what are some easy ideas for making a 3d model of dna?
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The important thing is to keep the helical structure clearly visible. Don't worry about the side hydrogens or details of the molecules.\n\nKeep in mind that DNA is a double-stranded helix, and the strands don't revolve around each other identically. Which means there are two sizes of 'grooves': the small grooves are a bit over half the width of the large ones.\n\nIf you use styrofoam balls for the nucleotides and join them with drinking straws (a handy way to do this project), take care that the angle subtended by three of the balls be around 35 degrees.\n\nAbout 10 balls should complete a cycle, which means ball number 11 must be above ball number 1 in a straight line.\n\nDo a strand first, so that it looks fairly twisted yet linear. Add the other strand afterwards. A length of about 20 nucleotides per strand (= 40 in total = 40 small styrofoam balls) should be enough.\n\nGo to a crafts store and buy a bag of balls (they come in 50, 100, etc.) and a bag of 100 drinking straws. Color the balls blue for cytosine, red for thymine, green for guanine and orange for adenine. Pair orange with red and blue with green when building the second strand.\n\nHope this helps.
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1) DNA\n\n2) Chromosomes\n\n3) Genes
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Here are a few sites that have good ones :\nhttp://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna\nhttp://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/582dnadoublehelix.html (more a ball and stick model)\nhttp://www.envirohealthtech.com/images/DNA.jpg (this one is just pretty)
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Try this , it really helped me in my first few lectures in cell bio , such as DNA and RNA . Loads of animations and stuff ! \n\nhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscription.html
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Try this open source 3D engine.  It's open source, so it's free:   http://www.ogre3d.org/
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(Click to enlarge) \nDNA \ndouble-helix DNA model\nA. adenine\nT. thymine\nC. cytosine\nG. guanine\nD. deoxyribose\nP. phosphate\n(Academy Artworks) \nDNA (dē'ĕn-ā') \nn.\nA nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA. DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. The sequence of nucleotides determines individual hereditary characteristics.
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well, its a little more complicated than the above person mentions.\n\nAside from finding the right person to do so the process is listed below:\n1)  Restriction Enzymes break apart several parts of your DNA\n2) All the DNA sequences are put into a microfilament inside a gel.\n3) The gel is attached to an anode and a cathode at one end.\n4) the heavier and more electronexgative pieces move to the anode.\n5) this gives you a unique fingerprinting of your dna. The end result is a bunch of lines on gel which is unique to yourself.\n\nIf you want to get the sequences of your DNA figured out the project is much more complicated and would take many many years. However, the human genome project did it. And since every person has a 1% difference in their alleles (that is right ONLY ONE PERCENT!) it is very similar. Moreover out of 1000 nucleotide bases in a sequence of a polypeptide or DNA, 999 are the same as any other given person. So essentially the human genome project maps your genome very very closely.
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Space-filling model of a section of DNA moleculeDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and most viruses). DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides and encodes the sequence of the amino acid residues in proteins using the genetic code, a triplet code of nucleotides. \n\nIn complex cells (eukaryotes), such as those from plants, animals, fungi and protists, most of the DNA is located in the cell nucleus. By contrast, in simpler cells (prokaryotes) such as bacteria, DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope. The energy-generating organelles known as chloroplasts and mitochondria also carry DNA. \n\nDNA is often referred to as the molecule of heredity as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. These traits can range from hair colour to disease susceptibility. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Lineage studies can be done based on the facts that the DNA in mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA) only comes from the mother, and the male "Y" chromosome only comes from the father. \n\nEvery person's DNA is inherited from both parents. The mother's mitochondrial DNA together with twenty-three chromosomes from each parent combine to form the genome of a fertilized egg. As a result, with certain exceptions such as red blood cells, most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, together with mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother. DNA Overview Unsolved problems in biology: Do all organisms link together to a primary source? Given a DNA sequence, what shape will the protein fold into? Given a particular desired shape, what DNA sequence will produce it? What are all the functions of the DNA? The building block of life may be a precursor to a generation of electronic devices and computers, but what are the electronic properties of DNA? Is junk DNA only molecular garbage?\nDNA Under electron microscopeThis section presents a simple (but admittedly unsophisticated) overview of DNA. \nGenes can be loosely viewed as the organism's "cookbook" or "blueprint"; \nA strand of DNA contains genes, areas that regulate genes, and areas that either have no function, or a function we do not (yet) know; \nDNA (for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) differs from RNA by having the sugar 2-deoxyribose instead of ribose in its backbone. This is the basic chemical distinction between RNA and DNA. \nDNA is organized as two complementary strands, head-to-toe, with bonds between them that can be "unzipped" like a zipper, separating the strands; \nDNA is a chain of chemical "building blocks", called "bases", of which there are four types: these can be abbreviated A, T, C, and G, with U rarely replacing T, notably in PBS1 phage DNA; each base "pairs up" with only one other base: A+T or U, T or U+A, C+G and G+C; that is, an "A" on one strand of double-stranded DNA will "mate" properly only with a "T" or "U" on the other, complementary strand; \nBecause each strand of DNA has a directionality, the sequence order does matter: A+T is not the same as T+A, just as C+G is not the same as G+C; \nFor each given base, there is just one possible complementary base, so naming the bases on the conventionally chosen side of the strand is enough to describe the entire double-strand sequence; \nThe order of the bases along the length of the DNA is the genetic material, the sequence itself is the description for genes; \nThe cell begins DNA replication by forcibly unzipping the DNA double strand down the middle, and then recreates the "other half" of each new single strand by drowning each half in a "soup" made of the four bases. An enzyme makes a new strand by finding the correct "base" in the soup and pairing it with the or
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Easiest method involves the pooling of the source (best source is wheat germ due to ease) next grind the germ then add some detergent solution- this will lyse the cell wall (the grinding breaks down the plant wall) next is to add some form of alcohol (isopropanol or high % ethanol is best (91% Isopropanol is available at drug stores)) Add the alcohol and the DNA will float to the top with the solution- spool on a glass rod.
