what is the thermal death point of B.stearothermophilus?
445690
I found an article which has the nonlogarithmic curve for thermal death in B.stearothemophilus.
609697
Here's one theory:\n\nClimate Model Links Warm Temperatures to Greatest Extinction\nWork supports theory that rise in levels of carbon dioxide triggered die-off\n\n\n\nScientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado have created a computer simulation showing Earth's climate in unprecedented detail at the time of the greatest mass extinction in history.\n\nAccording to an August 24 press release from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), the work supports a theory that an abrupt and dramatic rise in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide triggered the massive die-off at the end of the Permian Era, 251 million years ago.\n\nDuring that time, an estimated 90 percent to 95 percent of marine species and 70 percent of land species became extinct -- an extinction even greater than that of the dinosaurs, 65 million years ago.\n\nMany scientists equate high concentrations of carbon dioxide with warmer temperatures, and a close correspondence has been found between carbon dioxide and temperature for the past 570 million years.\n\nAt the end of the Permian, Earth had a single landmass (a supercontinent) called Pangea. Higher-latitude temperatures were 10-30 degrees Celsius warmer than today, and volcanic activity had released large amounts of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere over a period of 700,000 years.\n\n"The implication of our study is that elevated [carbon dioxide] is sufficient to lead to inhospitable conditions for marine life and excessively high temperatures over land would contribute to the demise of terrestrial life," the authors concluded.\n\nTo understand how such conditions might have affected climate and life around the globe, the researchers used the Community Climate System Model (CCSM), which can integrate changes in atmospheric temperatures with ocean temperatures and currents.\n\nThe CCSM indicated that ocean temperatures warmed significantly at higher latitudes because of rising atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.\n\nIn the ocean, warmer temperatures reached a depth of about 4,000 meters, interfering with the normal circulation process in which colder surface water descends, taking oxygen and nutrients deep into the ocean.\n\nAs a result, ocean waters had little oxygen, proving deadly to marine life. Because marine organisms no longer removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, the rate of warming accelerated.
13245
It depends on the bacterium. For E. coli (common lab bacteria) 20-30 minutes is an average doubling time, but different strains vary.\n\nI heard something somewhere about a weird form of bacteria that lives miles underground in granite formations and only divides once every ten thousand years, or something crazy like that. I can't give you a source, it's just a freaky thing off the top of my head that I haven't gone to the trouble to confirm. My contention is that if reincarnation is true, that would be the *worst* thing to come back as. So mind your karma.\n\nPart of the reason it would be the worst is that bacteria reproduce by one cell dividing into two, so as long as there are any of that strain still alive, it hasn't really died.\n\nThey can die though. In a liquid culture you can tell because of a lot of turbidity (cloudiness) some of which is from cells and some from debris from dead cells. Or, you could have agar plates that get really nasty and dried up, and most of those bacteria are probably dead. Or you could tell because they look really crappy under a microscope. If you try to streak it and grow it on a plate and it doesn't grow, it's probably dead.
693093
Scientifically, 10-30 years due to Global Warming. Yes, Global Warming will kill the bacteria due to hot temperatures, knocking out the plankton, knocking out the kill, knocking out the whales and fish, knocking out the mammals, knocking out us (We are mammals). And if we don't get rid of the food chain first, the Polar Ice Caps will cause the sea to higher, making the atmosphere thinner. This will allow sun radiation in, killing the people by both radiation and thirst. You can e-mail me at montblancthemoogle@yahoo.com, for how you want to know how the bible and science will agree on this, because they both do in my explanation.
215604
C6H12O6(s) ---H2SO4--> 6C(s) + 6H2O(in H2SO4 solu.) + Heat
649097
Cryptobiosis is an ametabolic state of life entered by some lower organisms in response to adverse environmental conditions such as desiccation, freezing, and oxygen deficiency. In the cryptobiotic state, all metabolic procedures stop, preventing reproduction, development, and repair. An organism in a cryptobiotic state can essentially live indefinitely until environmental conditions return to being hospitable. When this occurs, the organism will return to its metabolic state of life as it was prior to the cryptobiosis.\n\n[edit]\nForms of cryptobiosis\nThere are several forms of cryptobiosis. These are outlined below.\n\n[edit]\nAnhydrobiosis\nAnhydrobiosis is the most studied form of cryptobiosis and occurs in situations of extreme desiccation. The term anhydrobiosis derives from the Greek for "life without water" and is most commonly used for the desiccation tolerance observed in certain invertebrate animals such as bdelloid rotifers, tardigrades, brine shrimps and nematodes. However, other life forms, including resurrection plants, the majority of plant seeds, and many micro-organisms such as bakers' yeast, also exhibit desiccation tolerance. Invertebrates undergoing anhydrobiosis often contract into a smaller shape and some proceed to form a sugar called trehalose. Desiccation tolerance in plants is associated with the production of another sugar, sucrose. These sugars are thought to protect the organism from desiccation damage, and studies have shown that anhydrobiotic organisms can survive for decades in the dry state. In some creatures, such as bdelloid rotifers, no trehalose has been found, which has led scientists to propose other mechanisms of anhydrobiosis.