What is "Field Theory"?
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In electrical engineering, it's the study of electromagnetic fields which are combinations of electric and magnetic fields that propagate in transmission lines or in space. Read about "Maxwell's Equations" to get the history of field theory. It's probably the toughest subject to study and understand in electrical engineering because Maxwell's Equations use differential and integral calculus to develop field theory.
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The universal field theory is still being attempted. You see the field theory which governs large things like planets doesn't cover things which are small. By small we are talking molecular. You see when Hawking first realized that black holes aren't persistant and that they do burn out he realized that the particles within them must act differently that those of larger size (planets) and now he and some others are trying to prove a universal field theory that covers all of them. \n\nThat's about as simple as I can make it man without filling page after page.
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String theory is a model of fundamental physics whose building blocks are one-dimensional extended objects (strings) rather than the zero-dimensional points (particles) that are the basis of the Standard Model of particle physics. For this reason, string theories are able to avoid problems associated with the presence of pointlike particles in a physical theory. Studies of string theories have revealed that they require not just strings but also higher-dimensional objects.
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systems theory is an interdisciplinary field which studies relationships among the systems as a whole.a system is composed of regularly interacting or interdependent groups .
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Quantum physics is a fundamental physical theory that replaces Newtonian mechanics and classical electromagnetism at the atomic and subatomic levels.  It is the underlying framework of many fields of physics and chemistry, including condensed matter physics, quantum chemistry, and particle physics. Often, it is the answer to questions when general relativity fails.
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read this page\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(physics)
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I'll just cite the theories I know (I'M SURE OF THIS ANSWERS BUT THE NEXT ONES>>> 50/50.. ^^\nWave theory of light\nParticle Theory of light\nElectromagnetic theory \nQuantum theory \nPhotoelectric Theory\n\n\nOr you can check this out at www.wikipedia.org\nbut i'm not really sure if it is.. but i think... ^^ \nOverview\nA physical theory is a model of physical events and cannot be proven from basic axioms. A physical theory is different from a mathematical theorem; physical theories model reality and are a statement of what has been observed, and provide predictions of new observations.\n\nHence, more is involved than the application, or even invention, of mathematics — to wit: concept formation. Archimedes realized that one could determine the volume of an irregularly-shaped object by immersing it in a liquid, and that a ship floats by displacing its weight of water. Pythagoras understood the relation between the length of a vibrating string and the musical tone it produces, and how to calculate the length of a rectangle's diagonal. Other examples include entropy as a measure of the uncertainty regarding the positions and motions of unseen particles and the quantum mechanical idea that (action and) energy are not continuously variable. Sometimes it is the vision of mathematicians which provides the clue; e.g., the notion, due to Riemann and others, that space itself might be curved.\n\nTheoretical advances often consist in setting aside old paradigms\n\nHeat is a fluid called caloric. \nBurning consists of evolving phlogiston. \nAstronomical bodies revolve around the Earth. \noften replacing them with new ones\n\nPhysical objects are made up of molecules and atoms. \nDiseases can be caused by unseen microbes. \nEnergy is exchanged in discrete packets called quanta. \nPhysical theories become accepted if they are able to make correct predictions and avoid incorrect ones. All else being equal, simple theories tend to be accepted over theories which are complex. (But conceptual simplicity may mean mathematical complexity.) They are also more likely to be accepted if they connect a wide range of phenomena. Testing the consequences of a theory is part of the scientific method.\n\nPhysical theories can be grouped into three categories: mainstream theories, proposed theories and fringe theories.\n\n[edit]\nHistory\nFor more details on this topic, see History of physics. \nTheoretical physics began, at least 2,300 years ago under the pre-Socratic Greek philosophers, and continued by Plato; and Aristotle, whose views held sway for a millennium. In medieval times, during the rise of the universities, the only acknowledged intellectual disciplines were theology, mathematics, medicine, and law. As the concepts of matter, energy, space, time and causality slowly began to acquire the form we know today, other sciences spun off from the rubric of natural philosophy. During the Renaissance, the modern concept of experimental science, the counterpoint to theory, began with Francis Bacon. The modern era of theory began perhaps with the Copernican paradigm shift in astronomy, soon followed by the actual planetary orbits due to Kepler, based on the meticulous observations of Tycho.\n\nThe great push toward the modern concept of explanation started with Galileo, one of the few physicists who was both a consummate theoretician and a great experimentalist. The analytic geometry and mechanics of Descartes was incorporated into the calculus and mechanics of Isaac Newton, another theoretician/experimentalist of the highest order. Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Leonhard Euler and William Rowan Hamilton would extend the theory of classical mechanics considerably. Each of these individuals picked up the interactive intertwining of mathematics and physics begun two millennia earlier by Pythagoras.\n\nAmong the great conceptual achievements of the 19th and 20th centuries were the consolidation of the idea of energy by the inclusion of h
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A scientific theory is very, very different from a layman's theory.\n\nA scoentific theory has gone from a hypothesis (which is closer to the layman's term theory) to having been tested repeatedly and having been proven correct. However, the difference between a theory and a law is falsification, which is a crazy word to define.\n\nBasically, a theory cannot be made into a law until it has been proven that the *opposite* of that theory is false.\n\nFirst law of thermodynamics, for example. In any process, the total energy of the universe remains constant. This has been proven. It has also been proven that the opposite is NOT true--the total energy of the universe not remaining constant is false.\n\nTheory of evolution. People and so on evolved from lower organisms. This is provable. However, "people did not evolve from lower organisms" has not yet been proven false.\n\nBoggles the mind, doesn't it?
