how quarks are formed?
94713
As far as we know, quarks are elementary particles (meaning they are not made up of anything else).\n\nQuarks were formed at the beginning of the universe, but new ones are also formed all the time.  \n\nIn high-energy collisions quarks can be created.  At Fermilab, protons are collided with anti-protons each with about 1000 GeV of energy, and hundreds of quarks can be created in each collision.  A radiated gluon, for example, can hadronize into many particles made of quarks.
459088
when a solid is formed with hydrogen the way it is formed is by covalent/ionic bonding.  \nBecause there would be no electron covalent bonds would not be able to be formed.  also because every thing would be positivly charged it would not be possible for ionic bonds to form.  \n\nthe definition of a plasma is exactly what you are looking at.  It is the fourth state of matter, namely it is when the electrons are dissasociated from the nucli.  No matter what tempature you had it would remain a plasma.  even if it was cooled to abolute zero and pressurised with electrostatic feilds it would still remain in a gas like form for there is no way for it to solidify.  The repultion of the electric feilds would be far to great to over come the neuclear forces that would be needed to make an isotope of heleium with no nutrons.  \n\none might imagine that if you did cool it and compress it a whole bunch it would maintain some shape, but then quantum mechanics take over and the protons would be switching possitions constantly.  \n\nalso the possitive charge of the proton star would be incredible, remeber that it takes only one in a thousand electron to make a substance very highly electricly charged... we are talk a thousand times more than that it is impossible to even imagine what the effects would be
145662
They think that protons and neutrons are made of quarks.  No one is sure what a quark is made of, however.  When we break apart a proton or neutron in the lab, we can see the effects of quarks, but not the quarks themselves.  So far, the best ideas regarding what quarks are made of are contained in the 'Superstring' theory, but we have a lot of experimenting to do so see how superstrings work.
1162887
Silicon was not formed directly after the big bang.  After the big bang, pretty much the only material in the universe was Hydrogen.  This Hydrogen coalesced into stars and began to fuse into heavier and heavier elements.  Eventually, heavy enough nuclei were fused together to form Silicon.\nThe vast majority of all observable matter in the universe is still in the form of Hydrogen, the heavier the nuclei, the harder it is the produce with in a star and the rarer it is in the universe.
464300
Neutrons are made of quarks, yes. As are protons/neutrons (which are just positive/negative neutrons).
796505
A ton. Let's take everyday physics first: The answer depends very much on how you define a state of matter. Glas is a good example: It feels like a solid, but it is not made up of crystals with atoms placed in a regular array like in a salt crystal and most other solid states. The atoms are randomly spread around more like in a liquid (in fact during many years a glass window will get thicker at the bottom than at the top, because glass is really a kind of liquid - a solid liquid if you wish). So you can call glass a differnent state if you wish.\n\nNow let's go to extremes:\nThe plasma state arises when the temperature gets so high that atoms cannot bind the electrons any more (so electrons and nuclei are floating freely around among each other). If you go to really really extremely high particle energies (so high that even modern particle accelerators can only barely make it) also the nuclei will finally be decomposed into constituents called quarks and gluons creating a new state called a quark-gluon plasma. More info:\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_gluon_plasma\n\nIf you go to very very low temperatures quantum mechanical features of atoms begin to become important and a lot of new, interesting states of matter emerge (quantum mechanics is the physical laws valid on the atomic level. It is very different from Newtons laws). For instance liquid helium - when cooled below a critical point (which is about 2 K) - changes it state from a normal liquid to a so called superfluid liquid which among a lot of other interesting features does not experience any frictional forces (so it can crawl over the walls of a cup for instance). What goes on is that all the atoms (or at least many of them) unify and moves together - in a sense the collection of atoms behaves like it was only one atom. Such a collection of atoms behaving almost like a single atom is called a Bose-Einstein Condensate and it is clearly a new state of matter. Nowadays Bose-Einstein condensates of many different kind of atoms can be created in a controlled manner in modern laser laboratories. The Nobel prize in physics in 2001 was awarded for the first realization of this, a lot of information can be found on\nhttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2001\nIt is a similar phenomena that leads to superconductivity in some materials at very low temperatures, by the way. A lot of modern research deals with understanding exotic quantum states of matter and create them in laboratories.\nI hope the answer helps. I have tried to make it as understandable as possible, but quantum states of matter is a difficult topic.
972
Protons and neutrons are the primary constituents of atomic nuclei, but these bits of matter can be further divided into quarks.  Quark come in six types, or "flavors:" up, down, strange, charm, top and bottom (or, if you prefer, truth and beauty.) Quarks are never observed by themselves, but are instead found in groups of two (mesons) or three (baryons). Nuclear particles are baryons -- neutrons are composed of two down quarks and an up quark (ddu), while protons are two up quarks and a down quark (uud).  The other four types of quarks are less stable, and tend to be observed only as components of high-energy, short-lived particles inside supercolliders, bubble chambers, and the like.\n\nProtons and neutrons are thus the only directly observable particles within the nucleus.  However, they are bound together by another type of particle, not directly detectable that appropriately enough is known as a gluon.  Gluons, like photons, are force-carrier particles, and they are the intermediary for the transmission of the weak nuclear force, which binds the positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons.
