What does Jupiter's moon Europa smell and feel like? What are its temperature, atmospheric gases and energy so
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Europa is the smallest of the four Galilean moons, but it is still the 6th largest satellite in the solar system. With a diameter of 3,138 km, Europa is slightly smaller than our own Moon. \nEuropa Quick-Look Statistics\n \nDiscovery:                             Jan 7, 1610 by Galileo Galilei\nDiameter (km):                         3,138           \nMass (kg):                             4.8e22 kg \nMass (Earth = 1)                       0.0083021\nSurface Gravity (Earth = 1):           0.135 \nMean Distance from Jupiter (km):       670,900 \nMean Distance From Jupiter (Rj):       9.5 \nMean Distance from Sun (AU):           5.203\nOrbital period (days):                 3.551181 \nRotational period  (days):             3.551181 \nDensity (gm/cm³)                       3.01 \nOrbit Eccentricity:                    0.009\nOrbit Inclination (degrees):           0.470\nOrbit Speed (km/sec):                  13.74\nEscape velocity (km/sec):              2.02 \nVisual Albedo:                         0.64\nSurface Composition:                   Water Ice
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As the guy above me said, your temperature range would be in the range of -33.7 degrees Celsius and -75 degrees Celsius for liquid ammonia seas. However, the ammonia would most likely not be pure, and could contain trace compounds. Odds are that there won't be an ozone layer, as such a world probably wouldn't have much oxygen in its atmosphere, though methane may be common in a gaseous form. It is also likely that the planet may have 'dirty' ice caps at the poles, depending upon the axial tilt, composed of a mixture of ammonia, water, and carbon dioxide ice. Life as we know it on this hypothetical world is debateable, but certainly not impossible. \nMost of these details depend on specific parameters for your planet: what is its atmospheric composition? atmospheric pressure? is it Earth's distance from the sun? what kind of sun? any moons? how old of a planet is it? continental drift? please e-mail me and I will try to help you in any way I can:  paleoboy1291@yahoo.com
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Yes\n\nThere is good evidence that Europa hides a liquid ocean many kilometres below its icy crust. \n\nScientists would like to one day explore this ocean for signs of life, but even if a lander could reach the moon, the practical problems of drilling through the vast ice sheet are immense. \n\n\nA team from University of Arizona, Tucson, has a reasonable account of the cycloidal lines stretching hundreds of miles across the southern polar region of Europa. They believe the bulge of a 100-foot tide cracks the ice in long curves as stress vectors rotate during the Europan day (about 3.5 Earth days.) New segments 40-120 miles long would form when the cycle repeats on successive days, making a chain of broken curves. The team estimates that the ocean on Europa is about 100 miles deep. \n\nAlso it has been found out that ,Callisto, another of Jupiter's moons, may have an underground liquid ocean...
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Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and is the largest one in the solar system. If Jupiter were hollow, more than one thousand Earths could fit inside. It also contains more matter than all of the other planets combined. It has a mass of 1.9 x 1027 kg and is 142,800 kilometers (88,736 miles) across the equator. Jupiter possesses 28 known satellites, four of which - Callisto, Europa, Ganymede and Io - were observed by Galileo as long ago as 1610. Another 12 satellites have been recently discovered and given provisional designators until they are officially confirmed and named. There is a ring system, but it is very faint and is totally invisible from the Earth. (The rings were discovered in 1979 by Voyager 1.) The atmosphere is very deep, perhaps comprising the whole planet, and is somewhat like the Sun. It is composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, with small amounts of methane, ammonia, water vapor and other compounds. At great depths within Jupiter, the pressure is so great that the hydrogen atoms are broken up and the electrons are freed so that the resulting atoms consist of bare protons. This produces a state in which the hydrogen becomes metallic. \nColorful latitudinal bands, atmospheric clouds and storms illustrate Jupiter's dynamic weather systems. The cloud patterns change within hours or days. The Great Red Spot is a complex storm moving in a counter-clockwise direction. At the outer edge, material appears to rotate in four to six