What are the Laws of Motion by Galileo Galilei?
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Galileo's laws of motion were sort of precursors to Newton's laws of motion. The law of inertia was actually Galileo's. Galileo investigated forces, but did not go as far as Newton. Galileo also felt all bodies would fall at the same rate in a vacuum, regardless of mass, contrary to Aristotle. \n\nGalileo (possibly with his student Viviani) also realized that a pendulum swings with the same period, independent of the amplitude of the swing.
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Newton's Laws of motion.Everything continues in its state of rest or motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
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law of gravity\nexploration of nature of light and laws of optics\nlaws of motion\n\nin general, physics
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A motivating introduction:\n\nEdwin F. Taylor - Principle of Least Action\nhttp://www.eftaylor.com/leastaction.html\n\n\nThe details:\n\nWikipedia  - Lagrangian mechanics\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics
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Isaac Newton's Laws of Motion were first published in his work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687). Newton used them to prove many results concerning the motion of physical objects. In the third volume (of the text), he showed how, combined with his law of universal gravitation, the laws of motion would explain Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
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SPECIAL RELATIVITY (1905) - \n..the laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames\n..time dilation\n..length contraction\n..speed of light is invariant\n..e=mc^2\n\nGENERAL RELATIVITY (1907) -\n..theory of gravity\n..acceleration and gravity are equivalents\n..gravity bends the path of light\n..mass curves space-time\n\nGod should be spelled B-I-G B-A-N-G\nPBrax@netscape.com
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In I. Newton's time. It was 1805. But I have to find out more.\nIsaac Newton(1642-1726) published the manuscript of Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica,in April,1686.\nThe law of universal gravitation=\nf=Gmm'/d^2, where G is given as 6.6732*10^(-11) Nm/kg,where N=Newton, a unit for measuring force.\nThe date of publication is not exactly the same date of discovery, normally it is a short time earlier.\nCharles Darwin published his work on evolution, but he had worked on it for 20 some years before his publication. Another man had the same idea about evolution, but only jointly published a short paper with Charles Darwin.\nTherefore, the exact date of discovery of something, is a thesis subject.
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Newton's laws of motion together with his law of gravity give a relation among\n\n    * the period P of a planet's orbit.\n    * the distance a from the planet to the Sun.\n    * a constant G measured in laboratory experiments.\n    * the mass M of the Sun. \n\n(For our purposes, assume the orbits are circles. Also assume that the mass of a planet is tiny compared to the mass of the Sun.)\n\n\nUsing this relation with P and a for the Earth gives the mass of the Sun.\n\nM ~ 2 x 1030 kg.\n\nWe will use this relation later on to get the masses of other stars.\n\nIt can also be used to get the masses of galaxies!\n\nDavison E. Soper, Institute of Theoretical Science, University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403 USA soper@bovine.uoregon.edu
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Hey...I think it was Johaness Kepler...and his Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
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Should you wish to learn why there is motion and what the basis for motion is, try http://timebones.blogspot.com.   Begin with "The Problem and Repair of Relativity".
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Kepler's laws are simply empirical rules. What really predicts planetary motion is Newton's theory of gravity, which confirms Kepler's laws. It also explains most of the deviations from those laws as due to gravitational perturbation from other planets. \n\nEinstein's general relativity adds very little to Newton's calculations for our solar system. Newton calculated that the precession of Mercury's orbit should be 531 arc-seconds per century. General relativity correctly accounted for the full 574 arc-seconds. I'm not sure if you can work time dilation per se into that, but that's the most significant modification to Newton/Kepler by general relativity that I know of. (disclaimer - I am not a physicist)\n\nRe the equivalency of time: There is a time standard based on the center of the sun that is used for these calculations, to eliminate gravitational effects on the time base.
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Newtons 3 laws of motion say:\n1) An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.\n2)F=MA or force = mass times acceleration. It describes how an unbalanced force acts in the first law. THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT DISCOVERY IN ALL THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE!!!!!\n3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.\n\nNewton also discovered that gravity is a force of attraction between two masses that is equal to the product of the two masses times the gravitational constant divided by the square of the distance between them. Or F=GMm/R^2.\n\nThe combination of all of the above explains all orbits, rocket propulsion, life the universe and everything!\n\n\nThen Einstein comes along and messes it all up. He says that there is a small error in Newton's laws that depends on the speed. For stuff going really fast, Newtons laws are just totally wrong. Gravity isn't even a force at all, it is a curvature in space time.\n\nBut for every day applications, like designing a 747 or computing the path of an artillery shell or a zillion other things, Newtons laws are still used as is because the errors are vanishingly small under normal conditions.
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If you're speaking of the motion of Earth on it's axis or it's rotation about the sun, the answer is the scientific principle of Inertia, read now!\n\nThe principle of inertia is one of the fundamental laws of classical physics which are used to describe the motion of matter and how it is affected by applied forces.Inertia is the property of an object to resist changes in velocity unless acted upon by an outside force.Inertia is dependent upon the mass and shape of the object. The concept of inertia is today most commonly defined using Sir Isaac Newton's First Law of Motion, which states:\n\nEvery body perseveres in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight ahead, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by forces impressed. [Cohen & Whitman 1999 translation]\n\nThe description of inertia presented by Newton's law is still considered the standard for classical physics. However, it has also been refined and expanded over time to reflect developments in understanding of relativity and quantum physics which have led to somewhat different (and more mathematical) interpretations in some of those fields.\n\nNow read more at the links below:
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Yes, that is Newton's first law of motion.  Newton's discovery may seem like a no-brainer to you or I, but at that time many people believed that an object fell to the ground because it was attracted to the earth.  His research opened up many new theories and formulas in the field of physics like work, energy, power, momemtum, and acceleration.\n\n#2 - "The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object".  Basically force is equal to mass times acceleration.  F=ma\n\n#3 - "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction."  This means when you are leaning against a wall, you're applying 60kg of force against the wall and the wall is applying 60kg of force against you.  Action = Reaction.  When this equation doesn't balance out, something will usually break.
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Newton's first law of motion states that "An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force." Objects "tend to keep on doing what they're doing." In fact, it is the natural tendency of objects to resist changes in their state of motion. This tendency to resist changes in their state of motion is described as "inertia".
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Inertia\n\nOne of Newton's Laws - Objects in Motion tend to remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside force such as gravity.
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see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion#Kepler.27s_third_law_2