Extra mass dumped creates a nova, but if dumped on a neutron star, we instead get _?
452314
i'll have to think about this.  if a white dwarf acquires additional mass it may create a surface flash of an explosive nuclear reaction and remove some of the white dwarf (nova) or it may build up without exploding increasing the mass of the white dwarf until it becomes a type ia supernova.  i'm not sure, but this question may be asking for 'black hole'.\n\ncan you rephrase the question?\ndo you have any more homework tonight?
319086
First, our sun has a long time to go before it could possibly become a supernova, not for billions and billions of years, so don't worry about it, if you were worrying. OK?\n\nNow, the way a star burns is by fusion, which is building up heavier elements by fusing atoms of lighter elements together. The typical start starts out as hydrogen, and it fuses the hydrogens together into helium. \n\nWhat happens when a star runs out of hydrogen? It starts fusing the heliums together into heavier elements. In order to begin this process, the star has to contract, to squeeze everything together to make the core temperature hotter. \n\nNotice that when the star began to run out of hydrogen, it cooled off a little. So the temperature of the star fluctuates. Its size fluctuates too, since the heat energy partly counteracts the gravity that holds it together.\n\nSo, the star cools off a little, it contracts, and we call this a pulsating or variable star. (This is somewhat of an oversimplification; there are different types of variable stars. But I am ignoring them for purposes of this illustration.) Then the star begins fusing helium, and heats up again. The star expands. \n\nThe outer surface of the star explodes away in what we call a nova-- not a supernova, yet. Some of the gas rushes away and may form what is called a nebula, a cloud. some of thee nebulas give off pretty colors, because, just like a neon sign, the gas in them is excited by the energy of the star and glows.\n\nSo, after repeated cycles of this, and bazillions of years, the star is exhausted. When the star gets iron in its core, there is no turning back. You can't fuse iron into anything. \n\nBut, you say, what about those elements that are heavier than iron, like gold and mercury and uranium? Ah, I'm so glad you asked about that. That is where the supernova comes in. \n\nA supernova is the death of a star. A nova flares up and puts out lots of energy, but the supernova puts out as much energy as the star might have put out over its entire lifetime! The last time there was a supernova in our galaxy (the Crab Nebula was formed) in 1054 AD. The Chinese were the only ones whe were doing much astronomical observation then. \n\nBut it was visible in broad daylight! From LIGHT YEARS away!\n\nWhat happens is this: the star begins to contract one final time. Most of the star blows away, making a really, really impressive nebula. All the elements that were built up in the final explosion-- all the heavy elements beyond iron-- get flung out into space, where they might meet with other elements and form planets and things.\n\nWhat happens to the rest of the star? One of three things, depending on how big it is. If it is little, it may form a white dwarf, a little star that is not so big but is now mostly hydrogen and helium and will last a long time. I think they are supposed to expand into red giants when they are about to burn out, but I don't remember for sure. \n\nIf the star is medium sized, it may become a neutron star. It is no longer buring with fusion like a regular star. The nuclear particles in its core are squeezed together so that protons and electrons have lost their identities and everything is neutrons. This is as solid and dense as matter can get, neutronium. It has an incredibly strong magnetic field, bazillions of times anything on earth.\n\nThe star's axis of rotation may not line up with the magnetic poles (just the way Earth's magnetic poles are not right at the true north and true south poles.) If this hapens, and the magnetic poles are pointed in the right direction, then every time it points our way, we see a little 'flash' of magnetic energy, and we call these 'pulsars'. The first time anybody detected them, they thought they were radio signals from people in space, because they were so regularly-spaced. It is a good thing there are no pulsars near Earth, because the flashes of intense magnetic fields would fry us lik
1109098
Neutron stars are the remnants left behind when large stars reach the end of their normal "lifespan" and go supernova.  During the supernova explosion, the core of the star collapses to a very small body just a few kilometers across.\n\nMaxwell's equations for electromagnetism imply that a quantity called magnetic flux is conserved in most processes.  This is measured in units of Gauss per square centimeter.  Gauss is the unit of magnetic field strength.\n\nAs the core of the star collapses, its surface area decreases.  Because of the conservation of magnetic flux, the flux through the surface has to stay constant, so the magnetic field strength has to increase to compensate for the shrinking area.  This is sometimes referred to as "fossilization" of the original star's magnetic field.\n\nThe sun is about 1.4 million kilometers across.  A neutron star with the same mass would be about 50,000 times smaller.  Because surface area varies as the square of the diameter, the surface area would be about 2.5 billion times smaller, so the magnetic field would be 2.5 billion times stronger.\n\n(Note, though, that the sun will never turn into a neutron star because it does not have enough mass.  Only stars above the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.44 solar masses can become neutron stars.)