days; near the center, motions are small and nearly random in direction. An array of other smaller storms and eddies can be found through out the banded clouds. \n\nAuroral emissions, similar to Earth's northern lights, were observed in the polar regions of Jupiter. The auroral emissions appear to be related to material from Io that spirals along magnetic field lines to fall into Jupiter's atmosphere. Cloud-top lightning bolts, similar to superbolts in Earth's high atmosphere, were also observed. \n\nJupiter's Ring\nUnlike Saturn's intricate and complex ring patterns, Jupiter has a simple ring system that is composed of an inner halo, a main ring and a Gossamer ring. To the Voyager spacecraft, the Gossamer ring appeared to be a single ring, but Galileo imagery provided the unexpected discovery that Gossamer is really two rings. One ring is embedded within the other. The rings are very tenuous and are composed of dust particles kicked up as interplanetary meteoroids smash into Jupiter's four small inner moons Metis, Adrastea, Thebe, and Amalthea. Many of the particles are microscopic in size. \n\nThe innermost halo ring is toroidal in shape and extends radially from about 92,000 kilometers (57,000 miles) to about 122,500 kilometers (76,000 miles) from Jupiter's center. It is formed as fine particles of dust from the main ring's inner boundary 'bloom' outward as they fall toward the planet. The main and brightest ring extends from the halo boundary out to about 128,940 kilometers (80,000 miles) or just inside the orbit of Adrastea. Close to the orbit of Metis, the main ring's brightness decreases. \n\nThe two faint Gossamer rings are fairly uniform in nature. The innermost Amalthea Gossamer ring extends from the orbit of Adrastea out to the orbit of Amalthea at 181,000 kilometers (112,000 miles) from Jupiter's center. The fainter Thebe Gossamer ring extends from Amalthea's orbit out to about Thebe's orbit at 221,000 kilometers (136,000 miles). \n\nJupiter's rings and moons exist within an intense radiation belt of electrons and ions trapped in the planet's magnetic field. These particles and fields comprise the jovian magnetosphere or magnetic environment, which extends 3 to 7 million kilometers (1.9 to 4.3 million miles) toward the Sun, and stretches in a windsock shape at least as far as Saturn's orbit - a distance of 750 million kilometers (466 million miles). \n\nJupiter Statistics \nMass (kg) 1.900e+27 \nMass (
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It depends on which planet you hail from.....\nLets name the POSSIBLE looks from each planet\n-Mercury-You'll have REALLY heat resistant skin as it can go up to 900C up there.Also,cold-resistant skin 'cause it can go to negative 3 figures there.Preferably you eat ice and dust,as thats all there is up there.Also,you'd be REALLY large,to escape the Sun's pull and to counter Mercury's weak gravity.And of course,you breathe in CO2,in solid from,perferably.\n\n-Venus-You breathe in the weirdest combination of sulphur dioxide,carbon dioxide,nitrogen,and other toxic gases.Good thing is,the temperature here is hothothot!!So,you have thick skin to prevent dehydration and maybe drink from your pores to survive.Of course,powerful legs to jump over those ravines and resist the pull of Venus' powerful gravity.And eyes so tough they can take the battering of those HUGE winds,see through thick clouds of gas,and withstand concentrated sulphuric acid,as the rest of your body.\n\nEarth-We ALL know how we look like....\n\nMars-Now comes the fun part.You are really,REALLY tough to reduce your intake of fluids,as there is only ice at the poles.You can move around,but you are heavy to reduce the power of Mar's weak gravity field.Super-powered eyes to see in the darkness,and of course,you eat the powdered rust off the floor.Other than that,you most probably breathe in CO2.\n\n-Jupiter-You are small,as the planet's gravity is REALLY big.Hard-shelled to prevent you freezing,and certainly wings,as ther is no solid ground.And a good sense of navigation,preferably untrasound or infrared......to see those monster hurricanes that last for YEARS there,especially the Great Red Spot.....a hurricane the size of Earth.\n\n-Saturn-All I can say is COLD,so get out them balaclavas.Also,wings are a must,and you must keep moving ALWAYS,so that you dont get frozen solid.Liquid nitrogen froms the oceans,so you might want to take a cool dip in that.Drink it too,and breathe in nitrogen from the air,and maybe even CO2.Good thing you're small;high metabolism rate,and you can't resist that superbly powerful gravity.....\n\nNeptune-Same as Saturn\n\nPluto-Not really a planet anyways....but still,same as Saturn,except you are HUGE and you will have no wings.....\n\ngood enough??
