Difference between "I've got a cold" and "I've gotten a cold" in American English
Difference between "I have got" and "I have gotten"
What are logic gates? So from what I understand transistors are one of the most important electronic elements for computers because of TTL (Transistors-Transistors Logic).  Is this true? If so, how exactly does this work? I have heard the terms "logic gate" and "logic block" tossed around. Preface: Every couple of days there comes a question of this type, which is easy to solve with sed, but takes time to explain. I'm writing this question and answer, so I can later refer to this generic solution and only explain the adaption for the specific case. Feel free to contribute.  I have files with variable definitions. Variables consist of uppercase letters or underscore _ and their values follow after the :=. The values can contain other variables. This is Gnom.def:  NAME:=Gnom FULL_NAME:=$FIRST_NAME $NAME FIRST_NAME:=Sman STREET:=Mainstreet 42 TOWN:=Nowhere BIRTHDAY:=May 1st, 1999   Then there is another file form.txt with a template form:  $NAME Full name: $FULL_NAME Address: $STREET in $TOWN Birthday: $BIRTHDAY Don't be confused by $NAMES   Now I want a script which replaces the variables (marked with $ and the identifier) in the form by the definitions in the other file, recursively, if necessary, so I get this text back:  Gnom Full name: Sman Gnom Address: Mainstreet 42 in Nowhere Birthday: May 1st, 1999 Don't be confused by $NAMES   The last line is to ensure that no substrings of variables get replaced accidentally. What is the iOS alternative to a radio button? Should I not answer my own questions? How would I be able to get N results for several groups in an oracle query.  For example, given the following table:  |--------+------------+------------| | emp_id | name       | occupation | |--------+------------+------------| |      1 | John Smith | Accountant | |      2 | Jane Doe   | Engineer   | |      3 | Jack Black | Funnyman   | |--------+------------+------------|   There are many more rows with more occupations.  I would like to get three employees (lets say) from each occupation.  Is there a way to do this without using a subquery? What's the relationship between initial eigenvalues and sums of squared loadings in factor analysis? On the one hand I read in a comment  that:     You can't speak of "eigenvalues" after rotation, even orthogonal   rotation. Perhaps you mean sum of squared loadings for a principal   component, after rotation. When rotation is oblique, this sum of   squares tells nothing about the amount of variance explained, because   components aren't orthogonal anymore. So, you shouldn't report any   percentage of variance explained.   On the other hand, I sometimes read in books people saying things like:     The eigenvalues associated with each factor represent the variance   explained by that particular factor; SPSS also displays the eigenvalue   in terms of the percentage of variance explained (so factor 1 explains   31.696% of total variance). The first few factors explain relatively large amounts of variance (especially factor 1), whereas subsequent   factors explain only small amounts of variance. SPSS then extracts all   factors with eigenvalues greater than 1, which leaves us with four   factors. The eigenvalues associated with these factors are again   displayed (and the percentage of variance explained) in the columns   labelled Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings.   That text is from Field (2013) Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS, and this diagram accompanies it.    I'm wondering     Who is correct about whether it's possible to speak of eigenvalues after rotation? Would it matter if it was an oblique or orthogonal rotation?   Why are the "initial eigenvalues" different from the "extraction sums of squared loadings"? Which is a better measure of total variation explained by the factors (or principal components or whatever method is used)? Should I say that the first four factors explain 50.317% of variation, or 40.477%? Can I create a Controller that simply returns an image asset?  I would like to route this logic through a controller, whenever a URL such as the following is requested:  www.mywebsite.com/resource/image/topbanner   The controller will look up topbanner.png and send that image directly back to the client.  I've seen examples of this where you have to create a View - I don't want to use a View. I want to do it all with just the Controller.  