Different types of gas flow that impact breathing?
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I'm not sure what you're looking for. You may want to do a search for laminar & turbulent flow patterns. They have some impact on breathing and particle deposition in aerosol medication administration.
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Airway - Make sure there is nothing blocking the mouth or trachea\nBreathing - Oxygen is forced into the patient either via mouth-to-mouth or an air bag\nCirculation (or Compression) - The chest is compressed to circulate blood, thus moving oxygen to the vital organs.
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Are you talking about the positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)? The mean airway pressure or the alveolar pressure in the lungs? All have slightly differing values. These are usually measured in mm Hg or cm H2O. All airway gas exchange is performed through passive diffusion in the aveoli of the lungs. Air must be at normal atmospheric pressure at 760 mmHg for most efficient gas exchange to occur. \nAir at higher altitudes has lower pressure, so one must work harder, in physiological terms to enable the diffusion of oxygen. usually for mountain climbers, this means increased rates of respiration. At high enough altitudes, you cannot get enough oxygen with respiratory effort and you pass out from hypoxia.\nAt higher pressures (underwater) gas diffusion occurs more quickly, and you must use less oxygen to get the same blood oxygenation level as you wold at sea level. This is why divers use a NOx mix, and not pure oxygen underwater, if they did, they would develop oxygen narcosis very quickly.
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Liquid Breathing\n\nA lot of you I am sure have seen the movie "The Abyss". If not then it doesn't matter but what is important however, is one of the diving techniques that they use. This technique is called Liquid Breathing. Until not long ago, people thought that this was fictitious and was not possible but in fact it has been around for a lot longer than you might think!\n\nThe general type of liquid used by the US Navy and other Navies in the world generally have a perfluorocarbon type composition. The type of halide attached onto the molecule depends but it is either fluorine or bromine. However, the only problem associated with using bromine is that it is a very strong greenhouse gas but it could be regenerated through special filters and rebreathers.\n\nADVANTAGES\n\nIt  seems like an odd concept but:\n\n1- Due to its density, Liquivent (marketed name for liquid breathing liquid) can carry as much as 25 times as much oxygen than blood and it has enormous potential for patients with lung and breathing disorders. \n\n2- If fluid is taken into the lungs whilst diving, then the pressure in the body could match that of the pressure of the surrounding water. Thus breathing would be easier and lower concentrations would only be needed. \n\n3- Thus, this would also eliminate the need for decompression and its inherent problems i.e. nitrogen narcosis and the bends.\n\n4- A given volume of oxygen-saturated fluorocarbon contains 3 times as much oxygen as the same volume of air or whole blood.\n\n5- According to the movie "The Abyss", the deepest suit dive was to 4800ft which is equivalent to about 300atmospheres of pressure! Tests with mice have been done at pressures of up to 8000ft.\n\nHISTORY\n\nThis concept originated in the mid 60's when Dr Kylstra a physiologist realised that salt solutions could be saturated with oxygen at high pressures. However, after several experiments he concluded that this mixture becomes toxic due to the build up of carbon dioxide. Therefore, a new mixture that could be saturated with oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide quickly and efficiently had to be thought of.\n\nAfter further experimentation in 1969, Dr Clark realised that oxygen and carbon dioxide were very soluble in fluorocarbon liquids like freon. Assuming the lungs could cope with this material, Dr Clark figured that these fluorocarbons could support respiration of animals.\n\nLater developments\n\nDuring later years, the techniques of liquid breathing were constantly refined and improved. The survival rate of all the tested animals in recent years has been very high, thanks mainly to improvements in carbon dioxide elimination. Current liquids used can dissolve over 65 ml of oxygen and 228 ml of carbon dioxide per 100 ml perfluorocarbon. By the early 1990s this procedure was developed:-\n\n   1. The animal was anesthetized with intravenous sodium thiopental.\n   2. The animal was put on its back. A tube was placed down its airway, ready for the liquid breathing medium.\n   3. A blood sample was taken. The temperature of the liquid was adjusted correspondingly. It was no longer necessary to make the animals hypothermic.\n   4. The perfluorocarbon was instilled into the animal's lungs through the tube.\n   5. A floor-mounted 3-litre reservoir was filled with the perfluorocarbon. The liquid was driven by a pump through a series of machines which warmed and oxygenated the liquid and took the carbon dioxide out of it. The liquid flowed through a tube into a 3-way pneumatic valve which directed flow to the animal. A computer controlled the inspiration (18 ml of fluid per second), pumping the liquid into the animal's lungs, then back out again to the reservoir, at a rate of about 6 complete respirations per minute.\n   6. At the end of the test, the animal was tilted for about 15 seconds and the perfluorocarbon was allowed to drain from the lungs. This can be seen in the film The Abyss where Ensign Monk drain
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The lungs are a rich lattice of alveoli, which provide an enormous surface area for gas exchange. A network of fine capillaries allows transport of blood over the surface of alveoli. Oxygen from the air inside the alveoli diffuses into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli, both across the exceptionally thin alveolar membranes. The drawing and expulsion of air is driven by muscular action.
