compare and contrast object oriented and functional programming techniques in computer?
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OOP - Functional\n\n# Structured programming - compared to Unstructured programming\n# Imperative programming, compared to Declarative programming\n# Message passing programming, compared to Imperative programming\n# Procedural programming, compared to Functional programming\n# Value-level programming, compared to Function-level programming\n# Flow-driven programming, compared to Event-driven programming\n# Scalar programming, compared to Array programming\n# Class-based programming, compared to Prototype-based programming (within the context of Object-oriented programming)\n# Constraint programming, compared to Logic programming\n# Component-oriented programming (as in OLE)\n# Aspect-oriented programming (as in AspectJ)\n# Rule-based programming (as in Mathematica)\n# Table-Oriented Programming (as in Microsoft FoxPro)\n# Pipeline Programming (as in the UNIX command line)\n# Post-object programming\n# Subject-oriented programming\n# Reflective programming\n# Dataflow programming (as in Spreadsheets)\n# Policy-based programming\n\nTry those links too.\nIf you want anything more specific ask
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I found that it was a handicap to learn C before C++, because they operate along different paradigms...\n\nC = functional\nC++ = object oriented\n\nThe reason that learning C first is a handicap, is that C++ compilers will let you write non-object-oriented code (eg C code) and you end up not learning, or getting the benefit of, object-oriented code :-)\n\nKnowing about pointers, structures and memory management is very useful :-)
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yes its a purely object oriented. Its because pretty much every variable youuse is and object. Even types like String and Integer. There are also many objects already written in java, that java provides, that you can use to create something or inheret it into your own classes and objects. \n\nThere are however some basic types like int (not Integer like above) and double, and boolean.  But majerity of the language is object oriented and almost every object is a subclass of another class. Thats why you end up having to do things like System.out.println. Meaning println is dependent on out, which intern dependent on System. So when writting something you end up having many dependecies and some lines can edn up being quite long.\n\nAnyways, yes, for majority - java is object oriented. Not completely since it still has basic types like int and double.
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definitely, PHP. (If you have to choose from these three that is - otherwise, I would have voted for perl). \nWhen you talk about web, and/or text processing, php (or perl) is THE tool for you. Nothing comes close in ease of use, and effectiveness (of both run-time and development). \nSeveral pages of a C++ or java  program are usually translated to 2-3 lines of perl or php.\n... and no, there are no "security issues",  if your server is configured properly. And if it isn't, you've got issues regardless of language. To be viable, security must be provided by the web server, not by application. \n\nYour other choices have their problems.\nJava is cumbersome, ineffective, memory hungry, unstable... to name a few. You'd be really much better off with C++ than java, especially, since you already know it. Java doesn't have any advantages over C++, except for some perceived "simplifications", that are really just functional deficiencies - such as luck of memory management options or multiple inheritance.\n\n.NET... hmmm.... hope, you are not serious. All I can say, stay away from micro-soft stuff as much as you can. It can bring nothing but sorrow.
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If you are really serious about programming, you should learn about data structures and algorithms independent of a programming language. Languages come and go, but the underlying principals remain the same.\n\nThey are a little hard to read and you can't cut and past any examples, but the definitive references for data structures and algorithms are Donald Knuth's "The Art of Computer Programming," volumes 1, 2, and 3.
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These languages are used to write programs.\n\nas u might already know they are the programming laguages\n\nC is a structured programming language\nand\nC++ is a Object Oriented Programming Language\n\nand these are quite powerful languages.\n\ncoz u mght have heard the name of a Operating sysem named "UNIX".\nwell do u know that, this "UNIX" was made in "C".\n80% of the operating system was made in "C", so now u can think of the power of the languages.\nand these languages are the easiest to learn.\nhowever as u keep learning they become complex and harder.\nhowever "C" is my faviourite programming languages and this was the first language i learnt.
