how the bases bind in DNA?
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DNA's most amazing characteristic is that it will bind to itself in a very specific manner, forming a helix. Figure 1 illustrates two DNA molecules binding. The variable groups of the polymer interact with eachother to mediate this binding. Adenine interacts with Thymine and Cytosine interacts with Guanine. No other bonds are energetically favorable, for example Cytosine cannot bond with itself. The bonds that these variable groups form are called are called base pairs and are illustrated in Figure 2. Thus, by knowing the sequence of bases of one strand of DNA we immediately know the sequence of the DNA strand which will bind to it, this strand is called the reverse complement or just the complementary strand. In Figure 1 the right hand strand is the reverse complement of the left hand side and vice-versa.\n\n\nFrom G. S. Sent, Molecular Biology of Bacterial Viruses. Copyright 1963 by W. H. Freeman and Company\n\nFigure Two:Illustration of DNA basepairing. Thermodynamically the interactions Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine are driven by both the hydrophobic stacking interactions hydrogen bond interactions. The specificity of the base pairing is driven mainly by hydrogen bonding and stearic interference.\nThis relationship to the complementary strand has many implications that make life as we know it possible, and allows all sorts of molecular biology techniques. In one of the greatest understatements of all time Watson and Crick said it best in their original paper on the structure of DNA:\n\n"It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.".
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The ATP molecule is composed of three components. At the centre is a sugar molecule, ribose (the same sugar that forms the basis of DNA). Attached to one side of this is a base (a group consisting of linked rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms); in this case the base is adenine. The other side of the sugar is attached to a string of phosphate groups. These phosphates are the key to the activity of ATP.\n\nATP consists of a base, in this case adenine, a ribose and a phosphate chain.
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DNA and RNA can really be classified into one category and proteins into another.  Proteins have subunits of amino acids, which are determined by sets of three DNA bases (A, T, G or C).  There are 20 amino acids that can be incorporated into all of the proteins in all the organisms in the world.  DNA and RNA are composed of nucleic acids.  DNA uses A,T,G and C, whereas RNA uses A, U, G and C.  DNA is typically double stranded, whereas RNA is single stranded.  Both DNA and RNA bases are made up of a sugar, a phosphate group and a base.  One major difference between DNA and RNA chains is that DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose whereas RNA uses ribose -- these are both cyclic 5-carbon sugars, the only difference is some side groups hanging off the main chain and their orientation.  DNA's the stuff that your chromosomes are made up of -- it's the storage unit for all of your genetic information.  RNA is used in the transport of this information outside of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it is then involved in the process that links amino acids together into the final protein (this whole sequence was originally dictated by DNA).
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DNA is double stranded with Deoxyribose, and has the nucleic acids Guanine, Cytosine, Thyamine, and Adenine (GCTA)\n\nRNA is single stranded with ribose, and has the nucleic acids Guanine, Uracil, Adenine, and Cytosine (GCUA)\n\nUracil replaces Thyamine
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Yes adenine is an amino acid\nThere are five amino acids and four DNA nucleotide Base. DNA nucleotide bases included Adeneni Thymine Cytosine and Guanine. In RNA the nucleotide Thymineis substituted for Uracil\n\nAdenine is one of the two purine nucleobases used in forming nucleotides of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. In DNA, adenine binds to thymine via two hydrogen bonds to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. In RNA, adenine binds to uracil, which is used in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
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DNA has four bases, the ones you are referring to as chemicals. The names of these bases are Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G). In RNA all these bases are also present except T where it is replaced by Uracil (U). So when information is copied from DNA to RNA (mRNA specifically) C pairs with G, G pairs with C, T pairs with A and A pairs with U (since there is no T but U in RNA).\n\nBesides that the chemical composition of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a Phosphate group, a base(the four bases) and a sugar (Deoxyribose). These three parts together form a nucleotide. A nucleotide without a phosphate group is called a nucleoside. The 'chemicals' you are looking for are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine.
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Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and is replaced by thymine in DNA. Methylation of uracil produces thymine. It turns into thymine to protect the DNA and to improve the efficiency of DNA replication. Uracil can base pair with any of the bases depending on how the molecule arranges itself on the helix, but readily pairs with adenosine because the methyl group is repelled into a fixed position. As stated, uracil pairs with adenosine through hydrogen bonding. Uracil is the hydrogen bond acceptor and can form up to three hydrogen bonds. Uracil can also bind with a ribose sugar to form a ribonucleoside, uridine. When a phosphate attaches to uridine, uridine 5'-monophosphate is produced.
