what is the role of fiscal instrument?
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Hey, just bringing this old question up for a vote.
979655
Fiscal policy is that part of government economic policy that deals with taxation and government expenditure.(Cf monetary policy which has to do with interest rates, credit and the flow of money in the economy)  Government uses fiscal policy to improve the current account by increasing taxation and reducing expenditure if there is a deficit.
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The main function of a constitution is to outline the basis of how the goverment will rule.
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Govt. deals with the economy by means of levying taxes, restrictions, quotas, duties etc.\nLike for restricting monopolies by increasing capital base in the organization, govt. has Monopolies Restricted Trade Pratices Act.\nFor barring imports and exports in bulk quantities, govt. has Quotas fixed.\nThen you have all kinda taxes like Income, Service, VAT etc.\nThen you have duties like Import, Excise etc.\nRegards\nt$k\nhttp://tsk911.hi5.com
731408
To me, the one line answer to describe the role of government is to take care of the people. (That's very general, I realize, but I needed one line to encompass a wide area.) The role of religion, if it really even has something you could call a role, for me would be to give people comfort.
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The role of central banks is to regulate the supply of money and therefor to regulate the interest rate at which money is availalbe to other banks.  In so doing, they have a direct and immediate effect on the economy of a nation.
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They result in the same thing - money out of your pocket.  Duties usually involve importing and exporting.  Taxes involve income or purchases.
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I assume you mean what DOES the government do with local and state taxes.  If not, then it seems the dose is never enough.  \n\nOn a local level, the taxes are used a number of things.  Here are examples:\n(1) Installing and maintaning sidewalks and streets\n(2) Construction for the schools\n(3) Attract businesses to locate in the area\n(4) Entitlement programs such as medicaid.\n(5) Offer job-assistance for the unemployed\n(6) Employ police officers, firefighters, medical workers\n(7) Grants are given to organizations who can do charity work more efficiently than forming a government agency.\n\nOn the state, it's about the same type of spending but on a grand scale.  Taxes are used to pay for the roads all over the state.  The salaries of teachers, educators, and state agencies come from state taxes.\n\nThe role of government is to protect the people and allow them to live a free and productive life.  The challenge occurs when more and more taxes are collected for entitlement programs.  Some believe that problems can be solved by spending more money.  Others will say that is not the best solution.\n\nIt is a good question - what does government do with the money.  On a local level, you can always go to the City or County Manager and ask to see a copy of the budget.  That will give you an idea of how the money is allocated and to be spent.
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None.\nThe Federal Reserve bank handles monetary policy, such as interest rates.\nTax policy is a fiscal policy, handled by the Federal government.\nHowever, the Fed Chair does meet with Congress periodically and discuss his views of the economy, and Congress will many times alter tax policies accordingly.
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If you mean the Government's source of income: Taxes\n\nIf you mean the People's source of income:\nTrading and selling their goods.\n\nNot great answers, I know.  But I tried.
699929
In a bond election, a government entity (city, county, etc.) seeks permission from the voters to sell bonds, usually to pay for a project such as roads, water/sewer improvements, or similar projects.  The bonds are sold to investors; at maturity they pay interest to the holders of the bonds.  The bonds are generally paid off from municipal revenues - mostly by taxes, which may include property tax, sales tax, etc.
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Indian constitution has provided for different types of tyaxes.  what we pay is on our personal income, which is a direct tax. VAT, Customs etc are on goods, which is an indirect tax.
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Finance minister or chief secretory on behalf of ministry of finance
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Finance is the management of money and other assets.
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Rate determined in the market by the demand for and supply of the currency in question.Any economy is better or worse is a relative measurement.The demand and supply of the currency in turns depends on the export and import of the country.
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exchequer is one of two things -\n\n1.)government funds: a national treasury or account, especially the U.K. government's account at the Bank of England, or the assets in it\n\n2.) a brand of accounting software.\n\nSo the answer to your question is either a government account or an account within a particular piece of accounting software. I hope the context decides which one.
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It's first important to define "Odious Debt", which is debt that was incurred by a regime that does not serve the interests of the state. For example, if a country's leader borrows $10 billion dollars to suppress the country's people, then that debt does not serve the state.\n\nThe motives behind making odious debt attached to a regime instead of the state, is to make it less likely that people would lend to regimes for such purposes - since it's unlikely the debt would be repaid.\n\nThe obvious problem is defining when a debt serves the needs of the state, and when it does not. If a regime falls, it's in the new regime's best interest to try and claim as much outstanding debt as possible is "odious debt" - even if it's not.\n\nI'll leave the last question to you.