why does intestinal flora help synthesize vitamin K?
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Certain bacteria have evolved into a symbiotic relationship with their human host.  In exchange for producing a vitamin that humans are unable to synthesis on their own, the body’s immune system does not mount a strong immune response against the bacteria.\n\nThis was advantageous for the host (humans) in areas where diets rich in vitamin K were rare or seasonal and beneficial for the bacteria.\n\nOr if you prefer Creationism to evolutionary theory… “Because God said so”
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This is a great source for you:\nhttp://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ogunseitan/student.asp\nEnjoy the microbes!\n;-D
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No.\nA vitamin is an organic molecule required by a living organism in minute amounts for proper health. An organism deprived of all sources of a particular vitamin will eventually suffer from disease symptoms specific to that vitamin.\n\nVitamins can be classified as either water soluble, which means they dissolve easily in water, or fat soluble, which means they are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids.\n\nIn general, an organism must obtain vitamins or their metabolic precursors from outside the body, most often from the organism's diet. Examples of vitamins that the human body can derive from precursors include vitamin A, which can be produced from beta carotene; niacin from the amino acid tryptophan; and vitamin D through exposure of skin to ultraviolet light.\n\nThe term vitamin does not encompass other essential nutrients such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids, nor is it used for the large number of other nutrients that merely promote health, but are not strictly essential.\n\nThe word vitamine was coined by the Polish biochemist Casimir Funk in 1912. Vita in Latin is life and the -amine suffix is for amine; at the time it was thought that all vitamins were amines.
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VITAMIN B\n\nAll vitamin B-Complex group are water soluble, and are linked together in several chemical ways. They are formed from either bacteria, yeast's, fungi, or moulds. \n\nThey are responsible for providing energy to the body during the conversion of glucose, from carbohydrates. They are also critically required for the metabolism of both fats and proteins, as well as the health and maintenance of the body's nervous system. \n\nVitamin B-1 Thiamine \nNecessary for proper metabolism of sugar and starch to provide energy. Maintains a healthy nervous system as well as aiding proper function of the heart and other muscles. Stress increases the need for B-1 and all B \nvitamins. \n\nFound in Brewer's yeast, wheat germ, oatmeal, whole wheat, bran, whole brown rice, black strap molasses, soybeans, and meats.  \n\nEffective with B-Complex, B-2, Folic Acid, Niacin, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Manganese. \n\nAlcohol interferes with the absorption of this water based vitamin. \n\nVitamin B-2 Riboflavin \nCritical in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Needed in the repair of the nails, skin and hair.  \n\nIf you are looking to produce a higher level of energy in the body, Vitamin B2 is the one of the more important nutrients. If you exercise every day, you are using up your vitamin B2 supply. \n\nCheese and milk are the best dietary sources of this vitamin, also green vegetables and whole grains. \n\nVitamin B-3 Niacin \nRequired for the synthesis of sex hormones, as well as being vital to the nervous system. It also aids circulation, and reduces serum cholesterol. \n\nBecause niacin dilates the blood vessels, many people taking this supplement regularly report the heat sensation and redness, commonly occurring in the area of the face. \n\nThe average daily dosage for adults is approximately 15 mg. Fish and chicken are good natural sources. \n\nVitamin B-6 Pyridoxine \nInvolved in the metabolism of fats, especially the unsaturated fatty acids. \nRequired by many amino acids for their metabolism, and also aids in the production of hydrochloric acid. \n\nThis vitamin must be present for the production of both red blood cells, and also antibodies. It plays an important role in the body's immune system \n\nB6 relieves a wide variety of PMS symptoms, such as breast tenderness, weight gain (water retention) and irritability. This very important vitamin has also been shown to be helpful in reducing or eliminating symptoms of nervous tremors and epileptic seizures. \n\nWhole grains are a good source of this vitamin. \n\nVitamin B-12 \nEssential for the correct functioning of all cells, especially bone marrow and nervous tissue, it is also required for red blood cell formation. \n\nNecessary for normal digestion, absorption of foods, proteins synthesis and carbohydrate and fat metabolism. \n\nFound in liver, kidney, meats, fish, dairy products and eggs. \n\nBiotin \nRequired in the formation of glycogen, and is also essential in the making of fatty acids. Biotin, found as an ingredient in many of today's shampoos and hair conditioners, is said to repair damaged hair and keep hair healthy. Can be found in Brewer's yeast and nuts. \n\nCholine \nCholine is an active factor in lecithin, and aids in the metabolism of fats. \nHelps lower cholesterol, transferring nerve impulse to the brain, helps against memory loss and senile dementia, aids the liver in removing poisons and drugs from the bloodstream. \n\nFound in egg yolk, milk, meat, legumes and whole grains.  \n\nPantothenic Acid \nHas an enhancing effect upon the adrenal glands, and is often taken during stressful conditions. It is also necessary during metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Helps form certain hormones and antibodies.  \n\nNeeded for maintenance of healthy digestive tract, skin, nerves and glands. Found in organ meats, brewer's yeast, egg yolk, whole grain cereal, chicken, bran, and nuts.  \n\nFolic acid \nIs active in the most
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>>>>>(IT IS NOT HOMEWORK! i am competing with a friend for the >>>>> best example)\n\nAnd cheating by asking strangers on the internet. I like the way you think.\n\nThe most extreme example of bacterial endosymbiosis amongst mammals is without a doubt the presence of mitochondria. You might not relaise it but mitochondria are stable line bacterial endosymbionts, complete with there own genetic structure. It's hard to top that.\n\nAfter that probably comes the entire rumen structure of ruminants. Its incredibly cmmplicated, but basically the stomach of cows and sheep is one massive bacterial fermentor. The cow eats grass but is totally unable to digest it. Instead it grinds the grass up fine and swallow sit to wet it. It leave sit in the stomach to fermenta while then brings it up to shew again after the bacteria have softened it. The food then goes back down for even more fermentation in the other three chambers of the stomach. To add to the elegance of this system cows don't just excrete their urea through their kidneys like other mammals. Urea is  a waste in mammals and is poisonous, but it is also a good fertiliser. Ruminants excrete their urea through their salivary glands. It then passes into the stomach and what was a poison to the cow becomes fertiliser for the bacetria, who convert the waste urea into protein that the cow can use. As a reuslt ruminants are the only mammals in the world tht can survive with no protein input intheir deit at all. Which explains why they have been so extraordinarily successful at surviving in harsh and low nutrient environments.\n\nLast comes the biosynthesis of vitamins. Mammals can't   make their own vitamins, they normally need to take it in on the food. However numerous mammals species from dogs to horses are able to harvest those vitamins from bacteria that grow in their guts. So although a dog lives on a diet that is horrendously deficient in 3 or four vitamins it never gets ill or needs to take vitamin tablets. Which is pretty clever.
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Whoa!  Some interesting 'answers' here.  Most of the vitamins work as 'co-factors' for enzymes.  As a co-factor, the enzyme requires the vitamin for it to function properly.  These co-factors are 'recyclable' (they are not consumed during their use by the enzyme) so large quantities are not needed.\n\nIt is important to recognize that some vitamins have other functions than as co-factors for enzymes.  Vitamin C, for example, also serves a major role as an anti-oxidant.  This role may lead to greater than a 'small dose' requirement for vitamin C (the research on this is ongoing).\n\nAdditionally, many enzymes that require vitamin co-factors are polymorphic; that is, they come in different forms based on the individual's genetic makeup.  Sometimes these variant enzymes require very, very high doses of the vitamin co-factor to work effectively.  This is sometimes call 'biochemical individuality'.  For some people, the 'RDA' of a certain vitamin can be thousands of times greater than the 'RDA' for the average person.\n\nHope this is helpful.  Best wishes and good luck.
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A combination of a broad spectum antibiotic and a gram + antibiotic. A good effect for a heavily infected individual especially with the presence of gram+ and gram- bacteria but for prolong use, will alter the intestinal flora, destroying all the friendly bacteria, causing poor absorption of water and minerals, loss of vitamins like K,B complex,etc.and diarrhea. It is better to identify the pathogenic bacteria and destroy it with a rightfully effective antibiotic. Less expense, less complications and surely effective.
