Who was defeated in the Peloponnesian War (431BC-404BC)?
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Athens\n\nThe Peloponnesian War began in 431 BC between the Athenian Empire (or The Delian League) and the Peloponnesian League which included Sparta and Corinth. The war was documented by Thucydides, an Athenian general and historian, in his work History of the Peloponnesian War. Most of the extant comedies of Aristophanes were written during this war, and poke fun at the generals and events. The war lasted 27 years, with a 6-year truce in the middle, and ended with Athens' surrender in 404 BC.\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponesian_war
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Races, contests of strength and agility, wrestling, and other games were played.\n\nI would like to invite you to travel along the shores of history. The journey will start today with one of the oldest boardgames, Senet, which was played in ancient Egypt in the time of Pharaohs.\n\nmancala\nhttp://nabataea.net/games3.html
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Sparta is part of modern day Greece.
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I think Herodotous or Xenophon. But see for further infos in the site bellow
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Nike (nī'kē) , in Greek religion and mythology, goddess of victory, daughter of Pallas and Styx. Often an attendant of Zeus or Athena, she also presided over all contests, athletic as well as military. She was a popular subject in art, usually represented as winged and bearing a wreath or palm branch. The Victory (or Nike) of Samothrace (Louvre) is one of the finest extant Greek sculptures. The Romans identified Nike with Victoria.
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Greece, (Greek: Ελλάδα, Elláda (IPA: [e̞ˈlaða]), or Ελλάς, Ellás (IPA: [e̞ˈlas])), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellinikí Dimokratía) is a country in southern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan peninsula. It is bordered by Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Albania to the north and by Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece while the Ionian Sea lies to the west. Both, parts of the eastern Mediterranean basin, feature a vast number of islands.\n\nRegarded as the cradle of western civilization and being the birthplace of democracy, philosophy, the Olympic Games and of the arts and drama including both tragedy and comedy, Greece has a very long and remarkably rich history during which its culture has proven to be especially influential in Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East. Today, Greece is a developed nation, member of the European Union since 1981 and a member of the Eurozone since 2001.\n\nHistory\nMain article: History of Greece \n[edit]\nPrehistory and Antiquity\nThe shores of Greece's Aegean Sea saw the emergence of the first civilizations in Europe, namely the Minoan and the Mycenaen. After this, a Dark Age followed until around 800 BC, when a new era of Greek city-states emerged, establishing colonies along the Mediterranean, and a new alphabet was introduced.[3]. Plato described how the Greeks live round the Aegean Archipelago "like frogs around a pond"; their name has always been associated with the sea. After the internal struggle between Spartans and Athenians, all parts of Greece were united under the rule of Alexander the Great and aimed at the defeat of the 'eastern threat' of the Persians. Alexander led the Greeks to a victorious campaign which established a Greek Empire and introduced a new era in world history, the Hellenistic.\n\n[edit]\nByzantine period\nMilitarily, Greece itself declined to the point that the Romans conquered the land (168 BC onwards), though, in many ways, Greek culture would in turn conquer Roman life. Greece became a province of the Roman Empire, but Greek culture continued to dominate the eastern Mediterranean. When the Roman Empire finally split in two, the Eastern Roman Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire, centered around Constantinople (known in ancient times as Byzantium), remained Greek in nature, encompassing Greece itself.\n\n \nThe most famous of the surviving Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople — the image of Christ on the walls of the upper southern gallery. Christ is flanked by the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist. The mosaics were made in the 12th century.During the period of the Byzantine Empire Greece experienced fluctuating fortunes. In the early years many of its works of art were looted by the emperors and taken to Constantinople. Furthermore, although the Byzantines retained control of the Aegean and its islands throughout this period, during the seventh and eighth centuries direct control did not extend far beyond the coast. From about AD 600 the old cities of Greece shrank considerably due to barbarian raids by the Avars and Slavs, and were often reduced to shadows of their former selves. As the seventh century progressed, much of Greece was overrun by Slavic peoples from the north, and a period of uncertainty and insecurity followed.\n\nFrom the late 8th century, the Empire began to recover from the devastating impact of successive invasions, and the reconquest of Greece began. Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor were brought in as settlers. The Slavs were either driven out or assimilated. By the middle of the 9th century, Greece was dominated by those of Hellenic ethnic heritage once more, and Greek cities began to recover due to improved safeguards against barbarous incursion and restored central governance.\n\nThe invasions of the Turks after the battle of Manzikert in 1071 and the en
