. As a knock-on affect, advertisers in their turn are happy to pay millions to advertise products at games.
688833
Based on the strength of each individual which work will be assigned to. High performers get more challenging works and vice versa.
632632
Yes-they have to work just as hard if not harder then other high school athletes. Especially in competitive cheerleading.
26908
When a basketball bounces there is a continuous conversion between Kinetic and Potential energies. \nAt maximum height of the bounce, Potential Energy (P.E.) is maximum and Kinetic Energy(K.E) is minimum or zero.At the floor level, K.E is maximum and P.E is minimum or zero. What is really relevant here is that the Total Energy of the system, E, which is the sum of K.E and P.E remains constant
56837
The nature of the game, being played around an elevated goal, selects for that trait.\n\nPlayers who don't jump as high get fewer rebounds, block fewer shots, and get their shots blocked more often than players who do. So, in general, players who don't jump high contribute less to their team than players who do and are less likely to make an NBA team.\n\nIn brief, the game selects out those who can't jump as high, so those who are left, can.
172591
For U.S. Athletes:  \nThere is no age limit to compete in the Olympics.\n\nHowever, some sports do have age requirements for health and safety reasons.  Competition rules of certain international federations cite age limits as follows: \n- Bobsled (minimum of 14 years old)\n- Boxing (17-32)\n- Diving (minimum of 14)\n- Equestrian (16 or older)\n- Figure skating (15 by July 1 of previous year)\n- Gymnastics (must be 16 years old in Olympic year)\n- Judo (15 or older), luge (16 or older)\n- Soccer (under 23), team handball (over 18)\n- Weightlifting (17 or older)\n- Wrestling (must be at least 17 on day of Opening Ceremonies). \n\nThere are no general restrictions among the International Federations on an "upper" age limit.
338218
You can find the specification in the IAAF Competition Rules, under Rule 187.\n\nhttp://www.iaaf.org/downloads/IAAFhandbook/index.html
1123978
I wouldn't say steroids.  It has to do with the fact that players are now being bred to grow up playing sports.  Football players are conditioned and trained from grade-school through-out their entire life to be faster stronger and smarter.  This goes for any sport.  The conditioning regimen for high school nowadays includes two-a-days (two practices in one day) for 2 weeks in the middle of July (hottest month of the year).  You think they put 15 year olds through that 50 years ago?  Even in gradeschool now, they are doing two-a-days.  They are being groomed to play football from ages 6 or so on up
171010
structural kinesiology is what you're looking for. you want to look at the movements that take place in a pitch.\n\nTo maximize speed and strength you want to make a complex movement that maximizes body momentum.  In other words you want to twist the body and then kind of unravel in a movement that throws all the momentum of unraveling and throwing the ball into the ball.  Start with bringing your leg that faces the plate up and then twist your pelvis away from the plate.  Bring your arms away from the plate, throw your forward leg toward the plate bringing your arm out.  As your forward leg touches the ground bring your body down and being to roll your arm and the ball out towards the plate.  There are many variences but you want to find the one that is most comfortable to you.  Don't learn to throw sidearm because you'll only spend most games on the bench and your shoulder won't last long enough to make a career out of pitching.
1097365
Treadmill stress electrocardiography is employed widely to detect underlying cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic persons. To determine the frequency and significance of an abnormal S-T segment response to exercise in young athletes with increased left ventricular (LV) mass induced by physical conditioning, 75 male isometrically trained athletes without evidence of heart disease (mean age 21 years) and 48 nonathletic young normal subjects were studied by M-mode echocardiography and exercise electrocardiography. Ventricular septal and posterior free wall thicknesses and calculated LV mass were significantly greater in athletes than in control subjects. An abnormal S-T segment response to exercise was present in 7 (9%) of the 75 athletes, all of whom had a LV mass greater than 275 g and in 5 the LV mass was above the 95th percentile of that of the control subjects. An abnormal treadmill exercise test result also was present in 3 (6%) of 48 control subjects. Seven of the 10 subjects with abnormal exercise test results had radionuclide angiograms at rest and with exercise, each of which was normal. It is concluded, therefore, that (1) abnormal exercise test results occur commonly in both athletes and non-athletes; (2) almost 10% of isometrically trained athletes have "false-positive" exercise electrocardiograms, suggesting that this test has major limitations in screening for underlying cardiovascular disease in athletes; and (3) in athletes, a relation was present between "physiologically" increased LV mass and false-positive exercise test results.
999342
They make a lot of money, you can buy lots of cool stuff with that money, athletes think about what they're going to buy after the game and salivate. You can't hit the high hard one with a mouthful of saliva, so you gotta spit.
1171482
tehre's a formula for it...\nit depends how much you run druing the game
907114
well, i believe that talent takes only a small part in becoming really good at a sport. Sure, Micheal Phelps has a predisposition to be a really good swimmer because of the way he is built (really long arms, strong upper-body, large hands), but i don't think that its all that. Anyone can become really good at a sport if they work hard and long enough. they may have to work harder to become better in their techniques than people that may have "talent," but i'm positive that it is possible.
1177568
It is produced naturally, but the people using this are using more than the body is meant to use and thus it enhances their performance. It's the new steroid, so to speak. It used to be harvested from corpses, but today it's synthesized in a lab. It could prolong your life, or shorten it. Our bodies aren't meant to use so much of things like this naturally. When you increase something that's there naturally to an unnatural level, then you run into troubles. Our bodies make steroids too, but these people use too much it's why they have problems. One thing that could happen with people that use HGH is that their pituitary gland could shrink and not function properly, thus creating problems when they eventually stop using. the way it enhances performances it that it allows the body to heal faster meaning that a player won't miss time when hurt, minor things become almost nothing and it allows people to spend more time in the gym giving them a chance to become bigger and stronger.
620920
it all depends on what you are referring to. when you refer to sports, unless you're a pitcher, no. over working a pitcher can lead to elbow and shoulder problems and cut short a career, but i do mean when specifically throwing a lot. as far as working out and practicing, absolutely not, the difference is if you're in shape or not or if you're just plain lazy. i take b-p and grounders till i drop. this improves your conditioning so you're not dead at the end of the game. especially if it goes into extra innings.
850295
There is no age limitations. Most people on level four I knew were like 9 year olds, but I knew nine year olds which were on level 8, and I knew 20 year olds who were on level 5. It is just a matter of your skill. If it is a highly competitive  gym, then they will probably be no older than 11 on level four. They don't take younger than 7 on level 5, so older than that on four.