Prophages,provirusesR similiar to bacterial plasmids.What similiar properties do they exhibit& what difference
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A prophage is a viral genome which has been incorporated into the bacterial genome.\n\nA plasmid is similar in that it is foreign DNA incorporated into the bacteria, but not as part of the main bacterial chromosome. Plasmids are replicated and transcribed seperately from the rest of the bacterial genome.
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Protein is correct - the interesting thing is that every plant and animal on earth uses the same genetic code to produce the same proteins. Bacteria are so distantly related that they have a few substitutions in their genetic code - but it's still very similar to our own. \n\nThere is  aother substance that DNA produces - but not with the same coding. It's rarely mentioned because we don't know as much about its role - it's RNA. In fact there are probably more RNA genes then protein coding genes.
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Maybe prokaryotes. But I'm not sure... I think there's still a debate about them cause they're not really living creatures... They are "alive" when they are inside a host, but otherwise, they're just lifeless proteins.. :)
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Hi friend,\nSince your question is a bit technical, i assume that you are from a microbiology/biochemistry background. Hence the answer too is given with technical details. If you can't digest it, i may be able to give a simpler explanation. Just leave a comment alongside the answer.\nIt is also assumed that ur querry is about rRNA differences between EUBACTERIA and Archaea.\n\nGenerally speaking, unlike Bacterial RNA, archaean  RNAs are not capable of catalysis in the absence of other enzyme components. The structural basis of this deficiency must be in the  differences in  bacterial and archaeal sequences or higher order structure. \n    Secondary structure in Archean RNA contains all but one helix present in that of Bacterial structure, the 2 bp helix P11. This structure is adjacent to a large region in which the structure remains unknown even in bacterial RNase P RNAs. \n\n           In Eubacteria, rRNA modification is achieved exclusively by site-specific enzymes while in archaea and eukaryotes the formation of 2-O-methylriboses and pseudouridines is guided by numerous snoRNA that direct a catalytic machinery to the target sites on the pre-rRNA.        \n         \nMore over the GC content of the paired stem regions of the 16S rRNA genes in Archaea is very high and it correlates somewhat with the high  temperatureconditions they grow (or evolved in)\n\nThat's what i know of the differences. Hope thats clear,\nBye..
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Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms. They are mostly unicellular, and they have no nucleus and other cell structures.\n\nProtists and Fungi, on the other hand, are eukaryotes, which are unicellular or multicellular organisms that have a nucleus and complex structures like mitochondria and chloroplasts.\n\nfor more details, go to an encyclopedia website like http://www.wikipedia.org
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1.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2. Viruses are neither unicellular nor multicellular organisms; they are somewhere between being living and non-living. Viruses have genes and show inheritance, but are reliant on host cells to produce new generations of viruses. Many viruses have similarities to complex molecules. Because viruses are dependent on host cells for their replication they are generally not classified as "living". Whether they are "alive", they are obligate parasites, and have no form which can reproduce independently of their host. Like most parasites, they have a specific host range, sometimes specific to one species (or even limited cell types of one species) and sometimes more general.\n\n3. protozoa and algae. I don't know why\n\n4. The protozoa are mostly single-celled, motile, and feed by phagocytosis, though there are numerous exceptions. They are usually only 0.01-0.5 mm in size, generally too small to be seen without a microscope. They are ubiquitous throughout aqueous environments and the soil, commonly surviving dry periods as cysts or spores, and include several important parasites. Based on locomotion, protozoa are grouped into:\n\nFlagellates with long flagella  -like Euglena\nAmoeboids with transient pseudopodia   -like Amoeba\nCiliates with multiple, short cilia    -Paramecium\nSporozoa non-motile parasites; form spores like Plasmodium.\n\n\n\n5. The algae gather light energy through photosynthesis. They include many single-celled creatures that are also considered protozoa, such as Euglena and Paramecium bursaria, which have acquired chloroplasts through secondary endosymbiosis. Others are non-motile, and some are truly multicellular, including some members of the following groups:\nChlorophytes green algae, related to higher plants  -like Ulva\nRhodophytes red algae  -like Porphyra\nHeterokontophytes brown algae, diatoms, etc.  -like Macrocystis\n\nThe green and red algae, along with a small group called the glaucophytes, appear to be close relatives of other plants, and so some authors treat them as Plantae despite their simple organization. Most other types of algae, however, developed separately. They include the haptophytes, cryptomonads, dinoflagellates, euglenids, and chlorarachniophytes, all of which have also been considered protozoans.\n\n\n6.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8. hyphae is any of the threadlike filaments forming the mycelium of a fungus. Hyphae is a long, branching filament that, with other hyphae, forms the feeding thallus of a fungus called the mycelium. Hyphae are also found enveloping the gonidia in lichens, making up a large part of their structure. A typical hypha consists of a tubular wall, usually made of chitin, which surrounds, supports, and protects the cells that compose a hypha. For most fungi, a cell within a hyphal filament is separated from other cells by internal cross-walls called septa (singular septum).\n\nSome forms of parasitic fungi have a portion of their hyphae modified to form haustoria that are able to penetrate the tissues of a host organism. Similar, yet mutualistic forms of penetrating hyphae are called mycorrhizae and are important in assisting nutrient and water absorption by plants.\n\n\n\n9. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10. Lichen is a fungus, usually of the class Ascomycetes, that grows symbiotically with algae, resulting in a composite organism that characteristically forms a crustlike or branching growth on rocks or tree trunks.