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There is a delicate balance of Krebs Cycle intermediates, as different physiological conditions require different amounts of each one.  For example, if the body needs to make glucose (gluconeogenesis), it may remove oxaloacetate for this pathway.  Or if it is low for a specific amino acid, it may pull out certain Krebs Cycle intermediates to synthesize it, or it may use citrate to synthesize fatty acids. \n\nGenerally there is also reverse reactions that FILL UP Krebs Cycle intermediates.
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the best known good role is the normal flora which is the microbes of the skin, intestine.. that are naturally thier some produce antibiotics that kills pathogenic bacteria and some produce vitamins..some lactobacilli produce lactic acid in the vagina and prevent the growth of fungi like Candida albicans
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Blood vessels nourish all parts of the digestive system from mouth to anus, but the circulation to the small intestines is probably one of the most importantfor distribution of nutrients. The small intestine is the site of both digestion and absorption of PFC nutirents from the food taken in at our mouth; protein is broken down into smaller subunits called amino acids, complex carbs are broken down into smaller monosaccharides, lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, and nucleic acids are broken down into nucleotides.  These smaller molecules are more easily absorbed from the lumen in the intestine to the villi. Thus the nutirents are more readily available for the many chemical reactions for misc cells metabolism.  The intestines are lined with epithelial tissues that have a unique arrangement of intestinal projections called "villi".  These villi increase the surface area for absortion of these molecules digested for us.  The villi have blood vessels (capillary) and lacteals in them so that the nutrients we ate, digested and absorbed can be transported to the blood or lymph vessel in the villi and then eventually go to to-thru blood stream so that any cells throughout the body that need nutrients can be "fed," esp so that cell respiration can take place. The blood vessels in the stmach make it easy for some molecules to even be absorbed in the stomach.  Same is true in the  mouth. Water, misc drugs, sugar and ions can be absorbed into the blood vessels located under the tongue.\n\nOne of the most COMPLEX sites connecting the circulatory system and the digestive system is the hepatic portal system (and all associated vessels) that help to transport and process MANY molecules-nutrients as they go thru the sinuses in the liver. The liver has hundreds of functions related to the complex metabolism and processing of proteins, fats and carbs.
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Fruit and vegetables contain vitamins, minerals and trace minerals as well as phytohormones and fibers. All these ingedigents are important in human diet but are included less and less in modern diets. They are supposed to have been mainstays of human diet in the past but not any more. \nThis is the reason why the recommendations name them - to remind us to eat them
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When chyme from an ingested meal enters the small intestine, acid and partially digested fats and proteins stimulate secretion of cholecystokinin and secretin. These control the secretion of bile which is has the following importance:\n\n# Bile contains bile acids, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine.\n\n# Many waste products are eliminated from the body by secretion into bile and elimination in feces.
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HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IS NOT DESIGNED FOR TOO Many veggies cause we have a very small caesum(part of long intestine), caesum is ysed for digesting veggies....so basically we are carnivores (cause we have sharp canines) but we need roughage which we get from veggies!
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vitamine k secreted in the distal convulated tubules of the nephrons in the kidney. it is also secretes by bacterias like Escherichia coli in our large intestine
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B6: Pyridoxine: Takes part in normal tryptophan metabolism. If it is deficient the following occurs: Peculiar dermatitis, reduced grwoth, degenartion of nerves, reproductive failure and Hypochondric microcytic anaemia. Daily requirement for adults is 2mgm/day. It is sufficiently present in normal diet.\n             B12.Cyanacobalamin: Plays essential role for the formation and maturation of RBC , Also in formation of nueclic acid, Cocerned with maintenance of normal health and activity of the certain parts of the nervous system. If it is  deficient Perinicious anemia is produced. Mucosal degenarative lesions of the lateral and posterior  columns of the spinal cord  atrophy, inflammation of tongue, mouth etc. Daily requiremnt : 1.0 micrgoram / day
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If you doctor OKs it, you might try adding a "good" bacteria product to your diet. You can buy lactobacillus capsules anywhere you buy vitamins or you could just try eating a package or two of live-culture yogurt every day.  (Just make sure the yogurt says "live culture" on it.)
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Take colon cleansers. Food with high fiber in it. Phsyllum husks and things of that nature come in capsules and help as well.