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try this one, if the link does not work, put mitosis and drawing in Google.
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you use a 3d molecular bio particle scanner.  most of your high end medical research facilities will have one. just call and ask for scanning
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See how you can model a human face here:\n\nhttp://www.3drender.com/jbirn/ea/HeadModel.html
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One of the best programs is Chemwindow.\nYou can find evrything about it at: http://www.bio-rad.com/B2B/BioRad/product/br_category.jsp?BV_SessionID=@@@@1669986194.1150690834@@@@&BV_EngineID=ccchaddidjeemigcfngcfkmdhkkdfll.0&divName=Informatics+%7c+Sadtler&loggedIn=false&serviceLevel=Lit+Request&lang=English&csel=null&catLevel=4&catOID=-24402&isPA=false&categoryPath=Catalogs%2fInformatics+%7c+Sadtler%2fCheminformatics%2fStructure+Drawing+and+Reporting+-+ChemWindow\nIt allows 2-D & 3-D presentations, drawing of laboratory installations, directly import IR, NMR, MS, and Raman spectra, and chromatograms, using common native file formats, recognizes stereochemistry and automatically specifies R/S centers and E/Z double bonds, etc, etc....\nIt's intuitive and easy to use even if it's the first time you see it.\nMain drawback.... it's not free ;)\n\nAnother good editor is Isis Draw. \nYou can download it from: www.mdli.com/downloads\nIt's free but you have to create first an account.\nAlso don't forget to take the IUPAC naming plugin (Autonom).
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Nearly Complete Genomic Libraries of Higher Organisms Can Be Prepared by λ Cloning\n\nWith the availability of λ phage cloning vectors, preparation of genomic libraries for higher organisms, including humans, is feasible. A genomic library is a set of λ (or plasmid) clones that collectively contain every DNA sequence in the genome of a particular organism. Figure 7-12 summarizes the general procedure for constructing a λ genomic library. The λ DNA first is treated with a restriction enzyme to produce fragments called λ vector arms, which have sticky ends and together contain all the genes necessary for lytic growth. This step frees the nonessential region in the middle of the λ genome; this region is separated from the λ arms and discarded. Genomic DNA then is extracted from a cell type that contains all the genetic information of the organism under study. Sperm cells or cells of an early embryo often are used as sources of mammalian DNA. The extracted DNA then is cleaved by a restriction enzyme to produce ≈20-kb fragments with sticky ends complementary to the sticky ends on the λ vector arms being used.\n\nThe λ arms and the collection of genomic DNA fragments are mixed in about equal amounts. The complementary sticky ends on the fragments and λ arms hybridize and then are joined covalently by DNA ligase. Each of the resulting recombinant DNA molecules contains a foreign DNA fragment located between the two arms of the λ vector DNA. The ligated recombinant DNAs then are packaged into λ virions in vitro as described above. Only DNA molecules of the correct size can be packaged to produce fully infectious recombinant λ virions.\n\nFinally, the recombinant λ virions are plated on a lawn of E. coli cells to generate a large number of recombinant λ plaques. Since each plaque arises from a single recombinant virion, all the progeny λ phages that develop are genetically identical and constitute a clone carrying a particular genomic DNA insert. The different plaques correspond to distinct phage clones, each carrying a different DNA insert, and collectively they constitute a λ genomic library. Multiple λ vectors have been constructed containing different restriction sites, so that restriction fragments generated by a variety of restriction enzymes can be cloned in λ vectors.\n\nIn constructing a library of genomic DNA, the DNA commonly is cleaved with a restriction enzyme that recognizes a 4-bp restriction site (e.g., Sau3A, as shown in Figure 7-12). A specific 4-bp sequence will occur on average once every 44 = 256 base pairs. Complete digestion of the human haploid genome, which contains ≈3 × 109 base pairs, would yield somewhat more than 107 nonoverlapping different fragments. However, to increase the probability that all regions of the genome are successfully cloned and represented in the λ genomic library, the genomic DNA usually is only partially digested to yield overlapping restriction fragments of ≈20 kb (Figure 7-13). In a large λ library constructed from such overlapping restriction fragments, a specific sequence of genomic DNA (e.g., the gene encoding β-globin) often is contained in or extends over several “overlapping” clones. By a technique called chromosome walking, described in the next chapter, overlapping genomic clones can be ordered.\n\nThe size of a genomic library for a given organism depends on the amount of DNA in that organism's haploid genome. If the human genome of about 3 × 109 base pairs is cleaved into 20-kb fragments for insertion into a λ vector, then roughly 1.5 × 105 different recombinant λ phage virions would be required to constitute a complete library. Because the restriction fragments of human DNA are incorporated into phages randomly, about 106 recombinant phages are necessary to assure that each region of human DNA has a 90 – 95 percent chance of being included.\n\nEach plaque produced by a recombinant bacteriophage λ contains large numbers of recombi
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Each 2D image shows some crosse section of the subject, let's say a brain.\n\nSay the brain is 20 centimetes deep. If you obtain one image for each centimeter of depth, print them out, cut out the brain shape, and then place them all so they are standing vertically next to one another and in order you will have a very good idea of what that brain looks like in 3D.\n\nThe more pictures you take the more accurate your model will be. With enough pictures you can easily guess at what fills the empty space between them and make a complete and accurate 3D model.
