What are the GAlileo and Aristotle Theory of Motion?
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1- gravity , elastic forces (as in bows and catapults), Archimedes' push   - In Galileo time was discovered air pressure (Torricelli experiment) \n\n2- Mass \n\n3- Forces add up for the same mass, then acceleration also adds up :   F1 is force from friend 1, A1 is acceleration/thrust  given by him  \nF1= m.A1 \nF2= m.A2\n\nF1 + F2 = m. (A1 + A2)
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The site listed below seems to have some nice web applets with  various kinematics applications and such.  I would (and did) search Google for "kinematics" to find the best. Specific searches such as "rotational motion", "Newton's laws", "1-D kinematics", "2-D kinematics", etc will yield more tuned results.
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All previous answers are wrong. Aristotle is credited with being the first scientist, because he used observation rather than unverifiable references. Mind you, the progress was halting. Even he still detected "anima" in frogs, as some sort of soul. The whole concept of purely using observation had not really sunk in. However, he is generally credited...\n\n\nSupport novel transit solutions: http://www.hallisystem.bravehost.com
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Newton was born the same year Galileo died.
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Plato, I guess. the Question is too vague. Plato's geocentric system was refuted by Copernicus, but the Catholic Church refused to accept Copernicus's findings.
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Kepler's laws are simply empirical rules. What really predicts planetary motion is Newton's theory of gravity, which confirms Kepler's laws. It also explains most of the deviations from those laws as due to gravitational perturbation from other planets. \n\nEinstein's general relativity adds very little to Newton's calculations for our solar system. Newton calculated that the precession of Mercury's orbit should be 531 arc-seconds per century. General relativity correctly accounted for the full 574 arc-seconds. I'm not sure if you can work time dilation per se into that, but that's the most significant modification to Newton/Kepler by general relativity that I know of. (disclaimer - I am not a physicist)\n\nRe the equivalency of time: There is a time standard based on the center of the sun that is used for these calculations, to eliminate gravitational effects on the time base.
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I think Isaac Newton might have been as good, considering the limitations of his own time. Just remember he had to develop a new whole math to support his theories! (calculus) Then I dunno, but today Stephen Hawking? Have you read a brief history of time and the universe in a nutshell? I dunno, really, Einstein was GREAT!
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Hey...I think it was Johaness Kepler...and his Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
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the newton's three laws of motion are as follows: law of inertia ( an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted by an outside force, a moving will continue on ots motion unless acted by an outside force), law of acceleration ( thw acceleration of a body is directly propotional the force and inversely proportional to its mass: a=f/m) and the law of interaction ( in every action there is always an equal and opossite rreaction)
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Of course, it's difficult to say. The understanding of the cosmos is full of extraordinary ideas and insights. I'd tend to mention Copernico, who first stepped on the modern view of the Universe putting the Earth moving around the sun. And then Kepler, who gave the three fundamental laws of planetary movement, based on the extremely accurate and extensive data collected by Tycho Brahe WITHOUT a telescope.  And of course, Einstein. His General Relativity Theory is the cornerstone of the current cosmology.
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He observed sun spots moving on the surface of the sun. All of them moved in the same direction, just as similar things on the surface of the Earth would do. \n\nIt may be of some interest to note that this was only an inference from the evidence. A very convincing inference and enough, wiht some other things, to cause trouble with the Church. Direct evidence of the sun's rotation came rather later, with photography and better telescopes, and somewhat later, Doppler spectroscopy. \n\nSince Galileo is thought to have lost his sight at least in part because of his solar observations (quite dangerous to look directly at the Sun, but it's still more dangerous to look at it directly through a telescope), these later observational techniques probably saved a goodly number of eyes.
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Newton's First Law of Motion:\n 1. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.  \n\nNewton's Second Law of Motion:\n 2. The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.  \n\nNewton's Third Law of Motion:\n 3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
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That would be Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity.\n\nhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/relativity3.htm
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Dr. Isaac Newton proposed the 3 Laws of Motion, as below:\n\nFirst law:\nObjects in motion tend to stay in motion, and objects at rest tend to stay at rest unless an outside force acts upon them.\n\nOr simply, a force is required to move a stationary object or to stop a moving object.  \n\nSecond law:\nThe rate of change of the momentum of a body is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and the direction of the change in momentum takes place in the direction of the net force.\n\nOr simply, a body moves along the direction of application of the force.\n\nThird law:\nTo every action (force applied) there is an equal and opposite reaction (equal force applied in the opposite direction).\n\nOr simply, there is always a reaction for any action. Egs: Due to Friction (reaction) only, we are able to walk (action).; Rocket shoots up (action) due to the reaction of the hot gases that expend through the nozzle downwards.
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http://www.aquinas-multimedia.com/stjoseph/galileo.html\n\nMy guess was Galileo and I was right.  Here, look.\n\nBut according to a book I have, the greeks noticed it first.  It was Galileo that proposed the theory to the world.
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Roger Bacon (c. 1214 – 1294), also known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: "astounding teacher"), was one of the most famous Franciscan friars of his time. He was an English philosopher who placed considerable emphasis on empiricism, and has been presented as one of the earliest advocates of the modern scientific method; though later studies have emphasized his reliance on occult and alchemical traditions. He was intimately acquainted with the philosophical and scientific insights of the Arab world, one of the most advanced civilizations at the time.\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon