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When I visit  I see this:     The "Congratulations! You've earned (badge)" section has dropped down completely beneath the tabs under it. The "You've earned a new privilege!" section has a gap at the bottom:     Shog9 says in comments how to reproduce this:     Gotta have earned a badge, not dismissed the notification, and be looking at your own profile. Why is the derivative of a circle's area its perimeter (and similarly for spheres)? When differentiated with respect to $r$, the derivative of $\pi r^2$ is $2 \pi r$, which is the circumference of a circle.  Similarly, when the formula for a sphere's volume $\frac{4}{3} \pi r^3$ is differentiated with respect to $r$, we get $4 \pi r^2$.  Is this just a coincidence, or is there some deep explanation for why we should expect this? I have a client whose workforce is comprised entirely of remote employees using a mix of Apple and Windows 7 PCs/laptops.   The users don't authenticate against a domain at the moment, but the organization would like to move in that direction for several reasons. These are company-owned machines, and the firm seeks to have some control over account deactivation, group policy and some light data-loss prevention (disable remote media, USB, etc.) They are concerned that requiring VPN authentication in order to access AD would be cumbersome, especially at the intersection of a terminated employee and cached credentials on a remote machine.  Most services in the organization are Google-based (mail, file, chat, etc.) so the only domain services are DNS and the auth for their Cisco ASA VPN.  The customer would like to understand why it is not acceptable to expose their domain controllers to the public. In addition, what is a more acceptable domain structure for a distributed remote workforce?  Edit:   is in use for a handful of Mac clients. Self-Studying Measure Theory and Integration As the title says, I'm interested in reading about measure theory and integration theory on my own time, and was hoping for book recommendations, prerequisites, and things like that.  As for my background, I've taken introductory analysis, where we covered the "typical" subjects up until some theorems about differentiable functions.  I'm taking intermediate real analysis now; we talked about metric spaces in general for a while, but lately we've focused solely on $\mathbb{R}^n$. Now we're working towards a proof of the implicit function theorem in $\mathbb{R}^n$.  I haven't learned any of the theory behind Riemann integration, unfortunately. Is it important to be familiar with this first? Suppose John has 5 sweets. Is there any difference between the following two sentences?     Jack has 3 times as many sweets as John.      Jack has 3 times more sweets than John.   I prefer the first construction and would know unambiguously that Jack has 15 sweets in this case. However in the second construction I would be inclined to think that Jack has 20 sweets, since it seems to suggest 15 sweets in addition to the original 5. php function for collating external variables into a single object regardless of GET or POST I recall reviewing someone else's PHP code once and he had a function or class method that rolled all GET and POST variables into a single plain old object that could then be passed around. If the same name-value pair appeared in both GET and POST, POST would win.  Is there a well-coded PHP add-on out there of any sort that does exactly this? Plugin or brush for transforming a photo to a fractal in gimp? Folks,  I've been looking all over for a plugin or brush that will help me take a photo and reduce it to that 'electric look' (or fractal?) that i'm seeing in various places. I'd vastly prefer one for Gimp.  Does anyone know how these are being done? I'm seening references to fractalius for photoshop, but what about gimp?  Examples: How to resolve error "Handle bad layers" in QGIS? I'm new to QGIS and have been seeing what it can do for me – seems good. I imported shape file data from a UK Ordnance Survey data file and saved the file in a new folder. It was very good, doing all I wanted. I exported and got exactly what I wanted ( a tiff image).   I closed the file in order to try a new experiment. When I went to re-open it I got a dialogue box saying 'Handle Bad Layers. I don't understand what is at issue and what to do. This is a canonical question that will hopefully encompass all of the questions we get asking us to determine what year a bicycle was manufactured (how old is my bike, how old is my frame, etc.). Each "answer" should address a different way to determine the manufacturing year of a bicycle. To some extent, these will also help you narrow down the model as well as it will tell you what distinguishing features to look at.  The span of answers would include things such as:      Skiptooth cranks Cartridge bottom brackets (BB30/90 etc) Elliptical chainring Quick releases versus contemporary through-axles How the steerer attaches to the fork (quill vs. threadless)  Braking system (especially with mountain bikes: v-brake, direct pull, etc.)   Shifting ramps and pins on cassettes/sprockets and chainrings (versus flat sprockets) Frame material (e.g., shift from tubular steel to use of CF and hydroformed aluminium)  Frame tubing type (e.g. Reynolds 531 tubing introduced around 1934, still used today; Reynolds 501 tubing introduced around 1983). So a frame with an original 501 decal can't be from the 70', 531 decal doesn't help as much because of the range of years produced. Also, see Decals.   *Decals: style/design, amount, placement, color, etc. can help not only determine models, but also year of manufacture. Many changed decal design for the same model bike often yearly, with special/limited editions even more specific. This applies only if decals are original or have been replaced with the identical design. Tubing decals (Reynolds, Columbus, etc.) also changed designs for same tubing made in different years, although the changes aren't made as often, and manufacturers didn't always put tubing Brand decals on every model. Earlier bikes tended to have less fancy, less colorful, less quantity of decals.   Headbadges: most early bikes had actual "badges", often quite detailed and fancy, made of metal, then plastic, and finally just using decals on the headtube. Most bikes lost their metal badges in the 60's and early 70's, although some brands still have actual badges to this day, but in general a real badge indicates an earlier model bike. Dropout style (including the later inclusion of lawyers lips) Presence or absence of CPSC reflectors (USA only) Manufacturing method (shift from lugs to TIG welding, for example)  Number of gears (shift from 2x5 ten-speed to 3x8, 2x9, 1x11, etc.)  