logic behind deleting files where user does not have right to write
Why can rm remove read-only files?
Prove that $\int f\ d\lambda = \int_{a}^{b} f(x)\ dx,$ for any $f \in \mathcal R[a,b].$ Theorem $:$ Let $f : [a,b] \longrightarrow \Bbb R$ be a Riemann integrable function. Then $f \in L_1[a,b]$ and $$\int f\ d\lambda = \int_{a}^{b} f(x)\ dx.$$  The proof given in my book is as follows $:$     At the fag end of the proof $f$ has been proved to be measurable which uses the completeness of the measure space $\left ([a,b], \mathcal L \cap [a,b], \lambda |_{[a,b]} \right ).$ Then it has been stated that $f \leq \Phi_n,$ $\forall$ $n$ and hence $f \in L_1[a,b]$ since $\Phi_n \in L_1[a,b]$ by the proposition $5.4.3 \ $(i) which states the following $:$  Let $f \in \Bbb L$ and $g \in L_1[a,b].$ If $|f(x)| \leq g(x)$ for a.e. $x(\mu).$ Then $f \in L_1[a,b].$  I don't know how to use this proposition to claim that $f \in L_1[a,b].$ Also I don't understand the way dominated convergence theorem used here. What I know about dominated convergence theorem is as follows $:$  Let $(X, \mathcal S, \mu)$ be a complete measure space. Let $g \in L_1(X)$ and $\{f_n \}_{n \geq 1}$ be a sequence in $\Bbb L$ such that $|f_n(x)| \leq g(x)$ a.e. $x(\mu).$ Let $f_n(x) \to f(x)$ as $n \to \infty$ a.e. $x (\mu).$ Then $f \in L_1(X)$ and $$\int f\ d\mu = \lim\limits_{n \to \infty} \int f_n\ d\mu.$$  From here how to conclude that $$\Psi_n\ \bigg\uparrow\ f \implies \int f\ d\lambda = \lim\limits_{n \to \infty} \int \Psi_n\ d\lambda.$$ Please help me in this regard. Thanks in advance. I am performing a meta-analysis with 137 study arms. From each arm I have extracted a proportion of a disease. Here are my proportions:  [1] 0.002710027 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.017857143 0.000000000 0.010269576 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000  [12] 0.010000000 0.053691275 0.052631579 0.070351759 0.000000000 0.108333333 0.262626263 0.013043478 0.000000000 0.007000000 0.000000000  [23] 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.240000000 0.000000000 0.033333333 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.013201320 0.000000000  [34] 0.005361930 0.002308403 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.030000000 0.046296296 0.000000000 0.020000000 0.045454545 0.161073826  [45] 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.095238095 0.007194245 0.001472754 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.012048193  [56] 0.000000000 0.048780488 0.000000000 0.086253369 0.033898305 0.011966701 0.004162331 0.062790698 0.005555556 0.004451039 0.287356322  [67] 0.083333333 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.014666667 0.006160164 0.023809524 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.001552795 0.102564103  [78] 0.030555556 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.029411765 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000  [89] 0.003231018 0.000000000 0.037500000 0.040247678 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.007299270 0.014598540 0.000000000 0.015118790 0.000000000 [100] 0.000000000 0.005555556 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.003039514 0.042145594 0.250000000 0.307692308 0.324444444 0.002057613 [111] 0.008333333 0.000000000 0.027522936 0.022598870 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.135278515 0.033333333 0.000000000 0.000000000 [122] 0.003690037 0.003412969 0.000000000 0.017391304 0.004237288 0.033210332 0.000000000 0.008928571 0.038834951 0.030303030 0.142857143 [133] 0.170000000 0.000000000 0.112903226 0.000000000 0.007299270   A majority of the proportions has zero value. I am struggling with whether I should go for logit or arcsine transformation. One source says that arcsine transformation should not be used . On the other hand, I several zero counts. With logit transformation values 0 and 1 are mapped to infinity, and according to another source I should go with arcsine transformation . Furthermore, I found another study close to my topic in which they used arcsine transformation. The default in R with metaprop function is logit.   Which one I should go with my data? Adding button into a Listview in WinForms Is there a way to add a button control to a cell in inside a ListView in a WinForms app? Since there are  complex numbers (2 dimensions) and quaternions (4 dimensions), it follows intuitively that there ought to be something in between for 3 dimensions ("triernions").   Yet no one uses these. Why is this? Are all stormtroopers as poor soldiers as the ones in the movies? In the Star Wars films we consistently witness just how poor soldiers stormtroopers are. They show very sub-par marksmanship, crappy house searching tactics, and are easily fooled and defeated by Ewoks and Rebels.   That being said, I remember reading a character guide that defined stormtroopers as the very best of the best (best marksman, above average intelligence, etc.). So, in the realm of the Expanded Universe, does the mold that the movies set continue to hold true or are they just the exceptions to the rule? What does each SPECIAL stat in Fallout Shelter do? Besides its workplace uses, like Charisma in Living Quarters, Strength in Power Generators, Agility in Diners.   