mechanism of b cell of immune system?
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ok,I try to make it clear,\nimagine an antigen is invading the body,it is going to be diagnosed and captured by innate immune system like Mq,Neu...they represent the antigen to TCR on Tcell,so Tcell become activated and produce cytokines,some of them are going to activate Bcell and makes Bcell to produce Antibodies,antibodies will join antigens and some protein in blood may join them and they all destroy the antigen.\n\nBone marrow is the most important source of Bcell in lifetime.the most important responsibility of Bcell is to produce Antibodies.Antibodies are the most important part of the immune system for the extracellular pathogenes like toxins.B acts as an APC specially in the secondary response.Bcell secretes IL1,6,12 and INF alpha and beta.B has a memory so it plays an important role in the secondary response to antigen.B has some markers such as CD1,5,9.10,14,19,20,21,23,25,32,35,38,40,45,55,59,80,86,126,85,81.\n\nthere are two kinds of B,\n1)B1cell : mostly in newly borns,bigger than the other one,mostly produce IgM and respoce to Ti Ag.it doesn't have memory.it's only 5% of all the Bcells.\n2)B2cell:in older people,95% of all Bs,response to TD antigens and have memory..\n\nsome clues about Abs:there are five class of them,\nIgA(1,2),IgD (it's Ag receptor on Bcell),IgE(role in Allergies),IgG(more than others ,in 4 froms,activate the complemets,role in ADCC,feed back inhibition of Bcells),IgM(antigene receptor on Bcell,activates complemetns)\n\nthat's it,hope it helps;)
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B cells and T cells ...  well...\nAcquired immunity involves diverse but specific responses to invaders involving lymphocytes.  The cells involved in acquired immunity are specialized and possess memory (once they encounter and destroy the invader, they remember it and can destroy it quicker in the future).  The two types of acquired immunity based on the type of lymphocyte involved are humoral immunity and cellular immunity.  Humoral immunity involves B Cells and cellular immunity involves T Cells.\nBone Marrow derived B Cells secrete antibodies that destroy antigens.  Antigens are pathogens that elicit B cell activation.  They are slower to respond than T cells and are involved in immunization.  Memory B cells stay after an infection is contained to recognize the pathogen if it invades again.\nThymus derived T Cells respond quickly to pathogens by attacking them directly.  These cells puncture a hole in the pathogens cell membrane, so it can fill with tissue fluid, bursting in the process.  Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory T cells are types of T cells.  Helper T cells assit both T cells and B cells fight an infection by secreting hormones to stimulate them.  Cytotoxic T cells kill body cell infected by pathogens.  Memory T cells, like memory B cells, stay after the infection is contained to recognize the pathogen if it invades again.
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B-lymphocytes come from "Bones"\nT-lymphocytes come from "Thymus"\n\nthat's where you get the B and the T
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An antibody generated by the immune response to an antigen. Each epitope on the antigen is capable of causing the formation of a clone of B lymphocytes that will produce an antibody to that epitope\n\nPolyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different cell lines.\n\nThese antibodies are typically produced by immunization of a suitable mammal, such as a mouse or rabbit. An antigen is injected into the mammal. This induces the B-lymphocytes to produce IgG immunoglobulins specific for the antigen. This IgG is purified from the mammal’s serum.\n\nSeveral lines of B-lymphocytes produce these antibodies. These antibodies have specificity for different epitopes.\n\nBy contrast, monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single cell line.
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After your body has been exposed to an antigen, it keeps some "memory" cells, specific to that antigen, that are ready to jump into action producing antibodies in case you are ever exposed to that particular antigen again.  The antibodies can be transferred to another person, but the cells cannot--well you could, but they'd probably be destroyed by your immune system.  The antibodies will confer temporary immunity, but eventually they will disappear.  You need the living cells to get long-term immunity.  The only way to get these memory cells is to be exposed to the antigen--either through an active infection, or by vaccination.