918873
If it were posible for the neutronium to exist in a plane, then yes, I think so. However, neutronium is so dense that its own gravity will pull it into a sphere. If you got close enough to look at it, it would pull you in and you would be a (very thin) stain on the surface.\n\nNeutron stars are supposed to be made mostly of neutronium. If two collided or got close enough for their tides to pull one apart, then small pieces might be left. But neutronium is supposed to be very unstable. It is only its own gravity that binds the electrons and protons together so that they merge and lose their identities. \n\nFor very massive neutron stars (just short of being black holes, I guess) their inner layers are supposedly a quark-gluon soup. \n\nFor very small ones or pieces broken off, if that is possible, if there is not enough gravity to keep the particles together, the electrons and protons will regain their identities and the nuclear interctive forces will reassert themselves, and the mesons will begin to interact between the electrons and protons again,. What would happen is that the small piece of neutronium would erupt in a burst of energy and high energy particles. \n\nS/F writers like H. Beam Piper (in the 60's) postulated that we would learn to control nuclear forces like we learned to control electricity and have (what he called ) 'collapsium' plated spacecraft, where the outer shells of the electrons were in contact with the nuclei (what we would now call 'degenerate matter'.) Such a plating (a tiny fraction of an inch thick) would protect like several feet of lead shielding. It would also weigh more than many feet of lead shielding! (He also proposed that we would have antigravity by now.)\n\nTheoretically, a sphere of neutronium would be perfectly reflective, and the noted s/f author Larry Niven used that feature in his classic story There Is A Tide (1968, Galaxy magazine.)\n\n15 NOV 06, 1632 hrs, GMT.
1125434
It isn't an issue of  knowledge of neutron degeneracy; it depends on the degeneracy of various particle soups that result when you squish neutrons.  Different hadrons and even quarks (if you can have free quarks.) You are right in essence;  we don;t have a good enough understanding of the states of matter inside of a neutron star to understand its limit well.\n\nI remember seeing a number of 2.44 M_sun in some book on black holes I had in grad school for a class.\n\nJust now I found a couple of papers that touch on this topic (and none entirely ABOUT this topic, which probably means no one trusts their structure models well enough to make predictions). They are linked to below and both have mass estimates of observed neutron stars.  Nothing like empiricism in my mind! \n\nAnyway, doesn't look like anyone has seen one more massive than around 1.8 M_sun .  That doesn't mean they don't exist, but since a lot of these are x-ray systems (and so it isn't a matter of them being so close to their Schwarzschild radii that no light like a pulsar hotspot can escape) this could be meaningful. It could also mean more massive ones are never in short period binary systems. . . maybe to be bigger, the starting star is so darn massive that its companions are always ejected after a supernova.  Who knows.
134909
Alas, another one of our many unanswered questions... It's possible that Newton could have been wrong about just one thing, or perhaps there is something intelligent out there to cause it to happen... Or perhaps it was the force from some exploding star, or black hole...
1047128
Hmm interesting indeed. Well .. let me see what i think (cause i am not 100% sure yet).... Creation will be as a result of a super nova i agree. So all the particles that are produced will be radiating in an anourmous soup or particle matter. They will according to gravitational influences probably form some kind of motive arms of force that will be radial in form arcing away from the epicentre.. The super nova will create a pressure wave of force outwards. Also, in collapsing the black hole will create threads of gravitational pull around them. So it is likely that they will have pushed each other apart. We then have the period where the mass increases the force of gravity. The question now is does the gravity polarise.. i.e. Is there such thing as positive gravity and negative gravity. Well recent work on gravity fields seems to suggest that there are. So if there are two backholes are they polarised in the same way? Hmmm.. can two black holes form a single blackhole? What about the laws of equal and opposite forces? Would that allow two black holes to converge and eventually combine? Sense would suggest that they would stick together in some kind of orbit with each other. Or, would it be a survival of the fittest? OK i am ready to answer Qs 1,2 and 3 now. \n1. space between them would stay fixed in my opinion. But the concept of space and time would become distorted and stretched as they became closer to each other.\n2. They would change their gravitational polarisation in such a way as to make them co-linked but, they would not consume each other.\n3. The laws of matter and time would change for anything caught in the space between their struggle with each other.
