What are the differences between human chorionic gonadotropin and equine chorionic gonadotropin?
85714
I believe one is produced by female human the other endometrial by a pregnant female horse.
453444
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle\n\nOnly human beings and the great apes experience a true menstrual cycle. Most placental mammals experience estrus instead. The menstrual cycle is under the control of the reproductive hormone system and is necessary for reproduction. In women, menstrual cycles occur typically on a monthly basis between puberty and menopause.\n\nDuring the menstrual cycle, the sexually mature female body releases one egg (or occasionally two, which might result in dizygotic, or non-identical, twins) at the time of ovulation. The lining of the uterus, the endometrium, builds up in a synchronised fashion. After ovulation, this lining changes to prepare for potential implantation of the fertilized egg to establish a pregnancy. If fertilization and pregnancy do not ensue, the uterus sheds the lining and a new menstrual cycle begins. The process of the shedding of the lining is called menstruation. Menstruation manifests itself to the outer world in the form of the menses (also menstruum): essentially part of the endometrium and blood products that pass out of the body through the vagina. Although this is commonly referred to as blood, it differs in composition from venous blood.\n\nCommon usage refers to menstruation and menses as a period. This bleeding serves as a sign that a woman has not become pregnant. (However, this cannot be taken as certainty, as sometimes there is some bleeding in early pregnancy.) During the reproductive years, failure to menstruate may provide the first indication to a woman that she may have become pregnant. A woman might say that her "period is late" when an expected menstruation has not started and she might have become pregnant.\n\nMenstruation forms a normal part of a natural cyclic process occurring in healthy women between puberty and the end of the reproductive years. The onset of menstruation, known as menarche, occurs at an average age of 12, but can occur any time between the ages of 8 and 16.[1] However, the condition precocious puberty has caused menstruation to occur in girls as young as 8 months old. The last period, menopause, usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 55. Deviations from this pattern deserve medical attention. Amenorrhea refers to a prolonged absence of menses during the reproductive years of a woman for reasons other than pregnancy. For example, women with very low body fat, such as athletes, may cease to menstruate. The presence of menstruation does not prove that ovulation took place; women who do not ovulate may have menstrual cycles. Those anovulatory cycles tend to take place less regularly and show greater variation in cycle length. In addition, the absence of menstruation also does not prove that ovulation did not take place, because hormone disruptions in non-pregnant women can suppress bleeding on occasion.\n\nWomen show considerable variation in the lengths of their menstrual cycles, and the length of the menstrual cycle differs in different animals.\n\nWhile cycle length may vary, 28 days is generally taken as representative of the average ovulatory cycle in women. Convention uses the onset of menstrual bleeding to mark the beginning of the cycle, so the first day of bleeding is called "Cycle Day one".\n\nOne can divide the menstrual cycle into four phases:\n\nMenstruation\nEumenorrhea denotes normal, regular menstruation that lasts for a few days (usually 3 to 5 days, but anywhere from 2 to 7 days is considered normal.[2] The average blood loss during menstruation is 35 millilitres with 10-80 mL considered normal;[3] many women also notice shed endometrium lining that appears as tissue mixed with the blood. An enzyme called plasmin — contained in the endometrium — inhibits the blood from clotting. Because of this blood loss, women have higher dietary requirements for iron than do males to prevent iron deficiency. Many women experience uterine cramps, also referred to as dysmenorrhea, during this time
962991
Colt is a young male horse who still has his testicles (gelding for any male horse w/o them)\n\nFilly is a young female horse.\n\nMale horses are classified as horses at age 5, and Female horses are classified as mares at age 5.
411844
Pregnancy tests detect the level of a particular hormone, beta-HGC, in the urine. In pregnancy, the level increases, which is what causes a positive reading on the pregnancy test.\n\nbHCG levels are also raised in testicular cancers, and in "molar pregnancies" in women, a form of cancer in the uterus caused by a genetic disorder where a sperm enters an egg without a nucleus, or where two sperm enter the same egg. This causes formation of a tumour, and the embryo dies early in the pregnancy and is resorbed. \n\nAs far as I am aware, these are the only two types of cancer which cause raised bHCG levels. In a molar pregnancy this would cause raised levels in the urine, but I think in cases of testicular cancer the levels would be raised in the blood rather than the urine.\n\nIf you are concerned that you have some form of cancer, the best thing to do is consult a doctor!!!