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Oxygen enters through the mouth and nose (nasopharynx) and moves down into the trachea and into the lungs. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are exchanged in the lungs at the Alveoli. Oxygen enters into the blood stream and Carbon Dioxide leaves the blood stream to be expelled by the exhalation of the lungs. The Oxygenated blood travels from the lungs to the heart, the heart then pumps the Oxygen rich blood into the arteries which take that blood away from the heart and circulate it through the rest of the body. Veins Then come back to the heart carrying oxygen-depleted blood where they are pumped through the heart to the lungs where they get more Oxygen and once again travel back to the heart to be pumped back to the rest of the body. That completes the circuit.
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The breathing tube is called a nasal cannula.  She is breathing about 1-6 liters per minute of oxygen.  Generally people who are on oxygen have one of two conditions.  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder or Congestive heart Failure.  It is possible, considering you stated she couldn't see, that she also has diabetes.  Any of these conditions can be fatal.
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Respiratory and circulatory.\n\nRespiratory brings oxygen into your body.  Circulatory pumps blood, which carries the oxygen, to the cells in the rest of your body.
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Temperature inversions.  Hot air rises and cold air sinks. Normally they pass through each other, but sometimes the atmosphere just flips over pretty fast. Sorry I don't know the circumstances, but I think it has to do with the proximity of of high density air masses.
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For a very short time, yes. People tend to forget about what's called "dead air spaces". Yes, you're exhaling some co2, but a good deal of that exhalation is still o2 ( it's not all used in a breath) and even more so in dead air spaces. These are areas in your body from the top of your lungs to the tip of your lips, that don't do any gas transfer to or from the blood stream. It's still normal, oxygen rich air in there.\n I also disagree with what one person has stated here, that artificial respiration is only a method to get the lungs moving. \n It IS in fact a method of oxygenating the blood stream and keeping a victim viable in the absence of their breathing on their own.
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Oxygen breathed into the lungs diffuses into the alveoli, and then passes through into the  capillary walls. Here it turns into oxyhaemoglobin. Carbon dioxide is carried by blood into the alveoli and is breathed out of the lungs.\n\nGases diffuse along pressure gradients. In other words, gases spread from high concentration areas to low-concentration areas.\n\nThe blood in the capillaries arriving at the alveoli is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide. Air in the alveoli is high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide. \n\nTherefore oxygen diffuses into the blood (attaching itself to the haemoglobin), and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli, where it is breathed out.\n\nThe reverse process occurs at the capillaries that surround the muscle fibres
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diffusion or gaseous exchange.\non inhaling, oxygen moves through the layer of mucus lining the alveoli and diffuses thru the alveoli cell through the capillary pores and into the blood cells binding with the haemoglobin. \non exhaling, carbon dioxide moves the opposite way. out of the capillary pores, thru the alveoli wall, thru the mucus into the alveoli
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A few things I can think of right off my head, without reviewing physiology.  Very basic info here, for more details, you can find it in any good physiology textbook.\n\nSmoke in cigarrettes decreases the capacity for hemoglobin to carry O2, and thus decreases the efficiency for O2 diffusion.\n\nCO2 decreases the surfactant in the lungs, making them less efficient in CO2/O2 exchange.\n\nCO2 also damages cells lining the blood vessels (capillaries) that are important in the diffusion process.
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Asphyxia is where one person's air supply is being choked off or in the process of BEING choked off. (Not a good thing!)\n\nPeriodic breathing is a condition originating from an earlier medical or physical problem in that person's life where they couldn't breathe normally like they wanted to. (Preemies are a good example. Underdeveloped lungs shortens their ability to breathe normally. So they had to adapt.)\n\nMost people take regular and deep breaths. Shallow breathing is common.
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?? \n\nWhy would there be any disadvantages associated with adequate ventilation since breathing is occuring at a normal rate and the oxygen is being delivered to the cells?
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I think you mean gills.\n\nThere are artificial liquids available:\nLiquid breathing is a form of respiration in which a normally air-breathing organism breathes an oxygen rich liquid (usually from the perfluorocarbon family), rather than breathing air. It is used for medical treatment and could someday find use in deep diving and space travel. Liquid breathing is sometimes called "fluid breathing", but this is misleading as both liquids and gases are fluids.\n\nNanotechnology is be used to create respirocytes which act as artificial red blood cells and could allow you to hold your breath for 1-2 hours underwater.
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Carbon Dioxide\nMethane\nWater Vapor