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Here is how science proves the existence of a Creator.\n\nYou are here: Science >> DNA Double Helix \n\nDNA Double Helix: A Recent Discovery of Enormous Complexity\nThe DNA Double Helix is one of the greatest scientific discoveries of all time. First described by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, DNA is the famous molecule of genetics that establishes each organism's physical characteristics. It wasn't until mid-2001, that the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics jointly presented the true nature and complexity of the digital code inherent in DNA. We now understand that each human DNA molecule is comprised of chemical bases arranged in approximately 3 billion precise sequences. Even the DNA molecule for the single-celled bacterium, E. coli, contains enough information to fill all the books in any of the world's largest libraries. \n\nDNA Double Helix: The "Basics"\nDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded molecule that is twisted into a helix like a spiral staircase. Each strand is comprised of a sugar-phosphate backbone and numerous base chemicals attached in pairs. The four bases that make up the stairs in the spiraling staircase are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G). These stairs act as the "letters" in the genetic alphabet, combining into complex sequences to form the words, sentences and paragraphs that act as instructions to guide the formation and functioning of the host cell. Maybe even more appropriately, the A, T, C and G in the genetic code of the DNA molecule can be compared to the "0" and "1" in the binary code of computer software. Like software to a computer, the DNA code is a genetic language that communicates information to the organic cell. \n\nThe DNA code, like a floppy disk of binary code, is quite simple in its basic paired structure. However, it's the sequencing and functioning of that code that's enormously complex. Through recent technologies like x-ray crystallography, we now know that the cell is not a "blob of protoplasm", but rather a microscopic marvel that is more complex than the space shuttle. The cell is very complicated, using vast numbers of phenomenally precise DNA instructions to control its every function. \n\nAlthough DNA code is remarkably complex, it's the information translation system connected to that code that really baffles science. Like any language, letters and words mean nothing outside the language convention used to give those letters and words meaning. This is modern information theory at its core. A simple binary example of information theory is the "Midnight Ride of Paul Revere." In that famous story, Mr. Revere asks a friend to put one light in the window of the North Church if the British came by land, and two lights if they came by sea. Without a shared language convention between Paul Revere and his friend, that simple communication effort would mean nothing. Well, take that simple example and multiply by a factor containing many zeros. \n\nWe now know that the DNA molecule is an intricate message system. To claim that DNA arose by random material forces is to say that information can arise by random material forces. Many scientists argue that the chemical building blocks of the DNA molecule can be explained by natural evolutionary processes. However, they must realize that the material base of a message is completely independent of the information transmitted. Thus, the chemical building blocks have nothing to do with the origin of the complex message. As a simple illustration, the information content of the clause "nature was designed" has nothing to do with the writing material used, whether ink, paint, chalk or crayon. In fact, the clause can be written in binary code, Morse code or smoke signals, but the message remains the same, independent of the medium. There is obviously no relationship between the information and the mater
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Here is the one I recently made:\n\nTake a transparency sheet and take ear buds (used for over head projectors)- lots of them. Dip the top of cotton part, of a bunch of ear buds, in glue and place them vertically on the transparent sheet. Go on doing this to make a square tightly filled with ear buds.  Note: you will have to give support to the ear buds until they are glued completely. \n\nNow you can apply the glue on the other side of ear buds and place another transparent sheet. Paint the central region of the ear bud-sticks with black colour. If required, cover the sides. It now looks like a square piece taken from a region in the plasma membrane.\n\nThe cotton ends now look like the hydrophobic layers on either end while the central region looks like the hydrophilic ends of phospholipids. If you want to elaborate, you can include proteins in the bilayer! You can use colour papers, ribbons etc (you can stiffen them by dipping in some glue and drying in the shape you want; I have also seen hair-bands available that form specific ion-channel like structures. Goodluck!