What are the different kinds of neutrinos and what are their characteristics?
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Oh boy oh boy oh boy.  Let me tell you.  I'm so excited... I actually work with neutrinos.\n\nOkay.  So there are three different types of neutrinos, corresponding to the three different types, or "flavors" of matter, and they get heavier as you go along: there are electron neutrinos, mu neutrinos, and tau neutrinos, getting heavier from left to right.  Also, for each of these neutrinos, there is an anti-neutrino, for a total of six types of neutrinos.  THE THING IS that some physicists postulate that a neutrino and an anti-neutrino are the same thing, that each neutrino is its very own anti-neutrino.  The jury's still out.\n\nNeutrinos are the smallest particle (for a while, people didn't even think they had mass.  But they do).  To add to their mystery, they don't really interact with matter.  In fact, one can't directly measure a neutrino - it's impossible, because it won't interact with whatever material your detector is made out of.  Rather, physicists study neutrinos by studying the photons and other goodies created when neutrinos randomly decay.\n\nThe most common source of neutrinos on our good ol' planet Earth is our friend the Sun.  Nobody notices it because the neutrinos don't really do anything, but we're bathed in solar neutrinos all the time.
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There are many ways to create anti-matter. Here are some natural sub-atomic processes that can produce anti-matter:\n\n γ →  e+  +  e-  (gamma ray becomes positron/electron pair)\n\nC(11) → B(11) + e+ + Ve (Carbon-11 becomes Boron-11 plus a positron and a neutrino Ve - this is commonly known as beta plus decay)\n\np + A →  2p + p- + A (cosmic ray protons collide with atomic nuclei A and produce additional proton/anti-proton pair)\n\nπ+ →  e+ + Ve (pi meson decays into positron and electron neutrino)\n\nu+ → e+ + Ve + Vu- (antimuons decay to a positron, an electron-neutrino, and a muon-antineutrino)\n\nSo basically, we can either collect anti-matter via natural sub-atomic particle decay processes or through high-energy particle collisions (usually in high-energy particle accelerators like CERN). The method used in anti-matter confinement is the use of very strong magnetic fields called magnetic bottles which are usually in the shape of torus ring, and the anti-matter is propelled to move in circles inside the torus continuously.
871257
They are:\nElectrons - found on orbits (shells), negative charge\nProtons - found in the nucleus, positive charge\nNeutrons - found in the nucleus, neutral charge
814385
A neutrino is an elementary particle that has been considered massless for many years, but recent experiments have shown their mass to be extremely small, but non-zero. This basically means that the neutrino is very much like a ghost particle that hardly ever interacts with normal matter. One analogy I've heard is that a neutrino can pass through matter a light-year thick and not get absorbed or have a collision. So it's hard to see how the neutrino can make any imprint on anything.\n\nHowever, it's been determined that when the Universe first formed, most of the matter in the Universe was in the form of a neitrino, about 41%. Currently scientists believe that the Cosmic Background Radiation (whch is the leftover of the Big Bang) may have neutrino imprints, and that these imprints may tell us more about the nature of matter/energy in the Universe, and eventually what will become f the Universe.
525449
Planets\nStars\nGases\nDark Matter\nDark Energy\nRegular baryonic matter\nMeteor Rocks?
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Actually astronomers and physicists are really quite puzzled by the whole universe.  They have absolutely no idea what the dark matter is.  Some postulate that it is neutrinos, even though they have not be able to show that neutrinos have mass. And they do not know if the expansion will stop or not.  At the moment it appears that it will not but they are not certain. They do not know even why the matter of the universe has congealed into galaxies instead of a uniform soup. They have concocted elaborate hypotheses as to why, but they are still puzzled.\n\nAnd best of all is why is there no anti-matter except in labratories?\nWhy did it not cancel out all the matter to begin with?
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Most micro-subatomic particles (i.e. Quarks, Muons, Leptons etc.) are, for the most part, the same size.  Some are a little larger than others are largly the same.  The smallest thing in existance however, is a string.  A string is not a particle though.
33577
The weak force acts on leptons and neutrinos, but it also acts on quarks.  Beta decay occurs when a down quark in a proton emits a W particle (the weak force carrier, just as the photon carries the EM force).  The up quark changes into a down quark when it does that.  The W decays into an electron and an anti electron neutrino.\n\nSo, the proton changed into a neutron, and out comes an electron (Beta) and neutrino.  The electron comes out at high speed because some of the mass of the nucleus is converted into the kinetic energy of the electron and neutrino.\n\nIt's not really the repulsing or attracting of the force that causes it.  Forces also have the ability to join together two different sets of particles and change one set into the other.
