how hpv vaccine is made?
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The HPV vaccine is made using a protein that resides on the surface of the virus. The protein is grown in the lab in yeast cells. Once the protein is grown, it assembles itself to look like the HPV virus; however, importantly, it does not contain HPV genetic material, so it can't reproduce itself or cause illness.
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High-risk HPV strains include HPV 16 and 18, which cause about 70% of cervical cancers. Other high-risk human papillomaviruses include 31, 33, 45, 52, 58, and a few others. Low-risk HPV strains, such as HPV 6 and 11, cause about 90% of genital warts, which rarely develop into cancer.
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In a 2-dose schedule of HPV vaccine, the recommended interval is 6–12 months, and the minimum interval is 5 months between the first and second dose. If the second dose is given earlier than 5 months, a third dose should be given.
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There's currently no cure for HPV. However, most health problems that are caused by HPV are treatable. If you develop genital warts, your doctor will use a variety of topical and oral medications to treat the condition. HPV-related cancers are also treatable, especially when diagnosed at an early stage.
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How much will the HPV vaccine cost? The retail price of the vaccine is €230 per dose (€690 for full course).
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Over 12 years of monitoring and research have shown that HPV vaccination is very safe. Each HPV vaccine—Gardasil® 9, Gardasil®, and Cervarix®—went through years of extensive safety testing before they were licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
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Although the HPV vaccine protects against the two strains of HPV that most commonly cause genital warts, it will still only prevent about 9 of every 10 cases of genital warts.
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Studies have already shown that the vaccine protects against HPV infection for at least 10 years, although experts expect protection to last for much longer.
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Each dose usually costs about £150. You may be able to have the vaccine privately at your GP, but some surgeries will charge an extra administration fee. Check the full cost before you book an appointment. Different places may only offer the HPV vaccine to people up to a certain age.
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HPV is so common that almost every person who is sexually-active will get HPV at some time in their life if they don't get the HPV vaccine. Health problems related to HPV include genital warts and cervical cancer.
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How effective is the new vaccine? Studies have shown it is 100% effective in the prevention of cervical precancers and noninvasive cervical cancers caused by HPV-16 and 18 in those not already exposed to those strains, according to Merck & Co. Inc., which makes Gardasil.
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In 2018, the FDA approved the vaccine for women and men up to age 45. While many adults have been exposed to some strains of HPV, most have not been exposed to all nine types covered by the vaccine. "Therefore, expanding the age range for vaccination can help prevent HPV-related diseases in more individuals," she said.
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If you are a man who has sex with men, you may be able to get the HPV vaccine for free in sexual health clinics across the UK: In England, Scotland and Northern Ireland there is no lower age limit. You can have the HPV vaccine up to age 45. In Wales, you can have the HPV vaccine between ages 15 and 45.
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Common side effects of HPV vaccine: Pain, redness, or swelling in the arm where the shot was given. Fever. Headache or feeling tired.
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Like other immunizations that guard against viral infections, HPV vaccines stimulate the body to produce antibodies that, in future encounters with HPV, bind to the virus and prevent it from infecting cells.
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Health problems related to HPV include genital warts and cervical cancer. Genital warts: Before HPV vaccines were introduced, roughly 340,000 to 360,000 women and men were affected by genital warts caused by HPV every year. * Also, about one in 100 sexually active adults in the U.S. has genital warts at any given time.
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HPV can cause cervical and other cancers including cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils (called oropharyngeal cancer). Cancer often takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV.