what is pneumatic pyrometer?
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The theory of the pneumatic pyrometer, in which gas temperature is determined from density measurements, is outlined and the design and characteristics of a small instrument are reported. Calibration curves covering a wide temperature range (200 to 1550° C) are given and the use of the instrument is described. :-)
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Fire, a pressure vessel, a press and a filteration system.
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There are actually devices called 'Airborne Particulate Detectors' which you can purchase via catalogs. There are plenty of different types of particulates and detection devices for most of them.  I would start by checking into any industrial catalog or search under Hazardous Material Detection Equipment.
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cy·clom·e·ter (sī-klŏm'ĭ-tər) \nn.\nAn instrument that records the revolutions of a wheel to indicate distance traveled.\nAn instrument that measures circular arcs.\n\nGoniometer \nAn instrument used for measuring geometric angles. See radio direction-finder. \n\n**please check the internet for more information** :)
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It's the rapid flow of material from a volcano that is accelerated by hot gases.\n\nHere's a good link for reference from the US Geological Survey site.  It has some better definitions, pictures, and case studies of pyroclastic flows.\n\n\n"Pyroclastic flows are high-density mixtures of hot, dry rock fragments and hot gases that move away from the vent that erupted them at high speeds. They may result from the explosive eruption of molten or solid rock fragments, or both. " http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/PF/pcflows.html
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thermometers, barometers, flouescent lamps, batteries.
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You can get a infrared thermometer. just point it at the flame and it will tell you the temperature. it will also show you the differences when you move to diff rent colors in the flame.. blue being hotter than the yellow.. i bought one on line for 39 dollars from eBay i think
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measuring device of some sort (scale, ruler, thermometer)
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a thermistor is a resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. Because of the known dependence of resistance on temperature, the resistor can be used as a temperature sensor.\n\nSo, add a thermistor into a simple circuit with a power supply and a meter to measure current and you have the essence of a device to measure temperature.\n\nGet a bucket, fill it with ice and leave it till the ice has half melted. The temperatue of the water will be 0 degrees C. Pop in the thermistor (suitably electrically insulated) and measure the current.\n\nBoil a pan of water on the stove. As it's bubbling the water will be exactly 100 Degrees C, and again measure the current.\n\nUsing both values you can calibrate your new electronic thermometer!
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Galvanometer;An Instrument used to Detect or Measure small electric currents by means of mechanical effects produced by an Induction Coil. Ammeter; An Instrument that measures Electric Current by being actively connected to an Electrical Circuit.
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flask - container for substances\nweight -  to measure weight\nspatula - kind of spoon\nbunsen burner - used for heating and boiling\nasbestos - used to protect something from burning
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Are you mixing up a thermocouple for a thermal-switch. In all the applications mentioned above a thermal switch is used. The thermocouple is a lab device which is used to measure relative temperatures. A thermal-switch is an absolute device which either opens or closes at a given temperature.\n\nA thermal-couple is used to measure continuously the temperature while performing a experiment. It is usually attached to a component or surface being tested.\nThe results are compared to a controlled known temperature surface.\nUsually when testing to meet UL underwriters lab testing.
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In electronics, thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor and can also be used as a means to convert thermal potential difference into electric potential difference. They are cheap, interchangeable, have standard connectors, and can measure a wide range of temperatures. The main limitation is accuracy; system errors of less than 1 °C can be difficult to achieve.\n\nA thermopile is a group of thermocouples connected in series.\n\nPrinciple of operation\nIn 1821, an Estonian physicist named Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered that when any conductor (such as a metal) is subjected to a thermal gradient, it will generate a voltage. Any attempt to measure this voltage necessarily involves connecting another conductor to the "hot" end. This additional conductor will then also experience the temperature gradient, and develop a voltage of its own which will oppose the original. Fortunately, the magnitude of the effect depends on the metal in use. Using a dissimilar metal to complete the circuit will have a different voltage generated, leaving a small difference voltage available for us to measure, which increases with temperature. This difference can typically be between 1 to about 70 microvolts per degree Celsius for the modern range of available metal combinations. Certain combinations have become popular as industry standards, driven by cost, availability, convenience, melting point and chemical properties, stability, and output.\n\nIt is important to note that thermocouples measure the temperature difference between two points, not absolute temperature.\n\n\n\nIn most applications, one of the junctions — the "cold junction" — is maintained at a known (reference) temperature, while the other end is attached to a probe. For example, in the image below, the cold junction will be at copper tracks on the circuit board. Another temperature sensor will measure the temperature at this point, so that the temperature at the probe tip can be calculated.\n\nHaving available a known temperature cold junction, while useful for laboratory calibrations, is simply not convenient for most directly connected indicating and control instruments. They incorporate into their circuits an artificial cold junction using the "other" thermally sensitive device (such as a thermister or diode) to measure the temperature of the input connections at the instrument, with special care being taken to minimize any temperature gradient between terminals. Hence, the voltage from a known cold junction can be simulated, and the appropriate correction applied. This is known as cold junction compensation.\n\nUsually the thermocouple is attached to the indicating device by a special wire known as the "compensating" or "extension" cable. The terms are specific. "Extension cable" uses wires of nominally the same conductors as used at the thermocouple itself. These cables are less costly than thermocouple wire, although not cheap, and are usually produced in a convenient form for carrying over long distances - typically as flexible insulated wiring or multicore cables. They are recommended for best accuracy.\n\n"Compensating cables" on the other hand, are less precise, but cheaper. They use quite different, relatively low cost alloy conductor materials whose net thermoelectric coefficients are similar to those of the thermocouple in question, but which do not match them quite as faithfully as extension cables. The combination develops similar outputs to those of the themocouple, but the operating temperature range is restricted to keep the mis-match errors acceptably small.\n\nThe extension cable or compensating cable must be selected to match the thermocouple. It generates a voltage proportional to the difference between the hot junction and cold junction, and is connected in the correct polarity so that the additional voltage is added to the thermocouple voltage, compensating for the te
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Method One = Anamometer\nMethos two + Pitot - static pressure\n\nAnamometer is one of the familiar devices that looks like three cups mounted on their side and they drive a shaft to gauge the wind speed.\n\nA pitot static system is a method where a tube pointed into the wind collects "ram air" and compares the pressure differential to a static port mounted perpendicular to the wind.\n\nI prefer the latter of the two beccause there are no moving parts and their in no calibration needed generally.
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piezometer uses the piezoelectric electric effect.\nIf you compress a piece of quartz it produces a voltage.\nThis voltage is measured and displayed on a desired scale.\n\nUsually used to measure fluid pressure, so the voltmeter has a pressure scale printed on it.
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heat is the measurement of thermal energy
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EMF200 Gauss Meter \nRemote Infrared (IR) Thermometer \nmotion detector