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Well, a proton is not an elementary particle.  And the electron is the smallest lepton.  However, an elementary muon will decay to an electron and neutrino when passing from space into an atmosphere
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< quark >   \n \nAny of a group of six elementary particles having electric charges of a magnitude one-third or two-thirds that of the electron, regarded as constituents of all hadrons.\n\nIn particle physics, quarks are subatomic particles thought to be elemental and indivisible. They are one of the two kinds of spin-? fermions (the other being the leptons). Objects made up of quarks are known as hadrons; well known examples are protons and neutrons.
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Good question. It depends on whether you count exchange particles (ie particles associated with the fundemental forces of nature), if you count antiparticles, and which particle physics model you are using.\n\nIn the "Standard Model" of particle physics there are the follwing fundemental particles (the word's in CAPTIALS are the type of particle):\n\nLEPTONS:\nelectron, muon, tau.\nelectron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino.\n\nQUARKS:\nup, charmed, top.\ndown, strange, bottom.\n\nGAUGE BOSONS:\nphoton, W+, W-, Z0 (note the +, - and 0 are superscripts)\n8 different gluons.\n\nand finally... the Higgs Boson (still undiscovered).\n\nThis doesn't count antiparticles, of which there are 12 (6 anti-leptons and 6 anti-quarks).\n\n\nSome theories introduce a whole host of new particles, but none of these extra particles have been discovered either.
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Are you sure you are not mixing up your neutrino indexes? I believe that the neutrons are the ones that give off the more energy at rest, as electrons pass by they convey energy to other protons which is how elements are able to hold and give charges (positively and negatively charged ions). When a proton can pass energy to a neutron, the electrical balance is changed (+/-). Electons are then displaced, and (if the components involved are able to rearrange the atoms to create a different element structure, while giving off electrically charged ions), a fusion of chemical and electrical energy takes place releasing energy at a higher at-rest-rate (although this has not yet been scientifically proven, as this requires elements to approach the speed of light - leading to a comparitive slowdown of particles). This then produces photons (as such that are produced by UV/ X rays, and exist within light) which are more of a product of the fusion process, as opposed to the neutrino reaction within the core of atomic fusion.\n\nHope this helps with the confusion.
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There are many more than 4 types of clouds, but in elementary classes they teach that the 4 types are:\n\n1. cumulus\n2. stratus\n3. cirrus\n4. nimbus\n\n\nIf you want to see a much longer list, I have included a reference. \n\nThis reference lists the following 4 types of clouds:\n\nA. High clouds\nB. Middle clouds\nC. Low clouds\nD. Vertical clouds\n\nI am not sure that this is a particularly useful classification system. \n\nI find it interesting that there is still a lot we do not know about clouds. Clouds can both heat and cool the surface. Not all clouds are even composed of condensed water vapor. Current theories of the ozone depletion mechanism rely on the existence of stratospheric polar clouds that are probably not composed ice crystals, but  nitric acid and water, probably in the form of crystals of nitric acid trihydrate ("NAT"), HNO3.3(H2O) (see second reference).
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The most fundamental particles known to exist at the moment are quarks and leptons. Quarks are the things the make up the pieces of the nucleus in an atom and leptons include things like electrons.\n\nWithin a nucleus you will have heard of Protons and Neutrons ro collectively Nucleons. Well a quark is a sub unit of one of these so called "Nucleons". There are three quarks to every nucleon. There are many types of quark and these create many types of particles, most of which are extremely shortlived. You can learn more about the world of Particle Physics in the Particle Physics Adventure.\n\nhttp://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/
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ATOM: Each atom consists of a central core with negatively charged electrons revolving around the core. The core consists of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The core is called the nucleus of an atom. An atom as such is electrically neutral. Atoms of different elements have different and unique characteristics. Although all atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, it is the way these subatomic particles are arranged that gives each of the atom its unique characteristics.   \n\nATOMIC NUCLEUS: The nucleus of an atom is the very dense region in its centre consisting of protons and neutrons. The size of the nucleus is much smaller than the size of the atom itself, and almost all of the mass in an atom is made up from the protons and neutrons with almost no contribution from the electrons.  The nucleus of an atom consists of very tightly bound protons and neutrons which are further composed of sub-atomic fundamental particles known as quarks.
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particle physics is all about sub-atomic particles, looking for new particles and fundamental particles if we can find them. Also looking to find the theory of everthing stuff.\n\natomic or nuclear physics is all about atoms, radioactive decay, nuclear stability.\n\n\nparticle physics > atomic physics in my opinion :)
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Neutrinos are tiny particles without charge (as in neutron) and are produced by the trillions per second at the center of the sun during fusion of hydrogen to helium which also produces heat energy.  Whereas, heat may take a hundred years to reach the surface of the sun, neutrinos which have no charge and nil mass pass right throught the sun into outer space (and even through your body by the billions) with negligible interaction.  They are almost impossible to detect let alone control them.  They were discovered by theory and calculation rather than observation.  They can do you no harm!