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atmosphere is created when gravity holds all the gas molecules around it, like earth's gravity is holding all the nitrogen/oxygen/water vapor/etc around it.  since the moon doesn't have as much gravity, it can't hold in the same atmosphere.  the atmosphere and humidity around a planet also absorb and hold heat.  when the sun sets on earth, the temperature doesn't change drastically, even though the sun's not providing heat anymore, because the atmosphere is hanging on to the heat it absorbed during the day.  if there is less atmosphere to absorb the heat, once the sun goes down the temperature will drop drastically.\n\nI'm not sure about the craters, but my guess is that the moon is more cratered because there's no erosion.  on a planet like earth, water and wind constantly wash across the surface and erode any irregularities like craters, so the surface is relatively smooth.  on the moon, there's no water and no wind (no atmosphere = no wind), so there's no erosion to smooth out the craters.
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4-Jupiter\nJupiter is the largest planet in the solar system and is a gas giant made up mostly of hydrogen.\n\nComparing Earth and Jupiter\n\nJupiter's diameter is over ten times greater than the Earth's \n\nIt has over 300 times the mass \n\nIf you weigh 180 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 426 pounds at Jupiter's cloud tops \n\nJupiter is five times further from the Sun than the Earth \n\nJupiter is so large that its famous Great Red Spot (actually a giant, hurricane-like storm that's at least 400 years old) would easily swallow the Earth. Jupiter spins so fast on its axis that it bulges noticeably at its equator (a day on Jupiter is about ten hours long).
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Carbon dioxide: Venus, Mars\nHydrogen: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
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Atmospheric characteristics \nAtmospheric pressure trace \nPotassium 31.7% \nSodium 24.9% \nAtomic Oxygen 9.5% \nArgon 7.0% \nHelium 5.9% \nMolecular Oxygen 5.6% \nNitrogen 5.2% \nCarbon dioxide 3.6% \nWater 3.4% \nHydrogen 3.2% \n\nThe planet has a large iron core which generates a magnetic field about 1% as strong as that of the Earth. Surface temperatures on Mercury range from about 90-700 K, with the subsolar point being the hottest and the bottoms of craters near the poles being the coldest.\n\nThe mean surface temperature of Mercury is 452 K (178.8 °C /353.9 °F), but it ranges from 90 K (-183.15 °C /-297.7 °F) to 700 K (426.85 °C /800 °F); by comparison, the temperature on Earth varies by only about 150 K (150 °C /270 °F). The sunlight on Mercury's surface is 6.5 times as intense as it is on Earth, with the solar constant having a value of 9.13 kW/m².\n\nMagnetosphere\nDespite its slow rotation, Mercury has a relatively strong magnetosphere, with 1% of the magnetic field strength generated by Earth. It is possible that this magnetic field is generated in a manner similar to Earth's, by a dynamo of circulating liquid core material. However, scientists are unsure whether Mercury's core could still be liquid,[5] although it could perhaps be kept liquid by tidal effects during periods of high orbital eccentricity. It is also possible that Mercury's magnetic field is a remnant of an earlier dynamo effect that has now ceased, with the magnetic field becoming "frozen" in solidified magnetic materials.
