how was currency stabilization accomplished in the Bretton Woods Era?
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The short of it is that the countries tried to keep exchange rates relatively stable by have a currency peg based on gold.  They were allowed a little bit of room (1%) but beyond that the countries had to trade currency to get back within the range.\n\nThe long of it is here.\nhttp://www.polsci.ucsb.edu/faculty/cohen/inpress/bretton.html\n\nOr at the Wiki.
1007014
Nobody knows how long the large US trade deficits can be sustained.  But most economists say that these deficits cannot continue forever.  And the more these deficits accumulate, the more likely it becomes that investors will panic and sell off the US dollar.   \n\nOr the countries that are accumulating the US dollars now may want to spend them in the US some time in the future.  And such spending will cause inflation of prices.\n\nOr countries that are accumulating US dollars now may continue to hold them in US government bonds which pay interest.  And eventually these interest payments will become so large that much of US tax dollars will end up going to foreign countries instead of being used for the benefit of US citizens.\n\nNone of these scenarios are good.   But there is no easy way to cut back on these trade deficits.  People in the US are used to live beyong their means.  And such a habit is very difficult to break.  People will change their spending habits only when economic circumstances force them to.
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Chinese don't have a fully floating currency.  They "float" their RMB to a selective basket of goods/currencies.  This means the exchange rate only changes a minimal amount per day.
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You say the value of each of the currencies have gone up.  Against what currency?\n\nThere are 8 major benchmark currencies: USD, EUR, JPY, GBP, CHF, CAD, AUD, HKD \n\nUsually when USD goes up CAD goes down. So if you expect to gain on this, you would want USD value to fall.\n\nAs for the other two currencies, my question is why would you want to hold these?
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Simple economics. USD is becoming weaker because of inflation, the US government printing a lot of money, huge government debt, and about a million other reasons.
516270
I like this question and feel stupid that I don't know the answer. I should have taken that class on Central Banks. My guess is that it is a combination of the money supply, interest rates and government assets held (tresuries) by other countries.
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The launch of the Euro was a mean to match the economic might of the United states, which incidentally is still bigger than most of the EU combined, furthermore the world trade was employing the US dollar as the functional currency which bore difficulties for other countries as in, if by way of market the US dollar was subject to depreciation the value of Dollar reserves in any country would decline, this gave a lot of power into the hands of the US economy, as these reserves were and still are used to stabilize the exchange rate of an economy (having an overall effect on the imports and exports), therefore a new no barrier bloc was formed which eased and increased trade activities with the European continent, and the use of single currency and its performance now regulated by the Euro Bank (the Euro Bloc's central Bank) who sets individual targets (inflation ,growth etc.) on different economies, as a condition of continued membership.
40616
Well they had to try - some interventions in the past had been successful.\n\nOne of the outcomes of the 1997/98 crises was the shocking realisation that that the size of market agents compared to regulators/central banks had clearly changed, as did the balance of power.
79010
Malaysia has maintained its policy of a fixed exchange rate between the ringgit and the U.S. dollar, which was imposed by Prime Minister Mahathir in September 1998, as part of capital controls designed to stem the outflow of short-term capital in the wake of the Asian financial crisis. Malaysia ’s currency is considered somewhat undervalued at the present exchange rate of 3.8 ringgits to one U.S. dollar.  Some of the capital controls imposed in 1998 were relaxed in early 2001, such as the taxes on repatriation of short-term stock market profits by foreign portfolio investors
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It was the Lira but now they use the Euro. You can check the current rate of exchange on a yahoo or google search under currency converter.
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The factors that determine the value of a country's currency are\n(1) supply and\n(2) demand
356979
Using the current exchange rate, about 81 cents per franc
684893
yes it has a great effect in macro economics dealing with exchange rates and interest rates and foreign trade. a weak or undervalued currency is better for manufacture of goods in your country and a strong currency is better if you import goods from other countries.
276592
The website below should help a lot. There's a photo of a coin they used to use before they converted to the Euro, and a short history of what types of money they used and when.\nHope it helps!