\n\nA new application, 2004, of anhydrobiosis is being applied to vaccines. The process allows some organisms to survive dried-up by replacing water with a sugar solution that keeps cells in a state of suspended animation until rehydration occurs. In vaccines, the process can produce a dry vaccine that reactivates once it is injected into the body. In theory, dry-vaccine technology could be used on any vaccine, including live vaccines such as the one for measles. It could also potentially be adapted to allow a vaccine's slow release, eliminating the need for boosters. This proposes to eliminate the need for refrigerating vaccines, thus making dry vaccines more widely available throughout the developing world where refrigeration, electricity, and proper storage are less accessible. (source BBC News: [1] )\n\n[edit]\nAnoxybiosis\nAnoxybiosis isn't considered a form of cryptobiosis by some. It takes place in situations lacking oxygen, and involves the organism intaking water and becoming turgid and immobile. Studies have been done about survival rates of organisms during anoxybiosis, but have achieved conflicting results.\n\n[edit]\nChemobiosis\nThe cryptobiotic response to high levels of environmental toxins.\n\n[edit]\nCryobiosis\nCryobiosis is a form of cryptobiosis that takes place in reaction to decreased temperature. To initiate cryobiosis, the organism freezes all of the water within its cells. This allows the organism to endure the freezing temperatures until more hospitable conditions return. Studies have shown that the longer an organism remains in cryobiosis, the longer it takes for the organism to come out of cryobiosis. This is because the organism must use its own energy to come out of cryobiosis, and the longer it stays in cryobiosis the less energy it has.\n\n[edit]\nOsmobiosis\nOsmobiosis is the least studied of the four types of cryptobiosis. Osmobiosis occurs in response to increased solute concentration in the solution the organism lives in. Not much is known for sure, other than that osmobiosis appears to involve a cessation of metabolism.\n\n[edit]\nExamples\nThe most commonly known organism which undergoes cryptobiosis is the tardigrade, or water bear. It is the most studied as well, partially because it can undergo all f
787309
There is some research in this area.  There apparently are two types of decomposition.  Most references I see list 400-500C, but the research reference gives two temp ranges.
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That would depend on how far below the boiling point the water temperature actually was. Some viruses are sensitive enough to temperature change that once they have been heated to above 70 degrees C their infectivity drops dramatically. Some bacteria are also able to be inactivated below the boiling point of water but it depends on the bacterium and, of course, the temp that you are at.
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I do not specifically know names of species but spore forming bacteria do so to stand the unfavourable temeratures. The spores are very protective and can withstand a range of harsh conditions. \n\nThe difference with thermophillic bacteria (heat loving as some would say) is that these ones are dwell quite happily at high temperatues and do not need to form spores. There are some of these that live in hydrothermal vents at temperatures of greater that 70 degrees celsius and for that reason they are called extremophiles. Imagine, they can even replicate. In fact, an enzyme called Taq Polymerase is found in these bacterial species and due to its ability to work fine at high temperatures, it is used in a biotochenological procedure called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) where it replicates DNA at greater that 60 degrees celsius. So the difference is the spore forming bacteria do not like high temperature and the thermophillic ones just love it!
14422
Unfortunately this is a sign of disease in fish. It usually comes before their death. You could try an antibacterial remedy.
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You should be able to find the answers on these web pages:\n\nhttp://www.uni.edu/~iowawet/H2OProperties.html\nhttp://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-06/thermal.htm\nhttp://daphne.palomar.edu/jthorngren/latent.htm
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the hay produces a gas that will eventually cause it to catch fire.\n\nWhen a hay crop is stored wet, microbial action can generate internal bale temperatures well above 150 degrees. Usually, the temperature will peak 3-7 days after baling. The temperature then normally takes 15-60 days to decline to non damaging levels, depending on outdoor humidity, bale density and amount of rainfall soaked up by the bales. New hay that has been stacked in the field or placed in a barn should be checked at least twice a day for abnormal heating  http://gaitedhorses.net/Articles/HorseBarnFires.html
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Well, for starters, Temp is important for the catalytic effect, a low temp will slow the reaction, while too high a temp will kill the yeast.  Sugar is the food source for the yeast, so if there is not enough, the yeast wont divide as much.  Water is important of course to provide a comfortable anaerobic environment. Hope that helps you some.
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Usually temperatures of 105°C are used for sterilization in the lab. Under normal pressure water boils at 100°C, which makes it sort of impossible to sterilize without a pressure vessel.\n\nIn the lab and in industrial processes, autoclaves are used. For a science project mom's pressure cooker will do.\n\n\nYou can measure the remaining active cells by doing an agar agar petri disk test.
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everyone on the side facing the sun will die from being cooked alive after 2 or 3 days, (unless they can make it to the poles)\n\nEveryone on the dark side, will be frozen to death, within 2 or 3 days.
64741
generally, the best thing to do is seal it after heating it to a high temperature that should kill anything that might be in it.  Other than that, if you incubate it and don't see any growth (eg biofilm, hazy coloration, downy molds, etc) you should be okay.
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http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=8&did=245