diabetes mellitus and fatty acid oxidation?
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With diabetes the cells are unable to burn enough glucose for energy (because glucose cannot get into the cells).  The alternative to burning glucose for energy is to burn fatty acids for energy through beta oxidation.\n\nThe 'excessive' beta oxidation of fatty acids leads to a buildup of acetyl CoA.  Excess acetyl CoA is converted into ketones.  Excessive levels of ketones causes 'keto acidosis'.\n\nHope you find this helpful.
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I agree the first answer that prayer would really help.  sounds pretty bad.  It seems diabetes always complicates any situation.
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Diabetes Overview\n\nDiabetes is a set of related diseases in which the body cannot regulate the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood.\n\nGlucose in the blood gives you energy—the kind you need when you walk briskly, run for a bus, ride your bike, take an aerobics class, and perform your day-to-day chores.\n\n    * Glucose in the blood is produced by the liver from the foods you eat.\n\n    * In a healthy person, the blood glucose level is regulated by several hormones, one of which is insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas, a small organ near the stomach that also secretes important enzymes that help in the digestion of food.\n\n    * Insulin allows glucose to move from the blood into liver, muscle, and fat cells, where it is used for fuel.\n\n    * People with diabetes either do not produce enough insulin (type 1 diabetes) or cannot use insulin properly (type 2 diabetes), or both.\n\n    * In diabetes, glucose in the blood cannot move into cells, and it stays in the blood. This not only harms the cells that need the glucose for fuel, but also harms certain organs and tissues exposed to the high glucose levels.\n\nType 1 diabetes: The body stops producing insulin or produces too little insulin to regulate blood glucose level.\n\n    * Type 1 diabetes comprises about 10% of total cases of diabetes in the United States.\n\n    * Type 1 diabetes is typically recognized in childhood or adolescence. It used to be known as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.\n\n    * Type 1 diabetes can occur in an older individual due to destruction of pancreas by alcohol, disease, or removal by surgery or progressive failure of pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin.\n\n    * People with type 1 diabetes generally require daily insulin treatment to sustain life.\n\nType 2 diabetes: The pancreas secretes insulin, but the body is partially or completely unable to use the insulin. This is sometimes referred to as insulin resistance. The body tries to overcome this resistance by secreting more and more insulin. People with insulin resistance develop type 2 diabetes when they do not continue to secrete enough insulin to cope with the higher demands.\n\n    * At least 90% of patients with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.\n\n    * Type 2 diabetes is typically recognized in adulthood, usually after age 45 years. It used to be called adult-onset diabetes mellitus, or non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These names are no longer used because type 2 diabetes does occur in younger people, and some people with type 2 diabetes need to use insulin.\n\n    * Type 2 diabetes is usually controlled with diet, weight loss, exercise, and oral medications. More than half of all people with type 2 diabetes require insulin to control their blood sugar levels at some point in the course of their illness.\n\nGestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs during the second half of pregnancy.\n\n    * Although gestational diabetes typically goes away after delivery, women who have gestational diabetes are more likely than other women to develop type 2 diabetes later in life.\n\n    * Women with gestational diabetes are more likely to have large babies.\n\nMetabolic syndrome (syndrome X) is a set of abnormalities in which insulin-resistant diabetes (type 2) is almost always present and includes hypertension, hyperlipidemia (increased serum lipids, predominant elevation of LDL, decrease in HDL, and elevated triglycerides), central obesity, and abnormalities in blood clotting and inflammatory responses. A high rate of cardiovascular disease is associated with the metabolic syndrome.\n\nPrediabetes is a common condition related to diabetes. In people with prediabetes, the blood sugar level is higher than normal but not high enough to be considered diabetes.\n\n    * Prediabetes increases your risk of getting type 2 diabetes and of having heart disease or a stroke.\n\n    * Prediabetes can be reversed without insulin or med
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Depends on the type of organism.  In the absence of O2, each molecule of glucose makes 2 ATPs.  With oxygen, its around 30 per molecule of glucose.  I have no idea what the fatty acid is for, although it may be possible that the 18C acid can be broken down into 3 more molecules of glucose
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Both my brother and his wife have Type II diabetes.  They had a baby 05/20/04.  He was 8 weeks early because she developed pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure) and her kidneys began failing.  They had to induce labor to save her and my nephew.\n\nThey are both fine now.  He is into his terrible twos and not diabetic.