636436
As much as Sci-Fi wants it to be something exotic, I'm afraid there is no "other side" to a black hole.\n\nImagine an atom of normal matter. Most of it is empty space. But it takes a great deal of pressure to compress it --- more pressure than is usually available. But if we concnetrate enough mass, the gravitational force will be strong enough that the space can be compressed. Protons (positive charge) and electrons (negative charge) will be pressed together to form neutrons (neutral charge). This happens in the core of very large stars at the end of their life. Their last stage of fusion produced iron at the core. When enough iron exist at the core, it suddenly collapses as I've described here. It then forms what is called a neutron star. If it is oriented just right with respect to the earth, it also appears as a pulsar (Internet search: pulsar +star +radio).\n\nThe neutron star is extremely dense. But there is still a force exerted by the neutrons which keeps the compression from going any further. But what if the mass was large enough to overcome that force and squeeze it even smaller. It appears that once this happens, there is nothing left to stop the compression and it continues until the object takes up no space at all, which is why it is sometimes called a singularity. It is a point in space with a huge mass and therefore extremely strong gravity.\n\nAll objects exert a gravitational pull on other objects. And therefore all distort space and bend the path that light takes. But this new object is so compressed that near it, the gravity is so strong that the path of light beams are looped back and cannot leave the object. Since no light can escape from it and anything nearby falls into it and disappears, it is called a black hole.\n\nMoving out from the black hole, we finally find a distance where light can barely escape. The line that divides where light can and cannot escape from the black hole is called the event horizon. It is not a "surface" of the black hole as there is nothing there. It is merely the distance at which the gravity drops enough that light can escape. If you could build a camera and drop it though the event horizon, nothing would change as it went through. No difference would be recorded. However the radio transmission from the camera would cease as radio is the same as light, just a different frequency. Once the camera went past the event horizon, it would no longer be able to transmit the pictures to you. The radio waves would loop back and head into the black hole. There are also some strange things that happen to time as you cross the even horizon, but you can run an Internet search to find out more.\n\nBecause it has compressed to the point of not taking up space, conventional physics expressions for matter no longer make sense in this environment. You end up with fractions where the volume or distance is in the denominator (lower half of the fraction) and therefore the fraction has an infinite value --- which doesn't make sense. So we can't really project what is going on inside. But the idea that it is a portal to other dimensions is more SciFi than science. There are some esoteric theories that guess about such things, but they are guesses. \n\nHope this helps\n\nIf you are interested in astronomy, try \nhttp://groups.yahoo.com/group/lunar-observing/\n\nChuck
1002624
Well actually on thing first: the reason why on a spacecraft or in a spacestation air is sucked out into space, is because gas as being air rises and fills as much room as it can expand, but as space is empty it will try to consume that space. This gets vacuum mixed up with air/gas escaping.\nSo nebulas, dust, gas and other remnants can stay in one place. Although the gas expands and converts dark matter to a larger mass (process=0.000023% conversion). As also the mass expands, the same way as galaxies expand the universe like the particles of the nova gas.\nIf a spaceship or spacestation was to explode it would be a flash of light expanding on the particles that were ejected by the explosive expansion, feeding on the explosion power. Basically the explosion would push out the mass rather than the mass expanding on itself. The term of explosion in space is not yet literally confirmed but some people name it a "nova". Although it means "explosion of gas from gas cloud" to our sense. There may not be air but the dark matter would provide a vibe cushion. Although a smaller sound it will still be a "sound" that probably only certain ears can hear as well as the energy production would create a certain spectrum of sound.\nOnly man-made satellites have been broken and fallen to Earth, but I don't know of any explosions, actually they're 50% explosion proof I think.\nAlso think as if you're in a spaceship and you are travelling at 100 mph all heavier loose matter will be forced down by gravity and weight as liquid and gas and air as heavy loose matter to be heavy and travelling will cause these heavier loose matter to be forced into your face as you are gaining speed this is a vacuum of force "forced matter vacuum". With the door wide open while travelling will cause a pump or "matter pump vacuum". Making loose heavy matter to be forced to the bottom in gravity and backwards by force vacuum "also 'gravitional vacuum' ". This is called the "circulation vacuum". Like liquid you would see heavier elements go to the base and the lightest at the top this is the same physic as that of forcing heavier loose matter back in a spaceship as "circulation vacuum". This force is relative to gravity "relativity".