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immune system is not working properly
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Humoral immunity cannot happen without cellular immunity.\n\nHumoral immunity is provided by B-lymphocytes, which produce antibodies.  In order for B-lymphs to become active in producing antibodies, they need to be presented with an antigen.  Monocytes are components of cellular immunity.  Monos encounter a foreign body, say a bacteria.  They recognize it as foreign through the bacteria's antigens and ingest it by phagocytosis.  Once the bacteria has been eaten by the monocyte, it is digested and the antigens on it's surface are transported to the surface of the monocyte.  The monocyte then goes and finds a B-lymph and "shows" it the antigen.  The B-lymphs then start making antibodies to that antigen.  Monocytes are known as Antigen Presenting Cells because of this action.\n\nI hope this answers your question.
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inflammation is a defense mechanism for the body against offending agents, such as trauma, microbes,allergens,  malignant cells, cells from the body of other people or animals, heat, cold,....when the offending agent presented to immune system, white blood cells come to the site of attack and release some chemicals to destroy foreign agent,and invite other white cells to the site.they can eat offending agent too, so it will be deactivated and your body will get rid of the threat.
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try these links. they are a quite a helpful read. \n\nwww.merck.com/mrkshared/ mmanual/section11/chapter143/143c.jsp\n\nwww.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/102/2/419\n\nwww.autoimmuneinc.com/R_and_D/tech.html\n\nwww.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/figsonly/309/5739/1380\n\ngood luck and have fun!!!
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There are a number of different cell types in circulation in the blood stream. Here's a quick review:\n\nRed cells carry oxygen to the cells of the body. They are essentially bags of hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying molecule. Hemoglobin binds oxygen to iron atoms, which give the hemoglobin and thus the cells their distinctive red color. \nWhite cells (leukocytes, "clear cells") are divided into two types: \nPolymorphonuclear cells, are of three types: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. \nNeutrophils fight bacterial infection. They form pus and are the chief ingredient of an abscess. See band cells. \nEosinophils are cells which are strongly related to allergy and the recognition of foreign things in the body such as parasites. \nBasophils are cells that are also part of the allergy and parasite recognition system.\nLymphocytes are the virus killers. There are two types of these: \nT-cells which remember what germs we've been exposed to and how to kill them. T-cells are the key component of the immune system that is missing in AIDS. \nB-cells that secrete the actual antibodies that attach to viruses and bacteria and identify them as things to be destroyed - rather like tagging the target with a laser so that the smart bomb will home in and blast the target. \nMonocytes are cells that are related to lymphocytes but have a killing and cleaning function. They cruise through the tissues of the body cleaning up debris and killing any bacteria they find. They are often increased in viral infections - a reassuring finding that your doctor may note on your child's blood count. See mononucleosis. \nPlatelets are the cells that plug leaks in the vascular system, the clotting cells. \n\n What are the different blood groups?   \n   The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies are in the blood plasma. Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules. The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parents.\n\nThere are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today, but the AB0 and Rh systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals.\n\nNobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both the AB0 and Rh blood groups.\n\n \n\n \n   \n    AB0 blood grouping system   \n    According to the AB0 blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types: A, B, AB or 0 (null).\n\n \n   \n   Blood group A\nIf you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma.\n\n\n\n \n   \n   Blood group B\nIf you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma.\n\n\n\n \n   \n   Blood group AB\nIf you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.\n\n\n\n \n   \n   Blood group 0\nIf you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.\n\n \n\n \n   \n    Rh factor blood grouping system   \n \n \n   Many people also have a so called Rh factor on the red blood cell's surface. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-. A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies, for instance). But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ bloo
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lymphocytes lacking typical markers of t or b-cells capable of lysing a variety of tumor or virus infected cells without obvious antigenic stimulation also effect antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity,carry in humans cd16 markers.