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It has the strongest surface winds (Jupiter would have the greatest gravitational force)
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Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun. It is a gas giant (also known as a Jovian planet, after the planet Jupiter), the second-largest planet in the solar system after Jupiter. Saturn has a prominent system of rings, consisting mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust. It was named after the Roman god Saturn. Its symbol is a stylized representation of the god's sickle.\n\nSaturn is an oblate spheroid. It is flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator; its equatorial and polar diameters vary by almost 10% (120,536 km vs. 108,728 km). This is the result of its rapid rotation and fluid state. The other gas planets are also oblate, but to a lesser degree. Saturn is the only one of the Solar System's planets less dense than water, with an average specific density of 0.69. This is a mean value; Saturn's upper atmosphere is less dense and its core is considerably more dense than water.\n\nSaturn's interior is similar to Jupiter's, having a rocky core at the center, a liquid metallic hydrogen layer above that, and a molecular hydrogen layer above that. Traces of various ices are also present. Saturn has a very hot interior, reaching 12,000 Kelvin at the core, and it radiates more energy into space than it receives from the Sun. Most of the extra energy is generated by the Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism (slow gravitational compression), but this alone may not be sufficient to explain Saturn's heat production. An additional proposed mechanism by which Saturn may generate some of its heat is the "raining out" of droplets of helium deep in Saturn's interior, the droplets of helium releasing heat by friction as they fall down through the lighter hydrogen.\n\nSaturn's atmosphere exhibits a banded pattern similar to Jupiter's (in fact, the nomenclature is the same), but Saturn's bands are much fainter and are also much wider near the equator. Saturn's winds are among the Solar System's fastest; Voyager data indicates peak easterly winds of 500 m/s (1116 mph)Solarviews. Saturn's finer cloud patterns were not observed until the Voyager flybys. Since then, however, Earth-based telescopy has improved to the point where regular observations can be made.\n\nSaturn's usually-bland atmosphere occasionally exhibits long-lived ovals and other features common on Jupiter; in 1990 the Hubble Space Telescope observed an enormous white cloud near Saturn's equator which was not present during the Voyager encounters and in 1994 another, smaller storm was observed. The 1990 storm was an example of a Great White Spot, a unique but short-lived Saturnian phenomenon with a roughly 30-year periodicity. Previous Great White Spots were observed in 1876, 1903, 1933, and 1960, with the 1933 storm being the most famous. The careful study of these episodes reveals interesting patterns; if it holds another storm will occur in about 2020.(Kidger 1992)\n\nAstronomers using infrared imaging have shown that Saturn has a warm polar vortex, and is the only planet in the solar system known to do so.\n\nAn apparently permanent hexagonal wave pattern around the polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N was first noted in the Voyager images. HST imaging of the south polar region indicates the presence of a jet stream, but no strong polar vortex nor any hexagonal standing wave.\n\nSince Saturn does not rotate on its axis at a uniform rate, two rotation periods have been assigned to it (as in Jupiter's case): System I has a period of 10 h 14 min 00 s (844.3°/d) and encompasses the Equatorial Zone, which extends from the northern edge of the South Equatorial Belt to the southern edge of the North Equatorial Belt. All other Saturnian latitudes have been assigned a rotation period of 10 h 39 min 24 s (810.76°/d), which is System II. System III, based on radio emissions from the planet, has a period of 10 h 39 min 22.4 s (810.8°/d); because it is very close to System II, it
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Neptune and Uranus are made mostly of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, same as the comets... only in a way bigger clump that's still warm enough to keep them as gasses.\n\nSo the outer clouds are mostly hydrogen.  Then methane, then water vapor, then we can't see, but we think below that there's water, and probably some methane hydrate ices, and ice, and a bunch of carbon compounds, and at the very bottom, there's probably a "rocky core" of some solid material, which is probably mostly made of carbon compressed down very tightly, maybe into crystals.  Somebody did a research paper on it, and titled it "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds," in the 60s.
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We know what the surface of venus looks like, the Magellan spacecraft already mapped it (altitude wise), and the Soviets landed a couple of probes on the surface a long time ago.\n\nThe new craft will not tell us what the surface looks like, you can't get any visible light info from the surface due to the thick clouds.\n\nThe ESA's stated scientific objectives for the missions are:\n    * What is the mechanism and what is the driving force of the super-rotation of the atmosphere?\n    * What are the basic processes in the general circulation of the atmosphere?\n    * What is the composition and chemistry of the lower atmosphere and the clouds?\n    * What is the past and present water balance in the atmosphere?\n    * What is the role of the radiative balance and greenhouse effect in the past present and future evolution of the planet?\n    * Is there currently volcanic and/or tectonic activity on the planet?
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Two reports that may be new evidence.  Gathered in the\n   flight of the Ark around the entire system.  The one point is\n   it is not hot as we know of hot.  That would be igneous and\n   would react through tunneling into the surface.  The center\n    is a similar but cold material, sort of the co2 type of material.\n    Like hot it is outside of our ability to touch, without data our\n    mind cannot concept it and we could hurt our nerves.  The\n    nearby area is also unknown, that is the radiant, reactives,\n    radiological materials that are emitted into space pass through\n    nearly every material without any noticeable change.  This\n    unknown is called the central web iron.  That material is also\n    undefined because there are no samples on the surface to\n    see, or measure.  The general core is magnesium sulfates\n    these have the properties that make the planet warm, sweet,\n    and vegetative.
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The correct choice is 1) warmer due to absorption of long-wave infrared by greenhouse gases. \n\nVenus's atmosphere not only contains CO2 at 90 bars, it also contains water vapor, and clouds of sulphuric acid, all of which absorb heavily within the IR spectrum.\n\nThis website will show you a graph that compares the wavelengths absorbed by various greenhouse gases:\n(scroll about halfway down)\nhttp://brneurosci.org/co2.html\nKeep in mind that the CO2 absorption bands are widened by the high atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 on Venus, making it even more significant than the graph shows.
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For a long time, people around the Earth have been spending lots and lots of money to send robotic equipment to study other planets in our Solar System.  Several have sent back such surprising results - oh, the moons of Saturn and Jupiter, and the colors of Neptune and Pluto!\n\nSome of the results also describe to us what the 'greenhouse effect" causes on other planets.  Unfortunately, when we see the results here on Earth, we presume that such a thing cannot happen here.\n\nWell, it can, and it does, and it has.\n\nFor rasons dealing largely with control of existing industrial resources, cost of investment, and just plain political power, people have made quite a campaign out of denying that global warming is taking place.  Their talk largely just adds to the hot air in the atmosphere.\n\nThe last Great Ice Age was more than 20 millenia ago.  Scientists studying that epoch say that carbon dioxide, particulates in the atmosphere, and a periodic change in the angle of the Earth's relationship to the sun all had a role to play - as perhaps did a major cycle of sunspot activity.  (That's just a guess by solar specialists but they like the idea a lot.)\n\nHowever, the physical evidence from the Great Ice Age is pretty conclusive.  Atmospheric components in ice left over from those days tell the tale.  And one of the great triggers of the last major Ice Age was particulate matter in the atmosphere - what some scientists decades ago warned would occur in a "nuclear winter" after The Bomb went off.  Everywhere.\n\nCarbon dioxide was relatively low in the atmospheric content - both during and at the end of the Great Ice Age.\n\nOne of the best arguments in favor of the effects of carbon dioxide on "global warming" is what we can tell happened to the planet when it got COLDER.  Besides various physical and naural events such as tiny alterations in the incidence of the sun's rays on the planet (that is, the angle at which they struck the atmosphere), we can track the history of stuff in the air that changed things.\n\nIn the pre-Industrial era, the only times that would happen were when NATURAL EVENTS took place - such as immense volcanic eruptions.  Those events combined with a periodic "wobble" in the Earth to create the last Little Ice Age, which affected Europe from around the time of Elizabeth I through the American Revolution.  \n\nSo it is appropriate to ask questions about the NATURAL events that might contribute now to global warming and the shrinking of ice caps.  But it is inappropriate to state that the byproducts of industrialized activities of humans, on a scale never before seen on the planet, cannot influence global weather and atmospheric conditions.\n\nYES, this is a big planet.  Yes, the forces at work are so massive they dwarf the puny efforts of humans - just ask any ship's captain, whether of a supertanker or a dinghy.  But NO, there has never before in all of history been anything equal to the cumulative effects of what humans do across the planet daily to spew heat, gases, and pollutants into the air through UNNATURAL means.  And for the cynics, let's remember that if in olden days all the dinosaurs on Earth had all farted at the same time, the methane they produced would not equal one day's worth of carbon dioxide emissions from industry today.  So leave that alone, once and for all.\n\nPart of the problem is that people think the byproducts of their actions are UNNATURAL.  In the sense that they result from human industrial functions, yes, they are not direct products of nature.  But in the sense that thse are an element of our natural world and we must see the emissions affecting that world, they ARE a part of "Nature."\n\nThe ONLY DIFFERENCE is that as a result we humans actually do own some sort of control over nature.  We can change the way that we influence natural processes.  And by the way - the various global attempts to do so wou
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Atmospheric characteristics\nAtmospheric pressure 140 kPa\nHydrogen> 93%\nHelium >5%\nMethane 0.2%\nWater vapor 0.1%\nAmmonia 0.01%\nEthane 0.0005%\nPhosphine 0.0001%