Should I use got or gotten?
Should I use "got" or "gotten" in the following sentence?
What exactly is the difference between a parametric and non-parametric model? I am confused with the definition of non-parametric model after reading this link  and .   Originally I thought "parametric vs non-parametric" means if we have distribution assumptions on the model (similar to parametric or non-parametric hypothesis testing). But both of the resources claim "parametric vs non-parametric" can be determined by if number of parameters in the model is depending on number of rows in the data matrix.  For kernel density estimation (non-parametric) such a definition can be applied. But under this definition how can a neural network be a non-parametric model, as the number of parameters in the model is depending on the neural network structure and not on the number of rows in the data matrix?  What exactly is the difference between parametric and a non-parametric model? GBM vs XGBOOST? Key differences? I am trying to understand the key differences between GBM and XGBOOST. I tried to google it, but could not find any good answers explaining the differences between the two algorithms and why xgboost almost always performs better than GBM. What makes XGBOOST so fast? Is there a package to secure rendered pdf with a password? Is there a package and command that can secure rendered pdf with a password? If you look at this product:    you can clearly see that it is a DVD+R, i.e. once it is written, it cannot be erased/rewritten.  Then what does the "RW" logo (in the lower right corner) mean? I thought it stood for ReWritable, but experimenting with the medium shows that it is not. How do I determine the size of my array in C?   That is, the number of elements the array can hold? How do airlines determine ticket prices? In the Monster Manual, gargoyles, golems, helmed horrors, and xorns all enjoy either immunity or resistance to:     bludgeoning, piercing, and slashing damage from nonmagical weapons that aren't adamantine   Is it actually possible to obtain a nonmagical adamantine weapon?   Although the Dungeon Master's Guide describes adamantine armor (p.150) and Daern's instant fortress (p.160) as being made of this metal, and provides an AC for destructible adamantine objects (p.246), there's no mention of adamantine weapons. The creation spell (PH p.229) can produce an adamantine weapon that lasts for a single minute. The true polymorph spell (PH p.283) can't turn a regular weapon into adamantine, but it might be able to  for an hour. The only way to obtain a (somewhat) permanent adamantine weapon in the game seems to be to loot one from drow elves (MM p.127). A PC (perhaps even a drow) with proficiency in smith's tools could presumably craft a nonmagical adamantine sword during downtime at 5gp per day (PH p.187), except that unlike silvered weapons, there's no pricing for adamantine.   It's seeming like mugging an NPC drow is the only by-the-book way to tool up against gargoyles. I understand what a decibel is, the spirit of the question is different: why do we still use decibels (and with at least two different, context-specific definitions), if we have the feat of scientific notation? I dare to claim that the change of 5e-1 (which is a half) is much more readable than 3dB (voltage? power?). 1e6 is more clear than 120dB, etc. Just for the joy of adding? 3dB + 7dB is 10dB, but 2e5+3e6 is errrm... I see many new datasheets from the top vendors (LTC, for example) use the V/V convention, which is closer to the scientific notation than to the decibels. An upcoming paradigm change? What's the difference when using GET or POST method? Which one is more secure? What are (dis)advantages of each of them?  () Optimum Bone To Water Ratio For Pork and Beef Stocks I am tinkering with my stock recipes.   For pork stock I have been using 8 cups of water over a roasted trotter, a roasted backbone section with about 4 inches of rib attached, and a 1/4 inch slab of roasted pork belly.   For the beef stock I have been using 8 cups of water over an equivalent amount of roasted beef bones (knuckles and backbone/rib).   This gives a very flavorful stock and, for cost reasons, I want to determine how much I can reduce the concentration (by adding more water) without reaching too watery a taste.   Does anybody have any guidance on this topic? Book about almost extinct warrior race with three castes: sen, kaa, ker The aliens in this book are an humanoid alien mercenary race, fighting for some other aliens, against humans?.   The Ker are the fighters, the sen are the wise ones, and the kaa the family/non-fighters.  Their clan gets almost wiped out because both their employers and humanity fear them, and the last survivors head towards their race' home planet, together with a human captive, who learns about their ways.  The other aliens are some blob-like aliens with little genetic variety.  Ring any bells? Is a NVIDIA GeForce with Optimus Technology supported by Ubuntu? I am considering buying a Dell XPS 15 laptop. The laptop has a Nvidia 420m card which should work with Linux but I keep reading that the Nvidia Optimus technology isn't supported on Linux. I am not really interested in switching from Nvidia to Intel to save power but need to know that the Nvidia card will in fact work if I installed Ubuntu.  