what is the difference between cell mediated and humoral immunity?
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Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies, which are made by B lymphocytes, when they mature to be plasma cells.\n\nCell mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes of various kinds.\n\nActually, AFAICR, T lymphocytes play a role in the very early stages of initiating Humoral immunity to a new antigen; they do the control and liaison work, via cytokines (lymphokines.)
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Indirectly, yes. Antibodies are produced by B cells, which are, in turn, regulated by helper T cells by chemicals called cytokines.
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There are loads to describe. Bacteria and viruses. What are the difference? I can tell you viruses always mutates and could harm you and need cells to depend on while bacteria multiply themselves in the bloodstream and they can harm you but unlike viruses they can also benefit you.
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An antibody generated by the immune response to an antigen. Each epitope on the antigen is capable of causing the formation of a clone of B lymphocytes that will produce an antibody to that epitope\n\nPolyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different cell lines.\n\nThese antibodies are typically produced by immunization of a suitable mammal, such as a mouse or rabbit. An antigen is injected into the mammal. This induces the B-lymphocytes to produce IgG immunoglobulins specific for the antigen. This IgG is purified from the mammal’s serum.\n\nSeveral lines of B-lymphocytes produce these antibodies. These antibodies have specificity for different epitopes.\n\nBy contrast, monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single cell line.
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D is a specific response.\n\nSpecificity refers to a specific defense that is activated by a specific antigen and the immune response targets that particular antigen and no others.\n\nNonspecific defenses are the same, regardless of the type of invading agent.  They include physical barriers, phagocytic cells, immunological surveillance, interferons, complement proteins, inflammation, and fever.
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self-cells have their own protein marker(protein embedded in the cell surface ) that will differentiate the self-cells with non-self cells.We have our own immune system(white blood cells or T-cells/marcophages/B-cells).This immune system will monitor and differentiate our cells using the antigen(protein embedded in the cell surface).If the cells does not have this kind of self marker,marcophages will activated and stimulate the T-cells to attack the cells(non-cells)
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The immune system is made up of three major components:  \nCentral lymphoid organs & tissue\nPeripheral "           "             "\nAccessory  "           "             "\nThe Lymphatic system is sometimes condsidered part of the circulatory system.  It is composed of the lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland and spleen.  The system transports fluid (tissue fluid) from the tissues back to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs.  Lymphatic organs also aid in defending the body against infections by removing particles such as microorganisms from the tissue fluid.  In addition, it supports the activities of certain cells (lymphocytes) that produce immunity by reacting against specific disease-causing agents.
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Well, I dont know if your are looking for a simple answer or extensive article. But i will try to sum it up in a simple fashion.\n\nTwo type of lymphocytes\n\nCD 4 (Helper T cell)\n\nCD 8 (Cytotoxic T cell)\n\n\nCD 8:\nis responsible for protection against and fighting :\nEndogenous Peptides e.g.\nViruses\nIntracellular Bacteria ( thankfully there are not many)\nIntracellular Parasites\nNeoantigens (tumor cells)\nGraft\n\nCD 4:\nis responsible for protection against and fighting:\nExogenous Peptides e.g\nBacteria ( which are neumerous day to day infections and            \n          varied from staphylococuss to anthrax and more; \n          like day to day cold to plaque)\nToxins\n\nHIV hampers the function of these cells and as this branch of immumity gets weaker, other branches are affected to and the individual is severly immunocompromised.
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Cell-Mediated Immunity\nIndex to this page \nDelayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) \nContact Sensitivity \nKilling intracellular parasites \nAnti-Viral Immunity \nGraft Rejection \nGraft-versus-host disease \n \nThe human body can respond to antigen in many different ways. These fall into two major categories: \nantibody-mediated immunity. Antibodies, dissolved in blood, lymph, and other body fluids bind the antigen and trigger a response to it. (This form of immunity is also called humoral immunity.) Discussion of antibodies \n\ncell-mediated immunity (CMI). T cells (lymphocytes) bind to the surface of other cells that display the antigen and trigger a response. The response may involve\nother lymphocytes and \nany of the other white blood cells (leukocytes)
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Each of these diseases is a virus, which means you are NEVER cured.  Hepatitis A is the only one that has a vaccination, but it is only effective if received before the initial exposure to the virus.  To know whether or not you have immunity to Hep A from the vaccination is to do a simple blood test for Hep A antibody titer.  A titer means the test will see how many antibodies you have, and will determine if you have enough or if you need a booster shot.
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Part of the cell mediated antigen-antibody defense system.