275150
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=reproduction+in+animals&go=Go
358587
'Male and female human embryos are identical in the early stages of their development. If the fetus receives a Y chromosome from its father, a hormonal signal is produced: the labia fuse to form a scrotum, the gonads develop as testicles and a male results. Otherwise the "default" female remains.  Various structures in the adult reflect the symmetry of male and female and their common embryonic source. Men have nipples because they have already begun to develop when the "switch to male" signal is received. The development of breasts is halted in most--but not all--cases but the nipples are not reabsorbed.'
961912
Hormonal changes, ovulation, menstruation
636443
http://distance.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP2pages/Units14to17/endocrine/hormonal.htm\nhttp://www.mtsu.edu/~jshardo/bly2020/hormonal_regulation.html
8658
Equine= horse\nCanine= dog\nLupine= wolf\nPorcine= pig\nLapine= rabbit\nVulpine= fox\nAssinine= politician
1069981
Menstruation is a characteristic of  placental mammals. It is a process where by the uterus gives off its unused inner layer because the egg was never fertilized.  Birds and reptiles do not contain a uterus.  They lay a hard shelled egg called the amniotic egg.  Basically they leave the eggs alone to develop on their own.  When they hatch they usually fend for themselves except for the birds that watch over their chicks.
112901
Testosterone, it is a fickle thing, and affects different animals different. The hormones posessed by humans are much different than the hormones posessed by whales and spiders. \n\nBut on a personal note, you've never met my aunt Lorraine. She makes linebackers look like toddlers.
416191
They are two VERY different creatures and the genetic research they are doing has recently shown that the X chromosome in men and the X chormosome in women is very differnt much to their surprise!\n\nIt is almost like we are two different species genetically.
190202
Great apes do too. \n\n"Females of other mammalian species go through certain episodes called "estrus" or "heat" in each breeding season. During these times, ovulation occurs and females become receptive to mating, a fact advertised to males in some way. If no fertilisation takes place, the uterus reabsorbs the endometrium: no menstrual bleeding occurs. Significant differences exist between the estrus and the menstrual cycle. Some animals, such as domestic cats and dogs do produce a very short and mild menstrual flow. However, due to its small amount (and personal cleanliness in cats) it passes pet owners largely unnoticed."\n\nI couldn't find exactly WHY though.
602360
The estrous cycle (also oestrous cycle; originally derived from Latin œstrous) refers to the recurring physiologic changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian placental females; humans and great apes are the only mammals who undergo a menstrual cycle instead. Estrus cycles start after puberty in sexually mature females and are interrupted by anestrous phases. Typically estrus cycles continue until death. Some animals may display bloody vaginal discharge, often mistaken for menstruation.
121114
i think it shld be negative from the 3rd month going since most tests detect for the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the urine and i know that this hormone is released by the syncytiotrophoblast to maitain the corpus luteum in the first 3 months of pregnancy. by the 9th month this luteum wld have developed and there wld b no need for the hormaone.
60214
A human embryo begins developing as a female (or some say anatomically indistinguishable), complete with mammary glands and ducts.  A couple of months later the hormones kick in and well...boys will be boys.  Most people (scientists, researchers, et cetera) say the nipples are from that "indistinguishable period."\n\nAs far as all land mammals having nipples, I had to Goooogle that one.  The site I found said all land mammals have nipples except stallions.
910323
Humans are not the only ones. Primates do and yes dogs and cats do as well. Other sexually reproducing species go through oestrous cycle. Very similar to menstrual cycle, except it isn't always seasonal. Some rodents for example ovulate every 4-5 days; while others are induced ovulators meaning they only ovulate after sex. Both types have cyclical endocrine changes that lead to ovarian changes and ovulation. Interesting tidbit though is that humans are the rare ones...other species only have sex to procreate...humans have sex whether they can have kids or not (while they are pregnant or elderly, for example).