Do we know if Endurance increases HP in the Dwellers, or that strength helps in melee damage / survivability in the wastelands? And Perception? How to make crontab email me with output? How can I make crontab email me with the output of its jobs? I have MAILTO=redacted@yahoo.com.au above the jobs, but it doesn't work.  I know I need to use something like Postfix or Sendmail but for the life of me I cannot find out how to achieve this. I've searched and searched for a simple guide on setting up Postfix but they're all insanely complicated and expect you to be setting up a whole server to send and receive email and to know all the terms (like, what is a domain name for outgoing emails?).  All I want to do is have crontab email me. Why is this so difficult??  Additional Info:  My crontab file looks like this:  MAILTO=redacted@yahoo.com.au 1 0 * * * ~/Desktop/toskymesh.sh 59 6 * * * ~/Desktop/tooptus.sh 0 3 * * * snapraid sync   More Additional Info:  The output of ps -ef | grep '[s]endmail'  root 6840 1370 0 10:26 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: MTA: accepting connections   I know for sure cron is working, but I'm testing the mail command with echo Test | mail -s Test redacted@yahoo.com.au anyway. What is a one-word synonym for "science lover"? I'm searching for a one-word synonym for "science lover". In my case, I love science and I self study it, but I never got a degree in Physics or Chemistry or any of these related subjects (except computer-science). But I enjoy experimenting stuff and see what's going on.  So, what would be a one-word good alternative for "science lover"?  The best one I found is learner, but that's more general I guess. Scientist is probably too much in my case. I saw sciencophile in another post, but I don't really like it–it sounds too complicated. I have created a logo with pen tool in Illustrator but between lines (where they intersect with each other) there is a gap where it gets the color of the background.  Something like this:  (Black color is the background color) - As you can see where the paths join each other there is a kinda dotted black line. I Grouped them but still the same. I converted to jpeg just to be sure it is not only shown like that but same effect.   NOTE: I want to export that logo as SVG file type and use it in the WEB. I tried some solutions given like anti-aliasing in preferences or art optimize when saving for optimization. But still I have same problem. I want to get that logo in SVG and put it on the web where it will display clean without those strange gaps.  How can i get rid of this? Dark Souls 2 coop/invading problem I was playing Dark Souls II on my pc a lot. After about 200 hours of ingame time I found that I cant summon or invade anybody. I tried new characters and reinstalling but it didn't help. So any tips, and reasons. P.S. I didn't used any cheats. What is the random variable $Z$ by the notation $Z =X/Y$? Why do we use the object instead of the subject pronoun in constructions like "stupid me"? I'm trying to find out how come we say lucky me and stupid us rather than lucky I and stupid we. My understanding is that this is not a recent invention, but a relic from the distant past where it was a dative construction. However, I don't see the reason for using any case other than the nominative in this construction to begin with.        He went surfing. → Lucky him went surfing.   I got pulled over. → Stupid me got pulled over.   They bought a house. → Thoughtless them bought a house.      This is rather intriguing. After thinking about it for a while, I couldn't come up with any other language, Germanic or otherwise, where simply introducing an adjective would dictate a change of grammatical case. This appears to be an English peculiarity. How far can it be traced back? Can anyone comment on its background? Scale a div to fit in window but preserve aspect ratio Update  appear to have been updated recently (as of writing this the last update appears to have taken place on 3rd of June) to include the following statement:  The -d switch is necessary to upgrade from Ubuntu 18.04 LTS as upgrades have not yet been enabled and will only be enabled after the first point release of 20.04 LTS.  Also note that .  TLDR (as of 15 Aug 2020):   is the canonical tracking document for the first Focal Fossa point-release (20.04.1). It’s a live document. The Ubuntu release team will be updating it as we work on releasing 20.04.1. […] Upgrades from 18.04 to 20.04.1 are still disabled as we are working through a few upgrade blockers   Edit The answers (so far) do not answer the question. The question is pretty simple. Ubuntu.com points to a &quot;FinalRelease&quot;, which turns out to be a &quot;Development Release&quot;, see evidence below. I'm not asking how and when to upgrade. I'm pointing out what seems to me to be an apparent inconcistency (in semantics, linguistics, logic) in the way Ubuntu names or labels its releases. From an answer to the question I'd except someone to pick up and acknowledge this inconsistency. An answer could start with a &quot;Yes, ...&quot; or a &quot;No, ...&quot;, for starters. (Moreover, a good answer could distinguish between the release being in dev stage and/or the upgrade process (e.g. from LTS to LTS) being in dev stage, if appropriate.) This question, as I see it, is not a duplicate. Futher, I think it is a question which deserves a non-patronizing answer. Thanks.   indicates that today (23rd April 2020) the new Ubuntu 20.04 LTS is to be released.  See &quot;condensed screenshot&quot; here:  Indeed, it seems that that's what happened, see  and :  However, when following the instructions to upgrade (from 18.04 LTS to 20.04 LTS) found  and elsewhere (edit: actually , too!), even prior to the July point release, I'm a bit confused to see that the instruction is to use update-manager -d which also points to the &quot;Development Release&quot; (see screenshot below) rather than the &quot;FinalRelease&quot; (see screenshot and link above). Is the &quot;Final Release&quot; (which I'm after) the/a &quot;Development Release&quot;? Why isn't it called something like &quot;Production Release&quot; or &quot;Final Release&quot;? When will it no longer be referred to as &quot;Development Release&quot;? In July? I'm confused :( On the existence of a continuous bijection $f\colon [0,1]\to [0,1]\times [0,1]$ Let $f$ be a continuous function on $[0,1]$ such that $f([0,1])=[0,1]\times[0,1].$ Then show that $f$ is not one-one.  Hints will be appreciated. Alternative to Photoshop or Paint.NET I have been moving toward Ubuntu from a long time Windows development background. The one program I cannot seem to do without is a graphic editor. I have seen recommendations for programs, but they turn out to be directed at children or tailored to working with personal photographs.  I am looking for something more for programming tasks like analysing colors, resizing, creating web graphics, etc. I have used Photoshop in the past and more recently have mostly used Paint.net for Windows.  Is there a program for Ubuntu that covers this area? I'm experimenting with VPNs, so I wanted to install pptpd.  john@desktop:~$ sudo apt-get install pptpd [sudo] password for john:  &lt;snip&gt; The following extra packages will be installed:   bcrelay The following NEW packages will be installed:   bcrelay pptpd 0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 11 not upgraded. Need to get 90.5 kB of archives. After this operation, 442 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y   And everything runs fine until I get down to here:  WARNING: The following packages cannot be authenticated!   bcrelay pptpd Install these packages without verification [y/N]? n E: Some packages could not be authenticated   No authentication?  I'm no security expert, but I'm fairly sure that's a bad thing.  So I .  john@desktop:~$ apt-cache policy pptpd pptpd:   Installed: (none)   Candidate: 1.3.4-3ubuntu1   Version table:      1.3.4-3ubuntu1 0         500 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ natty/main i386 Packages john@desktop:~$ apt-cache policy bcrelay bcrelay:   Installed: (none)   Candidate: 1.3.4-3ubuntu1   Version table:      1.3.4-3ubuntu1 0         500 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ natty/main i386 Packages   They're coming from Ubuntu.com and not being properly authenticated?  What's going on here? Is it same number of candies for any stage of evolution while transferring pokemon to professor? I was just wondering if the number of candies we get while transferring the pokemon to professor is same for any stage of evolution ?   For example, you would get a pidgey candy for transferring a pidgey. Is it same number of candies for transferring pidgey, pidgeotto or pidgeot ? How to insert pipe symbol in (La)TeX? How to insert pipe symbol | in TeX (LaTeX)?  I have tried this sample with pdflatex tmp.tex  \documentclass{extarticle} \begin{document} \textpipe \end{document}   And it give undefined control sequence error  This is pdfTeX, Version 3.1415926-1.40.10 (TeX Live 2009/Debian) restricted \write18 enabled. entering extended mode (./tmp.tex LaTeX2e &lt;2009/09/24&gt; Babel &lt;v3.8l&gt; and hyphenation patterns for english, usenglishmax, dumylang, noh yphenation, loaded. (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/extsizes/extarticle.cls Document Class: extarticle 1996/10/08 v1.0 Non Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/size10.clo) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/exscale.sty)) No file tmp.aux. ! Undefined control sequence. l.3 \textpipe Can't install php5 on Ubuntu 16.04 so I've recently installed my first Ubuntu, to be precise, a daily build of 16.04, on my new laptop since the hardware was to new for 15.10. Now I'm in the process of setting it up and I want to install php5 and some extensions.  When I execute sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5 I get the error message that there is no installation package available for php5 and libapache2.  The error message is in german, so I doubt that this would help, but anyways here it is. :-) E: For package »libapache2-mod-php5« existiert kein Installationskandidat.  Do I need to add a apt-get repository? Or what am I doing wrong?