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the main part of specific immune system is Tcell and Bcell...it's hard to explain in details but i try to sum up,when the antigen enters the bode Tcell works a APC and receives antigene parts by MHC on it,MHC stimulate the Tcell to produce IL and INF and these stimulate Bcells to produce specific antibodies against Ag...some of these antibodies destroy the Ag by stimulating the complements and other parts of immune system and some Bcells convert to memory cells for the next time
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Not usually.\nOnce we have recovered from a bacterial or viral infection our body's defense system can very quickly protect us against a second attack - this is 'natural immunity'.\nWe make use of this mechanism in immunisation by injecting (usually) weakened or inactive microbes (or part of a microbe) which creates an immune response - production of antibodies. We are immune to future attacks.\n\nA second dose of a disease is unlikely but possible - I have had measles twice!\nScarlet fever is easily treated with antibiotics, though I've had this too. It is not pleasant.\n\nHave a look here:
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Antigen is any substance that evokes the production of an antibody when introduced into the body. Antigens can enter the body through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, or skin. The most common antigens are proteins such as those found in/on bacteria and viruses.While an antibody Antibody, any of perhaps a million kinds of normally occurring protein molecules that are produced in the body of cells called lymphocytes and that act primarily as a defence against invasion by foreign substances. An important component of the immune system, antibodies are found in the blood of all vertebrates, in the fraction of the blood called gamma globulin.
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Innate immunity: defence mechanisms that are non-specific and ubiquitous. Think of it as the cannon fodder of the human immune system. These are the cells that are often first on the scene, and charge in blindly, attacking everything left, right and center, and then die. Kind of like suicide bombers. Only good.\n  Includes cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and very importantly, the entire complement system.\n\n------\n\nAquired immunity: also called adaptive immunity, comes from exposure to immunogens.\n  Includes B cells and T cells. B cells make antibodies after being exposed to an immunogen. Encountering that foregin body again (now called an "antigen") will cause the adaptive immune system to react faster than it did previous (because it has this antibody memory, now. Thats why its adaptive, or aquired).
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Vaccines "teach" you body to fight infection. They help the immune system to recognize the threath quicker and mount a more effective defense. So, it must be given before your body is affected by the antigen, or it's too late.\nThere is passive vaccination, when your body is injected with ready-made antibodies for the antigen that affects you. This kills the antigenm but doesn't give your body a prolonged defense against it. It's mostly used in cases of snake venom.\nIf a virus is already inside a living cell, it is ussually impossible to kill it without killing the cell as well. This is very agressive treatment. It can be done depending on the type of cell and amount of tissue affected (and also type of virus, it's avaliable for some but not for others).
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Red blood cell: The blood cell that carries oxygen. Red cells contain hemoglobin and it is the hemoglobin which permits them to transport oxygen (and carbon dioxide). Hemoglobin, aside from being a transport molecule, is a pigment. It gives the cell its red color (and name). \nThe mature red blood cell (RBC) is a non-nucleated biconcave disk. Thanks to this unusual shape and its hemoglobin content, the RBC is superbly suited to the transport of oxygen. \nA red blood cell is sometimes simply referred to as a red cell. It is also called an erythrocyte or, rarely today, a red blood corpuscle.\n\nWhite blood cell: One of the cells the body makes to help fight infections. There are several types of white blood cells (leukocytes). The two most common types are the lymphocytes and neutrophils (also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMNs, or "polys"). \n\nLymphocytes are made in lymphoid tissue in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland. There are different kinds of lymphocytes. Lymphocytes identify foreign substances from germs (bacteria or viruses) in the body and produce antibodies and cells that specifically target them. It takes from several days to weeks for lymphocytes to recognize and attack a new foreign substance. \n\nNeutrophils are also major players in the body's defense against bacterial infections. Neutrophils are made in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream. Neutrophils move out of the blood vessels into the infected tissue to attack the bacteria. The pus in a boil (an abscess) is made up largely of neutrophils. Normally a serious bacterial infection causes the body to produce an increased number of neutrophils, resulting in a higher than normal white blood cell count (WBC). When the WBC is low, there may not be enough neutrophils to defend against bacterial infections. \n\nThe white blood cell count is done by counting the number of white blood cells in a sample of blood. A normal WBC is in the range of 4,000 to 11,000 cells per microliter. A low WBC is called leukopenia. A high WBC is termed leukocytosis. \n\nA normal absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is in the range of 1,500 to 8,000 cells per microliter. If the ANC is below 500 for an extended period of time, the risk of serious bacterial infection may increase significantly. A low neutrophil count is called neutropenia.