importance of genetic regulation in biotechnology?
455125
Can you explain your Q more?\nbut I can say genetic regultaion is very important in biotech\nfrom the simplest task like protein expression \n( we need to control the expression by gene regulation such as using lac operon so that the protein which may be toxic or unnatural to the host can be expressed in desirable time)\nto very advance task gene regulation is heavily involved
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There are five main ways that enzyme activity is controlled in the cell.\n\nEnzyme production (transcription and translation of enzyme genes) can be enhanced or diminished by a cell in response to changes in the cell's environment. This form of gene regulation is called enzyme induction and inhibition. For example, bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin because enzymes called beta-lactamases are induced that hydrolyse the crucial beta-lactam ring within the penicillin molecule. Another example are enzymes in the liver called cytochrome P450 oxidases, which are important in drug metabolism. Induction or inhibition of these enzymes can cause drug interactions. \n\nEnzymes can be compartmentalized, with different metabolic pathways occurring in different cellular compartments. For example, fatty acids are synthesized by one set of enzymes in the cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus and used by a different set of enzymes as a source of energy in the mitochondrion, through β-oxidation.\n\nEnzymes can be regulated by inhibitors and activators. For example, the end product(s) of a metabolic pathway are often inhibitors for one of the first enzymes of the pathway (usually the first irreversible step, called committed step), thus regulating the amount of end product made by the pathways. Such a regulatory mechanism is called a negative feedback mechanism, because the amount of the end product produced is regulated by its own concentration. Negative feedback mechanism can effectively adjust the rate of synthesis of intermediate metabolites according to the demands of the cells. This helps allocate materials and energy economically, and prevents the manufacture of excess end products. Like other homeostatic devices, the control of enzymatic action helps to maintain a stable internal environment in living organisms. \n\nEnzymes can be regulated through post-translational modification. This can include phosphorylation, myristoylation and glycosylation. For example, in the response to insulin, the phosphorylation of multiple enzymes, including glycogen synthase, helps control the synthesis or degradation of glycogen and allows the cell to respond to changes in blood sugar. Another example of post-translational modification is the cleavage of the polypeptide chain. Chymotrypsin, a digestive protease, is produced in inactive form as chymotrypsinogen in the pancreas and transported in this form to the stomach where it is activated. This stops the enzyme from digesting the pancreas or other tissues before it enters the gut. This type of inactive precursor to an enzyme is known as a zymogen. \n\nSome enzymes may become activated when localized to a different environment (eg. from a reducing (cytoplasm) to an oxidising (periplasm) environment, high pH to low pH etc). For example, hemagglutinin of the influenza virus undergoes a conformational change once it encounters the acidic environment of the host cell vesicle causing its activation.
976032
Most of them involve genetic "splicing," which involves removing a particular set of genes and splicing in a different set.  The purpose is to eliminate a particular disease, or make the plant/animal resistant, or to give a particular characteristic.
1156468
The Genetics of Cancer\n\n•Several types of genes play roles in cell growth and are particularly important in the development of cancer:\n•Oncogenes (mutated forms of proto-oncogenes) promote cancer.\n•Tumour suppressor genes/antioncogenes prevent cancer.\n•Mismatch repair genes function to repair mutated DNA.\n•For colon cancer to progress to its full malignancy, three tumour suppressor genes and one oncogene must be mutated in sequence.\n•Many cancers are now diagnosed by oligonucleotide probe hybridisation for identified mutations.\n\nOncogenes\n\n•Oncogenes are altered forms of proto-oncogenes, which are normal genes which promote cell growth and differentiation. The mutation may be acquired or inherited.\n•Proto-oncogenes are normally “switched off” in differentiated, non-dividing cells.\n•Some proto-oncogenes control apoptosis. Mutations in these genes may prevent apoptosis, causing a predisposition to cancer.\n\n•Oncogenes and proto-oncogenes are responsible for:\n•Growth factors\n•Growth factor receptors\n•Transducers (intracellular signalling proteins)\n•Transcription factors\n•Cell cycle control proteins\n\n•Mutant forms of the products of proto-oncogenes may signal cells to divide inappropriately and promote cell growth in inappropriate circumstances.\n•Only one oncogene is required for predisposition to cancer (as the mutation leads to an increase in function).\n•Signalling proteins are often mutated in human cancers. An important group of signalling proteins which are often mutated to become more active are tyrosine kinases. These are most commonly mutated in brain and breast cancers. – is it the growth factor or the receptor which changes?