what is meant by metallurgy?
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the study of metals. their characteristics, and behaviours, etc.
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Refractory metals are a class of metals extraordinarily resistant to heat, wear and corrosion. These properties make them useful in many applications. Household incandescent bulbs contain refractory metals in their tungsten filaments, and nearly all manufactured goods, particularly those containing metal or electronics, contain or were produced using refractory metals. Refractory metals include, Tungsten, W, Tantalum, Ta, Molybdenum, Mo, Niobium, Nb, and Zirconium, Zr.
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CO2 and H2SO4\n\n"metal" belongs to group IA, IIA, and B\n\nNa is IA\nK is IA
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Here is some interesting facts on elements:\n\nhttp://www.pidc.com/prod_facts.html\n\nInteresting facts about gems and precious stones:\n\nhttp://www.indygem.com/productinfo_interesting.htm\n\nMetals and Alloys\n\nhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/metalsalloys/\n\nI hope that I found enough facts for you.  If you want more, just ask.  {smile}
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If you are doing it in a laboratory setting, you can mix it with carbon and reduce it to the metal. You will need high temperatures, though.
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That depends on the alloy of steel you are talking about. The term alloy is almost always used incorrectly these days, especially amongst bicyclists. They use the term to mean aluminum. What the term alloy really means is a mixture of metals, any kind of metals. Almost all metal used today is a mixture and therefore an alloy.\n\nMost steel has other metals added to tune its properties, like strength, corrosion resistance, or ease of fabrication. Steel is just the element iron that has been processed to control the amount of carbon. Iron, out of the ground, melts at around 1510 degrees C (2750°F). Steel often melts at around 1370 degrees C (2500°F).
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Ferrous metals (iron/steel) rust and non-ferrous (aluminum/copper) metals oxidize.\nBoth are chemical reactions and effects of oxygen and moisture present in the atmosphere.\nBTW, ferrous metals are magnetic, non-ferrous metals aren't. Try it.
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There is a HUGE amount of infomation on metallurgy out there, but if you want an interesting search, try searching out why the HUBBLE Space Telescope failed - there was some deformed metal and the reason the optics tests passed before launch is an interesting story about materials, optics and people.\n\nI'm a metallurgist, and of all the exotic materials it turns out steel has the greatest range of properties (from annealed iron all the way up to ball bearing steel and stainless).  Titanium is interesting stuff (good for corrosion and medium temps (500°F-1000°F), but aluminum can have the highest density-to-strength ratio.  Research on how tungsten filaments are made is interesting too.  \n\nMark Twain said that a metallurgy student would learn more making his own pocket knife by digging the ore out of the ground, refining it into steel, and fabricating the knife than he would by book learning - do you have a passion you're particularly interesting in?  Learning about something you're interested in is effortless.\n\nAnother optics subject of interest is what is currently going on in semiconductor photolithography - they are reaching the limits of what can be done with light and refractive materials (CaF lenses) and immersion lithography (see link below).
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Fire, Earth, Metal, Water, Wood.