If anyone has experience using a Nvidia card with Optimus technology or even better the exact laptop in question (Dell XPS 15 with 1GB NVIDIA® GeForce®  GT 420M) it would be great.  A major problem holding people back from adopting Linux is this sort of hardware issue. I am a long term Ubuntu user and supporter who can't afford to make a mistake with a purchase like this. I don't want to spend £500+ to find I have no graphics acceleration because Windows 7 is not an option. "INSERT IGNORE" vs "INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE" While executing an INSERT statement with many rows, I want to skip duplicate entries that would otherwise cause failure. After some research, my options appear to be the use of either:  ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE which implies an unnecessary update at some cost, or INSERT IGNORE implies an invitation for other kinds of failure to slip in unannounced.  Am I right in these assumptions? What's the best way to simply skip the rows that might cause duplicates and just continue on to the other rows? Objective-C and Swift URL encoding How to change the output redirection of a running process? I know how to redirect output and how to  in bash. Now, suppose I accidentally forgot to append the output redirection part to the command (e.g. 2&gt;&amp;1 or &gt; /tmp/mystdout) and my background process is already running for a while, can I still change to where stdout and stderr are being written to? I really would like not to kill and restart the application.  To be more specific as asked by  in his comment, I would like to fiddle with it in these scenarios in specific:   wrong output file forgot to redirect stderr to stdout   or a combination of both  E.g. I have Apache running and I can see the file descriptors:  /proc/8019/fd/0 -&gt; /dev/null /proc/8019/fd/1 -&gt; /dev/null /proc/8019/fd/2 -&gt; /var/log/apache2/error.log Does there exists an entire function such that for each $|z|>C$ for some constant $C$, $|f(z)|=|z|+1$? I have to prove that:     $$\sum_{k=0}^{n} {{m+k} \choose{m}} = { m+n+1 \choose m+1 }$$   I tried to open up the right side with Pascal's definition that: $$ { n \choose k} = {n-1 \choose {k}} + {n-1 \choose {k-1}}$$  Here is what I came up with, and I am sure it is wrong because it does not equal the left side:  $$ {m+n+1 \choose m+1} = {m+n \choose m+1} + {m+n \choose m} = ... ={m+n \choose m+1} + {m+n-1 \choose m} + {m+n-2 \choose m-1} + ... + {m \choose m+1} = \sum_{k=0}^{n} {m+k \choose m+k-n+1 }  $$  Which, again, probably is wrong because it is not equal $\sum_{k=0}^{n} { m+k \choose m}$. Any help is appreciated Using Mosfet with seperate Logic Converter and Arduino I am trying to use an IRLB3034 with an Arduino even though it is not a logic level MOSFET. I am planning on using an LM2937 12v regulator like the schematic below:    The connection going off the page goes to an Arduino digital pin pulled down with a 10k resistor. I assumed this would work but wanted to check. As a side note, if anyone could recommend a similar MOSFET that could handle 200a and 40v (in TH) that would be great. (Only if such thing excists or is readily available)  EDIT: I have not made it clear what I am planning on using this for so I will now. It is to drive an airsoft motor and I want to use the LM2937 because I didn't think I could turn the mosfet on and off with the arduinos 5v - because the IRLB3034 isn't a logic level mosfet - so that is the reason I added the 12v regulator.  EDIT (Sorry for the previous incorrect name)  EDIT: Unfortunately, I have made a mistake, the current is not 200 amps, it is infact 30-40 amps. I don't know how I made this mistake but I think it will be helpful for people trying to follow along. I am currently trying to use busbars/6awg copper wire to carry the high-ish current around. (Only 40 amps now though)  EDIT: This question is different because it is asking how to convert 5v to 12v to run a mosfet rather then how to use a mosfet with an arduino in the best way like the other post. The accepted answer on this post also answers the other question though. just wondering if anyone has ever tried embedding and actually integrating any js engine into the .net environment. I could find and actually use (after a LOT of pain and effort, since it's pretty outdated and not quite finished) spidermonkey-dotnet project. Anyone with experience in this area? Engines like SquirrelFish, V8..   Not that I'm not satisfied with Mozilla's Spidermonkey (using it for Rails-like miniframework for custom components inside the core ASP.NET application), but I'd still love to explore a bit further with the options. The command-line solutions are not what I'd need, I cannot rely on anything else than CLR, I need to call methods from/to JavaScript/C# objects.  // c# class public class A {     public string Hello(string msg)     {         return msg + " whatewer";     } }  // js snippet var a = new A(); console.log(a.Hello('Call me')); // i have a console.log implemented, don't worry, it's not a client-side code :)   Just to clarify - I'm not trying to actually program the application itself in server-side javascript. It's used solely for writing custom user subapplications (can be seen as some sort of DSL). It's much easier (and safer) to allow normal people programming in js than C#. Let $f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be continuous.Let $t\in\mathbb{R}$. Evaluate:$\lim_{h\rightarrow0}\frac{1}{h}\int_{t-h}^{t+h}f(s)ds$