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A country's currency value Vs. another country's currency value is determined by many factors, one is the purchasing demand of one country's currency, in the case of the US Dollar it is so widely popular because many countries rely on it to build their cash reserves, they stock US Dollars in banks so that when they have to pay a loan debt they use that currency, it is also one of the most stable economies, thus the price for 1 USD keeps it's value throughout the world. \n\nWorld economy is changing and now the Euro has more value than the US Dollar, the echange rate is something like 1.30 USD per 1 Euro, the hcines Yuan remains at 8 Yuans per 1 Us Dollar, but in this case the chinese government dictates what the exchange rate is and not the common market value.\n\nStrong economies have strong currency values, weaker economies have weak eschange values in their currency.
551312
http://www.ask.com/web?o=0&qsrc=19&q=Will+the+equalization+of+the+%22US+Dollar%22%2Fcanadian+dollar+create+arbitrary+opportunities+when+the+2+currencies+merge%3F
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Wow you are a big brave guy.  You write jabs at people and end your question before anyone can respond to it.  \n\nI guess the micro pen joke is actually not a joke at all.  And just like a typical liberal when you cannot logically prove your thesis you start hurling insults to make up for your lack of intellect.\n\nWell I will post my response here and answer this question.\n\nHow many economic classes have you taken?  I can definitely see not many.  Currency deflation is an economic strategy.  Did you know Japan has purposely deflated it's currency five time in the last 20 years?  Last time I checked Japan is the second largest economy in world.\n\nA weaker currency can be a bad thing, but not in the case of the US.  Our largest trading partners have their currency pegged to ours.  The commodities Americans need for everyday use are traded in dollars not foreign currencies, so the price of these good does not increase just because the dollar decreases.\n\nLet me give you a simple, easy macroeconomic example.  I will use the Euro and Microsoft.  The Euro is trading higher than the dollar, and next year Microsoft plans to release Vista.  This mean two things either Microsoft can sell Vista at a cheaper price meaning more Europeans will buy copies then they would have previously, which means that Microsoft will have even more revenue and expand the US economy.  Or the more likely scenario is that Microsoft will keep the price of Vista the same, since they probably figure they will sell just as many copies either way.  If they sell Vista at the same price they planned to sell it for two years ago, then since the Euro is worth more against the dollar, Microsoft will generate more revenue; and again expand the US economy.\n\nNow multiply this example by hundreds of tech companies, and thousands of other companies. The result is large economic expansion.\n\nNow, long term, meaning if the dollar stays low for 20, 30, or 40 years, there may be dire consequences.  Global commodity exchange markets could stop standardizing on the dollar, etc.  But that most likely will not happen, as the US economy grows because of the weaker dollar, the dollar will automatically increase in value.\n\nWhy don't you educate yourself before you make such asinine comments.  If just makes you look like a fool.\n\nNow to answer this question.\n\nWarming and cooling trends on the earth are cyclical and have nothing to do with the actions of human beings.\n\nIn fact, the current CO2 level is the lowest it has been in the entire geologic history of the earth.  In fact, grasses only evolved and started to flourish because they require less carbon dioxide than other plant life.  Likewise, many plant species became extinct because the level of carbon dioxide has decreased so dramatically.\n\n-------\nJake F. I cannot believe how stupid you are about to look.  So, the atmospheric carbon dioxide level today is the highest it has ever been ever, huh?\n\nWell, let's take a look at mid-Cretaceous period 120 to 90 Million years ago. During that period of geologic history the carbon dioxide levels where AT LEAST 2 to 4 times higher than they are today.  And the levels were even higher before the Cretaceous period.  \n\nRead it for yourself on the NOAA website, which is not some nameless site; but the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration!\n\nhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/cretaceous.html\n\n\nI wish I could see the look on your face, and that face would be the face of the dumbest person on earth!\n\nOuch!  Burned toast!!\n\nRemember the earth is 4.5 billion years old, and has gone through numerous climate changes.  When people talk about global warming they are only looking at the past 100-200 years or maybe the past 1000 years of time, which isn't even one one-trillionth the amount of time the earth has existed.\n\nAnd micro pen, I do not care about making personal comments to you.  I would rather make them publicly, as far as the