During Translocation of chromosomes why might the organism experience a change?
439861
A translocation of chromosome basically, means the chromosome  experienced a severe trauma of its structural integrity.  Genes may lose, mutate or turn silent or even turn on without any inhibition and therefore this will cause tremendous change to the organism.  most often, the organism will not survive but if the organism survive, the "change" you mention happended.\n\nIn humans, many syndromes are cause by translocation, even the common Down's syndrome are related to translocation of chromsome.  \n\nthis site can give a good summary:\nhttp://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/medgen/chromo/translocations.html
910568
During prophase. But it actually doesn't happen in all organisms. Yeast for example has a nuclear duplication and division without ever breaking down the nuclear membrane.
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26\n\nIn meiosis, the chromosome pairs are divided in half so the new cell has 1 of each.  This is because this is used to produce cells for reproduction.\n\nWhen 2 of these cells come together,they create 52 chromosomes again to create a new organism with half of each parents genetic material.
120440
Genetic mutaton happens for MANY reasons. Cosmic radiation is the least of them.\n\nTranscription errors is the largest way a mutation occurs. When a cell is copied, the DNA is copied and sometimes the mecahnism for doing this gets confused and makes slight changes. This is the most common way for mutation to happen.\nThere are outside factors liek environment. Toxins, pollutants. It has been shown that toxins have altered the germ (eggs and sperm) cells in amphibians.\n\nAll of this changes happens very slowly. It is not like a fish a born with 4 legs and walks to shore. More like a few fish out of millions have a slightly better advantage for their environment, so they eat better, breed more and have more offspring. The trait is then propagated through the population. Many mutations happen that do NOT lead to improvements, these die off. Back to our fish, over hundreds of thousands of generations, more mutations have happened allowing them to bettter compete for resoruces. Eventually many small changes have changed the nature of the fish.\n\nLook at divergent evolution. The North American Whitetail Deer. It used to comingle along the entore easter Seaboard cost. Now, due to habitat loss, highways and development, they are segregated. Over the past 150 years some visible changes have occured. The souther variety is smaller, and has some other characteristics not seen in the Northern deer. Why? Random mutations are congregated in smaller populations and not intermixed. In time, it will become different enough tobe a new species.\nIsolation is another reason for change, or in some cases not changing. A population becomes isolated and has little reason for random mutation to change them and they remain the same ove rtime while the surrounding areas undergo change.\nIt is a fairly neat system how all of these interactions play into one another.
362512
It doesn't matter that they are fish cells.\nThey will look the same as these stages in any other cell except there will be a different number of chromosomes
756567
crossing over during meiosis.  this is when differnet alleles in the chromosomes switch places, and therefore allow a variation in the product.
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Cell regulation or gene regulation?\n\nIf it is cell regulation then mishaps can occur in the signals that trigger responses. Mutation in the receptors or signalling molecules of cells may cause certain pathways to be triggered by accident.\n\nGene regulation mishaps occur when the gene repair mechanism is damaged. Deletions, additions, translocations and inversion can occur in the gene sequence. Housekeeping genes make products that can repair the genes.
546065
Not a stupid question at all. Mutation (as mentioned above) does occur, though of course it will only affect individual cells and their descendents, not all cells in the individual. There is also a process that is being increasingly studied called genomic imprinting or epigenetic inheritance. These are not DNA sequence changes, like you asked about, but seem to be related to your question. The wikipedia article is a decent introduction but there are other summaries available.
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Ultimately all changes in DNA sequence across all living organisms are the result of mutations.  Essentially, the copying process went wrong somewhere along the line and generated a change.  These may occur as a result of many factors.\n\n1.) Substitutions are changes in single bases.  A becomes T for example.  In a large fraction of cases, this will lead to  a change in the amino acid, which in turn changes the protein.\n\n2.) Indels (insertion/deletion events) will add or subtract DNA.  During replication, a segment of DNA may be added or removed leading to a change.  It is also possible that DNA becomes damaged or lost and that change is passed on to future generations.\n\n3.) Recombination can lead to novel arrangements of existing strands of DNA.  It can also occur improperly and generate change (often through indels).\n\n4.) Chromosomal rearrangement.  If chromosomes break they may reattach elsewhere, become a whole new chromosome, or lose parts entirely.  This can lead to moving an allele into a completely new gene environment.  The protein itself may not change, but the expression of the protein might.\n\nFinally, natural selection and random effects (such as bottlenecks) will affect the gene frequencies.  Sometimes these will allow for new interactions of genes.
327006
You're trying to say you have a synthetic chromosome. I would check all the experiments for contamination, and check the cells for endogenous expression before jumping to that conclusion. There are a lot of hurdles to leap, as mentioned in the other posts.
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two copies of chromosomes ion the same cell
1053947
no, because it is a defect on human chromosome 21, where 3 copies are made instead of 2. this has never been seen to occur in the genomes of other organisms.
