what caused the eruption of eyjafjallajokull volcano?
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The eruptions of Iceland's volcano Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 were apparently triggered by a chain reaction of expanding magma chambers that descended into the Earth, a group of researchers now says.
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Volcanoes happen when magma rises to the surface of the earth, which causes bubbles of gas to appear in it. This gas can cause pressure to build up in the mountain, and it eventually explodes. When the magma bursts out of the earth, it is called lava.
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A strong explosive eruption at Okmok began abruptly at 1143 on 12 July after about an hour of rapidly escalating earthquake activity. Ash and gas from the initial explosions reached at least 15 km (50,000 ft) a.s.l on 12 July and drifted as a large cloud S and E above the North Pacific.
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Explosive volcanism. Part of Hall of Planet Earth. Most explosive eruptions occur in volcanoes above subduction zones, where one tectonic plate dives beneath the other. Eighty to 120 kilometers below the surface, magma forms when the rocks of the mantle melt just above the subducting plate.
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The volcanic island Whakaari / White Island in New Zealand's northeastern Bay of Plenty region explosively erupted on 9 December 2019 at 14:11 NZDT (01:11 UTC). ... Experts identified the event as a phreatic eruption: a release of steam and volcanic gases that caused an explosion, launching rock and ash into the air.
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Records kept since Iceland was settled show that Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted in 920, 1612 or 1613, and 1821–23. The latter eruption continued intermittently for nearly 14 months.
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Image courtesy of USGS. There are two predominant types of volcanic eruptions: Effusive eruptions – magma rises through the surface and flows out of the volcano as a viscous liquid called lava. Explosive eruptions – magma is torn apart as it rises and reaches the surface in pieces known as pyroclasts.
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This eruption caused the melting of large amounts of ice, leading to flooding in southern Iceland. ... One of the main effects of the eruption and the ash cloud that followed, was the closure European airspace for seven days.
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Volcanoes erupt when molten rock called magma rises to the surface. Magma is formed when the earth's mantle melts. ... Runny magma erupts through openings or vents in the earth's crust before flowing onto its surface as lava. If magma is thick, gas bubbles cannot easily escape and pressure builds up as the magma rises.
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Its name is derived from an Icelandic phrase meaning “the island's mountain glacier,” and the volcano itself lies beneath Eyjafjallajökull (Eyjafjalla Glacier).
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The two main factors that influence how a volcano will erupt are viscosity and gas content. Both are related to the composition of the magma .
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Volcanoes are formed when magma from within the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface. At the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits. Over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it will get bigger and bigger.
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Previous known eruptions at Eyjafjallajökull occurred in the 17th and 10th centuries AD, and the volcano has been periodically active for the last 800,000 years.
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The island of Surtsey Surtsey is the youngest shield volcano of Iceland and originated in a series of eruptions which started with a submarine phase in 1963 and ended by subaerial production of lava and ash in hawaiian style in 1967.
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Eyjafjallajökull last erupted in 1821, and the eruption continued intermittently for around two years. A major eruption then began at a nearby volcano, Katla, in 1823.
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1965 to 1977 eruption The 1965 eruption was classified as phreatomagmatic, generated by the interaction of magma with the lake water that produced the violent explosion that cut an embayment on Volcano Island.
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Volcanoes erupt because of density and pressure. The lower density of the magma relative to the surrounding rocks causes it to rise (like air bubbles in syrup). It will rise to the surface or to a depth that is determined by the density of the magma and the weight of the rocks above it.