Any one please tell me definitions of  TTL Logic Family,Emitter Coupled Logic,CMOS Logic Family,MOS  Logic ICs
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Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction transistors (BJT), and resistors. It is notable for being a widespread integrated circuit (IC) family used in many applications such as computers, industrial controls, music synthesizers, and electronic test and measurement instruments.
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start with the datasheet\nhttp://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/DOC0839.PDF\nthen look in the I/O ection to design the interface crcuits\n\nthen you have to get a programmer and compiler that will work for that chip. Often they have evaluation circuits that will help you get started. Check the mfg website for something of that nature.
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Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) of systems of transistor-based circuits into integrated circuits on a single chip first occurred in the 1980s as part of the semiconductor and communication technologies that were being developed.\n\nThe first semiconductor chips held one transistor each. Subsequent advances added more and more transistors, and as a consequence more individual functions or systems were integrated over time. The microprocessor is a VLSI device.\n\nThe first "generation" of computers relied on vacuum tubes. Then came discrete semiconductor devices, followed by integrated circuits. The first Small-Scale Integration (SSI) ICs had small numbers of devices on a single chip – diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors (no inductors though), making it possible to fabricate one or more logic gates on a single device. The fourth generation consisted of Large-Scale Integration (LSI), i.e. systems with at least a thousand logic gates. The natural successor to LSI was VLSI (many tens of thousands of gates on a single chip). Current technology has moved far past this mark and today's microprocessors have many millions of gates and hundreds of millions of individual transistors.\n\nAs of mid-2004, billion-transistor processors are not yet economically feasible for most uses, but they are achievable in laboratory settings, and they are clearly on the horizon as semiconductor fabrication moves from the current generation of 90 nanometer (90nm) processes to the next 65nm and 45nm generations.\n\nAt one time, there was an effort to name and calibrate various levels of large-scale integration above VLSI. Terms like Ultra-large-scale Integration (ULSI) were used. But the huge number of gates and transistors available on common devices has rendered such fine distinctions moot. Terms suggesting more-than-VLSI levels of integration are no longer in widespread use. Even VLSI is now somewhat quaint, given the common assumption that all microprocessors are VLSI or better.
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infact the circuitry is so designed that the total power consumption is very small and thats the reason behind making such ICs using the nano technology. these days an IC may comprise millions of transistors allowing u to make the designs smaller and smaller. along with low cost
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vlsi stands for very large scale integration.its usefulness can be seen every where.in mobiles u carry, in i pods and every other electronics of today.everything uses ic's.ic designing takesplace through softwares like vhdl,verilog.as millions of digital units(gates) need to be designed to make a complex digital device.so software is used too design and simulate it.
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SDRAM (single data rate, older)\nDDR (double data rate)\nDDR2 (double data rate with enhanced clock frequencies)
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here is the link where u can download so many diagrams\nhttp://images.google.co.in/images?hl=en&q=electronics+circuit&btnG=Search+Images\ncheck it out
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Flip flops are embedded in microchips and provide many varied logic functions. Check the Wiki reference in the link below, its pretty good and contains graphics.\n\nI've also added a couple of other reliable links.
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CMOS - There is a small battery in your computer which acts as a watch. - similar to those small batteries we have on watches.
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AND gate: if both the inputs are on then output is on.If even one of the inputs is off then output is off\n\nNOT gate: if input is on then output is off and vice versa.\n\nOR gate: If even one of the inputs is on then output is on.If both are off then output is off.If both inputs are on then output is on.
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Go to microchip.com for chip specifications. Have 6 outputs to LEDs. green/yellow/red for each direction. Make timing loops in basic. MIKE
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you can easily test an IC by plugging it in a circuit board that works (meaning, other ICs with the same type works there). If you don't have other IC to compare with or don't have the testboard you can test it with a multimeter. See the spec sheet of the IC and try finding out which pins is doing what. And try input something, if the IC outputs correctly as expected, then the IC is ok (beware, don't do this to CMOS IC or any type of IC which is unable to have any of its unused pins is taken off*)\n\n* taken off means if a pin is unused, on some type of IC the pin may be bent so we can use the space below the unused ICs pin to make a connection line. TTL IC is safe to be used for this.
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There's both an explanation as well as a diagram\nof a 2 input AND gate built just from transistors at:\n\nhttp://tams-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/applets/cmos/cmosdemo.html
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The integrated circuit.\n\nBasic building block for computers, clocks, cell phones, calculators, PDAs, iPods, TVs, Stereos, video game systems, TiVos, electronic ignition in cars, price scanners in the grocery store, communications and weather satellites, doppler radar, airplane navigation and guidance systems, and every other little bit of electronica that makes our lives more safe, fun and convenient.
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Uhh.... anything that's RS-232 compatible.  A common TTL chip is the MAX232.
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Just google the IC number + datasheet and you should be able to find the data sheets for most of those components.  If you read the sheet properly, it will tell you what the internal circuit is.
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A flip flop is a circuit that can "flip" to one state and then later "flop" to another. So when a flip flop is "set" it has an output of 1 and "reset" it has an output of 0. Unlike other kinds of logic gates, the flip flop "remembers" its state (not after the power goes out though).\n\nSo there are lots of ways to make these. Common practice is to use two NOR gates or two NAND gates cross coupled. However, there are other kinds of flip flops that require more kinds of gates. You can also get ICs that have a flip flop function already built in and that's the easy way.\n\nSee the link below for a light-hearted discussion