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It lasted for six tense years.\n\nThe Peace of Nicias lasted for some six years, but was a time of constant skirmishing in and around the Peloponnese. While the Spartans refrained from action themselves, some of their allies began to talk of revolt. They were supported in this by Argos, a powerful state within the Peloponnese that had remained independent of Lacedaemon. With the support of the Athenians, the Argives succeeded in forging a coalition of democratic states within the Peloponnese, including the powerful states of Mantinea and Elis. Early Spartan attempts to break up the coalition failed, and the leadership of the Spartan king Agis was called into question. Emboldened, the Argives and their allies, with the support of a small Athenian force under Alcibiades, moved to seize the city of Tegea, near Sparta.\n\nThe Battle of Mantinea was the largest land battle fought within Greece during the Peloponnesian War. The Lacedaemonians, with their neighbors the Tegeans, faced the combined armies of Argos, Athens, Mantinea, and Arcadia. In the battle, the allied coalition scored early successes, but failed to capitalize on them, which allowed the Spartan elite forces to defeat the forces opposite them. The result was a complete victory for the Spartans, which rescued their city from the brink of strategic defeat. The democratic alliance was broken up, and most of its members were reincorporated into the Peloponnesian League. With its victory at Mantinea, Sparta pulled itself back from the brink of utter defeat, and reestablished its hegemony throughout the Peloponnese.\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponesian_war#Causes_of_the_war
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The history of Greece began with the Stone Age hunters and early farmers. This time period was followed by the civilizations of the Minoan and Mycenaean kings. Next came the Dark Ages which was a time period characterized by many wars and invasions. Greece was then invaded by the Dorians in approximately 1100 BC. Finally, in the period from 500-336 BC Greece was divided into small city states. A city-state consisted of a city and its surrounding countryside. \n\n\nChronology\n\n6000 - 2900 BC Neolithic Period \n2900-2000 BC Early Bronze Age \n2000-1400 BC Minoan Age \n1600-1100 BC Mycenaean Age \n1100-750 BC The Dark Ages \n750-500 BC Archaic Period \n500-336 BC Classical Period \n336-146 BC Hellenistic Period \n\n\nhttp://www.cedarville.edu/academics/education/resource/schools/chca/othergrades/greecetd/greece1.htm\n--------------\n3000 BC In early Bronze Age settlers from Asia Minor came to the island and fused with earlier Neolithic occupants to develop what is known as the Early Cycladic culture. They worked in marble and stone and traded over sea.\n\n1600 BC During the Late Bronze Age Siphnos was under the cultural andcommercial hegemony of the Minoans of Crete. It is believed that theCretans founded the town named Minoa but remains are as yet undiscovered.\n\nIn 1400 BC the explosion of Santorini destroyed the major centers of Minoan civilization the Mycenaeans became the dominant power in the area and used the islands as relay staions to the near east, replacing many of the indigenous people with Greeks.\n\nAt about 1100 BC during the dark days of the Dorian Invasion, Sifnos was colonized by Ionians from Attika, led by their chieftan Alkenor who became the islands first sovereign.\n\nIn the 8th century BC Greeks began to think of themselves as an ethnic unity. City States began to grow up on the mainland and the islands. Sifnos was under the domination of neighboring Milos. It was then that Gold was discovered on the island and the inhabitants became quite rich, paving their capital in Parian Marble and building a treasury in Delphi. It was said that every year the Sifniots would present a solid golden egg to the God Apollo. One year out of guilt they gave him an egg that was merely plated in Gold. The angry God destroyed their mines. It was also during this period that Samian pirates plundered the island. With the riches they took, they aquired the island of Hydra for their home. When the mines of Sifnos brought forth no more precious metal the island was reduced to poverty.\n\nIn the fifth century BC Sifnos was part of the Greek alliance of City states that defeated the Persians at Marathon, Salamis and Platea. Sifnos became a part of the Delian League and came under the authority of Athens. During the Peleponisian wars, Sifnos managed to stay out of the conflict. In 338 it fell under the influence of Phillip of Macedonia. When Persians captured it in 332 Alexander the Great sent a squadron to expell them. When Alexander died and the empire was devided among his generals, Sifnos fell under the influence of the Ptolemies of Egypt until 146bc when they fell to the Romans.\n\nhttp://www.greektravel.com/sifnos/history.htm