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Treatment    Return to top \n\nTreatment for this disease concentrates on avoiding low blood sugar. Frequent feedings are needed during the day, especially foods that contain carbohydrates (starches). Neither fruit nor milk sugar can be adequately broken down in this disease, and are best avoided.\n\nOvernight fasting is avoided by continuous feedings (through a tube that goes through the nose into the stomach) of sugars or uncooked cornstarch. The tube can be put in at bedtime and taken out each morning. A medication called allopurinol, which can lower blood uric acid and decrease the risk for gout, is often used.\n\nSynonyms:\nvon Gierkes disease\nGlucose-6-Phosphatase Deficiency Glycogen Storage Disease\nType I Glycogenosis\nHepatorenal Glycogenosis\n\nIn Type I Glycogen Storage Disease, the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase is defective in the liver, kidney, and small intestine, where it normally functions. However, the metabolic problem is centered in the liver.\n\nPatients with Type I GSD are unable to release glucose from glycogen. They cannot maintain their blood glucose levels and within a few hours after eating develop hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). The low levels of glucose in the blood of these patients often result in chronic hunger, fatigue, and irritability that is especially noticeable in infants. Symptoms of hypoglycemia only begin to appear when the interval between feedings increases and the infant sleeps through the night or when an illness prevents normal feeding routine. If the blood sugar falls to a low enough point, some patients may experience seizures. \n\nSince Type I patients are able to store glucose as glycogen but not release it normally, with time the stored glycogen builds up in the liver. Hormones, lactic acid, triglycerides, and other products are increased in the blood as the body attempts to raise blood sugar. Fats are stored in the liver along with the glycogen, which leads to enlargement of the liver. The liver does its many other functions normally, and there is not usually any evidence of liver failure. The kidneys are also enlarged due to glycogen accumulation. \n\nThe continued presence of low blood sugar eventually leads the body to experience severe biochemical abnormalities and delayed growth and development. Untreated patients may have muscle wasting and a buildup of body fat.\n\nWhen blood studies are done, it is discovered that there is usually a low blood sugar, elevated blood lactic acid, elevated cholesterol and other fats, and elevated uric acid concentration. High blood pressure has also been seen in a number of patients and when this occurs, appropriate treatment must be given.\n\nIn addition to the problems described above, patients with Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ib can develop frequent bacterial and fungal infections, due to abnormal functioning of the white blood cells. They may also develop chronic pancreatitis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and Crohn's disease. \n\nThe diagnosis of Type I GSD will always include blood studies, x-rays (including some of the kidneys), measurements, and ultrasound of the liver. Gene-based mutation analysis can be used to diagnose the majority of Type I patients, while liver biopsy analysis may be needed in some cases. \n\nThe treatments of Type I Glycogen Storage Disease are aimed at correcting the biochemical abnormalities and promoting growth and development. Current treatments consist of providing a continuous source of glucose by giving the patient glucose drinks frequently during the day and, in most cases, continuously overnight. Many medical centers have replaced these glucose feedings with uncooked cornstarch doses, mixed in water, Kool-Aid, or formula. \n\nLinks:\nvon Gierke Disease info from National Organization for Rare Disorders            [NORD]\nOMIM GSD Type I on Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man\n     searchable database\nGSD Type I from emedicine\nAmerican Liver Foundation information on Type I\nvon Gierke D
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Glucose levels can go as high as 1200mg/dl\nThis happens when you have un-attended diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes or infection to a diabetic who is not using insulin correctly. \nTo make you understand how the blood sigar level reaches those heights I will  talk about 2 hyperglycemia (high sugar) states\n\n1. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)\nThis occurs mostly in people with type 1 diabetes. There is no insulin produced by the pancrease and so, the body start breaking down fats and proteins for energy. The end product of lipids metabolism is KETONES. Ketones accumlates in the blood and can be detected in the usrine and such patients have fruity breadth. This condition is a medical emergency and can lead to DEATH due to dehydration, lack of glucose in the cells, Electrolytes imbalance and ketones in the blood.\n\n2. HYPEROSMOLAR HYPERGLYCEMIC NON-KETOTIC SYNDROME\nIn this condition, the patient is producing some insulin that prevents the breakdown of fats to get energy but this insulin is not sifficient enough to prevent hyperglycemia.\nIn this condition, the blood sugars ranges anywhere between 600-1200mg/dl. It is only in this condition that you would find such high blood sugars. In DKA, blood sugard rarely go above 750mg/dl before the patient goes in a comma state or dies. Both of these conditions are medical emergencies.\n\nFrom Greg\nMedical student