139458
First of all; a supernova and a nova are two different things. A supernova is the violent death of a massive star. A nova is when hydrogen from one star falls onto the surface of a nearby, already dead star, called a white dwarf. This can only happen in a binary system. Also novas happen quite frequently and aren´t very lethal to us. \n\nSupenovas are monster explosions. They are so powerful we can see them even in very distant galaxies. Naturally the effect on us, if a supernova were to go off very close to us say 50 lightyears, would be very very bad. First there would be the radiation. Gammarays, xrays you name it. The ozone layer would be annihilated letting even more radiation, like UV, from the sun in. The whole planet would get a huge dose and things would start dying from radiation poisoning. Afterwards, at of 90% the speed of light, comes the real killers; the highenergy particles. They would bombard every point of the planet like cannonballs, cause mutations and combine with atoms in the atmosphere to form new radioactive elements. Only lifeforms that live deep beneath the sea would stand a chance of surviving as water, lots of water, is the most effective radiationblocker we know. Moving to the bottom of the sea could be a survival strategy for humans but there would be very little warning. Before the radiation and the particles supernovas can be detected by another type of particles; the neutrinos. If we were to suddenly detect neutrinos far beyond what we usually have we can be certain that a supernova is about to pop in a couple of hours.\nDont start building you deep sea shelter just yet though. The closest supernova candidate is Betelgeus in Orion. It´s 427 lightyears away. When it goes(could happen anyday) it would outshine the fullmoon but life on earth would probably survive. If it had been 350 lys closer to us it would be a doomsdayscenario for sure. \nA supernova has probably gone off at the very near proximity of earth atleast once and has possibly caused one of the many mass extinctions life has experienced.
534669
After a star dies, there is still some residual heat left over. That heat makes the star (white dwarf or neutron star) glow, even though it is not producing any energy. Eventually, the star cools off and does indeed simply become a hunk of ash, which we call a "black dwarf." \n\npeace
599905
i think you are correct on that.the only problem is that the substances of this byproduct could effect the particle generator with the obvious results on the galactic balance.
78675
The poster before me gave an excellent answer which is that nobody really knows. I just wanted to point you to a very cool experiment about how mass warps space.\n\nAnother very profound question to ask would be why are gravitational mass and inetial mass so nearly (if not exactly) equal?
475765
oh, wow, this is a physics question.\n\nto start, we remember E = mc^2\nthe problem gives 4 grams matter and 2 grams antimatter.\nmy solution would be that 2 grams of matter and 2 grams of antimatter annihilate to produce 4c^2 (2 + 2 = 4) energy.\nthe excess 2 grams of matter remains unaffected.\nthe answer is D.
936416
you should see the nova on blackholes, it was on last week\n\napprently only to much can actually get to the center at a time, and most matter/energy gets bounced around within the event horizon, never to escape, but not actually getting all the way in\n\nand anyway blackhole emit particles of hawking radiation and would eventually expell there mass and kinda evaporate away\n\nand if one black hole had the whole universe in it, sounds prime for  big bang to me
7997
The result is there for all of us to see. The stars and other celestial objects are the result of many such nuclear reactions. The sun is a big fusion reactor. Beginning with the lightest elements like helium and hydrogen the process of fusion gives rise to heavier and heavier elements. Some times stars are overcome by their own mass and implode to become a black hole or explode as a supernova releasing enormous amounts of matter and energy into space. In comparison the worlds biggest nuclear bomb will appear like a pop-gun. Will the sun implode or explode. Luckily  - no. But over time it will swell into what is called a red giant, swallowing Mercury and Venus. But I think by the time that happens we would have colonised Mars!
9631
I suppose you are referring to galaxies composed entirely or at least mostly of antimatter. None have been observed. If there were any, it would certainly be coming into contact with large amounts of matter at some sort of boundary. At that point, the collisions of the two would set off gigantic amounts of gamma rays, which we would be able to see. These have not, however, been observed. This is likely due to the fact that, for some reason as yet unknown, the amount of matter has increased hugely in the universe relative to antimatter since the big bang.