Inspection of lug design: pantographs, cut-out, stampings, custom brazing/filing, chrome, fork crow n sweep, etc. Frame/Fork Braze-ons. Race bikes tended have less braze-ons the earlier the year of manufacture. Most 60's racers and earlier had few or none with cable guides/stops, shifters, bidons, etc. being clamp-on. By the 80's if it was clamp-on, it was a sign of very cheap models and most frames had braze-ons for all cables, with multiple bottle and accessory bosses depending on style and use.   and so forth. Please edit this question if you have an answer that isn't in the index above.   A couple of caveats:   A previous owner could have replaced or upgraded components on a bicycle, so this guide only applies to original equipment There is a delay between the introduction of a technology (such as indexed shifting) and when manufacturers start selling products that use it. Low-end manufacturers may continue using technology that is severely outdated (such as one-piece cranks, freewheels, or quill stems) because it is cheaper to do so. A number of bikes are built in a Retro style, but with modern components.  Dutch bikes, trendy coffee cruisers, and beach cruisers may be modern but appear to be 1950s styling.  These tend to have modern rims and brakes as a giveaway.     Note that bicycles.stackexchange does not do valuations of bicycles. How much your bicycle is worth depends on the location of the buyer and seller, how much the buyer wants the bike, etc. etc. etc. The new Chip credit cards are being introduced to provide better security to consumers, merchants and credit card vendors.    Sample Card:   (source: )    Card Reader &amp; PIN Entry:    Are they really better from a security point of view?  What are the advantages and disadvantages? What is the difference between const_iterator and non-const iterator in the C++ STL? What is the difference between a const_iterator and an iterator and where would you use one over the other? Tiling problem: 100 by 100 grid and 1 by 8 pieces Make Windows 7 ignore WiFi when ethernet is available When I dock my Windows 7 laptop, I want it to prefer the wired ethernet connection over WiFi.  This is a pretty straightforward thing to do on my Mac - I just reorder my network preferences, and it "does the right thing." I just can't figure out how to achieve the same thing on my Win7 laptop.  So, when I'm docked, it connects to WiFi, and then fails to connect to servers on the local wired network. How do I fix this? Can we implement temporary automatic comment ban on 'x' number of validated rude comment flags? There's been problems with abusive comments since the site started.   We still haven't managed to conquer the issue.   Users can be issued chat bans and post bans. The API automatically bans IP addresses with validated spam flags. (Would it be difficult to implement comment bans? Would mods have the power to impose comment restrictions?).   Although comments have been classically referred to as second class citizens, rude comments on the site are the one place that is driving people away.   Can we implement temporary automatic comment ban on 'x' number of validated rude comment flags? It would probably be better if the exact heuristics were not disclosed publicly, much like the serial voting scripts  This question  was asked 7 years ago. Can we revisit it?  This question is related, but is asking for a more complex approach: Let's say we have one black hole that formed through the collapse of hydrogen gas and another that formed through the collapse of anti-hydrogen gas. What happens when they collide? Do they (1) coalesce into a single black hole or do they (2) "annihilate" into radiation?  One would expect (1) to be the case if the No Hair Theorem were to hold. So I guess what I'm really asking for is a modern understanding of this theorem and its applicability given what we know today. In this case what is correct?        Keep Tom and I updated.      or         Keep Tom and me updated.      I understand that me is an object pronoun. And therefore I feel the second option is correct.  Especially, because I would say "Keep him updated" and also "Keep me updated". Instead of "Keep he updated" or "Keep I updated". But something about saying "Keep him and me updated" feels wrong.  However I am not sure, because several people have told me that in this case I is the correct option because it is being used in conjunction with a name (Tom) and not a pronoun. Is that correct? Which test should I use for ordinal data? In my experiment, I asked 50 participants to rank on a 5 point scale which voice they preferred. I summed each particpants' rating for each voice: the total for voice 1 is 95, the total for voice 2 is 186.  Am I correct in doing this? Or should I analyse the raw data?  Which test should I use for this data? Would a t-test work here? Alternatively I thought I could use a chi-square test.   I am interested in seeing if the preference for voice 2 is significant. Comparing integers: arithmetic expression or conditional expression In Bash, two integers can be compared using conditional expression     arg1 OP arg2      OP is one of -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, or -ge. These   arithmetic binary operators return true if arg1 is equal to, not equal   to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or   equal to arg2, respectively. Arg1 and arg2 may be positive or negative   integers.   or arithmetic expression:     &lt;= &gt;= &lt; &gt; comparison      == != equality and inequality   Why do we have two different ways for comparing two integers? When to use which?  For example, [[ 3 -lt 2 ]] uses conditional expression, and (( 3 &lt; 2 )) uses arithmetic expression. Both returns 0 when the comparison is true  When comparing two integers, can these two methods always be used interchangeably? If yes, why does Bash have two methods rather than one? System freezes completely with Intel Bay Trail zsh scripting - How do I NOT match a pattern in filename generation? I'm currently trying to loop through a set of directories, but only the ones I care about.   $ ls -d */ cfdpost_statefiles/     p050L0260/  p050L0510/  p060L0390/  p070L0260/  p070L0510/  p092L0390/  p097L0260/  p110L0390/  p131L0325/  p150L0510/  profiles/ ERCOFTAC_TestSettings/  p050L0390/  p060L0260/  p060L0510/  p070L0390/  p084L0510/  p094L0325/  p100L0510/  p125L0510/  p136L0260/  p162L0260/  settings/   I want to match all the p###* directories except for the ones beginning with p125 and p150.  If I just do patterns with a pipe, I get:  $ for dir in ./p(125|150)*(/); echo $dir ./p125L0510 ./p150L0510   However, if I try and use the ^ like it shows :  $ for dir in ./p^(125|150)*(/); echo $dir zsh: no matches found: ./p^(125|150)*(/)   Any ideas how to proceed?