What effect does chloroform have on bacteria? On viruses?
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Chloroform denatures proteins.  When mixed with other chemicals (such as phenol) it is used for RNA and DNA extractions.  \nA large amount of chlorform will kill a bacteria by denaturing its proteins,  It will probably also denature the protein coat of a virus.  It will leave the DNA intact, however.
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absolutely not, it will not affect it whatsoever. \n\n  keep taking your antibiotics until they are all gone, dental work or not :)_.
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well...\nu could talk about how little we know about whether organisms like bacteria and viruses have consicousness and a probable effect that might happen if we change their genomes . we dont really know whether those kind of organisms have an "individuality" or anything, so thats where i would start off from.\nhope this helped
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The chlorine gas dissolves in the water to form the relatively weak acid hypochlorous acid\n\nCl2 + H2O --> HClO + HCl\n\nHypochlorous acid is a strong oxidizing agent though, and destroys the outer membranes/protein coat of almost all bacteria and viruses.  \n\nTake note that reaction must take place in dark.  Otherwise, there is formation of undesirable HCL (which raises the saltiness of the water and decreases pH significantly) according to reaction\n              \n 2HClO       (sunlight)--> 2HCl + O2\n\nThis is the weak point of chlorination: the fact that once the water is exposed to sunlight the antimicrobial effect of the HClO is diminished.   Also, chlorination may sometimes result in the formation of unwanted chlorohalogenic compounds which may be harmful to humans.  Other methods are used to avoid these weaknesses.   For more, visit\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorination
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Chloride prevents bacteria and other organisms from growing in water, though it does have a chemical taste that some find unpleasant.  Otherwise in relatively low concentrations it is not harmful to health, and in fact chlorine is an essential electrolyte.  \n\nChlorine gas is of course, poisonous, but that's mostly because it is corrosive.
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Just like antibiotics, common disinfectants found in sponges and household sprays may contribute to drug resistant bacteria, according to researchers of drug resistance at Tufts New England Medical Center. Furthermore, research at the Government Accounting Office shows that many commercial disinfectants are ineffective to begin with, just like antibiotics.
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Microbiology is a very broad field. what are you interested in? doing the investigatory would be more fun and learning would be easier if you were into it. anyways, here are some sites. go check them out. \n\nhttp://www.microbes.info/forums/index.php\nhttp://www.suite101.com/welcome.cfm/microbiology\nhttp://www.asm.org/\n\nI had microbiology last semester. we tested the antimicrobial property of some plants. my friends tested the effectivity of some of the facial wash available on the market. some tested the effect of hair gel on microbial growth. you can do lots of things. i read a study where they tested the plastic degrading activity of microbes found in mangroves. still there are those who go to dumpsites and tests the microbes degrading activity. then there are those microbes that are used as air filters. the list goes on and on.
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The following two links may be of some use regarding your question, you may just have to find a substitute for the chloroform extraction buffer.
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Halothane, 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (structure F3C-CHBrCl), is listed in the Merck Index, 13th Ed, as an anesthetic for both human and veterinary purposes.  It is in some ways analagous to some of the refrigerants (Freons), but I don't find it listed for that purpose in the CRC.\n\nHere's a wikipedia reference for more info:\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halothane
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Anerobic bacteria such as intestinal infections like C dif. It is also used for some sexually transmitted diseases.
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For over 50 years, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were thought of as miracle substances. They are stable, nonflammable, low in toxicity, and inexpensive to produce. Over time, CFCs found uses as refrigerants, solvents, foam blowing agents, and in other smaller applications. Other chlorine-containing compounds include methyl chloroform, a solvent, and carbon tetrachloride, an industrial chemical. Halons, extremely effective fire extinguishing agents, and methyl bromide, an effective produce and soil fumigant, contain bromine. All of these compounds have atmospheric lifetimes long enough to allow them to be transported by winds into the stratosphere. Because they release chlorine or bromine when they break down, they damage the protective ozone layer. The discussion of the ozone depletion process below focuses on CFCs, but the basic concepts apply to all of the ozone-depleting substances (ODS). \n\nIn the early 1970s, researchers began to investigate the effects of various chemicals on the ozone layer, particularly CFCs, which contain chlorine. They also examined the potential impacts of other chlorine sources. Chlorine from swimming pools, industrial plants, sea salt, and volcanoes does not reach the stratosphere. Chlorine compounds from these sources readily combine with water and repeated measurements show that they rain out of the troposphere very quickly. In contrast, CFCs are very stable and do not dissolve in rain. Thus, there are no natural processes that remove the CFCs from the lower atmosphere. Over time, winds drive the CFCs into the stratosphere. \n\nThe CFCs are so stable that only exposure to strong UV radiation breaks them down. When that happens, the CFC molecule releases atomic chlorine. One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules. The net effect is to destroy ozone faster than it is naturally created. To return to the analogy comparing ozone levels to a stream's depth, CFCs act as a siphon, removing water faster than normal and reducing the depth of the stream. \n\nLarge fires and certain types of marine life produce one stable form of chlorine that does reach the stratosphere. However, numerous experiments have shown that CFCs