how do you know when reflected and refracted light rays bend toward the normal?
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Refracted light rays bend toward the normal when the material being entered has a higher index of refraction then the material you are coming from.  Reflected light behaves according to total internal reflection, and bounces off the surface at the same angle that it approached at, much like skipping a stone off a lake's surface.  Check out snell's law on wikipedia for more.
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On a smooth surface, the angle of reflection will be the same as the angle of incidence.\n\nTherefore, the answer is (B) 40 degrees.
831529
Through the cornea and then through the lens.\nMost of the refraction is due to the cornea
941047
The answers are:\na)35deg\nb)50deg\n\nThings to remember: The angle of incidence is the angle between the beam of light and the line drawn perpendicular to the mirror, NOT between the beam of light and the surface of the mirror. Also, angle of incidence = angle of reflection, so, for part a), the beam reflects towards M2 at an angle of 35deg. Form a triangle with the two intersecting mirrors and this reflected beam (internal angles in a triangle add to 180 deg). You will find that the angle of incidence onto M2 is also 35deg.\n\nFor part b): the angle of reflection from M1 is 60deg, and again forming a triangle with the intersection of M1 and M2, you will find that the angle of incidence for M2 is 50deg.
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If there is 10 degrees between them and both strike the mirror at 5 degrees then they will both make the same angle reflecting. !0 degrees between them.\n\nIf one ray strikes the mirror at 0 degrees and reflects straight back, the other will reflect at 10 degrees, same answer.\n\nIf one ray strikes the mirror at 10 degrees then the other ray will strike at 20 degrees. Reflected angles are 10 and 20 so it's still 10 degrees between them.\n\nYou need to subtract instead of add the angles.
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It's all about refraction ( a fancy term which means bending light)... The lenses in the microscope bend the light before it enters your eye so that it looks as though it comes from a much bigger object. Draw a horizontal line and put a dot on the left of the line to indicate your eye. On the right of the line put a vertical stick (so its base is on the line).  Now join the top of the line to your eye. That's a light ray entering your eye from the top of the stick. Now make the stick much bigger. and do the same thing. Notice that as the stick gets bigger the angle between the horizontal line and the light ray from the top of the stick and your eye gets bigger too. If you can change the angle as light enters your eye things will look biger. That's what the lens does.
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Here's what happens: imagine you're standing with the Sun at your back looking at a water drop. As a light ray from the Sun hits the drop, it is bent inwards, toward the center of the drop. It bounces off the back of the drop (coming towards you again) and then refracts again on its way out. As a result you see the light ray appearing to come from some point behind the drop, that is, on the opposite side of the sky from the sun (which is where you see rainbows!) \n\n\nBut what about the colors? It turns out that each color of light is bent a little bit differently - red light is bent the least and violet the most. So, each color appears to be coming from a slightly different place behind the water drop. \n\nThe rainbow is circular because only drops located at certain places on the sky (in a circle around the point opposite the Sun) redirect the light exactly back toward your eye. It's only the light from those drops that you see, and hence you see a circle.\n\nanother explaination: This is difficult to envision and to describe, but we'll use some real common sense objects for our model. Picture yourslf standing in front of a tunnel, like you might find under a bridge - a nice even, round, smooth tunnel. Now, if you cast a shadow parallel to the ground, like a shadow from a power line (not the pole, the line - which is parallel to the ground) and let the shadow fall inside the tunnel, you can imagine that the shape of the shadow on the ceiling of the curved tunnel looks as though it is arced, even though the source of the shadow is a straight line. Can you picture that? This is what is happening in the atmosphere. The rainbow is actually a straight line, since light travels in a straight line. Its just that the straight line is falling across a 'fish bowl' like pocket of moist, reflective air, like our tunnel in the model. The rainbow appears, therefore, to be an arc.
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The glass of water is acting as a lens to refract the light coming from the clock.  Refraction is the bending of light rays as they pass through a medium such as water or glass.  Various materials refract light differently.  This fact is the basis for some analytical instruments such as the refractometer.  Also, light of different wavelengths is refracted differently within the same medium.  This, too, is a basis for the above mentioned analytical instruments.  But, the simple one word answer to your question is "refraction".
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.  At any transition between materials of different density, some light will penetrate the surface, and some will reflect.  If the boundary is very smooth, a very large fraction of the light will reflect at an opposite angle from that at which it approached.\n.  Most mirrors have a double reflection; a slight reflection at the boundary between air and glass, and the major reflection, the one we actually perceive, at the boundary between the glass and the metal backing.  This is the reason that telescope mirrors have their metal coating on the front of the glass, rather than the back of the glass.  That slight reflection is heck when some of the objects you are trying to see are very faint.
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when the light from the stars enter the earth's atmosphere, the light wave bends and refracted until it reach our eyes. So because it is refracted, when we look at it, it seems to be twinkling.
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Refrective index water should be the same throught, provided that all the other conditions are the same throughout -- such as temperature, presense of impurity, etc.\n\nIts not the refrective index of water alone that determines whether light will be reflected or not or at what angle the light should be projected to be reflected. When you are talking about the surface of the water, you are really talking about the interface between water and air. When you are talking about "under the water", light is not changing media.
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The curvature of the rainbow is a consequence of having only those raindrops that are at the vertices of 42 degree angles between you and the sun. The collection of all these raindrops is of course an arc. \n\nThe light enters the raindrop from behind you, and bounces off its back surface. The colors separate, because each color has a different speed in the water, and therefore refract a different amount.
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The refractive index of a material depends on how it responds to magnetic fields (quantified by its permeability) and electric fields (quantified by its permittivity). The refracive index is given by the square root of the product of these.\n\nFor normal transparent material, both are +ve, so this square root is real. For things like metals, one or the other is -ve, and the refractive index is imaginary (ie involves the square root of -1). These materials are opaque.\n\nBut for meta materials both are -ve. So the refractive index is once again real, but because these materials have odd behaviours the normal convention of using the +ve root for the refractive index is reverse, and a -ve is used.\n\nMeta materials still slow light down, but some of the usual rules are reversed. For instance, the doppler shift is reversed and snells law works in the opposite direction.
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Visible light is the most familiar form of electromagnetic waves.  Light is produced by the rearrangement of electrons in atoms or molecules.\n\nNewton's laws of reflection and refraction treats light as a particle:\n\nLaw of Reflection:  When light is reflected from a surface, the angle of incidence EQUALS the angle of reflection.  The angles are measured from the normal (perpendicular) to the surface.\n\nLaw of Refraction: Deals with the  way light changes its direction of propagation when it passes from one medium to another.  The light beam transmitted into the second medium is said to be refracted. \n\nThe angle of refraction bends toward the normal if a light beam passes from air into glass (the angle of reflection is less than the angle of incidence).   If the angle of reflection is greater than angle of incidence,  light is bent away from the normal as when it passes from glass to air.
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I think it will not change. The reflected ray has to have the same angle. The ray passes through water and refelcts in the water. \nWhat changes is the direction of the ray coming from the air, and then going through the water, but this will not change the focal lenght. Focal lenght is just a matter of geometry of the mirror.
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I realize I am out of my league as far as physics,, but the image reflects directly back to the source in front of it. For the reflection to appear upside down or vertically mirrored the light would have to be bent.\n\nok looked it up.  It is because of the predicatable behavior of light known as the law of reflection
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You can get a hollow prism, fill it with water or some liquid and find its refractive index using a spectrometer. I did that for my ISC exam.