notes on transgenic techniques?
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You are talking aboujt a thesis here. This sounds like a school asignment so i suggest you go and do your own reseacrh.\n\nTrangeneics is a relatively new field that has taken off in recent years. You are manipulating the genome to creat specific actions. For example, in a mouse you can insert a gene that codes for  a particular brain receptor. You would isolate this gene, and use a plasmid vector and insert it into the mous eline and you now have the gene in a mouse. These are called engineered or transgenic mice. You can also do what is called a knockout, where you remove a aprticular gene to test an effect.\n\nThere is a TON of info in scientific journals, online and in texts. Do some background. For a specific question or to clarify I will gladly help, but Yahoo answers is NOT where you go to get your homework done.
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there are plenty of sites on genetic engineering and i have listed one below but some things seem better with modification for instance pigs produce vast amount of phosphorous which screws up our environment with a modification they can be grown with a change in their saliva to prevent that which makes for a better greener world, we use plastic surgery to make changes for the better, some things need the change.
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Try the websites www.protocol-online.com & www.cellculturechat.com\nThe first has protocols for most scientific applications, the second is a forum specifically for cell culture scientists. Good luck!
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there's are so many different approach's....\n\ncitebase.eprints.org/cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:nlin/0511015 \n\nhere's one site i'm sure you could link from there....
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The specific answer to that question can be found when you Google "burst size bacteriophage"....and select first line entitled\n"Bacteriophage Lecture Notes".....go down a few lines and it gives exact details.\n\nHope this helps.
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cloning\nstem cells\ngenetic manipulation
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Go to answers.com and type molecular mutagensis at search you get links go through them.
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http://www.whybiotech.com/index.asp?id=4515
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Here ya go!  Good luck!\n\nhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPLANTANAT.html
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There have been hundreds of thousands of such experiments done. Moreover you can easily do them yourself using some nutriemt agar and an incubator with a few hundred dollars to pay someone to do the genetic workup.\n\ntalk.origins is your one stop shop for these types of quetsions. The site is highly reputable, well refernces, cites peer reveiewed science journals and most importantly lists literally hundreds of experimenst that show exactly what you describe.\n\nI've attached a couple link to pages that list a dozenor so such mutation studies, but the site has many hundreds of others.
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briefly:Transposon mutagenesis  \nInsertion of a transposon into a gene; this inactivates the host gene leading to a mutant phenotype and also confers the phenotype associated with the transposon gene.  \n\nin general: Transposons are sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the genome of a single cell, a process called transposition. In the process, they can cause mutations and change the amount of DNA in the genome. Transposons are also called "jumping genes" or "mobile genetic elements". Discovered by Barbara McClintock early in her career, the topic went on to be a Nobel winning work in 1983. There are a variety of mobile genetic elements, and they can be grouped based on their mechanism of transposition. Class I mobile genetic elements, or retrotransposons, move in the genome by being transcribed to RNA and then back to DNA by reverse transcriptase, while class II mobile genetic elements move directly from one position to another within the genome using a transposase to "cut and paste" them within the genome. Transposons are very useful to researchers as a means to alter DNA inside of a living organism. Transposons make up a large fraction of genome sizes which is evident through the C-values of eukaryotic species. As an example about 45% of the human genome is composed of transposons and their defunct remnants.\n\nTypes of transposons\nTransposons are classified into two classes based on their mechanism of transposition.\n\n[edit]\nClass I: Retrotransposons\nMain article: Retrotransposon \nRetrotransposons work by copying themselves and pasting copies back into the genome in multiple places. Initially retrotransposons copy themselves to RNA (transcription) but, in addition to being translated, the RNA is copied into DNA by a reverse transcriptase (often coded by the transposon itself) and inserted back into the genome.\n\nRetrotransposons behave very similarly to retroviruses, such as HIV, giving a clue to the evolutionary origins of such viruses.\n\nThere are three main classes of Retrotransposons:\n\nViral superfamily: similar to retroviruses, have long terminal repeats (LTRs), encode reverse transcriptase (to reverse transcribe RNA into DNA). \nLINES: encode reverse transcriptase (to reverse transcribe RNA into DNA), lack RTLs, transcribed by RNA polymerase II. \nNonviral superfamily: do not code for reverse transcriptase, transcribed by RNA polymerase III \n[edit]\nClass II:DNA Transposons\nClass II transposons move by cut and paste, rather than copy and paste, using the transposase enzyme. Different types of transposase work in different ways. Some can bind to any part of the DNA molecule, and the target site can therefore be anywhere, while others bind to specific sequences. Transposase makes a staggered cut at the target site producing sticky ends, cuts out the transposon and ligates it into the target site. A DNA polymerase fills in the resulting gaps from the sticky ends and DNA ligase closes the sugar-phosphate backbone. This results in target site duplication.\n\nBoth classes of transposon may lose their ability to synthesise reverse transcriptase or transposase through mutation, yet continue to jump through the genome because other transposons are still producing the necessary enzyme.\n\n[edit]\nExamples\nThe first transposons were discovered in maize (Zea mays), (aka corn) by Barbara McClintock in 1948, for which she was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1983. She noticed insertions, deletions, and translocations, caused by these transposons. These changes in the genome could, for example, lead to a change in the color of corn kernels. About 50% of the total genome of maize consists of transposons. The Ac/Ds system McClintock described are class II transposons. \nOne family of transposons in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster are called P elements. They seem to have first appeared in the species only in the middle of the twentieth century. Within 50 years, t
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Introduction. This is a brief outline of the steps necessary to produce mice with a mutation targeted to a specific gene. These animals are referred to as "knock-out" mice or "gene targeted" mice. The broad outline of the experiment includes: 1) the investigator constructs a gene targeting vector containing a mutation in the target gene; 2) the targeting vector is introduced into ES cells; 3) ES cell clones which undergo homologous recombination with the targeting vector are identified; 4) ES cell-mouse chimeras are produced; 5) the chimeras breed and transmit the chromosome with the targeted gene to their offspring; 6) homozygous animals are produced from the mating of hemizygous chimera offspring; and 7) the phenotype resulting from the genetic mutation is characterized. Core personnel are available for consultation on all aspects of gene targeting research. Contact Thom Saunders with any questions or Meet the Staff.  The Transgenic Core prioritizes all requests for service on a "first-come, first-serve" basis. Your requests for electroporation, clone expansion, and blastocyst microinjection will be added to the Transgenic Core work queue in the order that they are received. \n2. Plan the experiment. What is the purpose of your experiment? Do you want to completely ablate gene expression in all tissues? Do you want to analyze tissue specific regulatory sequences? Do you want to produce a model for tissue-specific gene deletions? You will need to obtain or clone the structural gene that you want to mutate. The source of the DNA is important since published studies demonstrate genomic DNA isogenic to the embryonic stem cell line give higher gene targeting efficiencies in ES cells (see Key Gene Targeting Papers). While complete sequence information is not necessary, a detailed restriction map of the gene is an irreplaceable tool. During the planning stages the material transfer agreements for R1 ES cells and other reagents should be initiated so that they are ready in time. Once a genomic clone of the gene is in hand and restriction mapped, then it is time to... \n\n3. Clone and the Verify the Targeting Vector. The Core has cloning vectors for investigators to use in gene targeting research. They include pPNT, a basic targeting vector, pNZTK2, designed to insert the lacZ gene behind the promoter of the targeted gene, and pflox, which is designed to introduce loxP sites into the gene. A complete materials transfer agreement is required before they can be distributed. You will need to determine which 5' and 3' fragments of the gene will be used to construct the targeting vector. Generally speaking, a couple of Kb on either end should give a reasonable gene targeting frequency. You will also need to consider the methods and probes that you will use to identify ES cell clones that have undergone homologous recombination with the targeting vector. This means a Southern blot approach with probes outside of the targeting vector or a PCR based assay with primers outside of the targeting vector. Once the orientation of the fragments in the targeting vector are confirmed and the probes are tested then it is time to... \n\n4. Electroporate ES Cells and Select Recombinants. ES cells are a very sensitive reagent, and most often the weakest link in the process of producing gene targeted mice. Fastidious tissue culture technique is necessary to maintain the totipotent state of the cells during electroporation, selection, and expansion. In order to maximize successful outcomes, the Transgenic Core maintains ES cells and companion reagents that are quality tested by producing ES cell-mouse chimeras that transmit the ES cell genome to offspring. Investigators may choose to use the Core's Gene Targeting Service (we do all of the tissue culture work, you do all of the molecular biology), or to use space in the Core lab (rent space in our completely equipped laboratory for ES cell culture work), or to do th
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http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/glycolysis/glycohome.html
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Great stuff going on right now having to do with developmental genes (like Hox genes).  You may know this as "Evo Devo" or evolutionary developmental biology.\n\nCheck out the book "Endless Forms Most Beautiful," by Sean Carroll.  He also gives ideas for research and new fields, lots of peer-reviewed papers.\n\nI just read it this Fall, it was great.
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hi. you can try a book called "Practical biochemistry, principles and techniques" by Keith Wilson and John Walker
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http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/122/12/966\nThere you go :)
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I would summarize, but I wouldn't want to leave out any detail you're seeking:\n\nHere are some lecture notes on the subject:\nhttp://soma.npa.uiuc.edu/courses/bio303/Lecture29_111504.pdf\n\nHope that helps-