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First off jamesmusik84's is completely wrong. Please don't consider any of it. The second answer is along the right path, except I have no idea what the reference to antibiotic is suggesting and some viruses have RNA genomes but many more have DNA genomes. And as far as bacteria go, both RNA and DNA are present inside there cells.\n\nSo, the answer to your question. Let's start this way: Bacteria are small single-celled organisms. Unllike eukaryotic cells (like the ones that make up animals, plants, fungi and many single-celled organisms such as yeasts) which package their genetic material (DNA) in membrane structures called nuclei, bacteria (which are also referred to as prokaryotes) don't have a nucleus. Bacteria also don't have other organelles which are found in eukaryotes, such as endoplasmic reticulum, mitochandria, chloroplasts, golgi bodies, etc. But like eukaryotes, bacteria do have an outer lipid membrane.\n\nSo, you can think of bacteria of little fluid filled sacs. Along with eukaryotic, bacteria are an example of "cells" which are the smallest unit of living things on earth.\n\nViruses, on the other hand, do not have an outer membrane. They don't the capacity to make their own proteins. They don't have the capacity ot replicate or metabolize on their own -- of which bacteria (and eukaryotes) do. It's for this reason that we don't consider viruses "living" things. Viruses have to "infect" a cell -- injecting its genetic material inside -- and use the cell's metabolic machinery to reproduce.\n\nViruses are essentially small protein "capsules" that have a piece of genetic information packaged inside. Because viruses are required to infect a cell to propogate themselves, they are classified as obligate intra-cellular pathogens.\n\nViruses tend to only infect specific cell types. Some infect bacteria. Some infect plants. Others infect animals. The specificity of what a virus can infect is goes beyond whether they can infect bacteria, plants or animals. Usually viruses have to infect a very specific animal, plant or bacteria. And even in the case of viruses that infect animals and plants, not only do the infect specif animals, they are usually limited to a few cell types whithin that animal.\n\nTake HIV for example: to the best of my knowledge HIV only infects humans (i.e. the "H" in HIV -- Human Immunodeficiency Virus). But it doesn't just infect any human cell. HIV only infects white blood cells -- specifically a class of white blood cells called T cells (there are many other "classes" of white blood cells including such things as B cells, NK cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and macrophages).\n\nI hope this sheds some light on the matter.
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bacteria are prokaryotic(no nucleus)
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A bacterium is a microscopic unicellular organism with a simple cell structure, they procreate by fission, that is splitting and sharing DNA.\n\nA virus is a submicroscopic parasite which invades living cells, including bacteria, and hijacks the cell's systems to force the cell to make copies of the virus.
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A virus needs to be able to enter the cell in some form or fashion. An e.coil phage will inject its genetic material into the bacterial cell. For animal viruses, many times the virus will fuse with the host cell and enter that way. Once a virus; more importantly the viral DNA is inside the cell, replication is achieved when the viral DNA can be replicated using the host cells organelles. Inside the cell it is a race for the Viral DNA to be replicated before the cells defenses realize there is material in the cell that doesn't belong. Once the viral DNA is replicated, that DNA is taken to the ribosomes where viral proteins are made, and those proteins will eventually be put together to make a new virus.
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Virus contains a nucleic acid core wrapped in a protein coat. This coat is called a capsid. Some viruses contain an envelope, constructed from the host cell membrane. The nucleic acid core may be DNA ( double strand, single strand), or RNA ( single strand, double strand), but never both. The shape of these viruses vary from spherical, cylindrical, bullet-shaped , to amorphous shaped particles. They vary in diameter from 18 to 300 nm. Viruses must infect a living cell. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Some viruses are hardier than others ( hepatitis virus can withstand short periods of boiling; most viruses are destroyed by this).\n \nBacteria are true cells.  Their DNA is singular and circular and found in the nucleoid region of the bacterial cell.  They also contain small double strand ring of DNA called PLASMIDS.\nMost bacteria reproduce by binary fission. There is only one origin of replication. 2 replication forks move in opposite directions. Bacteria can completely divide in 20 minutes under optimal conditions. They are either free-living or parasitic like the virus.  Most bacteria are helpful though some cause some serious diseases.  They mainly help us with decomposition of dead material.
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Hi, i've read of an article about microbiology and genetic engineering; to sum it up, here goes:\nIn recent years, bacteriology has been greatly expanded from its concentration on bacterial disease. The discovery that bacteria fix nitrogen in the root nodules of leguminous plants (see Nitrogen Fixation) has led to attempts to inoculate the roots of other plant strains and thereby increase soil fertility and the productivity of food crops. Some bacteria are able to digest petroleum and other hydrocarbons; others absorb phosphorus. These bacteria are being intensively investigated as possible aids in cleaning up oil spills and removing phosphorus from sewage sludge. Other bacteria may be more efficient than yeast at producing alcohol and are being explored in the search for new energy sources. Escherichia coli, a normal inhabitant of the human intestinal tract, is the most thoroughly studied of all organisms. Studies of the mechanisms of genetic exchange and the biology of plasmids and bacteriophages (see Bacteriophage) of E. coli have been crucial in understanding many aspects of DNA replication and the expression of genetic material. These studies have led to the ability to insert DNA from unrelated organisms into E. coli plasmids and bacteriophages and to have that DNA replicated by the bacteria, with the genetic information it contains expressed by the bacteria. It is thus possible for bacteria to become living factories for scarce biological products such as human insulin, interferon, and growth hormone.
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becouse each strain of bacteria have their own specialized DNA sequence
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How is Recombinant DNA made? \nThere are three different methods by which Recombinant DNA is made. They are \nTransformation, Phage Introduction, and Non-Bacterial Transformation. Each \nare described separately below. \n\nTransformation\nThe first step in transformation is to select a piece of DNA to be inserted \ninto a vector. The second step is to cut that piece of DNA with a restriction \nenzyme and then ligate the DNA insert into the vector with DNA Ligase. The insert contains a selectable \nmarker which allows for identification of recombinant molecules. An antibiotic \nmarker is often used so a host cell without a vector dies when exposed to a certain \nantibiotic, and the host with the vector will live because it is resistant. \n\nThe vector is inserted into a host cell, in a process called transformation. One \nexample of a possible host cell is E. Coli. The host cells must be specially \nprepared to take up the foreign DNA. \n\nSelectable markers can be for antibiotic resistance, color changes, or any other \ncharacteristic which can distinguish transformed hosts from untransformed hosts. \nDifferent vectors have different properties to make them suitable to different \napplications. Some properties can include symmetrical cloning sites, size, and \nhigh copy number. \n\nNon-Bacterial Transformation\nThis is a process very similar to Transformation, which was described above. The \nonly difference between the two is non-bacterial does not use bacteria such as E. Coli \nfor the host. \n\nIn microinjection, the DNA is injected directly into the nucleus of the cell being \ntransformed. In biolistics, the host cells are bombarded with high velocity \nmicroprojectiles, such as particles of gold or tungsten that have been coated \nwith DNA. \n\nPhage Introduction\nPhage introduction is the process of transfection, which is equivalent to transformation, \nexcept a phage is used instead of bacteria. In vitro packagings of a vector is used. \nThis uses lambda or MI3 phages to produce phage plaques which contain recombinants. \nThe recombinants that are created can be identified by differences in the \nrecombinants and non-recombinants using various selection methods.
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Eukaryotic...Prokaryotic are bacteria cells...Hope it helps!
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Plasmids often contain genes for drug resistance and are used in genetic engineering, since they can be transmitted between bacteria of the same and different species.\n\nThat's the only one with any survival qualities.
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1.Mitochondria have a set of double membranes, as do most bacteria; and the lipid composition of mitochondrial membranes shows no similarities with the eukaryotic cell cytoplasm. If mitochondria evolved inside of proto eukaryote, their membrane composition would be expected to be of the same material. Instead, it appears that mitochondrial membranes more closely resemble bacterial membranes in terms of lipid composition \n\n2.The inner-membrane infoldings in the mitochondria lend more credence to the symbiosis theory. the infoldings (cristae) "are adaptations that increase the surface area of oxidative enzymes, evolutionary analogues to the mesosomal membranes of many prokaryotes" . In addition, the cristae keep the various enzymes segregated according to use, as do bacteria\n\n3.Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA sequences bear much more in common with bacteria than with ribosomes in the eukaryotic cytoplasm. For example, n-formylmethionyl transfer RNA has been found to exist only in mitochondria and bacteria \n\n4. Not only do mitochondria possess their own DNA, but it is circular, as is bacterial DNA; and DNA synthesis is continuous as opposed to that of eukaryotic nuclear DNA. Furthermore, the ratio of guanine-cytosine base pairs in mitochondrial DNA is proportionately higher, as with bacteria, than in eukaryotic nuclear DNA\n\n5.Mitochondrial division resembles bacterial reproduction.  "Genetic recombination in (mitochondria) is far more reminiscent of phage and bacterial sexuality than it is of eukaryotic nuclear sexual behavior