how do biologist know whos DNA it belongs  to?
85024
Use correct grammar and pronunciation and we might even have a snowball's chance in hell of  figuring out what you are talking about.\n\nHow : Capital H.\nbiologists: plural, not singular.\nWhose: Not whos\n\nSentence has a pronoun as a subject. Totally indecipherable.  What is "it"?\n\nAs the sentence is presented the correct answer could well be "Because of the label".
517119
In real world, mostly you need DNA for assorted tests (excluding science, where you need to extract DNA for thousands of reasons). Two major examples:\n\n1. Human genetic tests - paternity tests, screening for genetic diseases, identification of remains, matching samples from crime scenes and so on. \nIn some of the cases, you can do it without extracting DNA (for example, boil some blood to release DNA), but in working with remains you do need to get DNA from the bones.\n\n2. Species identification: even though it is done mostly by antibodies, you can do DNA tests on e.g. fish to see if protected species are sold on the market (great white shark fins sold on Asian markets were identified by DNA testing).\n\n* To clone an animal, you shouldn't extract DNA. You use a whole nucleus from adult cell, DNA, proteins and all, and transfer it into the egg.\n\nHowever, if you count genetic engineering as a real world application, you can add that too. And genome mapping, and all the rest of scientific applications.
1092619
Genetic Identity is an estimate of the % of nucleotides shared between two taxa (i.e. species).  When two species are compared there may be a single gene taken from variety of different individuals used that all have subtle variations in that gene.  There may also be multiple genes (or proteins) observed.  Since there's variance in that sample, statistical summaries are useful (such as mean, median or mode).  Median is considered the most useful and the most frequently reported.\n\nSo if a number of genes are looked at and a median sequence identity of 90% is reported then it means that the median value for the similarity of the comparison between genes among those two species is 90%.
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You have to send in a sample.  You wouldn't have to travel personally to a lab.  I'm assuming you mean some sort of DNA fingerprinting profile.  We're a long way from mail-in complete genomes.
1136356
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid —usually in the form of a double helix— that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and most viruses. DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides (a polynucleotide) and encodes the sequence of the amino acid residues in proteins using the genetic code, a triplet code of nucleotides.\nIn complex eukaryotic cells such as those from plants, animals, fungi and protists, most of the DNA is located in the cell nucleus. By contrast, in simpler cells called prokaryotes, including the eubacteria and archaea, DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope. The cellular organelles known as chloroplasts and mitochondria also carry DNA.\nDNA is often referred to as the molecule of heredity as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. In humans, these traits can range from hair colour to disease susceptibility. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Lineage studies can be done based on the facts that the mitochondrial DNA only comes from the mother, and the male Y chromosome only comes from the father.\nEvery person's DNA, their genome, is inherited from both parents. The mother's mitochondrial DNA together with twenty-three chromosomes from each parent combine to form the genome of a zygote, the fertilized egg. As a result, with certain exceptions such as red blood cells, most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, together with mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother.\n\nMolecular structure:\nAlthough sometimes called "the molecule of heredity", DNA macromolecules as people typically think of them are not single molecules. Rather, they are pairs of molecules, which entwine like vines to form a double helix (see the illustration at the right).\nEach vine-like molecule is a strand of DNA: a chemically linked chain of nucleotides, each of which consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate and one of five kinds of nucleobases ("bases"). Because DNA strands are composed of these nucleotide subunits, they are polymers.\nThe diversity of the bases means that there are five kinds of nucleotides, which are commonly referred to by the identity of their bases. These are adenine (A), thymine (T), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). U is rarely found in DNA except as a result of chemical degradation of C, but in some viruses, notably PBS1 phage DNA, U completely replaces the usual T in its DNA. Similarly, RNA usually contains U in place of T, but in certain RNAs such as transfer RNA, T is always found in some positions. Thus, the only true difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar, 2-deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA.\nIn a DNA double helix, two polynucleotide strands can associate through the hydrophobic effect and pi stacking. Specificity of which strands stay associated is determined by complementary pairing. Each base forms hydrogen bonds readily to only one other, A to T forming two hydrogen bonds and C to G forming three hydrogen bonds. The GC content and length of each DNA molcule dictates the strength of the association; the more complementary bases exist, the stronger and longer-lasting the association characterised by the temperate required to break the hydrogen bonding, its Tm value.\nThe cell's machinery is capable of melting or disassociating a DNA double helix, and using each DNA strand as a template for synthesizing a new strand which is nearly identical to the previous strand. Errors that occur in the synthesis are known as mutations. The process known as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) mimics this process in vitro in a nonliving system.\nBecause pairing causes the nucleotide bases to face the helical axis, the sugar and phosphate groups of the nucleotides run along the outside; the two chains they form are sometimes called the "backbones" of the helix. In fact, it
1166616
withont dna on their daughter who knows
16328