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Although sometimes called "the molecule of heredity", DNA macromolecules as people typically think of them are not single molecules. Rather, they are pairs of molecules, which entwine like vines to form a double helix (see the illustration at the right).\n\nEach vine-like molecule is a strand of DNA: a chemically linked chain of nucleotides, each of which consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate and one of five kinds of nucleobases ("bases"). Because DNA strands are composed of these nucleotide subunits, they are polymers.\n\nThe diversity of the bases means that there are five kinds of nucleotides, which are commonly referred to by the identity of their bases. These are adenine (A), thymine (T), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). U is rarely found in DNA except as a result of chemical degradation of C, but in some viruses, notably PBS1 phage DNA, U completely replaces the usual T in its DNA. Similarly, RNA usually contains U in place of T, but in certain RNAs such as transfer RNA, T is always found in some positions. Thus, the only true difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar, 2-deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA.\n\nIn a DNA double helix, two polynucleotide strands can associate through the hydrophobic effect and pi stacking. Specificity of which strands stay associated is determined by complementary pairing. Each base forms hydrogen bonds readily to only one other -- A to T and C to G -- so that the identity of the base on one strand dictates the strength of the association; the more complementary bases exist, the stronger and longer-lasting the association.\n\nThe cell's machinery is capable of melting or disassociating a DNA double helix, and using each DNA strand as a template for synthesizing a new strand which is nearly identical to the previous strand. Errors that occur in the synthesis are known as mutations. The process known as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) mimics this process in vitro in a nonliving system.\n\nBecause pairing causes the nucleotide bases to face the helical axis, the sugar and phosphate groups of the nucleotides run along the outside; the two chains they form are sometimes called the "backbones" of the helix. In fact, it is chemical bonds between the phosphates and the sugars that link one nucleotide to the next in the DNA strand.
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Cytosine and guanine are nitrogenous bases in DNA that are part of the nucleotides. These parts are used to code for genes in transcribing and translating DNA into proteins. Cytosine and guanine are always across from eachother on each side of the DNA double helix and connect with eachother by hydrogen bonds.
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Restriction Enzymes: \n\n \n\nThese are enzymes that cleave the strands of DNA at specific sites, according to the nucleotide sequence. They are counterparts of proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin in the world of nucleic acids. They are highly specific, and the sites they recognize may be very rare. Restriction enzymes are found in nature, primarily produced by bacteria as part of a defense system. \n\nThere are several types of restriction enzymes. We will focus on Type II, which is the type most widely used experimentally. \n\nNuclease: an enzyme that cleaves a nucleic acid\n\nRestriction Endonuclease: an enzyme that cleaves within a segment of nucleic acid, when it recognizes a specific sequences of bases. (Restriction enzyme)\n\nTypically, they are dimeric, and cleave at symmetrical sequences of DNA.\n\nExamples EcoR I and BamH I\n\n(See Chime link)\n\nHow do Restriction Enzymes recognize particular sequences of DNA?\n\nDo they open up the strands, in order to see the bases?\n\nNo, they bind along the major or minor grooves, and interact with the edges of the bases, for sequences specificity, \n\nand also with the sugars and the phosphates, for non-specific binding. This involves, H-bonding, hydrophobic contacts, and electrostatic interactions (ion pairs).
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-Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.\n- Their building blocks are nucleotides.\n- They both have phosphate.\n- They both have a 5-C sugar eventhough the sugar is different(deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA)\n- They both have 4 nitrpgeneous bases.\n- 3 of the bases are common to both: adenine, cytosine and guanine.
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it's not 1 or 2 because they're nucleotide bases\n\n3 is the only chioce left
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Would have to be a DNA molecule which can have 10^8 bases or 10^10 separate atoms.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid —usually in the form of a double helix— that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and most viruses. DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides and encodes the sequence of the amino acid residues in proteins using the genetic code, a triplet code of nucleotides\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dna
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it is written in molecular form NH2....it is in a group called amines.\n\nit makes up nucleotide bases in your DNA
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All bases are present in DNA except URACIL and in RNA it is THYMINE. Adenine is joined with Thymine in DNA, as well as Cytosine is with Guanine. In RNA, The only difference is that Adenine Joins with Uracil. Guanine and Cytosine still Join together.
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NEucleotide bases (which make up amino acids) they are Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) and thymine (T) in RNA Thumine is substituted with (U)