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The Cause of Type 1 Diabetes\n\nAutoimmune reactions, in which the body's white blood cells harm its own tissues, cause many diseases including type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and arthritis, among others. We don’t known why immune cells target certain organs, and why in type 1 diabetes, only insulin-producing cells are killed.\n\nIn type 1 diabetes, the body's immune T-cells react against beta cells -- the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas -- effectively shutting them down and triggering disease onset.\n\nSo, it is known that type 1 diabetes is caused by the body's immune system turning against cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. What's remained unclear is the target for this immune response.\n\nSome studies report that albumin, the protein in milk, is a causal agent for that immune reaction. Also some theories point toward viruses. The glutamic acid decarboxylase is another molecule that has been believed to be the cause for that reaction.\n\nNow, after eight long years of careful research, scientists believe they've finally pegged insulin as the prime antigen -- immune system target -- responsible for this shutdown.\n\nDr. David A. Hafler, Breakstone professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School guided the research, which appears in the May issue of Nature. Unfortunately, the only way to adequately answer that question in humans is to examine tough-to-obtain pancreatic lymph tissues.\n\n"It took us years to get these tissues, to clone the cells and then to really characterize them and examine their activity," he said. “The results of that effort show that indeed the target -- the cause -- of type 1 diabetes may be T-cell reactivity to insulin," Hafler said.\n\nHis team in Miami has been testing insulin as a potential basis for a vaccine against type 1 diabetes. However, another expert in type 1 diabetes research, Edwin Gale --who is professor of diabetic medicine and head of the department of clinical science at the University of Bristol in England-- cautioned that a potent vaccine against the illness remains a distant goal.\n\nThese findings are very interesting for people with type 1 diabetes, but not for those with type 2 diabetes, since although in both cases the result is hyperglycemia, the causes are different. Reports Health Day News\n\n\nWhat Causes Type 2 Diabetes\n\nType 2 diabetes affects about 200 million people worldwide and has a predicted increase to 300 million by 2025. Also, nowadays more and more children and adolescents are developing Type 2 diabetes, which used affect mostly adults in the past.\n\nRecent studies reveal that genetics, obesity, fetal history, lack of activity, a diet high in fat and stress, all may play a role in the development diabetes.\n\nGenetic studies have shown that the association of some genes is the root of the cause of Type 2 diabetes. A healthy and active lifestyle for the whole family of a person with diabetes is then greatly recommended to protect their children and young people.\n\nLow birth weight has also been associated with Type 2 diabetes. It seems that poor nourishment of the fetus increases the risk of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.\nIf that baby is overfed and becomes overweight during childhood, then the risk is a lot higher.\n\nOn the other hand, stress has been associated with insulin resistance, which leads to Type 2 diabetes. This happens due to the cascade of metabolic reactions that our emergency hormones trigger when we are stressed.\n\nObesity has long been associated with diabetes, as well as the lack of physical activity and a diet high in fat. This is thought to cause a condition called insulin resistance.\n\nWhat is insulin resistance?\n\nInsulin resistance means that your muscles, fat, and liver cells cannot use insulin properly. There can be a lot of insulin circulating, but the cells are incapable of using it to allow glucose entering the cells and be conv
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Doesn't get much simpler than this website, have fun!\n\nhttp://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html
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Humoral immunity refers to an immune response from antibodies (for example, an antibody is produced by a B cell and recognizes a foreign antigen and triggers an immune reponse).  In contrast, cell mediated immunity occurs when a cell (for example a T cell) directly recognizes a foreign antigen being "presented" by another cell.