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I'm a RN who has taught Nursing for over 20 years and who has taught Diabetes Management at a large local hospital.  First of all I congratulate you for your willingness to help your stepmom with her hyperglycemia problem.  She has type 2 diabetes or previously known as adult onset diabetes.  Type 2 diabetics have insulin resistance.  Although their pancreas does produce some insulin their body is not able to properly utilize the insulin to allow glucose to get into their cells for fuel and energy.  As a result they become very tired and lethargic,  are thirsty and hungry often, and have to get rid of urine frequently.  Other symptoms may include blurred vision, dizziness, inability to concentrate,  headaches, yeast infections, leg pain, etc. Diabetes Type 2 is treated by diet, exercise, and medication.  Thank you for listing the medications your stepmom is on:  Metformin 500 mg qid and Glipizide 10 mg bid.  Her blood sugars are too high and the medication is no longer working efficiently for her.  As a result she is experiencing hyperglycemia or too high blood sugars.  In my professional opinion she now needs to be seen by a Diabetologist who can evaluate her thoroughly and probably would alter her medication and diet. A Diabetologist is an Endocrinologist who specializes in Diabetes.  You can find one by phoning your local hospital and requesting the names and phone numbers of Diabetologists that they have on their medical staff.  I'm pleased to hear that you have been trying to get her to work out with you.  That is a great start!  I cannot emphasize enough the importance of a Diabetologist treating your stepmom as quickly as possible so that her poor sugar control can be turned around.  The long term effects of uncontrolled Diabetes can result in neuropathy, blindness, foot amputation, severe cardiac disease and kidney disease.  What is done for her now or not done for her could have lasting effects long term.  To look up related sites on the web look up type 2 diabetes management.  I wish your stepmom God's blessings and healing touch.  Good luck to you.
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Hi.. I am working in Oman and observed the same situation here. Actually  due to sedentary life style, high calorie food, lake of physical exercise increases the chances of diabetics.\nBest way to delay or prevent diabetic is include regular exercise in your daily routine and avoid high calorie food and try to take green vegetables and whole wheat products instead of refined floor products like bread etc.
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Diabetes is itself a derangement of the endocrine system. In type 1, a major endocrine system has completely failed. There is no insulin as a result of damage to the beta cells in charge of producing it. \n\nType 2 is more complicated. It is characteristically an inability of many body cells (about 2/3) to use insulin even if it's present. Some type 2s go on to have more insulin than normal in an attempt to get blood glucose levels down, or to beta cell death / exhaustion and reduced or no insulin. In any case, this is also a derangement of the endocrine system, also involving insulin.\n\nInsulin is tremendously important and is so important that it has been conserved across large evolutionary distance and time. The nematode worm, c elegans, uses insulin in much the same way and for the same purposes, that we do. So do fish. Beef insulin is exactly the same hormone as human insulin, except that it differs in two amino acids, and pork insulin is even closer, only one different amino acid. \n\nAs such, it's a great signal to rely on for controlling many things. If there's biochemical energy available, then protein synthesis will be possible, energetically. So cells use insulin levels to control amino acid uptake from blood stores. And similarly for electrolyte balances across cell membranes. And similarly for mobilization (or storage) of excess calories in the form of fats; if there's glucose in the blood, insulin levels will be high and so fats in the diet should be stored against future need. If there's little glucose in the blood, insulin will be low, and so energy in stores (ie, fat cells) should be used -- fats get dumped in the blood (as blood lipids), taken to the liver and turned into fuel for the rest of the body. (This is called ketosis, and it's the basis of the Atkins diet, though such diets are not 'normal' and, especially for diabetics, should be used with great caution. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious medical emergency and can be triggered by dietary derangements.) And so on and so on. \n\nInsulin is the direct cause of, or the indirect cause of, a great many things throughout the body. Consequences of its presence or absence are many, important, serious and cannot be too far wrong lest the damage be severe enough to cause damage or death.
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Type 2 diabetes almost always has a slow onset (often years), but in type 1, particularly in children, onset may be quite fast (weeks or months). Early symptoms of type 1 diabetes are often polyuria (frequent urination) and polydipsia (increased thirst, and consequent increased fluid intake). There may also be weight loss (despite normal or increased eating), increased appetite, and irreducible fatigue. These symptoms may also manifest in Type 2 diabetes in patients who present with frank poorly controlled diabetes.\n\nThirst develops because of osmotic effects — sufficiently high glucose (above the 'renal threshold') in the blood is excreted by the kidneys but this requires water to carry it and causes increased fluid loss, which must be replaced. The lost blood volume will be replaced from water held inside body cells, causing dehydration.\n\nAnother common presenting symptom is altered vision. Prolonged high blood glucose causes changes in the shape of the lens in the eye, leading to blurred vision and, perhaps, a visit to an optometrist. All unexplained quick changes in eyesight should force a fasting blood glucose test. These are now quick (less than 5 minutes total), inexpensive (materials less than USD $1), and can be safely performed by almost anyone with trivial training.\n\nEspecially dangerous symptoms in diabetics include the smell of acetone on the patient's breath (a sign of ketoacidosis), Kussmaul breathing (a rapid, deep breathing), and any altered state of consciousness or arousal (hostility and mania are both possible, as is confusion and lethargy). The most dangerous form of altered consciousness is the so-called "diabetic coma" which produces unconsciousness. Early symptoms of impending diabetic coma include polyuria, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, with lethargy and somnolence a later development, progressing to unconsciousness and death if untreated.
