What is e-beam lithography?
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Lithography is a the process of transfering a pattern onto a silicon wafer, as used in the Semiconductor industry for the manufacture of Integrated Circuits. Traditionally Light was always used for this process. \n\nThe limiting factor when one performs lithography is the wavelength of the light used. One cannot draw features smaller than the wavelength of the light being used. But researchers have been trying to push the feature size down for faster chips and lower power consumption. So the wavelength of the light used has been pushed further and further down\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography\n\nOne can achieve sill higher resolution using some techniques like RET (Resolution Enhancement Techniques) or performing lithography under water or immersed in liquids.\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_enhancement_technology\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_lithography\n\n\nStill better resolution can be achieved by using electron beams, instead of light. so electron beam lithography was born. \nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beam_lithography
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There are many different types, the most common is Litho but there's Riso, Silk screening, Flexo, Stocastic. These are all for large scale printing and there's of course different means of printing photo's using light techniques.
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LPE is common thin film materials growth technique that has capable of producing reliable semiconductor or magnetic film devices. LPE technique is still popular to grow semiconducting lasers, light emitting diodes and photo detectors. The technique is quite different compared with other growth technique such as physical vapor deposition, so that it requires the composition of materials for growing is formed as liquid at their melting temperature. Epitaxy layers can be thermodynamically grown on a substrate with the same orientation when the substrates meet oversaturated solution.\n\nHere our center is utilizing this LPE technique to produce ~ 100 um and even thicker high quality, near intrinsic quality, garnets, spinels, and hexaferrite as well as other new materials for planar microwave and magnetic devices.
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X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of X-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. This generally leads to an understanding of the material and molecular structure of a substance. The spacing in the crystal lattice can be determined using Bragg's law. The electrons that surround the atoms, rather than the atomic nuclei themselves, are the entities which physically interact with the incoming X-ray photons.
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Light Amplification (by) Stimulated Emission (of) Radiation\n\nMany different types:\n\nRuby rod laser - basically a polished rod of aluminium oxide/chromium oxide (synthetic tuby), surrounded by apowerful flashtube.  - Visible Red\n\nNitrogen laser, co2 laser (gas lasers) fairly efficient by laser standards, inivisble output but can be strong enough to cut metal\n\nsemiconductor - both invisible and red - cheap for low power\n\ndpss  -  diode pumped solid state - these lasers use a "pump" diode which is usually 808nm, tis goes into a sliver of something called vanadate which take in light at 808bm (almost invisible Infra Red) and re-emit it at 1064nM (Invisible. It is then put through a crystal of KTP which halves the wavelength (doubling the frequency) and re-emits at 532nM - bright green
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Modern electron microscopes are capable of producing images in which individual atoms or molecules are distinguishable  within the material being viewed (they appear as bumps on the surface.)  However, the actual internal structure of atoms cannot be directly observed using any known technology.
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Something about beam misalignment\n\nhttp://www.reference.com/search?db=web&q=jogged%20beam
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It is possible, using nonlinear optical processes, to exactly reverse the propagation direction and phase variation of a beam of light. The reversed beam is called a conjugate beam, and thus the technique is known as optical phase conjugation (also called time reversal, wavefront reversal and retroreflection).\n\nOne can interpret this nonlinear optical interaction as being analogous to a real-time holographic process. In this case, the interacting beams simultaneously interact in a nonlinear optical material to form a dynamic hologram (two of the three input beams), or real-time diffraction pattern, in the material. The third incident beam diffracts off this dynamic hologram, and, in the process, reads out the phase-conjugate wave. In effect, all three incident beams interact (essentially) simultaneously to form several real-time holograms, resulting in a set of diffracted output waves that phase up as the "time-reversed" beam. In the language of nonlinear optics, the interacting beams result in a nonlinear polarization within the material, which coherently radiates to form the phase-conjugate wave.\n\nThe most common way of producing optical phase conjugation is to use a four-wave mixing technique, though it is also possible to use processes such as stimulated Brillouin scattering. A device producing the phase conjugation effect is known as a phase conjugate mirror (PCM).