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Computers only understand binary. This is a really clunky way for humans to work. The origional computers were programmed by litterally toggling manual bits on the machine itself. Each generation of languages have sought to make programming easier and more powerfull. \n\nThe way it works is with the programmer. They decide on which language will do the best job for what they are doing. There are some major catagories of these languages.  Compiled vrs interpeted is a major catagory. Which you use depends on your needs. Compiled programs are actually compiled down into the binary codes that will run on your specific OS/Hardware. Interpited programs are compiled to byte code and then when they are run it is "interpeted" by a run time lib of some sort which converts the code to actual binary. Compiled programs obviously run faster as they skip the middle man. Interpited programs run on more than a single platform/OS. They also allow for changes on the fly and are more tolerant to upgrades in hardware/OS.  Java, most forms of Basic, Python are some examples of interpited languages. C, Fortran, Assembler are some examples of compiled languages. \n\nSo depending on your language choice you start to code. If you use a third level/functional language you will write out your basic code design and then compile it to byte or binary. If you are using an OOP language there is an extra step in this. Your classes need to be resolved and external dependancies also need to be resolved. Non OOP languages often have dependancies as well but the overhead for them is considerably less. OOP (Object oriented programming) has the advantage of reusing a great deal of code. It's disadvantage is more complex code and slower compile times. The OOP portions are generally either external references or broken down into literal code removing all OOP features from the compiled output. If it is an interpited language it's left as a stub to an external reference. Any other language it's included into the code, depending on the optimization methods generally it's writtin literally into the code on every call. \n\nLets talk about compiling now. Interpited languages compile down into byte code. That means that they create short cut notation for calls to inbuild functions with any your coding tucked in.  When run, this then expands into the dynamic functions with your code describing what to do with these functions. \n\nIn a compiled language the code is first compiled into objects. This is a totally different term from what is an object in code. Most modern compilors hide the obj files from users so you likely will not see or use one of these files today. In the past they were very usefull files at times. Objects are very similer to byte code in nature. They are shortcut notation for what you want to do with the code. \n\nThese objs are OS and version specific. An Obj from a Windows machine will not work on Linux and vice versa. They will contain references to functions that do not exist on the other platforms or have different calling parms and names for example. Other than differences like this there are other distinctions. For example the way memory is addresed and handled is differently in different OS's. The OBJ files have to know and use the specific mem model for that platform. \n\nThe next step is to reference the code. That is you address the functions, resolve dependancies between objects, wrap all your objects into the executable/lib you will be compiling and get it ready for conversion to assembler. \n\nThe assembler takes over from there. It will convert your instructions into Assembler macro instructions. Each computer contains a set of basic instructions that make a comptuer a computer. These calls are the foundations of any language. There are two main approaches to this. One is a richer set of assembler instuctions which is to say that many functions are already built into the bios. The other is to keep it simple and o
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The idea is to equate a "programming object" to a "real world object."  Using a very simple and probably useless example (don't know how to indent here, code looks a little screwy):\n\nclass apple :\n  color = 'red'\n  def get_color(self) :\n    return self.color\n\nSo you could create an apple object & get its color:\n\na = apple()\nprint a.get_color()\n\nSlightly more useful might be a Person object for an address book, for instance:\n\nclass Person :\n  def get_address(self):\n     ...\n  def get_phone_number(self):\n     ...\n  def get_name(self) :\n     ...\n  def get_age(self) :\n     ...\n\n#blah blah blah\n\nSo, Object Oriented programming is mostly just a way to organize your program so classes (i.e. objects) resemble real objects.  This is very handy for keeping code maintainable.\n\nThere are more advanced Object oriented concepts, such as polymorphism and inheritance, but it's easier you to google them than for me write out examples :)
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Do you mean the framework, or the common runtime language?
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UML is a better approach
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Are programming using some computer language(Java, C++, etc.)? How are you trying to do this?
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Avantages of structured programming are \n   \n    . Easy to write\n    . Easy to Debug\n    . Easy to Understand\n    . Easy to Change\n\n\nThe ease of writing and maintaining programs, i.e. a general speed-up of defining, implementing, debugging and documenting programs.\n\nStructured Programming is a stepping stone in development methods for designing and implementing large programs. structured programming was introduced to improve program readability. It is defined, not very rigidly, by two key rules: \n\n- a top-down approach, characterized by development of control structures for major subsystems before defining their components, which in turn are developed at their highest level before their details are considered; \n\n- a deliberate restriction in the use of nesting and branching constructs inside the programming language used. Ideally, only statement concatenation (bracketing), selection of statements based on the testing of a condition, and iteration are permitted.
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Briefly, it is about the same kind of difference as between chinese and korean...\nBoth use letters, and are understood by computers. But the syntax, lexic and vocabularies are different.\nHelps?\n\nBTW, one being "oops", and the other one not is really bull... Create a struct in "C", shove some pointers to functions into it, and enjoy your very own "object".\nNow, create another struct, with the previous one as the first field - and you have just discovered inheritance. Cast a pointer to the second one into a pointer to the first - and that is your polymorphism.\n\nAnother myth is that C++ is a "superset of C" or that you can compile a C program with a C++ compiler, or that C is "C++ without classes". This is not true. They look somewhat similar to a human eye, but formally are totally different laguages.\nYou could, probably, come up with some fairly simple C program, that can be compiled with C++, just like some Spanish words (and even sentenses) are also valid in French, but in general that is not true.\nFunction pointers are not compatible with void*, or with each other. Integers are not compatible with pointers, and are not assumed by default, you can't skip a type declaration etc, etc.\n\nAnd finally, no, "C" is not faster than "C++" on any sane system.
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Proponents of OOP claim [...] that OOP approach is often simpler to develop and to maintain, lending itself to more direct analysis, coding, and understanding of complex situations and procedures than other programming methods (Wikipedia)\n\nAs far as I can see OOP not only makes it easier to create abstract domain models, OOP paradigm has lead to understanding that some decisions are more effective and can be videly reused (so-called design and architectual patterns). Being familiar with a wide range of patterns gathered&developed by best practitioners and scientists you won't have to reinvent a bicycle each time.
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The short answer, C++ is object-oriented C.\nC# is Microsoft's answer to Java.\n\n\nC++ has classes and objects build into the languge.\n\nC# has no pointers, but does have garbage collection.\n\nI would learn C++ first.
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No difference ,they are all used for dynamic allocation.only syntax difference i guess.
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Object Oriented is one methodology (or way) to design a software application.  By object oriented, it is meant that software modules are designed to resemble the way the world works.  For example, a program module that is used as a bill of lading would be created to keep all the data and functions associated with a real bill of lading.  It would "know" the address to ship to, items on the packing list, address of the shipper and all the other details on a real bill of lading.  It would also be capable of functions called methods that are used to collect, store and pass on this information to entities that need it whether they are human users or other objects in an application that need the information to "be" what they are and do what they do.