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon\n\nalso search http://www.arXiv.org
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There are some fields of human activity that exist and develop, solely for the advancement of knowledge, regardless of whether we find any use of that knowledge or not. Theoretical Physics in general (and particle physics in particular), happens to be one of those fields. Though the results of particle physics may someday prove useful in many areas that DO exist solely for their utility, theoretical and experimental particle physics, for the most part, do not have the utility factor in view. \n\nHence, particle physicists do not need to provide justification of their discoveries of particles in materialistic or utilitarian terms. I hope that answers your question.
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Quantum mechanics is a fundamental physical theory which extends and corrects Newtonian mechanics, especially at the atomic and subatomic levels. It is the underlying framework of many fields of physics and chemistry, including condensed matter physics, quantum chemistry, and particle physics. The term quantum (Latin, "how much") refers to the discrete units that the theory assigns to certain physical quantities, such as the energy of an atom at rest.
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M-Theory\n\nThere are an infinite number of alternate realities which are integrating. Space-time distortions are occuring. For those who are clear, the observation and experience of these happenings is breathtaking. For others who are experiencing 'blindly' - to be 'out of phase' will cause confusion and fear.\n\nM-Theory unites the 5 superstring theories. According to M-Theory there are 11 spacial dimensions that exist in parallel with our physical reality. That goes along with the theory of 12 or 12 around 1 yet M-theory is not complete as all expands in reality and consciousness.\n\n      M-theory (sometimes also called U-theory) is a theory of physics, which is believed to incorporate and generalize the various superstring theories. Edward Witten proposed the existence of this physical model at a conference at USC in 1995, explaining a number of previously observed dualities and sparking a flurry of new research in string theory.\n\n      What does M stand for?\n\n      When Witten named M-theory, he did not specify what the "M" stood for, presumably because he did not feel he had the right to name a theory which he had not been able to fully describe. According to Witten himself, "'M' stands for 'Magic,' 'Mystery' or 'Membrane,' depending on your taste." Also suggested, has been 'Matrix' and 'Mother of all theories'. Cynics have noted that the M might be an upside down "W", standing for Witten. Others have suggested that for now, the "M" in M-theory should stand for Missing or Murky.\n\n      The name M-theory is slightly ambiguous. It can be used to refer to both the particular eleven-dimensional theory which Witten first proposed, or it can be used to refer to a kind of Uber theory which looks in various limits like the various string theories. Ashoke Sen has suggested that more general theory could go by the name U-theory, which might stand for Ur, or Uber, or Ultimate, or Underlying, or perhaps Unified. (It might also stand for U-duality, which is both a reference to Sen's own work and a kind of particle physics pun.) M-theory in the following descriptions refers to the more general theory, and will be specified when used in its more limited sense.\n\nIf you recall, I have written that the 'M' and the 'W' reverse at the end of time. Some see it as Man and Woman. They will rotate 180 [9] degrees - a 'U'. The 'M' and the 'W' can also be brought together - their ends meeting - then rotated 90 [9] degrees to form an hourglass. The possibilities are endless and will be studied until the end of time.\n\n      M-theory is not complete. It can be applied in many situations (usually by exploiting string theoretic dualities), but the full theory is not yet known. The theory of electromagnetism was also in such a state in the mid-19th century. There were separate theories for electricity and magnetism, and although they were known to be related, it was not clear until Maxwell published his equations just what the relationship was. Witten has suggested that a general formulation will probably require the development of new mathematical language.\n\n      It was shown in the early 1990s that the various superstring theories were related by dualities, which allowed physicists to relate the description of an object in one string theory to the description of a different object in another theory. These relationships imply that each of the string theories is a different aspect of a single underlying theory, which has been named "M-theory".\n\n      More from Wikipedia \n\nM-Theory was the underlying theme in the film, What the Bleep!\n\nM-Theory by George Minaya\n\nThe merging of dimensions integrates your consciousness and expands your awareness to the next level of understanding which will be followed by the merging of your soul aspects with other realities in which it experien
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It is hard to explain here. \n\nIt is a hypothetical particle predicted by standard model of particle physics. And it was originally predicted by Peter Higgs.
