what is the only difference between the 20 amino acids?
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the differences between the 20 amino acids are -Ala, Val, Leu and Ile contain alkyl group which increases with increase in amino acid . Ser and Thr contain hydroxy group attached to it .
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With the exception of three codons, each codon encodes for at least one of the 20 canonical amino acids and most of the amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. The genetic code may be seen as a universal language shared by all living organisms.
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So, what distinguishes a peptide from a protein? The basic distinguishing factors are size and structure. Peptides are smaller than proteins. Traditionally, peptides are defined as molecules that consist of between 2 and 50 amino acids, whereas proteins are made up of 50 or more amino acids.
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Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Another way of thinking of this is to compare amino acids to the beads of a necklace. Without the string to hold them together, they are just beads. The amino acids in formula are different from amino acids in food because they are already broken down.
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For human beings, eight amino acids are essential. These are leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, pheylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine.
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The key elements of an amino acid are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N), although other elements are found in the side chains of certain amino acids. About 500 naturally occurring amino acids are known (though only 20 appear in the genetic code) and can be classified in many ways.
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Glycine. Glycine is the simplest amino acid and is the only amino acid that is not optically active (it has no stereoisomers).
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Proteins are built from a basic set of 20 amino acids, but there are only four bases. Simple calculations show that a minimum of three bases is required to encode at least 20 amino acids. Genetic experiments showed that an amino acid is in fact encoded by a group of three bases, or codon.
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Since each of the 20 amino acids is chemically distinct and each can, in principle, occur at any position in a protein chain, there are 20 × 20 × 20 × 20 = 160,000 different possible polypeptide chains four amino acids long, or 20n different possible polypeptide chains n amino acids long.
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Two amino acids have acidic side chains at neutral pH. These are aspartic acid or aspartate (Asp) and glutamic acid or glutamate (Glu). Their side chains have carboxylic acid groups whose pKa's are low enough to lose protons, becoming negatively charged in the process.
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Pyrrolysine (considered the 22nd amino acid) is not used by humans; thus, it is non‑essential. The limiting amino acid is the essential amino acid found in the smallest quantity in the foodstuff.
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Methionine and Tryptophan have only one codon. All other amino acids have more than one codon.
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All amino acids have the alpha carbon bonded to a hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, and amino group. The "R" group varies among amino acids and determines the differences between these protein monomers. The amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by the information found in the cellular genetic code.
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Chemically, an amino acid is a molecule that has a carboxylic acid group and an amine group that are each attached to a carbon atom called the α carbon. Each of the 20 amino acids has a specific side chain, known as an R group, that is also attached to the α carbon.
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Six amino acids are non-essential (dispensable) in humans, meaning they can be synthesized in sufficient quantities in the body. These six are alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, serine, and selenocysteine (considered the 21st amino acid).
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Life on Earth is complex and varied, but every living organism on the planet builds its proteins from the same set of 20 amino acids. All proteins in a human body, for example, are made up of some combination of the 20 common amino acids.
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Nonessential amino acids include: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine. Conditional amino acids are usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress.