When and Where did the Catholic Church orignate?
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On the day of Pentecost, in Jerusalem.  On that day, Gentiles and Jews entered the Church.  Only then could the Way be considered Catholic.  Likewise, only then did it have the Spirit to support it.  You can trace the Church and its activities through its letters, records and other documents from today back to the first century.  The early Christians were prolific writers so there is a lot of reading to do.  Not all of it is translated into English.  Many of the Greek fathers are just now being translated over to English.  This is regrettable in that it limits the average person from reading the writings of the early Christians.  Likewise, you don't have a lot in Syriac before Ephrem that remains.  Still, Ephrem the Deacon is a ton of reading if read carefully and well, though he is later.  There is one other major writer in Syriac before Ephrem but I don't remember his name.\n\nThe only thing that exists is the Catholic Church until the 16th century.  I don't like treating the Orthodox as a separate Church, but rather as the other side of a schism.  It is uncharitable and mostly incorrect to treat them as a separate denomination.\n\nProtestantism did not exist until the 16th century and below is an account of the creation of the word.\n\n"The Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, assembled at Speyer in April, 1529, resolved that, according to a decree promulgated at the Diet of Worms (1524), communities in which the new religion was so far established that it could not without great trouble be altered should be free to maintain it, but until the meeting of the council they should introduce no further innovations in religion, and should not forbid the Mass, or hinder Catholics from assisting thereat. \n\n"Against this decree, and especially against the last article, the adherents of the new Evangel — the Elector Frederick of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse, the Margrave Albert of Brandenburg, the Dukes of Lüneburg, the Prince of Anhalt, together with the deputies of fourteen of the free and imperial cities — entered a solemn protest as unjust and impious. The meaning of the protest was that the dissentients did not intend to tolerate Catholicism within their borders. On that account they were called Protestants. " (note this article is around 100 years old)
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Specifically, Catholicism.
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Being the Pope of the Roman Catholic (Catholic means universal) Church ... All of them ;-)
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Confraternity of Christian Doctrine \nAn association established at Rome in 1562 for the purpose of giving religions instruction. Till about the thirteenth century, the Apostles' Creed and Paternoster formed the general basis of religious instruction; all the faithful had to know them by heart, and parish priests were commanded to explain them on Sundays and festivals. Then the range of instruction was widened to include the Commandments and sacraments, the virtues and vices. The Synod of Lambeth under Archbishop Peekham, in 1281, was content to order priests to explain the truths of faith four times year, but the Provincial Council of Lavour, in 1368, commanded parish priests to give instruction on all Sundays and feast days. This council also published a catechism to serve as a textbook for the clergy in giving instructions in Christian doctrine, which was followed in all the dioceses of Languedoc and Gascony. Similar manuals were published elsewhere. The Council of Trent, seeing how multitudes had fallen from the Faith through ignorance of their religion and recognizing the truth proclaimed by Gerson more than a century before, that church reform must begin with the religious instruction of the young, issued the "Catechismus ad Parochos", and decreed that throughout the Church instructions in Christian doctrine should be given on Sundays and festivals. \n\nBut the work of organizing religious instruction had already begun. In 1536 the Abbate Castellino da Castello had inaugurated a system of Sunday schools in Milan. About 1560 a wealthy Milanese nobleman, Marco de Sadis-Cusani, having established himself in Rome, was joined by a number of zealous associates, priests and laymen, pledged to instruct both children and adults in Christian doctrine. Pope Pius IV in 1562 made the church of Sant' Apollinare their central institution; but they also gave instructions in schools, in the streets and lanes, and even in private houses. The association growing, it divided into two sections: the priests formed themselves into a religious congregation, "The Fathers of Christian Doctrine", while the laymen remained in the world as "The Confraternity of Christian Doctrine". Encouragement from the Holy See was quickly forthcoming. In 1571, Pope St. Pius V, in the Brief "Ex debito pastoralis officii", bore witness to the good already accomplished, and recommended bishops to establish it in every parish. Pope Paul V, by the Brief "Ex credito nobis", in 1607, erected it into an archconfraternity, with St. Peter's, Rome as its head centre. A rescript of the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences, in 1686, urged its establishment wherever possible. From Rome it spread rapidly over Italy, France, and Germany. It found advocates in Cardinal Bellarmine, St. Francis of Sales, and St. Charles Borromeo; who drew up a code of rules and established it in every parish of his diocese. \n\nThe First Provincial Council of Westminster urged that its members should be used in both Sunday and day-schools, but while Sunday-schools are plentiful, the confraternity is only sparsely established in England. Lastly, in 1905 Pope Pius X strictly ordained that "in each and every parish the society commonly called the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine shall be canonically erected". If the central confraternity in a diocese is affiliated to the Archconfraternity of Santa Maria del Pianto in Rome, all others participate in all the confraternity indulgences. \n\nSimilar in scope and character to the above are the PIEUSES UNIONS DE LA DOCTRlNE CHRÉTIENNE, founded by the Dames de l'Adoration Perpetuelle at Brussels in 1851, for giving religious instruction to boys and girls. In Brussels they are found in about thirty parishes. In 1894 Leo XIII erected it into an archconfraternity for Belgium. \n\nTHE ARCHCONFRATERNITY OF VOLUNTARY CATECHISTS (Oeuvre des Catéchismes) was founded to help parish priests
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the catholic church had lots of land, land=wealth \nthey had large churches and powerful people that contolled them, the popes even led armies into war. but, mostly it's because they have large areas of land, and the church controlled many territoies.
