how do you know what form a DNA will take?
93342
If you're talking about which species a strand of DNA is a part of, these are recognized by comparing to known types for degrees of similarity.  For instance, we recognize a bit of DNA as being dgog DNA if it bears resemblance to DNA we took from a dog.\n\nOther than that, each bit of DNA is iether coding or non-coding (mostly, it's non-coding--but don't let the term "junk DNA" fool you, because it's very important for structural reasons).  In the coding regions, every three neceotides forms a "codon," and every codon relates to a single amino acid in a peptide chain sequence.  These peptide chains form proteins, which are the builiding blocks for just about every function in the cell body.  Lipids, sugars, and catalytic RNAs do so functions, but other than that, virtually everything is done by proteins.  they cause motility in cells, control transport, sort things, build nucelic acids, lipids, and sugars, create energy from food, detect light and pressure and other stimuli, link cells together, send messages--pretty much everything.  We call DNA the blueprint of the organism because it is the blue print for the proteins which do most of the work in defining and controling the organism.
286735
DNA is what makes up our genes.  It is several long chains (polymers) of molecules that contain a 'chemical code' that the body uses to make proteins (proteins are many types of molecules that are necessary for the body to make and run itself).  These long chains of DNA are grouped into 23 different chromosomes.  You have two pairs of each chromosome - one set of 23 from your mom and the other set of 23 from your dad.  So, in total, you have 46 chromosomes in each cell.\n\nEach cell in your body has the same DNA.  But a liver cell is different from a skin cell, etc.  That is because each cell type has access to only certain genes in your DNA (to make the proteins needed specifically for that type of cell).\n\nStructurally, DNA looks like a flexible ladder (like a rope ladder).  The runs of the ladder (the sides) are the long chains or polymers and consist of a sugar group connected to a phosphate group, connected to the next sugar group, and so on.  Between these side chains are pairs of 'bases' - Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine (A T G  C).  These are the actual code that contains the information in your genes.\n\nThe 'ladder' of DNA twists around itself to form a shape called a 'double helix'.\n\nI hope this is helpful to you.  Good luck!
275559
UPDATE: I've just read your comment so I'm leaving the difficult stuff below. \nFirst things first:\nProbably you know (but it's worth repeating) that the genetic information in each cell is kept as DNA. This DNA is able to copy parts of itself as RNA. RNA in turn builds proteins. Our bodies are not made only of proteins, but proteins are the ultimate regulators of what our body looks like and how it works. So, if a gene in your DNA synthesizes a specific RNA, and this in turn can make a particular protein, this protein will have to do with the way you look and function. Another person with a somewhat different "variety" of the same gene, will have a different appearance and/or function. Each gene codes for one protein, so it takes a really large amount of genes to code for all of them (and this is VERY simplified, the interactions are much more complex).\n\nNow for the second part: the fact that you have several really long DNA strands in each cell (these DNA strands are what can be visualized as chromosomes under special circumstances) does not mean that every single little gene in your DNA will generate RNA and ultimately produce a protein. Only a part of the DNA is actually active (and it's a small proportion), the rest is just "there" and doesn't code. And the expression of the gene (=when the gene's information becomes visible) depends on the interaction with other genes, with other substances that are cellular regulators, and many environmental factors. \n\nExample: you know Siamese cats? they have a genetic constitution such that the dark color proteins are formed especially at the body parts that are colder. So usually you get a sand-colored cat with black legs, tail, and ears. But for this pattern to show, there has to be interaction with the right temperatures. If the cat is not exposed to these colder temperatures, the dark parts don't develop. Or maybe other proteins or regulators "got in the way" of the process. And you get a cat with no dark parts (or the opposite, a very dark animal from excess cold). \nAnother example: suppose a baby is born from tall parents; they in turn had tall parents, so it's highly probable that the baby has the "tall" potential. But if this baby is not well nourished during his/her development, he/she will not reach the height that he "potentially should" have had. \nCan you see the difference? The genotype is ALL the genetic information that you have, and the phenotype is the result of the combination of this genetic information with other factors: the person/animal/plant as it is realized. \nI hope this helps you, I'll be around :-)\n\nCheck this site, it's great:\nhttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIIA1Genotypevsphenotype.shtml\n-------------------------------\nThe genotype is the genetic information that the said individual carries in each of his/her body cells. Much of that information is never expressed (=becomes "visible" or translates into actual characteristics), and much genetic information can yield different characteristics depending on the interaction with many environmental factors (which occur both inside and outside the cell or organism in question). Thus, the final fully developed individual is the result of the genotype ("raw" genetic information) PLUS environmental/developmental factors; the characteristics of this final product, the real individual, constitute the Phenotype. \nFor instance, an individual with a perfectly "normal" genotype may develop many types of abnormalities due to problems during pregnancy, including drugs, lack of oxygen, etc. Identical twins have the same genotype (they come from a single cell) but are never completely identical; and of course they have different personalities. This is because of all the epigenetic phenomena that influence development. And it's also the reason why reductionist approaches that s
1067028
Try a rough DNA isolation, some things u need are detergent, lemons, and a sample like onion.\n\nSimple diffusion experiments with onions, salt, water, etc..