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Metal\n\nChemical properties\n\nMost metals are chemically unstable, reacting with oxygen in the air to form oxides over varying timescales (for example iron rusts over years and potassium burns in seconds). The alkali metals react quickest followed by the alkaline earth metals, found in the leftmost two groups of the periodic table. The transition metals take much longer to oxidise (such as iron, copper, zinc, nickel). Others, like palladium, platinum and gold, do not react with the atmosphere at all. Some metals form a barrier layer of oxide on their surface which cannot be penetrated by further oxygen molecules and thus retain their shiny appearance and good conductivity for many decades (like aluminium, some steels, and titanium). The oxides of metals are basic (as opposed to those of nonmetals, which are acidic), although this may be considered a rule of thumb, rather than an absolute condition.\n\nPainting or anodising metals are good ways to prevent their corrosion. However, a more reactive metal in the electrochemical series must be chosen for coating, especially when chipping of the coating is expected. Water and the two metals form an electrochemical cell, and if the coating is less reactive than the coatee, the coating actually promotes corrosion.\n\nPhysical properties\n\nTraditionally, metals have certain characteristic physical properties: they are usually shiny (they have "lustre"), have a high density, are ductile and malleable, usually have a high melting point, are usually hard, and conduct electricity and heat well. However this is mainly because the low density, soft, low melting point metals happen to be reactive, and we rarely encounter them in their elemental, metallic form. Metals conduct sound well, that is, they are sonorous.\n\nThe electrical and thermal conductivity of metals originate from the fact, that in the metallic bond the outer electrons of the metal atoms form a gas of nearly free electrons, moving as an electron gas in a background of positive charge formed by the ion cores. Good mathematical predictions for electrical conductivity, as well as the electrons' contribution to the heat capacity and heat conductivity of metals can be calculated from the free electron model, which does not take the detailed structure of the ion lattice into account.\n\nWhen considering the exact band structure and binding energy of a metal, it is necessary to take into account the positive potential caused by the specific arangement of the ion cores - which is periodic in crystals. The most important consequence of the periodic potential is the formation of a small band gap at the boundary of the brillouin zone. Mathematically, the potential of the ion cores is treated in the nearly-free electron model.\n\nNonmetal\n\nMost nonmetals are found at the upper right of the periodic table. The exception is hydrogen, which is usually placed at the upper left with the alkali metals, but behaves like a nonmetal under most conditions. Unlike metals, which are electrically conductive, nearly all nonmetals are either insulators or semiconductors. Graphite, an allotrope of carbon, is an example of a nonmetal that does conduct electricity. Nonmetals may form ionic bonds with metals by gaining electrons, or covalent bonds with other nonmetals. The oxides of nonmetals are acidic.\n\nThere are only eighteen known nonmetals, compared to over eighty metals, but nonmetals make up most of the earth, particularly in the outer layers. Organisms are composed almost entirely of nonmetals. Many nonmetals (hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) are diatomic, and most of the rest are otherwise polyatomic.\n\nMetalloid\n\nTogether with the metals and nonmetals, the metalloids (in Greek metallon = metal and eidos = sort) form one of the three categories of chemical elements as classified by ionization and bonding properties. They have chemical properties intermediate between those of metals and no
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Ferromagnetism is the phenomenon that deals with three metals: iron, cobalt, and nickel.  These metals have unpaired electrons in their valence atomic orbitals and thus form a small magnetic field (the region that encompasses this magnetic field is called a domain).  A piece of one of these metals, however, has all of its domains oriented in several directions and thus there is very little net magnetic field.  When these metals interact with an external magnetic field, however, the domains all align in the same direction, thus causing these these metals to have magnetic properties.
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The general properties of metals are:\nThey are usually solid (exception is mercury) - argon is a gas\nThey all conduct electricity - argon doesn't conduct electricity\nThey form salts with acids - argon doesn't form any compounds let alone salts.\nThey conduct heat well - argon is a very poor conductor of heat.\nSo argon doesn't qualify as a metal on any count.
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METALS ARE MALLEABLE AND DUCTILE INDEED THEY ARE VERY STRONG SOME METALS LIKE ALUMINIUM HAS A LOW DENSITY SO IT'S USED IN BUILDING AIRCRAFTS,IOW DENSITY COOKING UTENSILS ETC.. ALLOYS EG:STEEL IS ALSO USED IN UTENSILS ....COINS ARE ALLOYS OF NICKEL AND COPPER.....METALS USUALLY HAVE A HIGH MELTING POINT.......
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Iron = Transition Metal\nCobalt = Transition Metal\nSodium = Metal (oddly enough)\nOxygen = Nonmetal (gas)\nHelium = Nonmetal (noble gas)
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An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. An alloy with two components is called a binary alloy; one with three is a ternary alloy; one with four is a quaternary alloy. The resulting metallic substance generally has properties significantly different from those of its components.
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An alloy is a metal with more than one element. Hydrogen is the lightest element, a gas, colorless and flavorless. And explosive.
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Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles applied to metallurgical processes; phase rule, heat of reaction, free energy, activity, thermodynamic equilibrium; thermodynamics of aqueous solutions.