What are some of the basic ideas of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes?
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This site compares their opinions on a variety of topics.\nhttp://jim.com/hobbes.htm
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Thomas Jefferson used the social contract theory to say that since the king was not governing as the people needed, we had the right to form our own government. (Declaration of Independence)\n\nJames Madison wrote the Constitution. His first line was "We the people..."
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Has :\n1.Preamble\n2.Natural Rights\n3.List of Grievances\n4.Resolution of Independence\n5.Signer of the Declaration\n\nMeaning :\nWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are are life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.\nThat to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,\nThat whenever any Form of Government becomes destructiveof these new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dicate that Governments long established should not be change for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Oject evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, its is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
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For me the political orientation of Hobbes is absolute monarchy or we can call this he is a royalist. Because of this he believes that the power to govern a state should be given to one person only. He also believes that because humans is naturally greedy and selfish all powers should be surrendered to one person of whom has the capability to govern. He does not believe in a representation or even electing officials in the government since humans are greedy and selfish it should not be given to different people it should only be given to one and absolute hold of power.
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Part I:\n\n"The universal and lasting establishment of peace constitutes not merely a part, but the whole final purpose and end of the science of right as viewed within the limits of reason."\n\n1. The conception of right--as referring to a corresponding\nobligation which is the moral aspect of it--in the first place, has regard only to the external and practical relation of one person to another, in so far as they can have influence upon each other, immediately or mediately, by their actions as facts.\n\n2. In the second place, the conception of right does not indicate the relation of the action of an individual to the wish or the mere desire of another, as in acts of benevolence or of unkindness, but only the relation of his free action to the freedom of action of the other.\n\n3. And, in the third place, in this reciprocal relation of voluntary actions, the conception of right does not take into consideration the matter of the act of will in so far as the end which any one may have in view in willing it is concerned. In other words, it is not asked in a question of right whether anyone on buying goods for his own business realizes a profit by the transaction or not; but only the form of the transaction is taken into account, in considering the relation of the mutual acts of will. Acts of will or voluntary choice are thus regarded only in so far as they are free, and as to whether the action of one can harmonize with the freedom of another, according to a universal law.\n\nRight, therefore, comprehends the whole of the conditions under which the voluntary actions of any one person can be harmonized in reality with the voluntary actions of every other person, according to a universal law of freedom.\n\nThe key doctrine of Kant's philosophy, called transcendental idealism, is that the mind knows objects in the world only by means of sensible forms, space and time, which it produces itself. Without these forms, Kant argues, knowledge would not be possible because the mind would have no way to order or structure the data given to it by the senses. Kant therefore claims that we know objects only as they "appear" in space and time (rather than as "things in themselves"). While the specifics of Kant's account generated immediate and lasting controversy, his thesis that the mind itself makes a constitutive contribution to its knowledge (and that knowledge is therefore subject to limits which cannot be overcome) nevertheless irrevocably reshaped philosophy. Similarly, his argument that human beings are free inasmuch as their power of reason itself dictates a moral law for their actions redefined the terms of philosophical debate about morality.\n\nPart II:\n\nThe US Declaration of Independence (1776)\n\n"...all men...are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights...among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."
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I wouldn't normally do this, but it's a complicated question with no easy answer. It's a basic combination of a devolpment of already existing philosphy and personal experience. I'd suggest reading the following Wikipedia entries, and going from there:\nThomas Paine: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine\nJohn Locke: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke\n\nThe question brings up a complicated debate about the Enlightenment and the American War of Indepedence, intertwined with philosphy, sociology and history. How much information you need depends on what level you're currently studying at. The articles above are a good starting point for any investigation.
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A THOMAS JEFFERSON EDUCATION TEACHING A GENERATION OF LEADERS FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY by Oliver Van DeMille.  It is mainly on the differences in choices of education that is available to parents for their children--mainly homeschooling.  It does have a lot on how public and private schools came about and why.  I think it may have some references for your paper.  I hope so anyways.
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Anne Finche Conway (1631-1678) \nAntoine Arnauld (1612-1694) \nBartoleme de las Casas (1484-1566) \nBenedict Spinoza (1632-1677) \nBlaise Pascal (1623-1662) \nCatherine Trotter Cockburne (1679-1749) \nDamaris Cudworth Masham (1659-1708) \nDavid Hume (1711-1776) \nEmmanuel Kant (1724-1804) \nFrancis Bacon (1561-1626) \nFrancisco de Vitoria (1492/93-1546) \nFrancois-Marie Arouet de Voltaire (1694-1778) \nG.W. Leibniz (1646-1716) \nGeorge Berkeley (1685-1753) \nHugo Grotius (1583-1645) \nJean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) \nJohn Locke (1632-1704) \nMargaret Lucas Cavendish (1623-1673) \nMary Astell (1666-1731) \nMary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)\nMichele de Montaigne (1533-1592) \nNicolas Malebranche (1638-1715) \nNicolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) \nPierre Bayle (1637-1706) \nPierre Gassendi (1592-1655) \nRene Descartes (1595-1650) \nSir Thomas More (1478-1535) \nSor Juana Ines de la Cruz (1648-1695)\nThomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
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If you mean "where do laws come from", the answer is philosophy. Most of our laws (the ones that make sense, anyway), are derived from great philosophers.  The greeks gave us trial by jury.  "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" was given to us partly by John Locke (originally "life, liberty, and property).  Take a look at deontological ethics, and you'll find some familiar concepts.\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deontology
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Do your homework!  \n\nHe was a great philosopher who influenced the ideals of freedom and responsibilty in the Anglo-American experience.
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Although Thomas Hobbes was fascinated with geometry, I'm not aware of any real contribution he made to this field of mathematics. Rather, he tried to use geometry, in particular Euclidean reasoning, as a basis for explaining the human condition, part of his view of a mechanistic universe.
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Thomas Jefferson.\n\nHe wrote the Decleration of Independence, otherwise, we wouldnt be free.\n\nYou bunch of hippies!
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Thomas Jefferson.  He believed in limited government powers, and believed in the small community.
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Kant's THE METAPHYSICS OF MORALS. \n\nAristotle (BTW -- he came up with The Golden Rule 500 years before Jesus).\n\nPlato's THE THEATETUS\n\nSomerset Maugham's THE RAZOR'S EDGE
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Locke believed that the purpose of government was to protect the life, liberty, and property of the people.  Locke believed that government exists only because individuals can't protect their property alone, so they consent to come together to form a government which will protect their property for them.  This is known as the "social contract" theory of government.  Locke also believed that the government's powers should be limited to what benefited the public, and the government should be broken up into branches in order for it not to become too powerful.  \n\nAll these ideas are expressed in the Declaration of Independence.  The most important idea is that the American people did not consent (i.e., vote) for the British government to rule over them, therefore the British government was not a legitimate government.  Locke said that if the government did not serve its ends (i.e., protect the life, liberty, and property of the people) that it should be deposed.  This concept clearly supported the American Revolution.
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Notable ideas: tabula rasa, "government with the consent of the governed"; state of nature; rights of life, liberty and property \nInfluences: Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Grotius, Descartes, Hooker, Hobbes
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2 words buddy, John Locke. If you talk about Locke, and "The Rights of Man" you should be OK. Use Wikipedia, and look up his Second Treatise on Government.