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The important thing is to keep the helical structure clearly visible. Don't worry about the side hydrogens or details of the molecules.\n\nKeep in mind that DNA is a double-stranded helix, and the strands don't revolve around each other identically. Which means there are two sizes of 'grooves': the small grooves are a bit over half the width of the large ones.\n\nIf you use styrofoam balls for the nucleotides and join them with drinking straws (a handy way to do this project), take care that the angle subtended by three of the balls be around 35 degrees.\n\nAbout 10 balls should complete a cycle, which means ball number 11 must be above ball number 1 in a straight line.\n\nDo a strand first, so that it looks fairly twisted yet linear. Add the other strand afterwards. A length of about 20 nucleotides per strand (= 40 in total = 40 small styrofoam balls) should be enough.\n\nGo to a crafts store and buy a bag of balls (they come in 50, 100, etc.) and a bag of 100 drinking straws. Color the balls blue for cytosine, red for thymine, green for guanine and orange for adenine. Pair orange with red and blue with green when building the second strand.\n\nHope this helps.
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The length of hair and all other aspects of cell growth and type of cell is based on DNA.\n\nDNA is the code of life. It also determines the specific characteristic of your family traits through Chromosomes passed on by your parents.
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Generally there are different types of DNA(A,B,Z ,e.c.t)\nBut DNA occure in different shapes thats because of Major and Minor grooves of the DNA
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DNA=Deoxy Ribon Nucleic Acid.\n\nits the material in a nuclei i n a nucleus, in acell that stores the cells information.\n\n~LG23~
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ofcourse, using any other Body cell. every cell has DNA
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Just have a look at the sites\nhttp://www.DNA-NEWS.ORG \nhttp://www.GENETIC.ORG.UK \nhttp://www.cell-stem.com\nhttp://www.dna-research.org\nhttp://www.dna-rna.org\nhttp://www.dnasequencing.info\nhttp://www.junk-dna.com\nhttp://www.testing-dna.org
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I think what you're looking for has to do with replication. Every time the cell goes through mitosis to divide, it has to make an exact copy of all the DNA in the cell, so that there are two complete copies, one for each daughter cell. The process of replication and division is the cell cycle.\n\nIn replication, a complex of enzymes copies the DNA by unzipping the double helix to expose the single strands. Someone else mentioned A-T C-G bair pairing and that is correct. The four subunits in DNA are the bases, and they are abbreviated A,T,C and G. Just by the shape of the molecules, A will connect with T and C with G pretty much always (though there are exceptions that are beyond the scope of a general explanation). \n\nSo in replication, enzymes pull the two strands of the double helix apart in short regions, pulling apart the A-T C-G bair pairing. It is energetically unfavorable to have a single strand of DNA exposed and not base paired. Free nucleotides in the cell will come in and form hydrogen bonds with the exposed template strand (it will happen on both strands), and then enzymes will connect the newly deposited bases with phosphodiester linkages to form a new DNA molecule. This forms a new strand of what is called duplex DNA, meaning it is a new double helix. The complementarity of the base pairs drives replication to produce an exact copy of each part of the genetic code. The error rate is very low, but errors can and do occur, and there is proofreading machinery to check for mistakes and excise and replace incorrect base pairs.\n\nPictures are helpful...in the second link, scroll down to see the replication bubble. A replication fork and a replication bubble are essentially the same thing...it's the site where the double helix is open and replication is occurring.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid —usually in the form of a double helix— that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and most viruses. DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides (a polynucleotide) and encodes the sequence of the amino acid residues in proteins using the genetic code, a triplet code of nucleotides.\n\nIn complex eukaryotic cells such as those from plants, animals, fungi and protists, most of the DNA is located in the cell nucleus. By contrast, in simpler cells called prokaryotes, including the eubacteria and archaea, DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope. The cellular organelles known as chloroplasts and mitochondria also carry DNA.\n\nDNA is often referred to as the molecule of heredity as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. In humans, these traits can range from hair colour to disease susceptibility. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Lineage studies can be done based on the facts that the mitochondrial DNA only comes from the mother, and the male Y chromosome only comes from the father.\n\nEvery person's DNA, their genome, is inherited from both parents. The mother's mitochondrial DNA together with twenty-three chromosomes from each parent combine to form the genome of a zygote, the fertilized egg. As a result, with certain exceptions such as red blood cells, most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, together with mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother.\n\nThe discovery that DNA was the carrier of genetic information was a process that required many earlier discoveries. The existence of DNA was discovered in the mid 19th century. However, it was only in the early 20th century that researchers began suggesting that it might store genetic information. This gained almost universal acceptance after the structure of DNA was elucidated by James D. Watson and Francis Crick in their 1953 Nature publication. Watson and Crick proposed the central dogma of molecular biology in 1957, describing the process whereby proteins are produced from nucleic DNA. In 1962 Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize for their determination of the structure of DNA.