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Great Pyramid of Giza, 2550 BC, Egyptians, still standing\nHanging Gardens of Babylon, 600 BC, Babylonians, Destroyed after 1st century BC, earthquake\nTemple of Artemis at Ephesus, 550 BC, Lydians, Greeks, Destroyed 356 BC, fire\nStatue of Zeus at Olympia, 435 BC, Greeks, Destroyed 5th-6th centuries AD, fire\nMausoleum of Maussollos at Halicarnassus, 351 BC, Persians, Greeks, Destroyed 1494 AD, earthquake\nColossus of Rhodes, 292-280 BC, Hellenistic Greece, Destroyed 224 BC, earthquake\nLighthouse of Alexandria, 3rd century BC, Hellenistic Egypt, Destroyed 1303-1480 AD, earthquake
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Thebians are from Thebes Greece.  During the time of Alexander the Great, they fought against him during his undertaking of the known  world.  I believe this is during 336 BC.   And the Thebians LOST.\n\nBut also, in general the people fo thebes are called Thebians.  But I think you are looking for my first paragraph's onfo.  \n\nAlso, do a search on them or Alexander the Great.   You will find links to thier info.\n\ngood luck.
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which Pericles are you talking about? The play by Shakespeare or Pericles (ca. 495 BC-429 BC, Greek : Περικλῆς) was an influential and important leader of Athens?\n\nhere's the link to the info anyway.\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles%2C_Prince_of_Tyre\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles
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Around 430 - 426 B.C., a devastating plague, which some believe to have been typhoid fever, killed one third of the population of Athens, including their leader Pericles. The balance of power shifted from Athens to Sparta, ending the Golden Age of Pericles that had marked Athenian dominance in the ancient world. Ancient historian Thucydides also contracted the disease, but he survived to write about the plague. His writings are the primary source on this outbreak. The cause of the plague has long been disputed, with modern academics and medical scientists considering epidemic typhus the most likely cause. However, a study in 2006 by Manolis Papagrigorakis of the University of Athens detected DNA sequences similar to those of the bacterium responsible for typhoid fever.[5] Other scientists have disputed the findings, citing serious methodologic flaws in the dental pulp-derived DNA study. In addition, as the disease is most commonly transmitted through poor hygiene habits and public sanitation conditions, it is an unlikely cause of a widespread plague, emerging in Africa and moving into the Greek city states, as reported by Thucydides.\n\nIn 1860-1900, typhoid fever mortality rate in Chicago averaged 65 per 100,000 people a year. The worst year was 1891, when the typhoid death rate was 174 per 100,000 persons.[2]\n\nIn 1897, Edward Almwroth Wright developed the effective vaccine.
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(excelent answer by Broadcaster !)\nLet me add some information too!\nAlexander (Greek “ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ”(ALEXANDROS) is considered the greatest hero of Greece. He was called great for several reasons.\n He was the first who managed to unite all the Greek states and build a gigantic Greek Empire which expanded from Greece to India (really big!!). He was the first person who took the title “Emperor of Greece”.\nHe made his small Greek kingdom of Macedon the most powerful Greek state. \nHe never lost a battle and he is considered a military genius.\nHe spread Greek language and Greek culture through out the world paving the way to Christianity.\nHe was considered from the people of the Persian Empire as a liberator and not a conqueror. \nHe fused Greek culture with Asian Elements forming the culture that was called Hellenistic (from “Hellenic” meaning “Greek”).\n{Do not confuse the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia or Macedon with the modern state of Makedonija (or FYROM or Slav Macedonia as they are not related at all). The confusion has started a few years ago because that small state started to use the name “Republic of Macedonia” causing a great confusion with real Macedonia in Greece.}
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ancientgreece/timeline/timeline2.shtml\n\nhope this helps
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Snap ~\n             It was the Greeks that held actual Fighting Competitions compared to the Romans who loved when men fought with swords, spears and shields and fought to the death. The Greeks thought there was mor honor in fighting with just ones hands instead of weapontry and let the beaten one live in the hopes he could redeem himself in fighting again.\n\n             The Greeks did everything naked back in the day and yes Snap, fighting was one of them.
