how the transistors revolutionized the modern technology?
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transistors are in your PC, Radio, TV, and in most electronic items you have. Before the age of transistor, electronics use a tube that is normally tens of times the size of a transistor to do what a transistors do. With transistors that now, could be made into nanometre wide, most electronic items take much less space than it's used to be. For example, the ancient computer is at the size of a big room, and it's computing power is tiny compared to today's computer. transistors are also cheaper to made than tubes, thus cutting down electronics price.
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Integrated circuit technology
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An amazing circuit board containing the brains of the phone \nAn antenna \nA liquid crystal display  \nA keyboard \nA microphone \nA speaker \nA battery \n\nSignificance when we study it?\n\n\nThe analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion chips translate the outgoing audio signal from analog to digital and the incoming signal from digital back to analog. You can learn more about A-to-D and D-to-A conversion and its importance to digital audio in How Compact Discs Work. The digital signal processor (DSP) is a highly customized processor designed to perform signal-manipulation calculations at high speed. \n\nThe microprocessor handles all of the housekeeping chores for the keyboard and display, deals with command and control signaling with the base station and also coordinates the rest of the functions on the board.   \n\n\nThe ROM and Flash memory chips provide storage for the phone's operating system and customizable features, such as the phone directory. The radio frequency (RF) and power section handles power management and recharging, and also deals with the hundreds of FM channels. Finally, the RF amplifiers handle signals traveling to and from the antenna. \n\nThe display has grown considerably in size as the number of features in cell phones have increased. Most current phones offer built-in phone directories, calculators and games. And many of the phones incorporate some type of PDA or Web browser.     \n\nSome phones store certain information, such as the SID and MIN codes, in internal Flash memory, while others use external cards that are similar to SmartMedia cards. \n  \nCell phones have such tiny speakers and microphones that it is incredible how well most of them reproduce sound. The speaker is about the size of a dime and the microphone is no larger than the watch battery beside it. Speaking of the watch battery, this is used by the cell phone's internal clock chip
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thin film transistor (TFT)\nA thin film transistor (TFT) is a special kind of field effect transistor made by depositing thin films for the metallic contacts, semiconductor active layer, and dielectric layer. Anne Chiang, a Taiwanese-American, among many others, is credited with major advances in the development of TFT technology [1].\n\nThe channel region of a TFT is a thin film that is deposited onto a substrate (often glass, since the primary application of TFTs is in liquid crystal displays).\n\nMost TFTs are not transparent themselves, but their electrodes and interconnects can be. The first transparent TFTs, based on zinc oxide were reported in 2003 by researchers at Oregon State University.\n\nThe best known application of thin-film transistors is in TFT LCDs, a variant of LCD technology. Transistors are embedded within the panel itself, reducing crosstalk between pixels and improving image stability. As of 2004, all but the cheapest color LCD screens use this technology.
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Here the concept is U'll decide the logic 1 nad 0 based on  spin of electrons...currently HP is working on it...if they come up with big result, it'll b a revolutionary change n da VLSI industry
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well technology  didnt just happen over 100 years. We had a lil help. We went from having hardly crap and now computers,cell phones, and that damn tv. making people lazier then hell. right now there working on developing a chip that they plant into ur brain thats somthing like the internet. Where u can chat wit other people just by thinkin about it and even listening to music (also makes it easier for the government to keep track of everybody). thats going to make people fatter then hell. Everybody will just stay at home and do nothing all day long. And a benefit of all this technology is that we hardly have to lift a finger anymore.
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Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) of systems of transistor-based circuits into integrated circuits on a single chip first occurred in the 1980s as part of the semiconductor and communication technologies that were being developed.\n\nThe first semiconductor chips held one transistor each. Subsequent advances added more and more transistors, and as a consequence more individual functions or systems were integrated over time. The microprocessor is a VLSI device.\n\nThe first "generation" of computers relied on vacuum tubes. Then came discrete semiconductor devices, followed by integrated circuits. The first Small-Scale Integration (SSI) ICs had small numbers of devices on a single chip – diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors (no inductors though), making it possible to fabricate one or more logic gates on a single device. The fourth generation consisted of Large-Scale Integration (LSI), i.e. systems with at least a thousand logic gates. The natural successor to LSI was VLSI (many tens of thousands of gates on a single chip). Current technology has moved far past this mark and today's microprocessors have many millions of gates and hundreds of millions of individual transistors.\n\nAs of mid-2004, billion-transistor processors are not yet economically feasible for most uses, but they are achievable in laboratory settings, and they are clearly on the horizon as semiconductor fabrication moves from the current generation of 90 nanometer (90nm) processes to the next 65nm and 45nm generations.\n\nAt one time, there was an effort to name and calibrate various levels of large-scale integration above VLSI. Terms like Ultra-large-scale Integration (ULSI) were used. But the huge number of gates and transistors available on common devices has rendered such fine distinctions moot. Terms suggesting more-than-VLSI levels of integration are no longer in widespread use. Even VLSI is now somewhat quaint, given the common assumption that all microprocessors are VLSI or better.
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In the 1940's with ENIAC.  It was one of the first "high-speed" computational devices and is considered the first major milestone in the development of digital computers.  It was used mainly by the U.S. military during WWII for artillery trajectory calculations.\n\nHowever things really took off after the development of the silicon transistor (1954), which are still in use today.
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For a period of time in the early 20th Century there WERE in fact B batteries. They were used to supply the ANODE voltage ( Plate voltage ) in vacuum tube devices like early radio equipment.  With the improvements that soon followed in converting AC to DC, it became less expensive to 'develop' the B voltage from a circuit called a 'power supply' and use of B batteries was confined to  'portable' devices.\n\nWith the development of the transistor, B voltage was no longer needed at all, and B batteries virtually disappeared from the market.
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Ultra pure silicon.  Various substances are added in minute amounts at strategic locations to change the local electrical property, creating transistors.
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I dont know exactly when they were first made, but they were made to replace transistor tubes, which were vaccuum tubes that were used to channel electrical signals into binary code, in as laymans terms as i can get. They are used in almost all electronics nowdays, and they allow us to have things like personal computers, digital watches, televisions, and many other electronics that we use today. Some of the advantages are they are becoming smaller and smaller, allowing us to make things smaller and lighter. disadvantages are they are much harder to detect when they fail, and much more difficult to replace than the old "t-tubes." Some examples of microelectronics are memory cards, MP3 cards, Ipods, etc...which use diodes, resistors, transistors, capacitors, amplifiers, and all sorts of other items.
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In certain low volume and high speed circuits, transistors will always have their places. ALthough their are now many more radio chips.\nMIKE
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Necessary technical break-through occurs gradually. A decade back, nano-technology was beyond imagination but today it is realistic. Same way, few years from now we end up with new technology which we havent heard now. \nTechnology is like ladder, you have to make one step at-a-time to reach next step.
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Relays are the foundation to modern computing... The orginal computers were based on relay systems.
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Nano technology is the latest buzz which have tremendous scope in coming future because we are going towards slimmer gadgets with greater features and nano technology is the only solution which can make this happen.\n\nGood luck
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device structures used to build transistors or circuit elements that are smaller than 100 nanometers (nm) in size.\n\nA good size comparison is a virus, the smallest of microorganisms. But some layers of material that make up a transistor are even thinner than viruses; so an atom comes in handy as a measuring stick. For example, the transistor gate oxide, an insulating material, consists of about five atomic layers that add up to little more than one nanometer in thickness.\n\nSo what does all this have to do with the future of silicon?\n\nIn the past, industry experience seemed to indicate there is a very definite limit to the number components that can be fabricated onto a semiconductor wafer. Maybe that's true, with traditional methods. But as we get deeper into the realm of nanotechnology, materials and process recipes are changing. As these factors change, so do the limitations that the industry used to consider absolute. The world of nanotechnology recognizes that silicon as a semiconductor material is still extremely effective.\n\n\nAs research into nanotechnology continues to provide useful new materials or devices, it will be much more practical to commercialize these innovations by integrating them into silicon-based technology that has a massive existing infrastructure, rather than by trying to create an entirely new infrastructure.\n\nNanotechnology is slowly creeping into popular culture, but not in a way that most scientists will like. There is a great example in Dorian - novelist Will Self's modern reworking of Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray. In one scene, set in a dingy industrial building on the outskirts of Los Angeles, we find Dorian Gray and his friends looking across rows of Dewar flasks, in which the heads and bodies of the dead are kept frozen, waiting for the day when medical science has advanced far enough to cure their ailments. Although one of Dorian's friends doubts that technology will ever be able to repair the damage caused when the body parts are thawed out, another friend - Fergus the Ferret - is more optimistic. \n\n- Nanotechnology, Fergus - you're quite right; they'll have tiny hyperintelligent robots working in concert to repair our damaged bodies. \n\nThis view that nanotechnology will lead to tiny robotic submarines navigating our bloodstream is ubiquitous. Yet today's products of nanotechnology are much more mundane - stain-resistant trousers, better sun creams and tennis rackets reinforced with carbon nanotubes. There is an almost surreal gap between what the technology is believed to promise and what it actually delivers.
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I believe it will take a similar course as electronics and computer technology over the past century, with some of the same benefits as well as consequences.\n\nFirst, don't expect miracles.  Remember people were expecting robots to do and know virtually everything by 2000.  We have progressed a long way, but that was just unrealistic.  I predict nanotechnology within the next 20 years will be comparable to electronics before the discovery of the transistor.\n\nWithin 50 years, I predict something similar to the dot.com boom/bomb.  There will be some very amazing advancements which will spur investment into all kinds of faulty business models.  In the end, a lot of people will lose money but things will settle out at a higher economic level.\n\nAnd as nanotech gets into the hands of common folks, "hackers" will emerge.  I could only make wild guesses on what kind of hacking that would be, but it will be there.  I guarantee that.  Perhaps we will all need to install genetic firewalls to prevent hackers from hijacking our brains! :)