how do the red blood cell produce energy without mitochondria?
85838
red blood cells do not have to produce any energy beacuse their main work is to transport oxygen which happens by osmosis which does not require any energy!!!! thats why the red blood cells have no mitochondria as that will occupy space which will reduce the efficency of osmosis!!!!
319118
All living organisms require energy to function. This energy may be obtained from the consumed foods. The most efficient way for cells to harvest energy stored in food is through cellular respiration, a catabolic pathway for the production of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP is a high-energy molecule and it is expended by working cells. The starting material of cellular respiration is the sugar glucose, which has energy stored in its chemical bonds. \n\nThere are actually two general types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen. Both types of cell respiration begin with the process of glycolysis, after which the two diverge. \n\n\nAerobic respiration is more efficient and more complicated than anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. More precisely, this process involves six oxygen molecules for every sugar molecule:\n6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)\n\nAerobic respiration requires oxygen. However, some organisms live in places where oxygen is not always present. Similarly, under extreme exertion, muscle cells may run out of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration that can function without oxygen.\n\nIn the absence of O2, organisms continue to carry out glycolysis, since glycolysis does not use oxygen in its chemical process. But glycolysis does require NAD+. In aerobic respiration, the electron transport chain turns NADH back to NAD+ with the aid of oxygen, thereby averting any NAD+ shortage and allowing glycolysis to take place. In anaerobic respiration, cells must find another way to turn NADH back to NAD+. \n\nThis “other way” is called fermentation. Fermentation’s goal is not to produce additional energy, but merely to replenish NAD+ supplies so that glycolysis can continue churning out its slow but steady stream of ATP. Because pyruvates are not needed in anaerobic respiration, fermentation uses them to help regenerate NAD+. While employing the pyruvates in this way does allow glycolysis to continue, it also results in the loss of the considerable energy contained in the pyruvate sugars. \n\nThere are two principle forms of fermentation: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. \n\nIn lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to a three-carbon compound called lactic acid: \npyruvate + NADH lactic acid + NAD+\n\nIn this reaction, the hydrogen from the NADH molecule is transferred to the pyruvate molecule. \n\nLactic acid fermentation is common in fungi and bacteria. Lactic acid fermentation also takes place in human muscle cells when strenuous exercise causes temporary oxygen shortages. Since lactic acid is a toxic substance, its buildup in the muscles produces fatigue and soreness. \n\nAnother route to NAD+ produces alcohol (ethanol) as a by-product:\n\npyruvate + NADH ethyl alcohol + NAD+ + CO2\n\nAlcoholic fermentation is the source of ethyl alcohol present in wines and liquors. It also accounts for the bubbles in bread. When yeast in bread dough runs out of oxygen, it goes through alcoholic fermentation, producing carbon dioxide. These carbon dioxide bubbles create spaces in the dough and cause it to rise. \n\nLike lactic acid, the ethanol produced by alcoholic fermentation is toxic. When ethanol levels rise to about 12 percent, the yeast dies.
523190
Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose without the presence of oxygen. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and involves 10 reactions that convert glucose to 3 carbon pyruvate. The first stage is priming of glucose. Glucose is converted to glucose 6 phosphate using a molecule of ATP, a process called phosphorylation. Then the glucose 6 phosphate is converted into fructose 6 phosphate through the process of isomerization. This is further phosphorylated to fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate (phosphorylation). This fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate is cleaved into two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate. The two G3P undergo substrate level phosphorylation, a sequence of 5 reactions, involving dehydrogenation where NAD+ is reduced, dephosphorylation where two molecule of ATP is formed, isomerization where the phosphate group moves, dehydration where the molecule lose water and dephosphorylation where 2 molecules of ATP are generated and two molecule of pyruvate is formed. \n\nThe fact that glycolysis produces ATP fulfills a minor energy requirement of the cell, since ATP is the energy currency required for cellular functions to work. Another minor energy requirement is the formation of NADH, because the proton in NADH is required to activate the proton pump at the electron transport chain, which, in turn, activates the enzyme ATP synthase responsible for the synthesis of many ATP molecules (aerobic respiration = with oxygen)\n\nThe major relation of glycolysis to the energy requirements of the cell is the transformation of glucose to pyruvate. Pyruvate is decarboxylated and attached to coenzyme-A to form acetyl-coA, which then goes through krebs cycle. Both these processes form NADH (and ATP in the case of the krebs cycle), which can then provide many protons to activate ATP synthase. (aerobic respiration = with oxygen)\n\nMoreover, pyruvate can also be used in the absence of oxygen through anaerobic respiration. Through this process, ATP can be formed without oxygen and can thus fulfill energy requirements of the cell.\n\nVery long but hope this helps =)
899246
The lactic acid system is capable of releasing energy to resynthesise ATP without the involvement of oxygen and is called anaerobic glycolysis. Glycolysis (breakdown of carbohydrates) results in the formation of pyruvic acid and hydrogen ions (H+). A build up of H+ will make the muscle cells acidic and interfere with their operation so carrier molecules, called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), remove the H+. The NAD+ is reduced to NADH which deposit the H+ at the electron transport gate (ETC) in the mitrochondria to be combined with oxygen to form water (H2O).\n\nIf there is insufficient oxygen then NADH cannot release the H+ and they build up in the cell. To prevent the rise in acidity pyruvic acid accepts H+ forming lactic acid which then dissociates into lactate and H+. Some of the lactate diffuses into the blood stream and takes some H+ with it as a way of reducing the H+ concentration in the muscle cell. The normal pH of the muscle cell is 7.1 but if the build up of H+ continues and pH is reduced to around 6.5 then muscle contraction may be impaired and the low pH will stimulate the free nerve endings in the muscle resulting in the perception of pain (the burn). This point is often measured as the lactic threshold or anaerobic threshold or onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA).
277111
From respiration: Here, glucose molecules in the cell are broken down; the molecules have strong bond between them and so when they are broken, energy is provided(by mitochondria) and when new molecules are formed, energy is released, which the cell uses for various processes.\n\nFrom protein synthesis: It occurs on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and aminoacids are combined to form proteins and this releases energy.\n\nFrom ATP(adenosine tri-phosphate): The ATP molecule is a packet of energy which stores the energy released during any process going on in the cell and then releases the energy as and when required by the cell.
416619
C) By interfering with the electron transport chain, energy production (in the form of ATP) would be significantly reduced.  Neurons use a great amount of energy to maintain the ionic gradient that allows synaptic transmission.  In he absence of ATP, the ionic pumps, primarily sodium/potassium, would not function, the ionic gradient would break down, and it would halt neuronal transmission.
711970
A) Aerobic respiration\n\nNeurons use an enormous amount of ATP to operate the Na+/K+ pump. Aerobic respiration produces an enormous amount of ATP (36 ATP per 1 glucose). Neurons therefore utilize aerobic respiration.\n\nThe other answers do not make sense. \n\nAnaerobic glycolysis provides very little ATP (2 ATP per 1 glucose). Creatine phosphate provides little ATP and is localized in the muscle. Stored glycogen only directly provides glucose for glycolysis. Catabolism of DNA would lead to the death of the organism, or at least mutagenesis.
844885
i would think the mitochondria since ldh is essential in converting lactate to pyruvate which primarily accounts for atp synthesis in an anaerobic setting and mitochondria are the atp producers in the cell?
464037
The power house of a cell is the mitochondria.  ATP is produced through cellular respiration, which starts out with glycolysis, and goes into the Kreb cycle, ending with the electron transport chain.  Glycolysis requires an input of 2 ATP to obtain a net product of 4 ATP.  The end product is acetyl CoA, which enters the Kreb cycle.  The Kreb cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.  The products of the Kreb cycle are 2 GTP, NADH, FADH2, water (H2O), and carbon dioxide(CO2).  NADH from the Kreb cycle then enters the electron transport chain (ETC).  At the end of ETC, you gain 34 ATP.  The result of the entire process results in a net product of 36 to 38 ATP.
65018
If you REALLY want to know about this take a look at my source.  But I can summarize it for you.  Think of water as something that assists chemical reactions in a cell.  Without it the cell is powerless.\n\nWater also acts as a transportation mechanism to "take out the trash", as well as "bring in the goods."  As far as energy goes, this is something that is driven by the Kreb Cycle in the Mitochondria of a cell. This process actually produces water.
799721
A typical human erythrocyte (red blood cell) contains about 270 million haemoglobin molecules, with each carrying four heme groups.\n\nDecrease of hemoglobin, with or without an absolute decrease of red blood cells, leads to symptoms of anemia. Anemia has many different causes, although iron deficiency and its resultant iron deficiency anemia are the most common causes in the Western world. As absence of iron decreases heme synthesis, red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia are hypochromic (lacking the red hemoglobin pigment) and microcytic (smaller than normal).
901681
Blood cells are a really important part of your body. They're wat gives the body nutrition. Without them you'd have low energy all the time(anemmia), your blood wouldn't clot as easily & you could bleed out from something as small as a papercut (hemophilia).
89868
That's an excellent explanation!  \nYes, when your muscle cells are worked out, they need to produce a lot of energy, and they usually use oxygen and a process called aerobic (meaning that it uses oxygen) cellular respiration to get that energy from the energy molecule, ATP, which stands for adenosine triphosphate.  However, when you need that much energy, your oxygen supply runs short, so to convert ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and release energy, your body has to use an alternate form of cellular respiration called lactic acid fermentation.  Lactic acid fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration because it doesn't use oxygen.  It's not as efficient as normal aerobic respiration.  It also forms lactic acid, which is the chemical that causes the sensation of muscle fatigue.
699579
Because with out cellular respiration the cell cannot produce ATP, which is the energy source for every thing the cell does.  Without ATP life cannot function.
384346
That is such a huge question, no wonder everyone avoided it... Ultimately all energy comes from metabolism and you can find out more about this in wikipedia but, be warned, there is a lot of information there.\n\nBut in a nutshell sugars and fats are proken down in the body to form ATP, and that drives all of the energy requiring reactions in your body.
894377
When muscles contract they use energy that is derived from food. It is a two-step process. The first step occurs in mitochondria, where the energy from molecules like glucose or fats is locked away in ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This ATP travels from the mitochondria to sites in the muscle where energy is needed, and the energy is released and used. At both of these stages there is the possibility for energy to be lost mainly as heat, causing a big reduction in efficiency. The proportion of food energy that ends up making the muscles move varies considerably between people from 15 to 30%.
134260
Without a nucleus there is more room for haemoglobin and therefore a greater oxygen-carrying capacity.\nThe consequence is that red blood cells have a short life span; they are constantly being broken down and the parts recycled (except the haem bit which is got rid of into the gut).\nSince the red blood cells have a short life span they must continually be replaced. You can see the importance of a good supply of iron in our diet.\nYou might like to ponder over the diet of new-born mammals - there is no iron in milk.