Which country coined the term "Astronant" ?
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Americans use the word "astronaut, from the Greek "astro" meaning star, and "naut" meaning traveler.  The Russians use the word "cosmonaut," this time from the Greek "cosmos" meaning Universe.
24121
The phrase "The Empire on which the sun never sets" (el imperio en el que no se ponía el sol) was first used of the Spanish Empire, and originates with a remark of Charles V, who declared "in my realm the sun never sets."\n\nHowever, in the 19th century it became very popular to apply the phrase to the British Empire. For example, the 19th century politician Lord Salisbury complained that the £1.5 million spent on colonial defence by Britain in 1861 merely enabled her "to furnish an agreeable variety of stations to our soldiers, and to indulge in the sentiment that the sun never sets on our Empire".
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Nicolaus Copernik from Poland. It was known before, but nobody dared to say it. Everybody was horribly afraid of the priests of the Catholic church!!!
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I believe the "ancients" that the above is refering to are the Greeks.  The Romans, more specifically Julius Cesar, instigated using the calander we use today, but borrowed the names of the moon phases from the Greeks when they conquered them.
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Europe\n"Superstitious"
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Unfortunately, I think it's pretty impossible to say exactly who first named the planet 'Earth'. Actually, I really doubt one person really named it intentionally; rather it developed over time as part of the English language. Earth is Old English and German in origin, related to the Old Saxon 'ertha', the Dutch 'aerde', and the German 'erda'. Terra is a French and Latin word, and so isn't part of the 'Earth' etymology. I'm not really an expert on words and word origins, but it seems likely that people used Earth to mean 'land' and then it was the natural thing to refer to all the land and the planet. I tried to look up more specific details about the specific usage of the word over time, but even the Oxford English Dictionary (online) admits: \n\n"Men's notions of the shape and position of the earth have so greatly changed since Old Teutonic times, while the language of the older notions has long outlived them, that it is very difficult to arrange the senses and applications of the word in any historical order." \n\nSo, as with the names of the other planets that have been known throughout human history (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn), it's difficult to say who first thought of the planet as Earth. The names were part of culture even before we really understood the significance of what planets are and where they are in space.
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In astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Universe and/or the Solar System. The word is derived from the Greek (Helios = "Sun" and kentron = "Center"). Historically, heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism and currently to modern geocentrism, which places the earth at the center. (The distinction between the Solar System and the Universe was not clear until modern times, but extremely important relative to the controversy over cosmology and religion.
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Astronomer - the scince is Astronomy
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celestial. \n (De celeste). \n 1. adj. Perteneciente o relativo al cielo, considerado como la mansión eterna de los bienaventurados. \n 2. adj. Perfecto, delicioso. \n 3. adj. irón. Bobo, tonto o inepto.
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Just singular? Sceintist or professor? Maybe you meant scientists or professors. Not that the professors are the leading authority on celestial discoveries. They more of just train others to go outside and look straight up in the air. Usually they use a telescope. In some cases, they consult the spheres. In your case, I'm surprised you even know what the word discover means.
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Copernicus - his theory was that the sun is the centre of the unoiverse and that all other heavenly bodies revolve around it
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Well, I guess that depends on whether you believe that God created man, or man created God.\n\nGod is an intity, or diety. Many people think of God as the creator of all things.\n\nAstrology is a study of a subject done by man, man was created by God, so therefore anything that man studies came after God.\n\nThen again, if man created God (as opposed to gods) then astrology came before God, depending on which God you mean.
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Astronomical term based on the Latin\nAnte Meridian\nPost Meridian
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Johann Castillon used the name cardioid for the first time, in a paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1741).\n\nHowever, he was not the first person who used it.  For example, it was studied by Roemer (1674) in an investigation for the best form of gear teeth. \n\nCardioid is a special case of limacon of Pascal: a family of curves studied and named after Etienne Pascal (1588-1640), father of Blaise Pascal (1623-1662). \n\nI don't know whether they originally used polar co-ordinates which followed after the Cartesian system developed by Descartes in 1637. But given that the general formula for the limacon is a ± bcos(theta) or a ± bsin(theta), it's certainly possible.
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John Harrison developed longitude.\n\nLatitude is a bit more difficult to determine and is mostly about mathematics but I believe mathematician Karl Gauss had something to do with it. But you should research that some more.
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In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric model of the solar system, in which the Sun is stationary at the center, and Earth moves around it. This view of the solar system challenged Ptolemy’s geocentric model, which had been the accepted theory since the 2nd century. In Ptolemy’s model, Earth is stationary in the center of the solar system, and the other planets and the Sun move in complex orbits around it. The Copernican model gradually gained acceptance, for it provided a simpler explanation of the planets' motions.
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It was the Europeans who invented that word. From a European point of view it's nearer than the "Far East" (South East Asia), but not as close as "The East"\n(Russia, etc.)