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a molecule of DNA is made of a double helix of nucleotides.  Inside the cells this double helix is untwisted and spread apart by different enzymes and "read"  These nucleotides that make up the double helix is uncoded in sets of threes to code for different amino acids.  When the amino acids come together they make up different proteins.  So short story short, information is stored in a molecule of DNA by a code of nucleotides.
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They keep a record of who you are, and pass on that record to your offspring.  DNA, which is contained in your chromosomes, is the program to create a human being.  The program is rewritten every time a new person is created, but the subroutines, if you will, come from their parents.  Useful if you want to continue the human race!
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the biological development of a cellular form of life or a virus. All known cellular life and some viruses have DNAs. DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides (a polynucleotide) that encodes the sequence of amino acid residues in proteins, using the genetic code.\nDNA is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. In humans, these traits range from hair color to disease susceptibility. The genetic information encoded by an organism's DNA is called its genome. During cell division, DNA is replicated, and during reproduction is transmitted to offspring.\n\nIn eukaryotic cells, such as those of plants, animals, fungi and protists, most of the DNA is located in the cell nucleus, and each DNA molecule is usually packed into a chromosome that are passed to daughter cells during cell division. By contrast, in simpler cells called prokaryotes, including the eubacteria and archaea, DNA is found directly in the cytoplasm (not separated by a nuclear envelope) and is circular. The cellular organelles known as chloroplasts and mitochondria also carry DNA. DNA is thought to have originated approximately 3.5 to 4.6 billion years ago.[1]\n\nIn humans, the mother's mitochondrial DNA together with 23 chromosomes from each parent combine to form the genome of a zygote, the fertilized egg. As a result, with certain exceptions such as red blood cells, most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, together with mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother. Lineage studies can be done because mitochondrial DNA only comes from the mother, and the Y chromosome only comes from the father
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Are you asking about DNA causing itself to be assembled?
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- with PCR you amplify a DNA sequence (like ATGGTAGCATGATC etc etc etc)\n- P = polymerase (thats the name of the enzyme that does the amplification\n- C = chain (there are actually two chains: first the chain of nucleotides ATGGAGACCCTAetc and second the chain of polymerization reactions)\n- R = the enzymatic amplification reaction\n- you can only do a PCR with a DNA double strand, because you need two starter oligonucleotides that bind to the initial template that you want to amplify; they resemble a short DNA sequence of the complementary (opposite) strand; they work best when they have a length between 18 and 20 nucleotides. When you do a PCR, you will most likely know the sequence of these oligonucleotides and you will order them from a company who designs them for you (you just give them the sequence you desire and they make them fo you)\n- so when you do a PCR, you have to offer the polymerase enzyme some material so that it can work: i.e. the template DNA that you want amplified, the starter oligonucleotides and especially the single nucleotides A, T, G, C\n\n- for RFLP you will need an enzyme that cuts the DNA strand\n- restrictions enzymes cut specific sites\n- they have names like BamHI EcoRI etc etc etc\n- example: BamHI cuts at the site GGATCC and only there\n- so when you have a DNA sequence that is, say 2000 basepairs long, and you have only one GGATCC, the enzyme will cut only once. If the DNA sequence was linear (i.e. it has two ends like a sausage) then you will get 2 DNA fragments. If your DNA is circular, you will get one fragment\n- so think in larger dimensions: if you cut a tremendously long DNA sequnece, you will have more GGATCC sites, consequently you will get more fragments.\n- so if you know your sequence, you can just do your simple math calculations and predict the fragments and their lengths: from the fist GGATCC to the second its, for example 10,010 basepairs, from the second to the third xxx and so on\n\n- R = restriction (cutting the DNA strand into pieces)\n- F = fragment (the pieces of DNA that arise when cutting the large one)\n- L = length (the different lentgs of DNA pieces that arise during the cutting)\n- P = polymorphism (referring to the fragment pattern when comparing them to the pattern of different samples)\n- the actual RFLP comparisons are made in the gel, because sometimes you don't have the exact DNA sequence of every DNA you want to analyze\n- for example, you cut the genomic DNA of two or more related bacterial species. And lets say you will know the exact sequence of only one of them. For that one you can make predictions about fragment lengths based on your calculations. For the others you can't, because maybe they have mutations in their sequences.\n- so when you compare the fragments to each other and to the one you initially precalculated, you might find that the other related species reveal different fragments. That means the sequences af the repated species have alterations in the site where the restriction enzyme was supposed to cut.\n- So the interpretation will be that specific DNA sites have an altered sequence to the sequence that was given to you\n- you can also make predictions about total mutations in the DNA, if you know how long the total DNA was and if you know how many restrictions sites there are and how many were not cut with a specific enzyme