elongation of both single-walled carbon nanotube and multi-walled carbon nanotube?
445632
Ouch! I think you will have to go to a journal article for this.\n\nI was offered a project on fullerines, however i chose education instead.\n\nThe reality is that fullerines (nanotubes being a fullerine) are such a modern area of study that there are only a few experts in the world. These in deep study and often still developing information.\n\nI suggest an inorganic chemistry journal (although fullerines are carbon, most of the work done is inorganic chemistry).\n\nI think Mitsubishi recently started developing large stocks of fullerines for laboratories to use so hopefully more information on them will blossom from the research.
887241
Bond length is directly related to bond order, when more electrons participate in bond formation the bond will get shorter. Bond length is also directly related to bond strength and the bond dissociation energy as a stronger bond is also a shorter bond. In a bond between two identical atoms half the bond distance is equal to the covalent radius. Bond lengths are measured in molecules by means of x-ray diffraction. A set of two atoms sharing a bond is unique going from one molecule to the next. For example the carbon to hydrogen bond in methane is different from that in methyl chloride. It is however possible to make generalizations when the general structure is the same.\n\n\n\nIn chemistry, bond energy (E) is a measure of bond strength in a chemical bond. For example the carbon-hydrogen bond energy in methane E(C–H) is the enthalpy change involved with breaking up one molecule of methane into a carbon atom and 4 hydrogen radicals divided by 4. Bond energy (E) should not be confused with bond dissociation energy.
794460
Diamonds are not forever\n\nPhysicists in Germany have created a material that is harder than diamond. Natalia Dubrovinskaia and colleagues at the University of Bayreuth made the new material by subjecting carbon-60 molecules to immense pressures. The new form of carbon, which is known as aggregated diamond nanorods, is expected to have many industrial applications (App. Phys. Lett. 87 083106).\n\nThe hardness of a material is measured by its isothermal bulk modulus. Aggregated diamond nanorods have a modulus of 491 gigapascals (GPa), compared with 442 GPa for conventional diamond. Dubrovinskaia and two of her co-workers - Leonid Dubrovinky and Falko Langenhorst - have patented the process used to make the new material.\n\nDiamond derives its hardness from the fact that each carbon atom is connected to four other atoms by strong covalent bonds. The new material is different in that it is made of tiny interlocking diamond rods. Each rod is a crystal that has a diameter of between 5 and 20 nanometres and a length of about 1 micron.
309813
ClOC-(CH2)10-COCl + H2N-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-NH2 -------->\nadipoyl chloride         +    hexamethylene diamine\nH2N-(CH2)6-NH(O)C-(CH2)10-CO-NH-(CH2)6-NH(O)C-(CH2)...etc\n\nDifficult to do without drawing, but adipoyl chloride is the acid chloride shown, and hexamethylene diamine is the diamine drawn, the second molecule.  \n\nThe amine has two nucleophilic centres, and the acid chloride, two elextrophilic centres.  These react together to form a long polymeric chain of many repeating units.  There are many forms of Nylon, which are made in the same way using molecules of different chain lengths.  FOr example the first form of Nylon was Nylon 6,6 - made from the same amine as yours, but from an acid chloride containing 4 less methylene (CH2) spacers.  The bonds joining the two molecules together are AMIDE or PEPTIDE bonds.  These are the same bonds which join amino acids together to make proteins, which are formed from DNA.\n\nI hope this helps.
532702
If you want serious nanochemistry, look for ALD - atomic layer deposition.  Dr Sean Barry at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada works this kind of nanochemistry.
756500
I've got both the strongest natural and man-made materials for you:\n\n---MAN-MADE---\n\nCarbon Nanotubes:\nA carbon molecule that resembles a chicken wire-linked cylinder one to two nanometers in diameter and about a millimeter in length. Accidentally discovered by a Japanese researcher at NEC in 1990 while making Buckyballs, they have potential for use in a variety of applications. With a tensile strength 10 times greater than steel at about one quarter the weight, nanotubes are considered the strongest material for their weight known to mankind.  \n\n---Natural---\n\nSpider Silk:\nSpider silk is a remarkably strong material. Its tensile strength is comparable to that of high-grade steel.  Although, the notion that spider silk is stronger than any other fiber now known is thus erroneous, especially considering current research with carbon nanotubes that have yielded stronger fibers.
839048
a.  Expanded shell/with 6 pairs of electrons around the central molecule.\n\nb.  Expanded octet with four shared pairs and one unshared pair.\n\nc.  Not sure but free radical with one double bond between an oxygen and and Cl.
13646
Molecular nanotechnology ("MNT") is an anticipated manufacturing technology that would allow precise control and positional assembly of molecule-sized building blocks through the use of nano-scale manipulator arms. Molecular nanotechnology is usually considered distinct from the more inclusive term "nanotechnology", which is now used to refer to a wide range of scientific or technological projects that focus on phenomena or properties of the nanometer scale (around 0.1-100nm). Nanotechnology is already a blossoming field, but molecular nanotechnology - the goal of productive, molecular-scale machine systems - is still in the preliminary research stage.\n\nNanotechnology was first introduced in 1959, in a talk by the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman, entitled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom". Feynman proposed using a set of conventional-sized robot arms to construct a replica of themselves, but one-tenth the original size, then using that new set of arms to manufacture an even smaller set, and so on, until the molecular scale is reached. If we had many millions or billions of such molecular-scale arms, we could program them to work together to create macro-scale products built from individual molecules - a "bottom-up manufacturing" technique, as opposed to the usual technique of cutting away material until you have a completed component or product - "top-down manufacturing".\n\nFeynman's idea remained largely undiscussed until the mid-80s, when the MIT-educated engineer K. Eric Drexler published "Engines of Creation", a book to popularize the potential of molecular nanotechnology. Because MNT would allow manufacturers to fabricate products from the bottom up with precise molecular control, a very wide range of chemically possible structures could be created. Since MNT systems could put every molecule in its specific place, molecular manufacturing processes could be very clean and efficient. Also, because every little bit of matter in an molecular nanotechnology system would be part of a nano-scale manipulator, nanotechnological systems could be far more productive and maintain much higher throughputs than modern manufacturing techniques, which use macro-scale manipulators to fabricate products.\n\nTo initiate an MNT revolution would require an "assembler" - a reprogrammable nano-scale manipulator capable of creating a wide range of molecular structures, including a complete copy of itself. The first assemblers will only function effectively in lab-controlled environments, such as a vacuum. The advent of self-replicating molecular nanomachines could quickly lead to "desktop nanofactories", tabletop appliances that consume modest amounts of power and contain the software required to manufacture an interesting range of useful products. The arrival of MNT would revolutionize wide sectors of human activity, including manufacturing, medicine, scientific research, communication, computing, and warfare. When full-blown molecular nanotechnology will arrive is currently unknown, but many experts foresee its arrival between 2010 and 2020.\n\n\nNANOTECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION\nWhat is Nanotechnology?\nLast Updated: Tuesday, 03-May-2005 16:46:15 PDT \nThe term "nanotechnology" has evolved over the years via terminology drift to mean "anything smaller than microtechnology," such as nano powders, and other things that are nanoscale in size, but not referring to mechanisms that have been purposefully built from nanoscale components. See our "Current Uses" page for examples. This evolved version of the term is more properly labeled "nanoscale bulk technology," while the original meaning is now more properly labeled "molecular nanotechnology" (MNT), or "nanoscale engineering," or "molecular mechanics," or "molecular machine systems," or "molecular manufacturing
326124
Easton Stealth™ Overview:\nSc900™: 10% stronger than than the reliable Sc888™ alloy. Advanced Metal Matrix formula combines Aluminum, Scandium, Zinc, Copper, and Magnesium for superb strength.\ncXn™: Easton's patented ConneXion™ Technology. A two-piece design that uses an elastomer connector to mechanically interlock the handle to the barrel. The two pieces to act independently for a wide sweet spot and minimum vibration.\nCNT: Acronym for Carbon Nanotube. Its structure is one billionth of a meter in diameter. Because of their size, surface area, geometry and purity, carbon nanotubes are magnitudes stronger than continuous carbon fibers and metals used in manufacturing today.\nPro-Tack Grip: Soft and cushioned for a great feel with a tacky finish to improve the batter's grip
464354
Yes.  It is one example of a buckminsterfullerene (or fullerene or buckyball), which is one carbon allotrope.  Carbon has many other allotropes, including: diamond, graphite, and carbon nanotubes.\n\nBruce (below), "allotrope" does not mean "isotope."