512125
in biology, mutations are changes to the genetic material. mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division and by exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses, or can occur deliberately under cellular control during processes such as meiosis or hypermutation. mutations can be classified based on the effect on the structure of the genetic material:\n\n1. small scale mutations affecting one or a few nucleotides\na. point mutation: exchange of a single nucleotide for another through translations or transversions\na)i. silent mutations: code for the same amino acid\na)ii. missense mutations: code for a different amino acid; i.e. sickle cell anemia\na)iii. nonsense mutations: code for a stop codon, which can truncate the protein\nb. insertions: add one or more extra nucleotides causing a shift in the reading frame (or frameshift)\nc. deletions: remove one or more nucleotides thus altering the reading frame (or frameshift)\n\n2. large scale mutations in chromosomal structure\na. amplifications or gene duplications: leading to multiple copies of chromosomal regions\nb. deletions of chromosomal regions: leads to loss of the genes coded; deletions in chromosome 5p causes cri-du-chat syndrome, deletions in chromosome 15q results in prader-willi syndrome\nc. translocations: interchange of genetic parts from non-homologous chromosomes thus bringing together separate genes to form functionally distinct fusion genes; translocations in chromosome 21 causes down syndrome \nd. inversions: reversing the orientation of a chromosomal segment thus bringing together separate genes to form functionally distinct fusion genes\n\nto detect small scale mutations affecting one or more nucleotides, a variety of tests can be done which in principle will test either the dna composition or the presence/absence of the gene products.\n\nlarge scale mutations in the chromosomal structures can be detected using karyotyping because the chromosomes with mutations would differ in sizes and shapes when compared to the standard. in general the chromosomes with deletions would be relatively smaller and chromosomes with additions would be relatively bigger than their counterparts, while chromosomes with either inversions and translocations would exhibit bridges and/or rings.
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Alterations to DNA are called mutations, and they can result in the formation of new characteristics that are heritable, or capable of being inherited.\n\nEvery cell in the body of every living organism contains DNA in threadlike structures called chromosomes. Stretches of DNA that hold coded instructions for the manufacture of specific proteins are known as genes, of which the human race has approximately 40,000 varieties. If the DNA of a particular gene is altered, that gene may become defective, and the protein for which it codes also may be missing or defective. Just one missing or abnormal protein can have an enormous effect on the entire body: albinism, for instance, is the result of one missing protein.\n\nMutations also can be errors in all or part of a chromosome. Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and an extra chromosome can have a tremendous negative impact. For example, there should be two of chromosome 21, as with all other chromosomes, but if there are three, the result is Down syndrome. People with Down syndrome have a unique physical appearance and are developmentally disabled. Nor is an extra chromosome the only chromosomal abnormality that causes problems: if chromosomes 9 and 22 exchange materials, a phenomenon known as translocation, the result can be a certain type of leukemia. Down syndrome also results from translocation.\n\nGerminal mutations are those that occur in the egg or sperm cells and therefore can be passed on to the organism's offspring. Somatic mutations are those that happen in cells other than the sex cells, and they cannot be transmitted to the next generation. This is an important distinction to keep in mind in terms of both the causes and the effects of mutation. If only the somatic cells of the organism are affected, the mutation will not appear in the next generation; on the other hand, if a germinal mutation is involved, what was once an abnormality may become so common in certain populations that it emerges as the norm.\nEvery single human trait—blue eyes, red hair, cystic fibrosis, a second toe longer than the big toe, and so on—is the result of some genetic mutation somewhere back down the line. Traits that are shared by all people must have arisen long ago, while other traits occur only in certain populations of people. Traits may be as innocuous as eye color or hair texture or as grave as a shared tendency toward a particular disease. Cystic fibrosis, for instance, is most common in people of northern European descent, while sickle cell anemia (see Amino Acids) occurs frequently in those of African and Mediterranean ancestry. A fatal disorder known as Tay-Sachs is found primarily in Jewish people whose ancestors came from Eastern Europe. In many cases, the particular mutation, while harmful in one regard, proved to be a useful one for that population. We know, for example, that while two copies of the mutant sickle cell anemia gene cause illness, one copy confers resistance to malaria—a very useful trait to people living in the tropics, where malaria is common.\n\nThe Pima "fat-Storage Mutation."\n\nResearchers have noted a high incidence of obesity among the Pima, a Native American tribe whose ancestral homeland is along the Gila and Salt rivers in Arizona. The Pima tend to eat a diet that is no more fatty than that of the average American—which, of course, means that it is plenty fatty, complete with chips, bologna, ice cream, and all the other high-calorie, low-nutrient foods that most Americans consume. But whereas the average American is over-weight, the average Pima is more dramatically so. This suggests that long ago, when the ancestors of the Pima had to face repeated periods of famine in the dry lands of the American Southwest, survival favored the individual or individuals who had a mutation for fat storage. It so happens that today, there is more than enough food at the local supermarket, but by now the Pima as a group has the fat-stora
1109217
if u bombard the nucleus of one element with protons or neutrons the elements can change so they are basically interchangeable while cells are at much more complex level of differentiation
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in like every cell in your body ...without it you might not be alive...so remember it occurs in mostly well not even mostly...it occurs in every cell.i just learned about it in science...now we r moving onto genes ugh!!!btw just letting you know if you havent learned about mitosis at all and u are now...dont freak out cuz its hard cuz its not it easy to learn about!!
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DNA changes over a long period of time by different factors such as the temperature. For example, During the ice age, the organisms have tough skin, heavy fur to keep their body temperature warm. Then the earth warmed up so the these organisms no longer need the heavy fur to keep warm. Their children's children began to evolve to have less fur in order to not die of heat. The organism changes when its surroundings/environment change. Evolution is needed for the organisms to adapt and survive to the current living conditions presented upon them.