\n•Cellular signals can initiate cell proliferation or differentiation.\n\n•Proto-oncogenes may become oncogenes by translocation activating mutations or gene amplification.\n•Gene amplification means the gene is over-represented in the genome (up to 100 copies) and thus creates excess product. This is a common cause of breast and brain cancer.\n•Activating mutations result in increased activity of the gene product. eg.: epidermal growth factor receptor in breast cancer.\n•Translocation is seen in >90% (or 95%?) of leukaemias and many lymphomas. It is limited to somatic cells.\n•Oncogenes result in increased gene product activity or the production of more gene product of the same activity.\n•Tyrosine kinase (a growth factor) receptors are produced by proto-oncogenes, which often mutate to oncogenes causing increased tyrosine kinase activity.\n\nTumour Suppressor Genes/ Anti-Oncogenes\n\n•Tumour suppressor genes are found in all cells.\n•Tumour suppressor genes control critical checkpoints in the cell cycle, induce the transcription of inhibitory/regulatory genes, control for proteins that regulate signal delay mechanisms and generally negatively control cell growth.\n•Tumour suppressor genes code for cell cycle proteins, transcription factors, cell surface proteins, DNA repair proteins and apoptosis related proteins. They may code for cell adhesion and stop the cell cycle in G1 for DNA repair or other reasons (known as the G1-S checkpoint).\n•The loss of function of tumour suppressor genes can lead to cancer. This loss of function may be acquired or inherited.\n•The loss of function of one tumour suppressor gene may provide a slight cell progression advantage. The loss of both leads to a significant growth advantage and predisposition to cancer.\n•The “two hit hypothesis” states that both copies of the gene must be “lost” for cancer to develop.\n•Tumour suppressor genes prevent rapid cell cycling/growth.\n•An individual may be born with only one functioning copy of a tumour suppressor gene and may lose the second copy, becoming predisposed to cancer.\n\nAcquired Cancer\n\n•Acquired DNA damage can be induced by environmental factors such as chemical carcinogens, bacteria, viruses, radiation (ioni
314794
in my opinion...genetic engineering is like fire...can be useful if it is for the rite reasons...agricultural...etc...but i would draw the line when it comes to humans....imagine if your twin becomes a criminal....or maybe your triplet...etc...it just spells trouble....
756859
The future of biotechnology is bright.If you move to the area of agriculture, the scope is immense.There are food plants that need to be protected from pests and made to cope with less water content. In terms of quality of produce, there is some scope of improvement.\nIn pharmacology several biochemically engineered  drugs are to be manufactured.There are large number of labs in different parts of the world that have taken up the challenging task of manufacturing drugs that afflict mankind.GENE THERAPY is being talked about.All you have to do is be in touch with  latest techniques and use your computer to find out latest developments.If you are in India, get in touch with people at CCMB at Hyderabad, and JNU. You may even visit some of the progressive labs for stimulating your thoughts.
33752
Biotechnology is aplication of technology to biological syatems so as to maximise the use of microorganisims.\nThere is no perfect definition for biotechnology.\nGnetic enginerring is one field of biotechnology where genes are manipulated.\nso genetic engineering is one field of biotechnology.
536417
Many of the orignal studies were based on mutations in bacteria which halt growth or have other phenotypes, where it was found that mutations could be labeled into several groups, and that if bacteria from different groups mated, then the phenotype is restored.  From this it was deduced that the mutations were in coding regions for proteins that exist in a network ie A to B to C, and usually proteins like A and B were in a complex.  Today its a large part of cell and molecular biology to figure out if proteins are in complexes, and what the complex does.  Its not necessarily important that A and B are in a complex, but what that complex does; since that is the proteni function in cells.  So if A and C are in a complex, the complex has a certain function.  if B and C are in a complex, then there is a different function.  Drug companies have been exploiting this type of knowledge for a long time, but what is more impt is the understanding of how proteins interact with other proteins, and how they regulate cellular functions.  Once this is understood, then drugs can be rationaly designed.  Even then, however, it's not possible to guarantee patient efficacy.  \n\nWe just had a great lecture by Gordon Mills, an expert in the PTEN protein pathway, and he talked about the dozens of drugs made against various members of this pathway, and noted that so far none of these drugs are effective in patients, although they work in the test tube and in mice.  So, drug discovery is a very difficult issue and takes billions of dollars for one drug to be delivered to market (and 10 years or more).