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Catholic churches are governed by Dioceses or Archdioceses.  Several churches in the same geographical area are "governed" by a specific arch/diocese.
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Pagan traditions assimilated by the early Catholic church.
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The Catechism of the Catholic Church.
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Hocus Pocus, pure and simple!\n\n(I was a catholic for 28yrs until I decided to study up on my "religion" from their own writings, and was amazed at the nonsense of it). They, themselves, convinced me it was false!
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Every Catholic priest ordained has to be able to trace his ordination back to the apostolic age. Along with Orthodox, Copts, Armenians, and maybe Anglicans, only we can. \n\nMany denominations preach the good news, and they are all blessed for doing so. The good news that they preach about Jesus, Catholics confirm and encourage. The Catholic church does not look "down" on other church communities, but considers them brethren. \n\nNonetheless - we have preserved something they have not, which is a continuous chain of laid-on hands passing on the apostolic ministry. This is called "apostolic succession." And it makes us a very faithful church in that we have carefully preserved what the apostles handed down to us, over thousands of years. There's a reason that all the older historic churches, despite differences in doctrine and creed, have sacraments almost indentical in character and liturgy.\n\nhttp://www.catholic.com/library/Apostolic_Succession.asp\n\n(Edit: there has never been - ever - any such character as "Pope Constantine." That is a complete and utter fiction. Anyone who does want to know the history of the church in that era can read Eusebius' "History of the Church."
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Pope Leo X excommunicated Martin Luther.\n\nMagellan was killed in the Phillipines.\n\nRead more about this year on WikiPedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1521
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No. In the mid 19th century, the Italian states (seperate kingdoms) united to form what is now Italy. However, the Vatican state maintained it status and did not join Italy. To this day it is an autonomous nation and not governed by any laws of Italy.\n\nMonaco is in France and is also an independant nation (a Principate).
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Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century. In the 12th century Poland fragmented into several smaller states, which were later ravaged by the Mongol armies of the Golden Horde in 1241. In 1320 Władysław I became the King of the reunified Poland. His son Kazimierz Wielki repaired the Polish economy, built new castles and won the war against the Russian dukedom.
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Catholic. Every week and on holy days of obligation. I"m even planning on spending First Friday adoration there sometime (an hour of prayer before the eucharist that lasts all night. YOu sign up for your hour so the church knows to not lock the doors) and I used to be an active member of the League of Mary (a charitable prayer group)
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His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI\nApostolic Palace \n00120 Vatican City State, EUROPE
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Both of these particular cases involve religious conversions on the part of the plaintiffs.  McCorvey converted to Christianity in 1994 and was confirmed as a member in the Roman Catholic Church in 1998.\n\nThe details of the other case, Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962) escape me, but something similar happened.
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Being a priest in the middle ages wasn't what we consider it now.  It was mostly a politcial position bought for second sons.  Like being a politician today there were some people that took their job seriously, and then there were the people who were spoiled and corrupt.  There was almost no accountablity, so those that broke the Church's rules paid their way out if they got into trouble, or did what they wanted.  The widespread corruption was what eventually lead to the breaking of Church authority.