what is the general relationship between temperature and star brightness?
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A star's brightness, or luminosity, depends on the star's surface temperature and size. If two stars have the same surface temperature, the larger star will be more luminous.
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The relationship between luminosity and temperature has a direct correlation to a stars mass. Stars along the main sequence are fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores - the rate of hydrogen fusion depends on a stars mass.
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Astronomers determine the brightness of stars in terms of absolute and apparent magnitude scales. Apparent magnitude measures the brightness of the star observed from any point, whereas absolute magnitude measures the brightness of the star observed from a standard distance away, which is 32.58 light years.
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Luminosity is also related to a star's size. The larger a star is, the more energy it puts out and the more luminous it is.
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Observations of thousands of main sequence stars show that there is definite relationship between their mass and their luminosity. The more massive main sequence stars are hotter and more luminous than the low-mass main sequence stars.
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The nuclear reaction rate is very sensitive to temperature so that even a slight increase in temperature makes the nuclear reactions occur at a MUCH higher rate. This means that a star's luminosity increases a lot if the temperature is higher.
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The total energy emitted per second by a star is called its luminosity. How bright a star looks from the perspective of Earth is its apparent brightness. The apparent brightness of a star depends on both its luminosity and its distance from Earth.
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LED light sources are based on the Kelvin system of measure. A warm color temperature is typically 3,000K or less. A "cool" white bulb commonly has a color temperature of 4,000K and higher on the Kelvin scale.
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The wavelength is inversely proportional to the temperature. It makes sense, as it's a reflection of the fact that lower wavelength radiations correspond to higher energy levels. This relation is given by Wien's displacement law.
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The luminosity of a star, on the other hand, is the amount of light it emits from its surface. The difference between luminosity and apparent brightness depends on distance. ... So, everyone will measure a different apparent brightness for the same star if they are all different distances away from that star.
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A hotter star should be brighter than a cooler star. Why do giants differ from stars in the Main Sequence? Although they are cool [red], they are very luminous, and therefore bright. In the Main Sequence, stars that are cool are not as luminous.
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Type A stars, which are hotter, are white in color and maintain temperatures of around 10,000 °C or 18,000 °F. The hottest of the types, B and O, are blue stars while the coolest of type M is red in color and have surface temperatures of about 3,000 °C or 5,400 °F.
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Two characteristics define brightness: luminosity and magnitude. Luminosity is the amount of light that a star radiates. The size of the star and its surface temperature determine its luminosity.
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Therefore, if two stars have the same level of brightness, but one is farther away, the closer star will appear brighter than the more distant star - even though they are equally bright! For example, the sun is technically the brightest star when viewed from Earth, but it's also the closest star to Earth.
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Luminosity is an intrinsic measurable property of a star independent of distance. The concept of magnitude, on the other hand, incorporates distance. The apparent magnitude is a measure of the diminishing flux of light as a result of distance according to the inverse-square law.
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ARE ALL THE STARS THE SAME? Stars can be very different from each other—in color, brightness, temperature, size, and mass. For example, hot blue-white stars can reach 54,000°F (30,000°C) at their surface, ten times hotter than the coolest stars.
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In conclusion, many factors affect the brightness of a star, and these include (but are not limited to) surface area, mass, evolutionary stage, temperature, and distance (if you are talking about apparent magnitude).