Is this possible? How do I show that $x$ is a root of $p(x)$ in $F[x]/\langle p(x)\rangle$? Let $F$ be a field, and $p(x)$ an irreducible polynomial in $F[X]$. Define $K=F[X]/\langle p(x)\rangle$. For every $a\in F$, denote $\bar{a}=\left&lt;p(x)\right&gt;+a$. How do I show that $\bar{x}\in K$ is a root of $p(x)$?. Clipping Rasters with a mask layer error I've got a NDVI layer that I'm trying to clip with a vector file but when I try and use GDAL Tools clipper I get an error.  That shows up like this:  What am I doing wrong?  This is before I even pick the mask layer!  Traceback (most recent call last):   File "C:/PROGRA~1/QUANTU~1/apps/qgis/./python/plugins\GdalTools\tools\widgetPluginBase.py", line 28, in someValueChanged     self.emit(SIGNAL("valuesChanged(const QStringList &amp;)"), self.getArguments())   File "C:/PROGRA~1/QUANTU~1/apps/qgis/./python/plugins\GdalTools\tools\doClipper.py", line 105, in getArguments     return self.getArgsModeMask()   File "C:/PROGRA~1/QUANTU~1/apps/qgis/./python/plugins\GdalTools\tools\doClipper.py", line 143, in getArgsModeMask     if self.alphaBandCheck.isChecked(): TypeError: 'sip.methoddescriptor' object is not callable  Python version: 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Feb 21 2008, 13:11:45) [MSC v.1310 32 bit (Intel)]  QGIS version: 1.7.3-Wroclaw Wroclaw, 00624b3  Python path: ['C:\Users\dean.walker\.qgis\python\plugins\GeoCoding', 'C:\Users\dean.walker\.qgis\python\plugins\GeoCoding', 'C:/PROGRA~1/QUANTU~1/apps/qgis/./python', 'C:/Users/dean.walker/.qgis/python', 'C:/Users/dean.walker/.qgis/python/plugins', 'C:/PROGRA~1/QUANTU~1/apps/qgis/./python/plugins', 'C:\PROGRA~1\QUANTU~1\bin\python25.zip', 'C:\PROGRA~1\QUANTU~1\apps\Python25\DLLs', 'C:\PROGRA~1\QUANTU~1\apps\Python25\lib', 'C:\PROGRA~1\QUANTU~1\apps\Python25\lib\plat-win', 'C:\PROGRA~1\QUANTU~1\apps\Python25\lib\lib-tk', 'C:\PROGRA~1\QUANTU~1\apps\qgis\bin', 'C:\PROGRA~1\QUANTU~1\apps\Python25', 'C:\PROGRA~1\QUANTU~1\apps\Python25\lib\site-packages', 'C:\PROGRA~1\QUANTU~1\apps\Python25\lib\site-packages\win32', 'C:\PROGRA~1\QUANTU~1\apps\Python25\lib\site-packages\win32\lib', 'C:\PROGRA~1\QUANTU~1\apps\Python25\lib\site-packages\Pythonwin', 'C:\PROGRA~1\QUANTU~1\apps\Python25\lib\site-packages\wx-2.8-msw-unicode', '/usr/share/qgis/python', 'C:\PROGRA~1\QUANTU~1\apps\qgis\python\plugins\fTools\tools'] Integrating the inverse of a function. $f(x)$ is a strictly increasing, and continuous, function on $[0,+\infty)$. Consider the integral,  $$\int_0^a f^{-1}(x) dx.$$  Reasoning  The interval $[0,a]$ is "reflected" across the line $y=x$ onto the interval $0 \leq y \leq a.$  $f(x)$ and $f^{-1}(x)$ are symmetric across the line $y=x$. So, the integral is equivalent to the area bounded by $y = 0$, $y=a$, and $f(x)$.  So, "integrating $f$ along an interval on the $y$-axis" is the same as integrating $f^{-1}$ along the same interval on the $x$-axis?  Question  Is my reasoning correct? Using biblatex and Biber, I want my bibliography to say "Ph.D. thesis" (with periods) rather than "PhD thesis" (without). MWE:  \documentclass{article} \usepackage{biblatex} \addbibresource{refs.bib} \begin{document} Hello \cite{testphd} \printbibliography \end{document}   and refs.bib:  @thesis{testphd,   title       = {Thesis Title},   author      = {Surname, Firstname},   date        = {2010},   institution = {Faculty of X, University of Y},   type        = {phdthesis},   location    = {Somewhere}, }   Output:    What's the easiest way to do this? I don't want to change the .bib file ideally. What would happen if I used regeneration on a creature that was the target of Annihilating Fire? For example, what would happen if a freshly cast  were to be regenerated in response to ?  My hypothesis is that it depends on whose turn it is. The regeneration being essentially a replacement effect, when two replacement effects were to be applied simultaneously, they are to be chosen in APNAP order. Is this correct?  I haven't thought this through to the end, though, so I'm not sure what would happen in the end. Recommended ways to upgrade AlwaysOn AG from 2014 to 2016 What is the recommended process of upgrading Availability Groups with one Sync Replica from SQL 2014 to 2016?  My understanding is that in-place upgrades are not really liked among database professionals. Is there a way to avoid in-place upgrades in Availability Groups? Is there a possibility to join a 2016 server into an existing 2014 availability group and to failover there, then "kill" one of the other instances and upgrade it? (e.g. by removing/re-installing SQL side-by-side on the same host)  Are there any other upgrade scenarios that we should consider?  The ideal solution would be that we always have 2 online replicas, and that we don't need to do any in-place upgrades. Understanding Lasso Regression's sparsity geometrically Whenever someone writes about Lasso and Ridge Regression thy draw this diagram with the circle or with the diamond.    