728656
There isn't any longest one.\nThe atom carbon can form chains which means that you can always make a carbon chain longer by hooking up another C atom.\nMolecules like DNA have thousands of atoms.
1151044
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_6/chpt_7/5.html\nhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/electronic/nandlatch.html
848289
carbon needs 4 bonds to be stable. if there is not enough stuff around to make single bonds, it will be double. and still be more reactive wanting just single bonds
928985
Carbon in its hardest form
317532
Try here:\n\nhttp://megachem.co.jp/Structures/pdf/SM105.pdf#search='strut%20apparatus'
425043
HERE U GO\nThe Technology Roadmap for Productive Nanosystems will chart a path beginning with current nanotechnology capabilities to advanced systems. The Roadmap will detail a step-by-step course of development that must take place to move from one stage to another, with milestones for achieving each step. With the support and collaboration of our partners, The Waitt Family Foundation and Battelle, we will be able to identify the gap between the basic nanostructured materials of today, and the potential of productive nanosystems."\n—Marc Lurie, President, Foresight \n\n \nKeithley Instruments Taps into Pulse of Nano’s Next Wave of Test and Measurement Challenges\nNSTI Nanotech 2006 Highlights Keithley’s Three-Prong Effort to Speed Lab-to-Marketplace Path for Emerging Nano-Devices.\nBy Vance McCarthy \nTechConnect Summit Will Bring Together World’s Leading Technology Generators, Companies, and Investors to Boston in May\nSummit Will Feature Over Two Days Top Corporate Presentations and the World’s Most Promising IP and Venture Presentations Across Multiple Industries \nNSTI Nanotech 2006 Is Less Than 2 Weeks Away\nWorld’s Largest Nanotech Conference and Trade Show Will Feature More than 900 Business & Research Presentations, 300+ Exhibiting Companies, Comprehensive Ventures Program, and Job Fair \nOne Day Only: NSTI Nano Industrial Impact Workshop Taking Place at Nanotech 2006 Conference\nThe Nano Industrial Impact Workshop is a One-Day Intensive Program Designed to Educate Across a Range of Nanotechnologies and Its Impacted Industries. \nNano Science and Technology Institute and Museum of Science To Host Nanotech Awards Banquet and Education Fund Raiser Tuesday, May 9, in Boston\nReception and Dinner at the Hynes Will Honor Top Nanotechnology Achievements, With Proceeds Going to the Museum of Science for its Nanoscale Informal Science Education Network. \nNanotechnology Driving Big Advances in Cancer Imaging\nSpecial collaborative feature with National Cancer Institute\nBy Joe Alper\n\nNanotechnology generally refers to mechanisms or electronics built on a microscopic scale. Here is a good link that illustrates the point.
698381
a) 26 e- total, one lone pair, 3 bonding pairs gives 4 attachments, then: trigonal pyramidal shape, ideally 109.5°, bonds deviatie by being smaller\nb) 36 e- total, two lone pair, 4 bonding pairs gives 6 attachments, then: square base planar, ideally 90°, bonds do not deviatie\nc) 26 e- total, one lone pair, 3 bonding pairs gives 4 attachments, then: trigonal pyramidal shape, ideally 109.5°, bonds deviatie by being smaller\nd) 42 e- total, one lone pair, 5 bonding pairs gives 6 attachments, then: saw horse shape, ideally 90°, bonds deviatie by being smaller