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Manufactured products are made from atoms. The properties of those products depend on how those atoms are arranged. If we rearrange the atoms in coal we can make diamond. If we rearrange the atoms in sand (and add a few other trace elements) we can make computer chips. If we rearrange the atoms in dirt, water and air we can make potatoes. \nTodays manufacturing methods are very crude at the molecular level. Casting, grinding, milling and even lithography move atoms in great thundering statistical herds. It's like trying to make things out of LEGO blocks with boxing gloves on your hands. Yes, you can push the LEGO blocks into great heaps and pile them up, but you can't really snap them together the way you'd like. \n\nIn the future, nanotechnology will let us take off the boxing gloves. We'll be able to snap together the fundamental building blocks of nature easily, inexpensively and in most of the ways permitted by the laws of physics. This will be essential if we are to continue the revolution in computer hardware beyond about the next decade, and will also let us fabricate an entire new generation of products that are cleaner, stronger, lighter, and more precise. \n\nIt's worth pointing out that the word "nanotechnology" has become very popular and is used to describe many types of research where the characteristic dimensions are less than about 1,000 nanometers. For example, continued improvements in lithography have resulted in line widths that are less than one micron: this work is often called "nanotechnology." Sub-micron lithography is clearly very valuable (ask anyone who uses a computer!) but it is equally clear that conventional lithography will not let us build semiconductor devices in which individual dopant atoms are located at specific lattice sites. Many of the exponentially improving trends in computer hardware capability have remained steady for the last 50 years. There is fairly widespread belief that these trends are likely to continue for at least another several years, but then conventional lithography starts to reach its limits. \n\nIf we are to continue these trends we will have to develop a new manufacturing technology which will let us inexpensively build computer systems with mole quantities of logic elements that are molecular in both size and precision and are interconnected in complex and highly idiosyncratic patterns. Nanotechnology will let us do this. \n\nWhen it's unclear from the context whether we're using the specific definition of "nanotechnology" (given here) or the broader and more inclusive definition (often used in the literature), we'll use the terms "molecular nanotechnology" or "molecular manufacturing." \n\nWhatever we call it, it should let us \n\nGet essentially every atom in the right place. \nMake almost any structure consistent with the laws of physics that we can specify in molecular detail. \nHave manufacturing costs not greatly exceeding the cost of the required raw materials and energy. \n\nThere are two more concepts commonly associated with nanotechnology: \nPositional assembly. \nMassive parallelism. \n\nClearly, we would be happy with any method that simultaneously achieved the first three objectives. However, this seems difficult without using some form of positional assembly (to get the right molecular parts in the right places) and some form of massive parallelism (to keep the costs down). \nThe need for positional assembly implies an interest in molecular robotics, e.g., robotic devices that are molecular both in their size and precision. These molecular scale positional devices are likely to resemble very small versions of their everyday macroscopic counterparts. Positional assembly is frequently used in normal macroscopic manufacturing today, and provides tremendous advantages. Imagine trying to build a bicycle with both hands tied behind your back! The idea of manipulating and posit
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think light projection. Bulky monitors and even plasma will be old fashioned, we'll simply beam our output onto a surface and work away. Maybe even the keyboard will be projected on the table in front of us.
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Try this link\nhttp://diode-lasers.globalspec.com/LearnMore/Optical_Components_Optics/Lasers/Diode_Lasers?se=gt
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I assume you mean for etching printed circuit boards.\n\nUsually concentrated ferric chloride solution.
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I would guess it is made from rapid prototyping:- Fused-deposition modeling.  It technique is call Extrusion of melted plastic. there is more information that you can find. Just keep looking..
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On paper, it is simple, u will use a y-axis for elev,, x-axis for distances --- like a Profile layout.\nBut i reckon u want a display 'model', well same logic, and u can use diff color.. only use very fine plumb lines or plastic threads as interconnections. Better encase the result in a glass/Plexiglas cabinet.
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It’s a beam of electron accelerated in a particular direction.\nIf we have a filament connected to a -ve potential. Opposite to this an anode is placed at high +ve potential. The electrons ejected from the filament are accelerated towards the anode. Beam can be narrowed by keeping slits of +ve potential along its path. \n\nThese electron beams have many usages.\n1. used in Television (Picture tube)\n2. Used to produce X-rays by allowing to hit on a tungsten target\n3. used in the food processing.
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There is a HUGE amount of infomation on metallurgy out there, but if you want an interesting search, try searching out why the HUBBLE Space Telescope failed - there was some deformed metal and the reason the optics tests passed before launch is an interesting story about materials, optics and people.\n\nI'm a metallurgist, and of all the exotic materials it turns out steel has the greatest range of properties (from annealed iron all the way up to ball bearing steel and stainless).  Titanium is interesting stuff (good for corrosion and medium temps (500°F-1000°F), but aluminum can have the highest density-to-strength ratio.  Research on how tungsten filaments are made is interesting too.  \n\nMark Twain said that a metallurgy student would learn more making his own pocket knife by digging the ore out of the ground, refining it into steel, and fabricating the knife than he would by book learning - do you have a passion you're particularly interesting in?  Learning about something you're interested in is effortless.\n\nAnother optics subject of interest is what is currently going on in semiconductor photolithography - they are reaching the limits of what can be done with light and refractive materials (CaF lenses) and immersion lithography (see link below).
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The equation is just for the angle of a particular wavelength. Not for resolution. Say 250nm,300nm look like 2 lines and not one. \nI think you want to look up diffraction limits. \nSimple experiment is to compare a CD rom and DVD see how they split wavelengths.