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Immune surveillance refers to the body's sensitivity to the presence of foreign organisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites), foreign tissue transplanted from a donor, or the body's own cells which will be recognized as "not-self" through malignant transformation (i.e. cancer cells) or in the development of autoimmune disease (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis).  In each of these instances the body's immune system is responding to the presence of surface markers called antigens, which are usually proteins.  All cells in the body produce surface antigens and display them on the cell membrane.  The precise structure of these antigens is genetically determined and differs between individuals (except for identical twins).  The components of the immune system recognize each individual's surface antigens as belonging to that person's "self" and does not react to them under ordinary circumstances.\n\nThe mechanisms of immune surveillance depend primarily on three cell types.  The first of these are the macrophages, large cells which engulf and devour foreign organisms such as bacteria.  The bacterial cells' surface antigens are processed by the macrophages, expressed on the surface of their cell membranes, and then "presented" to a second category of cells, the CR4+ T lymphocytes.  These white blood cells recognize the bacterial antigens as foreign and then cause the transformation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells, which will then produce antibodies specific for those antigens.  The antibodies can attach themselves to these surface antigens on the invading bacteria and facilitate their destruction by other T lymphocytes and the complement system.  Similar mechanisms are involved in the case of viral infections.  In both bacterial and viral infection immune surveillance during the first exposure often results in clinical illness, but results in immunization, the result of which is the production of T and B lymphocytes that "remember" the first exposure and trigger a faster, more effective response to subsequent exposures that prevents repeat occurrence of the same illness.  Note that this immunizing exposure can be either natural, in response to exposure to the "wild" organism, or artificial, in response to a modified form of the organism or its antigens (vaccination).\n\nStill other mechanisms, some involving antibody production and some involving only T lymphocyctes and natural killer cells, are involved in the detection and destruction of cancer cells, in the body's attack on its own tissues in autoimmune disease, and in the detection and rejection of foreign tissue from a transplant donor.  Research in transplant medicine has resulted in the successful development of drugs and other treatments that prevent rejection of transplanted organs.  Current research in clinical immunology is directed at identifying methods for enhancing immune surveillance and destruction of cancer cells, and also at identifying the causes and possible means of prevention of autoimmune disease.
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Primary response is the killer T cells. When you get a sore throat, it is these crude cells that basically obliterate all the cells that are sick and the surrounding cells as well. It's kind of like "collateral damage". In the meantime, B cells are figuring out the exact antigen on the surface of the virus or bacteria and then multiply the appropriate antibodies to fight the particular foe. They are kind of like surgeon cells where the T cells are kind of like bazooka cells. The T cells are the primary and the B cells are the secondary immune responses, respectively.
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If a foreign substance (an antigen) is injected into a vertebrate such as a mouse or a human, some of the immune system's B-cells will turn into plasma cells and start to produce antibodies that bind to that antigen. Each B-cell produces only one kind of antibody, but different B-cells will produce structurally different antibodies that bind to different parts ("epitopes") of the antigen. This natural mixture of antibodies is known as polyclonal antibodies.\n\nTo produce monoclonal antibodies, one removes B-cells from the spleen of an animal that has been challenged with the antigen. These B-cells are then fused with myeloma tumor cells that can grow indefinitely in culture (myeloma is a B-cell cancer). This fusion is done by making the cell membranes more permeable. The fused hybrid cells (called hybridomas), being cancer cells, will multiply rapidly and indefinitely and will produce large amounts of antibodies. The hybridomas are sufficiently diluted and grown, so that one obtains a number of different colonies, each producing only one type of antibody. The antibodies from the different colonies are then tested for their ability to bind to the antigen (for example with a test such as ELISA), and the most effective one is picked out.\n\nMonoclonal antibodies can be produced in cell culture or in animals. When the hybridoma cells are injected in mice (in the peritoneal cavity, the gut), they produce tumors containing an antibody-rich fluid called ascites fluid.\n\nIn the above process, one uses myeloma cell lines that have lost their ability to produce their own antibodies, so as to not dilute the target antibody. Furthermore, one employs only myeloma cells that have lost a specific enzyme (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, HGPRT) and therefore cannot grow under certain conditions (namely in the presence of HAT medium). Fusions between healthy B-cells and myeloma cells are rare, but when one succeeds, then the healthy partner supplies the needed enzyme and the fused cell can survive in HAT medium. This is the trick to detect the successfully fused cells.\n\n\nPolyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different cell lines.\n\nThese antibodies are typically produced by immunization of a suitable mammal, such as a mouse or rabbit. An antigen is injected into the mammal. This induces the B-lymphocytes to produce IgG immunoglobulins specific for the antigen