In the case of the diamond (Lasso regression) it is then always stated that Lasso forces one of the coefficients to 0. Therefor it introduces sparsity. I understand it somehow, but whenever I see the diagram my doubts return. Why couldn't one just draw it like this:    Obviously none of the coefficients is forced to zero in this case. Both can take number between -1 and 1. What am I missing? My drawing has to be wrong, but I don't get it why they always draw so that it hits $\beta_1=0$  Edit:  Just found this quote:     However, the lasso constraint has corners at each of the axes and so the ellipse will often intersect the constraint region at an axis   Is that it? It will intersect often with the constraint region, but it doesn't have to? Can't wrap my head around it. I can only imagine that in higher dimensional cases hitting a corner becomes more likely or even inevitable. Move incoming Outlook emails to folder containing previous conversation I file email conversations in various folders. But every new email in that conversation goes to inbox, so I have to manually move it to the folder that contains the rest of the conversation. Is there a way for Outlook to do this automatically with all new emails?  What I want: Outlook will do the following automatically as long as it's running:   For all unread emails in inbox... ...if email is not the first in the conversation, search for folders where that conversation is stored. If found, move the new unread email to the first* folder it finds (except for Inbox, Trash, or Sent). Optionally: If there is more than one folder containing messages in the same conversation, then do nothing.   **If there is more than one folder containing messages in the same conversation, then do nothing*. (This extra rule is not necessary if it complicates the solution too much)  Thanks! How can I prevent my Wi-Fi connection from glitching? Occassionally my Wi-Fi goes into this weird state where the phone "thinks" I'm connected, but the connection simply doesn't work.  Apps still seem to think I have connectivity, though they can't actually connect to anything, and the status bar still shows that I'm connected to Wi-Fi.  Turning Wi-Fi off and back on resolves the issue, and this occurs on multiple networks.  It seems sort of like whatever service manages the Wi-Fi connection gets killed occasionally.  It usually happens when I've been playing a game (that doesn't access the Internet) for a while or if my phone's been sitting for a while; it never happens while I'm actively using the connection.  I have my Wi-Fi timeout set to "Never" and the normal timeout isn't the issue since my phone regularly lasts several hours without the Wi-Fi dying.  Sometimes it dies a couple times in a day, and recently I went a week or so without it happening.  How can I fix this or prevent the service from being killed (if that's indeed what's happening)?  Shouldn't that be a system process that never gets killed?  (Does Android ever kill system processes other than when they crash?)  Could it be related to TouchWiz?  I have an SGS Vibrant running 2.2 (Bionix NextGen v1, but this has occurred on multiple ROMs). Is $R^2$ useful or dangerous? GRUB does not detect Windows I have finally installed Ubuntu on my second drive. When I start my computer GRUB only offers me to boot Ubuntu, not Windows 7. What needs to be done so that I can choose between Ubuntu and Windows in GRUB?  When I press F12 for boot menu at startup and I choose Windows Boot Manager it boots into Windows 7.    I ran command sudo fdisk -l and here is log ():  WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.   Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0xc3ffc3ff     Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System /dev/sda1               1  1953525167   976762583+  ee  GPT Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary. Find the center of the symmetry group $S_n$.   Attempt:  By definition, the center is $Z(S_n) = \{ a \in S_n : ag = ga \forall\  g \in S_n\}$. Then we know the identity $e$ is in $S_n$ since there is always the trivial permutation. Suppose $a$ is in $S_n$, but not equal to identity. Now we can imagine the permutation as bijective function that maps from $\{1,2,\dotsc,n\}$ to $\{1,2,\dotsc,n\}$.  So suppose $p$ is a permutation map. Then $p$ maps from a location $i$ to a location $j$. Take $p(i) = j$ where $i\neq j$. Let $k$ be in $\{1,2,\dotsc,n\}$, where $k$, $i$ and $j$ are all different elements. The cycle $r = (jk)$, then we will see if this commutes.  $rp(i) = rj$    Can someone please help me, I am stuck?  Thank you. Finding additions and updates between two vector layers using QGIS