780184
Make it??\n\nMatter has protons and electrons which have a + or - charge resp. Neutrons are neutral. Imbalance of protons and electrons make ions charged according to their imbalance
362076
Quarks - up, down, top, bottom, strange and charm.  Leptons - electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau, and tau neutrino.  Force carriers - photon, gluon, W boson and Z boson.  This comprises the standard model of physics.
526886
In order:\n\n1) Red, blue, and green colour charges are distinct, but arbitrary, exactly like + and - electrical charges.  There is a difference between something positively charged and something negatively charged.  With quarks, it's simply that there are three different kinds of charge, instead of just two for electromagnetism.\n2) Because gluons are, themselves, influenced by the strong force, a correct description of the quantum force diagrams (penguin diagrams, if you know that term) must necessarily include higher order interactions than simply quark <-> gluon <-> quark.  The one you propose is, I believe, possible by the rules governing the quantum behaviour of quarks and gluons, as are many, many more distinct diagrams.\n3) There is no meaningful order.  RBG and RGB are both "colourless".\n4) String theory is outside of my area of expertise, I don't think I can address this issue in any meaningful way.
859901
Aside from the fact that particles having opposite electrical charges do NOT constitute the definition of "anti-matter", you also do not find free quarks roaming around, so it would be difficult for any quark to find another quark of opposite charges. By "free quark", I mean quarks that are not confined inside a proton, neutron, or other massive particles made from quarks. The reason we don't find free quarks is because the "Strong" force (which is responsible for keeping the atomic nucleus together and also for keeping quarks confined) is a force whose strength grows stronger as the particles gets further apart. That's right! This is exactly the opposite of all other forces.
1179398
That is a very good question. We currently do not know definitively the answer to this question. Thousands of years ago, the Greeks believed that all matter were composed of some indivisble units called "atoms". This was irrefutably proven by Einstein at the turn of the 20th century (and he received a Nobel Prize for it). However, as we probe further, we discovered that even atoms has internal structure: protons, neutrons and electrons. For awhile we thought that was it, but then later we found that protons and neutrons were also made of more fundamental particles called quarks (now confirmed by experiements).\n\nSo is this it? Quarks is the final indivisible unit? It turns out that it is most likely not the case. The reason is not that we have discovered anything smaller than quarks. The reason is because our 2 current theories of the physical world, quantum mechanics and theory of general relativity, are not compatible with each other. What this means is that these 2 theories are not completely correct. They are good for most situations, but they can not explain objects like black holes or explain the big bang (the beginning of the universe). There are other things that these 2 theories can't explain, but I won't go into that right now.\n\nThese serious flaws has been the mother of all physics problems for the most of the 20th century. The Holy Grail of modern physics is to find a single theory that can combine the 2 theories together and explain all physical phenonmenons. So far we have one candidate: Superstring Theory.\n\nSo in our effort to solve this problem, we created String Theory, which tells us that quarks are not the fundamental building blocks of matter, but tiny filaments of vibrating energy called Strings. They are much much smaller than quarks. Quarks are estimated to be about to 10^-16 centimeters, but strings are around 10^-33 centimeters. So is this it? We really don't know for sure, but all the signs points to a yes (I won't explain why here because it's too long and it wasn't your question.).\n\nSo does this imply that matter/energy always existed? The answer is NO. because the universe is about 14 billion years old. That's how long anything has existed, including all the matter and energy.
1098467
Inside an atoms are electrons and a nucleus. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are made out of things called quarks. As far as we know, quarks and electrons are fundamental, meaning they are not made out of anything smaller. There are several types of quark and under certain circumstances, they can convert from one type into another.
522711
I wanted to say that Quark stars are the stars in the constellation of Donald the Duck, but I really don't know what quark stars are.\n\nMaybe they are stars made up of the subatomic quark particle, just as a neutron star is made up of neutrons.
739292
hey as me know they all are made of the elementary particles so than  the elementary particles are called quarks,theer are three type of quarks.they are the up quark,down quark & the middle quark.the value of these are that it is -1/3,1/3,1/3  so when it it made of three up quarks whose values are -1/3+-1/3+-1/3 that gives u the answer that is -1 there fore the charge of electron is -1ok
529556
The elements are formed in the Universe in three different places and times.\n\n1) In the three first minutes after the Big Bang protons and neutrons were formed. Roughly a quarter of those combined into helium, deuterons (heavy hydrogen) and a tiny bit of lithium.\n\n2) Stars like the sun are made of 75% hydrogen, 24% helium and 1% of other stuff. Their cores are hot enough to fuse hydrogen into helium. When the hydrogen in the core is exhausted the star goes through the red giant state in which it fuses helium into heavier elements like oxygen, sulphur all the way up the periodic system upto iron.\nThe smaller stars blow their outer layers into space.\n\n3) The bigger stars however, say 5-8 times the mass of the sun explode. These are supernovas. During this explosion a large part of the energy is liberated in the form of neutrinos.\nAn incredible amount of neutrinos, in fact. These particle are capable of transforming elements into others as they can change neutrons into protons. These reactions produce the elements heavier than iron.\n\nHow do we know this? \n\nAll three processes have been modelled. These models predict abondances for the elements in the universe. Those can be mesured are turn out quite close to the predictions.
1160608
Protons are composed of quarks, the smallest currently know material of the universe. Quarks have a + or a - (positive or negative) charge and it is when they are added that it creates a magnetic property. For example, protons are made of 3 quarks, 2 positive, 1 negative thus summing up to a charge of +1.