DNA testing can be pretty accurate, but it depends on how many sequences they test.  If you read my test procedure explanation you will understand why DNA is used.\n\nFirst, Carbohydrates and lipids are pretty much identical between all people.  A few people have metabolic disorders that result in a build up of certain carbs, but generally it would be useless to test for the specific carb or lipid present, because they are the same for everyone.\n\nProteins do differ among people, but not as much as DNA does.  DNA provides the information telling ribosomes how to put proteins together in people, but only a small portion of DNA is ever tranlsated to protein.  Most of your DNA is junk, and the big DNA differences between two people are in this junk DNA, so that is what is used for DNA testing.\n\nThis is an explanation of how it is typically done:\n\nThe way DNA testing works is by measuring the lengths of DNA segments between two endonuclease cleavage sites.  An endonuclease is an enzyme that will cleave DNA at a particular sequence of bases.  Some specific cleavage sites exist in the DNA of all people.  In between two specific cleavage sites, you may have a sequence of tandem repeat DNA.  For example le us say your DNA looks like this:\n(Cleave) gene1-TGTGTGTGTGTG-gene2 (Cleave)\nWe will denote this length of tandem repeat segment as (TG)6.  My DNA may have a tandem repeat segment may be (TG)10, in which case the segment of DNA between the two cleavage points is longer for me than it is for you.  This additional length also makes it heavier.\n\nNow let us make a suspend lots of copies of this particular segment of your DNA in a fluid and make another suspension with my DNA.  \n\nLet us also say that we know that everyone has a sequence of TG repeats at least 6 repeats long.  The complement to this sequence is:\nACACACACACAC -> (AC)6\nWe could create a radio labelled (AC)6 probe and sprinkle it into the suspension with your DNA, the suspension with my DNA, and a suspension with unknown DNA.  This probe would bind to the DNA in all three solutions, but my DNA segment would still be heavier than yours, because it contains 10 repeats, even if only 6 are bound to the probe.\n\nWe now place some of the suspension of your DNA at a point on an adsorbent surface.  The suspnsion will travel along the surface, but at some point the DNA will stick to the surface.  If it is heavier it will stick sooner.  With good equipment all DNA of a certain length will stick at the same spot (or short line)\n\nSince my DNA is heavier than yours, mine will travel less far.  The unknown DNA will travel either as far as your DNA does or as far as my DNA does, and that will tell whose DNA it is.\n\nThe way you view the DNA on the adsorbent surface is with a film that will darken when exposed to our radio labelled probe.  You place this film on top of the adsorbent bed with the DNA samples and three small spots (or short lines) will show.  The distance the unknown DNA travelled in comparison to your DNA and mine tells us whose DNA it is.\n\nInvestigators do this with evidence; only they use many different tandem repeat segments scattered throughout the genome.  The more segments used, the lower the probability of a coincidence.
625549
looking for relatives via DNA
1186162
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid —usually in the form of a double helix— that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and most viruses. DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides (a polynucleotide) and encodes the sequence of the amino acid residues in proteins using the genetic code, a triplet code of nucleotides.\n\nIn complex eukaryotic cells such as those from plants, animals, fungi and protists, most of the DNA is located in the cell nucleus. By contrast, in simpler cells called prokaryotes, including the eubacteria and archaea, DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope. The cellular organelles known as chloroplasts and mitochondria also carry DNA.\n\nDNA is often referred to as the molecule of heredity as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. In humans, these traits can range from hair colour to disease susceptibility. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Lineage studies can be done based on the facts that the mitochondrial DNA only comes from the mother, and the male Y chromosome only comes from the father.\n\nEvery person's DNA, their genome, is inherited from both parents. The mother's mitochondrial DNA together with twenty-three chromosomes from each parent combine to form the genome of a zygote, the fertilized egg. As a result, with certain exceptions such as red blood cells, most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, together with mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother.\n\nThe discovery that DNA was the carrier of genetic information was a process that required many earlier discoveries. The existence of DNA was discovered in the mid 19th century. However, it was only in the early 20th century that researchers began suggesting that it might store genetic information. This gained almost universal acceptance after the structure of DNA was elucidated by James D. Watson and Francis Crick in their 1953 Nature publication. Watson and Crick proposed the central dogma of molecular biology in 1957, describing the process whereby proteins are produced from nucleic DNA. In 1962 Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize for their determination of the structure of DNA.
107042
it is in their DNA which becomes differentiated and diffuse through age...
1151978
Try this\nhttp://www.globalonlinesvcs.com/DNA_Testing.html
335351
Survival of the species, its in our DNA.
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atgc strands adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, combinations are unique for individuals and are a part of the genepool brought teogether by set og genes from both parents, thus carrying in them a part of each, karyatyping is done to trace ancestry.
1139870
If you really want to know take it to the biology section of a college or natural resources institute, (anything with biology on its name) make sure you take pictures of it and save them so that nobody takes the credit from you; or take a lot of pictures from different angles and send them to an institut over the net
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It is DNA within the mitochondria itself. this DNA codes for proteins that will be used only within the mitochondria. ALL of our Mito DNA came from our mother. In other words, we have the same mito DNA as our mom, grandma, great grandma, etc. Scientists have used mito DNA to trace family trees since a specific family will share the same mito DNA without much mutations.