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Umm, there's lots of stuff:\nParticle in a box, kinda interesting, since it can actually be applied to describe real life phenomena\nYou can calculate the shapes of the orbitals of an electron by using heisenbergs uncertainty principle and shroedingers eqn-that was interesting\nCrystal field theory-fun\nThe idea that time is not constant, that's kinda cool\nCalculating the potential energy of molecules and reactions, kinda interesting\nNMR-those are cool.  Seriously-it's like solving puzzles.  i would do it in my free time it's so fun\nThere are about a million cool things about the brain and it's chemistry-I can't even list them, but I have to mention I just read an article that said that "runners high" is caused by a chemical that is very similar to THC, not endorphins, they can't cross the blood brain barrier.\nHumans seem to have a prewired sense of what a verb and noun are, before being taught.  And can sort them as very small children.\nAnd finally, newtonian physics is not overly interesting, but I been loving the free body for so long it's kinda fun, now.\nOh, and I just read that there's no pattern capable of predicting what numbers will be prime.  That's interesting.\nI could go on and on.
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Quantum gravity is a theoretical field of study which attempts to unite the forces of Quantum Mechanics(the Weak, Strong and Electromagnetic) to the Gravity Force found in General Relativity.  In theory, 'quantum gravity' (gravity observed/explained on the scope of the subatomic) would bring about a Grand Unifed Theory.  The search for quantum gravity (if it even exists, some would argue) is considered one of the most pressing challenges in modern physics.
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There are many branches of physics.  It depends on exactly what branch you are interested in.  For a very comprehensive guide, check out Wikipedia:\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Major_fields_of_physics\n\nI am personally interested in theoretical astrophysics and particle physics.  These two are extremely hot right now in the physics world, with enourmous academic resources being devoted to the study of String Theory.  This is because String Theory purports to unify two branches of physics that are widely accepted as true, and yet conflict with each other.  These conflicting branches of physics are:\n\n1.  Quantum Physics\nThis is the study of the very small (molecules / atoms / quarks etc.), and it has been experimentally verified and widely accepted.  But it only accurately describes things on very small scales.\n\n2.  General Relativity\nThis is the study of the very large (planets, stars, galaxies), and it too has been repeatedly verified.  But it only describes things on non-microscopic scales.\n\nWhy should nature be divided between two totally different theories of matter?  This seems to indicate a problem, that our knowledge of the world is still far from complete.  A single "unified" theory should be found which unites the two, and this Unified Field Theory has been the "holy grail" of physicists ever since Einstein began the search years ago.  One leading theory is widely believed to meet this challenge:  String Theory.  It unifies the theories of the very large and the very small, mathematically anyway.  Its only weakness is that it lacks direct experimental confirmation.  But there are indirect observations, such as the distribution of stars throughout space being an interpretation of quantum processes (the theory being that all matter everywhere was once compacted into a microscopic region and then expanded during the Big Bang, retaining in some way at least some of the properties it had when it was extremely small).\n\nThe most influential physicists can be found here:\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-index\n\n..."influential" meaning that their research is extensively cited in academic papers and journals.\n\nIf you want to get a head start, you should start reading books targeted for common people (as opposed to mathematical professionals).  There are many, many books like this.  But I would point you to the following ones to get you started:\n\n1.  The Fabric of the Cosmos (by Brian Greene)\n2.  The Elegant Universe (by Brian Greene)\n3.  A Brief History of Time (by Stephen Hawking)\n4.  Six Easy Pieces (by Richard Feynman)\n5.  Parallel Worlds (by Michio Kaku)\n\nI recommend that you start with #1 above, if theoretical particle and astro physics are your thing.  Greene has a keen ability to explain complex subjects to non-physics majors in a way that most people can understand.\n\nA search on Amazon.com for any of the above titles will allow you to buy the book (new or used); also, you will likely find Hawking's and Feynman's books in any library, where you can read it for free.\n\nOne thing to remember is that the above books do not need to be read or understood in their entirety.  If you feel like you do not understand something, skip past it until you get to something you do understand.  There is a wealth of fascinating information that will blow your mind if you just invest the time, so don't get intimidated from reading if you run into a road block.\n\nGood luck!  And don't give up until your mind is dizzy with amazement about the nature of the universe around you -- it must have that effect, or you haven't gotten it yet.
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Anew theory of gravity as well as a unified field theory (UFT) are being proposed, showing how the four force fields work together, implicating also a fifth field. A main feature of this new model is the proposal of the existence of diallel, gravitational-field lines that emanate from every entity. For the earth, for example, they emanate radially from its center. These diallel lines provide a conduit for combined particle and wave flow and exchange beyond the speed of light, and they have quantum states similar to the atom. On the web site, we present a general field equation showing the importance of energy density in this new UFT. We also present a new gravitational force equation, that has as a special case the commonly accepted gravitational equation.