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Yes and no... \n\nDiabetes, when left untreated for an extended period of time, can be a "killer" disease. Untreated elevated blood sugar levels have harmful effects on your eyes, nervous system, kidneys, and practically every other major organ system in your body. \n\nBUT... the good news ... \n\nDiabetes is also a very controllable disease. With proper medication, diet, exercise, you can live for many, many years with the condition. Sometimes complications are inevitable, but so it is with every chronic illness out there. \nRemember to eat well, exercise, and take your medications as prescribed. Work with your doctor on coming up with a individualized treatment plan for your specific needs.
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Make an appointment with your Dr. as soon as you can.  When you describe your symptoms he will order bloodwork.\n\nThese are possible symptoms of diabetes.  Don't wait!
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when you have diabetes, the kidneys work hard to remove that extra suger form the blood. so you have to urinate more often,and then the body asks for more water by making you more thirsty. so if you feel more thirsty, and urinate more often, then it is  the first sign that you have diabetes.\n\ndrinking more water will let you remove more excess  sugar,and will prevent the dryness in mouth and skin, but it will not reduce the sugar in the blood that you are adding by eating more and more food .\n\nwhat you need to know is  how high is the sugar level in the blood. Then you need to controll the sugar to an acceptable level, by medicine, by reducing food intake, and the exercise.\n\nIt is found that when we have diabetes, our body does not produce insulin. And body muscles can not use up the sugar from the blood just by doing daily routine work and we feel energyless(Lousy).\n\nBut recent studies found that regular exercise and walking at brisk speed( so you breath faster) reduces blood sugar.\n\nBut when you regularly exercise,then the muscles can
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It can be a side effect of diabetes.
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If you are not diabetic, and you don't faint in the streets from too low blood glucose, then your problem -- whatever it is -- would not seem to be immediately life threatening. And the erratic changes are not likely due to insulin. Here's why. \n\n=======\nbackground\n\nMetabolic control in the human body is fairly simple in principle. Just involved and interconnected, and only partially understood even now. \n\nYou absorb glucose from food in the intestines (after breaking down complex carbohydrates so it's possible to absorb them) and it goes into the blood. From there it can be absorbed by body cells and insulin is required for about 2/3 of them to do the absorption. Only two types of cells storage significant amounts of glucose internally (liver cells and muscle cells). As the glucose is used as fuel within cells, they either convert internal stores back to glucose, or absorb more from the blood. Glucose absorption is controlled in the 2/3 of the total by insulin, which is required for those cells to absorb glucose. When the beta cells (which are the only source of insulin) see high blood glucose, they release insulin. In non-diabetics, this causes those 2/3 of cells to absorb glucose, the blood level to drop, and the release of insulin to cease. \n\nWhen glucose levels are low, and so insulin levels are as well, liver cells (but not muscle cells) to release stored insulin into the blood. The result is that blood glucose is kept at a more or less constant level, save just after meals when it rises somewhat. \n\nNote that insulin, and exercise, are the only control for reducing glucose levels. There are several situations in which glucose levels are raised by opposing hormones. All of the stress hormones (adrenalin, for instance) cause the liver to output stored glucose and so to raise blood glucose levels. Another hormone, glucagon, also causes the liver to output stored glucose to the blood, and it's sometimes carried by those whose glucose levels are characteristically too low. Infections also usually cause glucose levels to rise. \n\nSo, \n\nfood and any of several signals to the liver cause blood glucose to rise. \n\ninsulin and exercise cause blood glucose to go down; glucose is strongly conserved and is never lost in normal circumstances. \n\nBlood glucose levels vary somewhat in the normal usual course of things. The fluctuations you note in your case, if abnormal, are most likely due to one of these controls.
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you are in college?  \n\nyou'd have better luck attracting answers if you spelled it out correctly and expanded your question with comments about what it is you'd like to know about the lifestyle of diabetes patients (if that is what you are asking about) -- be more specific.