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Terminology of the sequences of promoters in relation to DNA strands I'm studying molecular biology and I'm trying to understand an experiment which shows the importance of promoters in the relative transcription level (RT). The image below comes from Rolf Knippers' book "Molekulare Genetik" (8th edition).    The legend says (among other things):     Die erste Zeile gibt die normale "Wildtyp"-Sequenz der 5'-flankierenden Region wieder.   Which, in english, means something like:     The first line repeats the normal wild-type sequence of the 5' flanking region.   The column on the right gives the relative transcription (RT) level, 1.0 being the highest possible level of transcription. As we can see, the lines where some parts of the "5' region" have been deleted give quite low RT levels, since some regions of the promoter are missing.  My questions are the following:  1) According to  and , I understand that RNA polymerase reads and uses both coding and non-coding strands in order to synthesize RNA. Therefore, how did they manage to use the sequences strands regions had been deleted to make a polymerase "read them" and perform transcription?  2) If the polymerase reads the template strand in the 3' -> 5' sense, shouldn't we talk of "ATAT box" or "TAAC box" instead of "TATA" or "CAAT" boxes? Does it mean that the "promoter" regions they are using on the graphic above are actually on the coding strand?  Thanks a lot for your help. I'm currently reading Marcus' "Number Fields," and I'm having difficulty proving the following result:  Corollary 2.2: Let $m$ be a squarefree integer. The set of algebraic integers in the quadratic field $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{m})$ is $$ \left\{ a + b \sqrt{m} : a,b \in \mathbb{Z} \right\} $$ if $m \equiv 2,3 \pmod{4}$; and$$ \left\{ \frac{a+b\sqrt{m}}{2} : a,b \in \mathbb{Z} ~,~ a \equiv b \pmod{2} \right\}$$ when $m \equiv 1 \pmod{4}$. $\square$  It is easy enough to see that the claimed sets do, indeed, consist of algebraic integers. The other half of the proof proceeds something like this: suppose that $\alpha = r + s \sqrt{m}$ is an element of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{m})$. Then $\alpha$ is a root of the polynomial $$ x^2 - 2rx + r^2 - s^2m $$ In particular, this means that $\alpha$ is an algebraic integer if and only if both $2r$ and $r^2 - s^2 m$ are integers. At this point, the proof stops, and says that this implies the result. And therein lies the problem: I don't see how to make the connection. I do know, for example, that if one of $r,s$ is an integer, then the other one must be, too, i.e., either both are integers, or both are not. However, I cannot get any further than that. Can anyone give me a gentle nudge in the right direction? Thank you very much! The title word filter is one of the worst ideas ever implemented on SO How will learning about philosophy impact real-life? Examining the practical, impactful, real-life benefits of getting a degree in philosophy It is often asked, &quot;What is the practical use of philosophy?&quot; or &quot;How will learning about philosophy impact real-life?&quot; It is easy to see why there is such mystery surrounding the topic. Most schools up through high school may only offer 1 or 2 courses on it, if any. It is also often talked about in general conversation as a &quot;wishy-washy&quot; subject, often negatively, as though it contains no answers but only raises an endless series of questions. To add to this, those who hear of the subject but know very little of it may be surprised to see it offered at their university as a major. It is clear to most why some people would want to major in Computer science, Mathematics, or Physics. But what would a degree in philosophy get you? Why can't I say “She died from drinking 18 cans of Coca-Cola”? Instead, the correct sentence would be “She died of drinking 18 cans of Coca-Cola”. Why does that happen? Given a real positive sequence $\{a_n\}$ such that $\sum_{i=1}^n a_i$ converges.  Prove that there exists a real sequence $\{c_n\}$ monotonically increasing to $\infty$ such that $\sum_{i=1}^\infty a_nc_n$ converges.  What I have done:  I have written $$\sum_{i=1}^{N+1}a_ic_i=c_{N+1}\sum_{i=1}^{N+1}a_i-\sum_{i=1}^N(c_{n+1}-c_n)S_n$$  and then try to prove the convergence by the Cauchy criterion. However my evaluation is still not good enough. I'm really stuck. Should we @Override an interface's method implementation? I have interesting bug that I have experienced before but has gone away on its own. This one is not going away though.  I have a giant stripe or chunks missing from my desert biome, I would say probably 7 chunks long.  I'm guessing the chunks are corrupted or something, what was hoping to figure is whether it can repaired or reverted.  Here is a picture of the problem. Change rep required to downvote on MSE When should I not kill -9 a process? What is bracketing? I have seen this term a lot and I was wondering what, in basic terms, what bracketing/autobracketing is.  Also, why would one want to 'bracket'?  P.S. - there are other questions asking what DoF and WB bracketing is but none asking quite the same as this. I know how to monitor the network interfaces on my local computer with Wireshark. But, how do I monitor the traffic flowing through my wireless access point from connected computers?  It seems like this might not be possible without some kind of special software on the wireless access point itself. How are "needs to be washed," "needs washing," and the regional variant "needs washed" to be distinguished"? I'm from Central Pennsylvania, and apparently, we have a strange language construct in this area. I was recently talking about how "my car needs washed" to a friend from NJ, and she told me that my sentence was grammatically incorrect.   I realize she's right, and I realize my options are "my car needs to be washed" or "my car needs washing". But I'm not clear on the precise rule being invoked. Expectation of random variables ratio Proof that all abelian simple groups are cyclic groups of prime order Every time i publish a new post i want to display an icon like a badge (NEW) and after a specific time it will disappear.  Lets say i publish a new post and i want to display that it is a new post. So i want to insert an icon that for example a star, in each new post in the blog list view into the metadata of the posts. Also i want to be removed after a specific time will pass. Lets say in one day or 24 hours the icon should be removed automatically.  How can i do this? What happens when anti-matter falls into a black hole? Let's say a black hole of mass $M$ and a very compact lump of anti-matter () also of mass $M$ are traveling toward each other. What does an outside observer see when they meet?  Will they blow themselves apart in a  matter/anti-matter reaction? Or will their masses combine, never quite meeting in the infinite time dilation at the event horizon? SFDX Pull fails because of AppMenu/AppSwitcher How to define a command that takes more than 9 arguments I have a mathematical transformation that takes 16 parameters (grouped into 3+8+5) and would like to make a latex command for it, so that I can easily change the notation for it if the need arises.  As far as I know, both \def and \newcommand take a maximum of 9 arguments, is there any (recommended) way to extend this? How to keep Blender from adding frame numbers to output filename?