and other widely-used chemicals produce roughly 84% of the chlorine in the stratosphere, while natural sources contribute only 16%. \n\nLarge volcanic eruptions can have an indirect effect on ozone levels. Although Mt. Pinatubo's 1991 eruption did not increase stratospheric chlorine concentrations, it did produce large amounts of tiny particles called aerosols (different from consumer products also known as aerosols). These aerosols increase chlorine's effectiveness at destroying ozone. The aerosols only increased depletion because of the presence of CFC - based chlorine. In effect, the aerosols increased the efficiency of the CFC siphon, lowering ozone levels even more than would have otherwise occurred. Unlike long-term ozone depletion, however, this effect is short-lived. The aerosols from Mt. Pinatubo have already disappeared, but satellite, ground-based, and balloon data still show ozone depletion occurring closer to the historic trend. \n\nOne example of ozone depletion is the annual ozone "hole" over Antarctica that has occurred during the Antarctic Spring since the early 1980s. Rather than being a literal hole through the layer, the ozone hole is a large area of the stratosphere with extremely low amounts of ozone. Ozone levels fall by over 60% during the worst years. \n\nIn addition, research has shown that ozone depletion occurs over the latitudes that include North America, Europe, Asia, and much of Africa, Australia, and South America. Over the U.S., ozone levels have fallen 5-10%, depending on the season. Thus, ozone depletion is a global issue and not just a problem at the South Pole. \n\nReductions in ozone levels will lead to higher levels of UVB reaching the Earth's surface. The sun's output of UVB does not change; rather, less o
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Central nervous system depression is the most prominent sign after acute exposure. Death may occur within few minutes of heavy exposure from respiratory arrest or from ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest). The prognosis is favorable if consciousness is recovered but liver and kidney damage may then develop. Less severe exposure causes dizziness, dilated pupils, nausea, and vomit. It can cause headache, impaired consciousness, convulsions, respiratory paralysis, dizziness, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are the feature of chloroform poisoning following ingestion There may be dizziness and short of breath following inhalation. Later, symptoms of liver and kidney may develop. The main of acute poisoning do not depend on the route of entry but rather on the amount of chloroform absorbed by the body.
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Chloroform is often used as a tool in kidnapping, especially in books and movies. The use of chloroform to knock out a victim was a recurrent plot device in 1980s television series such as Knight Rider and The A-Team, as well as in Peter Jackson's King Kong (2005). Typically, the villain would spill a few drops from a small bottle onto a handkerchief, and then sneak up behind the victim. When the handkerchief was held over the mouth of the victim, they would struggle for a few seconds before slumping unconscious. After-effects were usually limited to a brief headache. In reality, a dose far greater than a few drops inhaled over a short period of time would be required to knock somebody out. Such a dose could also be lethal.
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..viruses ..bacteria, bad water bad food
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Chlorine is used as a disinfectant in swimming pools,water treatment plants and under groung water supplies!so the supplies are chlorinated to kill the bacteria and other germs that might pollute water!!!
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BAD AFFECT ON PEOPLE:\n\nBloating is due to bubbles of gas causing pressure. Your body does not make gas! Gas can only be made by bacteria. The immediate conclusion is that bacteria are growing in your digestive tract that should not be allowed to do so. \n\nYou may wish to identify them before killing them with the zapper. Or you can sweep through the whole bacterial and viral range killing all with the frequency generator. The good effects can be felt in an hour, although the last gases may take days to get rid of. Salmonella and Bacteroides fragilis are two bacteria that can *eat bile*, and can do without oxygen, so they are commonly seen *in the liver*. .... The bacteria are in the liver because your liver attempted to strain them out of your blood and lymph in order to kill them with bile. Instead they turned around and ''ate'' the bile, turning it brown as evidence.\n \nNow every time your liver lets down bile into the intestine (and stomach), a population of these bacteria goes with it. The intestine becomes a seething mass of bacteria, bubbling away as they produce CO2, SO2, H2S, CO. Some of these gases are quite toxic. Help your liver expel its bacterial overload with liver cleanses until all the bile is a beautiful bright green.\n\n\nGOOD AFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT:\n\nVarious species of bacteria thrive on different food sources and in different microenvironments. In general, bacteria are more competitive when labile (easy-to-metabolize) substrates are present. This includes fresh, young plant residue and the compounds found near living roots. Bacteria are especially concentrated in the rhizosphere, the narrow region next to and in the root. There is evidence that plants produce certain types of root exudates to encourage the growth of protective bacteria.\n\nBacteria alter the soil environment to the extent that the soil environment will favor certain plant communities over others. Before plants can become established on fresh sediments, the bacterial community must establish first, starting with photosynthetic bacteria. These fix atmospheric nitrogen and carbon, produce organic matter, and immobilize enough nitrogen and other nutrients to initiate nitrogen cycling processes in the young soil. Then, early successional plant species can grow. As the plant community is established, different types of organic matter enter the soil and change the type of food available to bacteria. In turn, the altered bacterial community changes soil structure and the environment for plants. Some researchers think it may be possible to control the plant species in a place by managing the soil bacteria community.
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The health effects are given in the reference.  Chlorine is a reactive molecule and an oxidant that can react with body tissues.  The EPA data is in the second reference.