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Uses of DNA Fingerprints\n^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^\nDNA fingerprints are useful in several areas of society. They are used by professionals in human health and the justice system. \n\n-Diagnosis of inherited disorders \n\nDNA fingerprinting is used to diagnose inherited disorders in both prenatal and newborn babies in hospitals around the world. These disorders may include cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, Huntington's disease, familial Alzheimer's, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and many others. \n\nEarly detection of such disorders enables the medical staff to prepare themselves and the parents for proper treatment of the child. In some programs, genetic counselors use DNA fingerprint information to help prospective parents understand the risk of having an affected child. In other programs, prospective parents use DNA fingerprint information in their decisions concerning affected pregnancies. \n\n-Developing cures for inherited disorders \n\nResearch programs to locate inherited disorders on the chromosomes depend on the information contained in DNA fingerprints. By studying the DNA fingerprints of relatives who have a history of some particular disorder, or by comparing large groups of people with and without the disorder, it is possible to identify DNA patterns associated with the disease in question. This work is a necessary first step in designing an eventual genetic cure for these disorders. \n\n-Biological Evidence \n\nFBI and police labs around the U.S. have begun to use DNA fingerprints to link suspects to biological evidence -- blood or semen stains, hair, or items of clothing -- found at the scene of a crime. Since 1987, more than 150 cases have been decided with the assistance of DNA fingerprint evidence. \n\nAnother important use of DNA fingerprints in the court system is to establish paternity in custody and child support litigation. In these applications, DNA fingerprints bring an unprecedented, nearly perfect accuracy to the determination. \n\n-Personal identification \n\nBecause every organ or tissue of an individual contains the same DNA fingerprint, the U.S. armed services have just begun a program to collect DNA fingerprints from all personnel for use later, in case they are needed to identify casualties or persons missing in action. The DNA method will be far superior to the dogtags, dental records, and blood typing strategies currently in use.
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Space-filling model of a section of DNA moleculeDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and most viruses). DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides and encodes the sequence of the amino acid residues in proteins using the genetic code, a triplet code of nucleotides. \n\nIn complex cells (eukaryotes), such as those from plants, animals, fungi and protists, most of the DNA is located in the cell nucleus. By contrast, in simpler cells (prokaryotes) such as bacteria, DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope. The energy-generating organelles known as chloroplasts and mitochondria also carry DNA. \n\nDNA is often referred to as the molecule of heredity as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. These traits can range from hair colour to disease susceptibility. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Lineage studies can be done based on the facts that the DNA in mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA) only comes from the mother, and the male "Y" chromosome only comes from the father. \n\nEvery person's DNA is inherited from both parents. The mother's mitochondrial DNA together with twenty-three chromosomes from each parent combine to form the genome of a fertilized egg. As a result, with certain exceptions such as red blood cells, most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, together with mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother. DNA Overview Unsolved problems in biology: Do all organisms link together to a primary source? Given a DNA sequence, what shape will the protein fold into? Given a particular desired shape, what DNA sequence will produce it? What are all the functions of the DNA? The building block of life may be a precursor to a generation of electronic devices and computers, but what are the electronic properties of DNA? Is junk DNA only molecular garbage?\nDNA Under electron microscopeThis section presents a simple (but admittedly unsophisticated) overview of DNA. \nGenes can be loosely viewed as the organism's "cookbook" or "blueprint"; \nA strand of DNA contains genes, areas that regulate genes, and areas that either have no function, or a function we do not (yet) know; \nDNA (for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) differs from RNA by having the sugar 2-deoxyribose instead of ribose in its backbone. This is the basic chemical distinction between RNA and DNA. \nDNA is organized as two complementary strands, head-to-toe, with bonds between them that can be "unzipped" like a zipper, separating the strands; \nDNA is a chain of chemical "building blocks", called "bases", of which there are four types: these can be abbreviated A, T, C, and G, with U rarely replacing T, notably in PBS1 phage DNA; each base "pairs up" with only one other base: A+T or U, T or U+A, C+G and G+C; that is, an "A" on one strand of double-stranded DNA will "mate" properly only with a "T" or "U" on the other, complementary strand; \nBecause each strand of DNA has a directionality, the sequence order does matter: A+T is not the same as T+A, just as C+G is not the same as G+C; \nFor each given base, there is just one possible complementary base, so naming the bases on the conventionally chosen side of the strand is enough to describe the entire double-strand sequence; \nThe order of the bases along the length of the DNA is the genetic material, the sequence itself is the description for genes; \nThe cell begins DNA replication by forcibly unzipping the DNA double strand down the middle, and then recreates the "other half" of each new single strand by drowning each half in a "soup" made of the four bases. An enzyme makes a new strand by finding the correct "base" in the soup and pairing it with the or