what are the health risks associated with the use of genetic alterations?
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['Potential Harms to Health. New Allergens in the Food Supply. Antibiotic Resistance. Production of New Toxins. Concentration of Toxic Metals. ... ', 'Potential Environmental Harms. Cross Contamination. Increased Weediness. Gene Transfer to Wild or Weedy Relatives. ... ', 'Unknown Harms to the Environment.', 'Risk Assessment.']
419248
However, when carcinogens are introduced in the body they can affect the genes and cause them to change in a bad way. Theses mutations occur when the DNA makes a copy of itself before mitosis. Therefore, the new cell that has been replicated also has a mutation in its DNA. A cancer cell is born.
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Genetic engineering may create stronger, healthier plants and animals. It may also create more plants and animals with mutations or birth defects that can harm the species. We have already seen in humans that gene therapies can lead to additional genetic conditions, even if the targeted condition is improved.
784246
['Injury, infection, or loss of the testicles.', 'Chemotherapy or radiation treatment for cancer.', "Genetic abnormalities such as Klinefelter's Syndrome (extra X chromosome)", 'Hemochromatosis (too much iron in the body)']
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Genetic Changes and Cancer Cancer is a genetic disease—that is, cancer is caused by certain changes to genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide. Genes carry the instructions to make proteins, which do much of the work in our cells.
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These concerns range from ethical issues to lack of knowledge on the effects genetic engineering may have. One major concern is that once an altered gene is placed in an organism, the process cannot be reversed. Public reaction to the use of rDNA in genetic engineering has been mixed.
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By changing a gene's instructions for making a protein, a mutation can cause the protein to malfunction or to be missing entirely. When a mutation alters a protein that plays a critical role in the body, it can disrupt normal development or cause a medical condition.
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An oft-cited risk of GE crops is that the genetic-engineering process could cause “unnatural” changes in a plant's own naturally occurring proteins or metabolic pathways and result in the unexpected production of toxins or allergens in food (Fagan et al., 2014).
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Direct damage to DNA or errors in the processes that generate messenger RNA (mRNA) from the DNA template can introduce mutations, with potentially harmful consequences. ... Nonsense mutations introduce a stop codon 'upstream' of the correct signal so that translation is stopped early and a truncated protein is made.
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['Benefits. Improved crop plants; Reduced pesticide use due to pest resistance; ... ', 'Risks to human health. Antibiotic resistance genes may be transferred to bacteria in the gut; Harmful products of GMOs (e.g. toxins, allergens); ... ', 'Risks to environment. Transfer of genes to non-GM plants;']
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['It can lead to loss of species variety. ... ', 'It does not have control over genetic mutations. ... ', 'It brings about discomfort to animals. ... ', 'It can create offspring with different traits. ... ', 'It could create a genetic depression. ... ', 'It poses some environmental risks.']
30153
['Toxicity. Genetically engineered foods are inherently unstable. ... ', 'Allergic Reactions. ... ', 'Antibiotic Resistance. ... ', 'Immuno-suppression. ... ', 'Cancer. ... ', 'Loss of Nutrition.']
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['Smoking.', 'Diabetes.', 'Chronic inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)', 'Family history of genetic syndromes that can increase cancer risk, including a BRCA2 gene mutation, Lynch syndrome and familial atypical mole-malignant melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome.']
641502
['Health Risks: Potential health risks of genetically improved organisms relate to assessing and minimizing the risk of food allergens in genetically improved food. ... ', 'Environmental Risks: ... ', 'Risks to Biodiversity: ... ', 'Socioeconomic Risks:']
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Potential effects include cancer and damage to the nervous, endocrine, and reproductive systems. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are often engineered to be more resistant to pesticides or produce pesticides themselves.
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Harmful mutations may cause genetic disorders or cancer. A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in one or a few genes. A human example is cystic fibrosis. A mutation in a single gene causes the body to produce thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs and blocks ducts in digestive organs.
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['Mutation.', 'Genetic Recombination.', 'Chromosomal Abnormalities.', 'Natural Selection.', 'Reproductive isolation.']