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In 332 BC - 331 BC\n\nIn 332 BC Alexander the Great, King of Macedon, conquered Egypt, with little resistance from the Persians. He was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. He visited Memphis, and went on pilgrimage to the oracle of Amun at the Oasis of Siwa. The oracle declared him to be the son of Amun. He conciliated the Egyptians by the respect which he showed for their religion, but he appointed Greeks to virtually all the senior posts in the country, and founded a new Greek city, Alexandria, to be the new capital. The wealth of Egypt could now be harnessed for Alexander's conquest of the rest of the Persian Empire. Early in 331 BC he was ready to depart, and led his forces away to Phoenicia. He left Cleomenes as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt in his absence. Alexander never returned to Egypt.\n \nPtolemy I, King of EgyptFollowing Alexander's death in Babylon in 323 BC, a succession crisis erupted among his generals. Initially, Perdiccas ruled the empire as regent for Alexander's half-brother Arrhidaeus, who became Philip III of Macedon, and then as regent for both Philip III and Alexander's infant son Alexander IV of Macedon, who had not been born at the time of his father's death. Perdiccas appointed Ptolemy, one of Alexander's closest companions, to be satrap of Egypt. Ptolemy ruled Egypt from 323 BC, nominally in the name of the joint kings Philip III and Alexander IV. However, as Alexander the Great's empire disintegrated, Ptolemy soon established himself as ruler in his own right. Ptolemy successfully defended Egypt against an invasion by Perdiccas in 321 BC, and consolidated his position in Egypt and the surrounding areas during the Wars of the Diadochi (322 BC-301 BC). In 305 BC, Ptolemy took the title of King. As Ptolemy I Soter ("Saviour"), he founded the Ptolemaic dynasty that was to rule Egypt for nearly 300 years.\n\nAll the male rulers of the dynasty took the name "Ptolemy", while princesses and queens preferred the names Cleopatra and Berenice. Because the Ptolemaic kings adopted the Egyptian custom of marrying their sisters, many of the kings ruled jointly with their spouses, who were also of the royal house. This custom made Ptolemaic politics confusingly incestuous, and the later Ptolemies were increasingly feeble. The only Ptolemaic Queens to officially rule on their own were Berenice III and Berenice IV. Cleopatra V did co-rule, but it was with another female, Berenice IV. Cleopatra VII officially co-ruled with Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, Ptolemy XIV, and Ptolemy XV, but effectively, she ruled Egypt alone.\n\nThe early Ptolemies did not disturb the religion or the customs of the Egyptians, and indeed built magnificent new temples for the Egyptian gods and soon adopted the outward display of the Pharaohs of old. During the reign of Ptolemies II and III thousands of Macedonian and Greek veterans were rewarded with grants of farm lands, and Greeks were planted in colonies and garrisons or settled themselves in the villages throughout the country. Upper Egypt, farthest from the centre of government, was less immediately affected, though Ptolemy I established the Greek colony of Ptolemais Hermiou to be its capital, but within a century Greek influence had spread through the country and intermarriage had produced a large Greco-Egyptian educated class. Nevertheless, the Greeks always remained a privileged minority in Ptolemaic Egypt. They lived under Greek law, received a Greek education, were tried in Greek courts, and were citizens of Greek cities, just as they had been in Greece. The Egyptians were rarely admitted to the higher levels of Greek culture, in which most Egyptians were not in any case interested.
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Sparta is in Greece. Minoans are from the island of Crete.