1095827
the definition of biotechnology is " the creation of useful products to make money" basically but it really is more than that.  It is a wonderful field that, if allowed to progress, is going to change the world in so many ways! Paralyzed people will walk again by research in stem cell use,  organ donors will no longer be neccessary by research in cloning human organs,  we have insulin through microbial cultivation....there's so much we can do! Clean up oil spills with microbes,  mapping the entire genetic code will help cure diseases, gene therapy....I could go on forever!
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If UK cirriculum, then Three A2 levels usually required, normally Biology plus at least one from Chemistry, Mathematics or Physics (Chemistry is usually a safe preference for Biological sciences). Two AS levels or an A level in a non-science subject are considered in place of third science A level. \n\nThere is no undergraduate degree in Genetic Engineering as far as I know. It can only be taken as a course, and not even in all unis that teach genetics.\n\n\nAs to the content:\n\nGenetics studies will cover most of modern genetics, focusing on the organisation, evolution, propagation and expression of genomes in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans.\n\nGenetic engineering (too narrow to be a separate degree) involves manipulating genes, usually outside the organism's normal reproductive process to introduce new characteristics or attributes physiologically or physically.
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The above answer pretty much says it...plus, they are under the control of a constitutive promoter, instead of an induced promoter. An induced promoter is that which is induced by the presence of an inducer that binds to the promoter region when there is need for the gene product of the gene that the promoter is controlling. A constitutively expressed gene is one that is expressed everytime the genes of the rest of the genome are expressed. So such a gene product is required in a higher quantity in the body, and that is why it is under the control of a constitutive promoter.
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Cell regulation or gene regulation?\n\nIf it is cell regulation then mishaps can occur in the signals that trigger responses. Mutation in the receptors or signalling molecules of cells may cause certain pathways to be triggered by accident.\n\nGene regulation mishaps occur when the gene repair mechanism is damaged. Deletions, additions, translocations and inversion can occur in the gene sequence. Housekeeping genes make products that can repair the genes.
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You have 10 to 100 Trillion cells in your body.  Every cell has the same genetic code.  How would you change that code in so many cells?\n\nAdditionally, the genome is turning out to be much more complicated than was thought just a few years ago.  Much of a gene's 'performance' is determined by 'epigenetic' regulation of the gene's expression.  You can have 'normal' genes, but if they are not being expressed properly, that is the same as having defective genes.\n\nThis is a very, very complex issue.
32052
What then is biotechnology? The term brings to mind many different things. Some think of developing new types of animals. Others dream of almost unlimited sources of human therapeutic drugs. Still others envision the possibility of growing crops that are more nutritious and naturally pest-resistant to feed a rapidly growing world population. This question elicits almost as many first-thought responses as there are people to whom the question can be posed. \n\nIn its purest form, the term "biotechnology" refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the human environment. Prehistoric biotechnologists did this as they used yeast cells to raise bread dough and to ferment alcoholic beverages, and bacterial cells to make cheeses and yogurts and as they bred their strong, productive animals to make even stronger and more productive offspring.
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It does what any DNA does.  It controls protein synthesis via messenger RNA.
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This is dependent on the type of organism, the stage in the lifecycle of the organism, and a wide variety of environmental factors such as temperature, availability of nutrients, presence of toxic compounds, and organism-specific biological signalling compounds which play a role in regulating gene expression.\n\nTo take a simple organism such as a bacterium, it is a reasonable assertion that levels of gene expression are highest under conditions that are optimal for reproduction (optimal temperature and moisture conditions, high availability of nutrients, low concentrations of toxic compounds).  This is because during asexual reproduction, proteins are required both as building materials for replication (e.g. cell wall constituents, structural proteins, enzymes required for metabolism etc.) and for the actual process of replication (proteins involved in DNA replication and protein synthesis etc.).\n\nOf course, without knowing the specific organism you are referring to it is not possible to answer your question except in broad terms.  You might try looking at a text book such "Biological Science" by R.Soper (Cambridge University Press).
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It makes big biotechnology companies very rich.\n\nOf course, it also has proven negative side effects on the environment, many unknown potential effects on nature (it has had no long term tests), unknown health consequences and disrupts the economic development of the poorest nations on earth in favour of the richest.\n\nNeat product, eh.