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Which manuals are on your "TeX Reference" shelf? This is a community wiki since there is no "one true answer"- if you find an answer that contains a lot of your choices, but is missing something you feel is incredibly useful.  Feel free to add it.  A short description of what topics the reference covers would be nice as well.  Organize by subject please.  For example: I always keep the following PDFs at my fingertips.  Document Layout   :  Covers, in exquisite detail, how to produce just about any document using the memoir LaTeX class. ( 4.5 MB)   Mathematical Typesetting   : A document by Herbert Voß that explains how to typeset just about any mathematical expression in LaTeX. ( 2 MB)   Graphics   : Explains, with examples, how to draw just about any figure using PGF/TikZ.  Also a good example of what awesome documentation should look like. ( 9.5 MB) Some applications simulate a virtual USB or CD Rom drive as if a USB drive is attached to the computer.  Is there any configuration or application that provides a virtual USB drive, not for the the operating system itself, but for other equipments which accept USB drive, through a USB port.  So I'll have a virtual hard disk (e.g. a *.vdi file) in the computer, which is connected, through a USB socket, as a USB drive to some other equipment (e.g. a cell phone or a laptop). Is there an upper limit to temperature in thermodynamics or statistical mechanics In many presentations of statistical mechanics where we have a system of particles having mass, such as the molecules of an ideal gas, the temperature is often equated to the average relative velocity of the particles. However no such velocity can exceed that of light. Is there therefore an absolute upper bound to temperature as well as an absolute zero? Ampere's law and external currents In Ampere's law, the current outside the curve taken is not included in the expression. Does it mean that the magnetic field calculated by using the law gives the contribution of only the currents crossing the area bounded by the curve? Does Reincarnation allows skills to be passed into other classes I'm mainly asking this for Disgaea: Afternoon of Darkness, given I have enough Mana to reincarnate a character into 4 different types of Mages (Green, Blue, Red, Star), a Cleric and then a Warrior, would the Warrior have all the spells learned from the previous classes? How will learning about philosophy impact real-life? Examining the practical, impactful, real-life benefits of getting a degree in philosophy It is often asked, &quot;What is the practical use of philosophy?&quot; or &quot;How will learning about philosophy impact real-life?&quot; It is easy to see why there is such mystery surrounding the topic. Most schools up through high school may only offer 1 or 2 courses on it, if any. It is also often talked about in general conversation as a &quot;wishy-washy&quot; subject, often negatively, as though it contains no answers but only raises an endless series of questions. To add to this, those who hear of the subject but know very little of it may be surprised to see it offered at their university as a major. It is clear to most why some people would want to major in Computer science, Mathematics, or Physics. But what would a degree in philosophy get you? There is a 2d rotation matrix around point $(0, 0)$ with angle $\theta$.  $$ \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} \cos(\theta) &amp; -\sin(\theta) \\ \sin(\theta) &amp; \cos(\theta) \end{array} \right] $$  Next, there is a 3d rotation matrix around point $(0, 0, 0)$ and unit axis $(u_x, u_y, u_z)$ with angle $\theta$ ().  \begin{bmatrix} \cos \theta +u_x^2 \left(1-\cos \theta\right) &amp; u_x u_y \left(1-\cos \theta\right) - u_z \sin \theta &amp; u_x u_z \left(1-\cos \theta\right) + u_y \sin \theta \\ u_y u_x \left(1-\cos \theta\right) + u_z \sin \theta &amp; \cos \theta + u_y^2\left(1-\cos \theta\right) &amp; u_y u_z \left(1-\cos \theta\right) - u_x \sin \theta \\ u_z u_x \left(1-\cos \theta\right) - u_y \sin \theta &amp; u_z u_y \left(1-\cos \theta\right) + u_x \sin \theta &amp; \cos \theta + u_z^2\left(1-\cos \theta\right)  \end{bmatrix}  How it is possible to generalize rotation matrix on $N$ dimension around zero point and $N-2$ dimensional unit axis with angle $\theta$? Let $R$ be a commutative ring with identity, and $S$ a multiplicative subset of $R$ not containing $0$. Which step in my reasoning is wrong?   Every element of $S$ is a unit in $S^{-1}R$. Every element of $S$ that's a zero divisor in $R$ is a zero divisor in $S^{-1}R$. But zero divisors can't be units. Therefore it's not possible to localize $R$ at $S$. Compare double in VBA precision problem I have trouble comparing 2 double in Excel VBA  suppose that I have the following code  Dim a as double Dim b as double a = 0.15 b = 0.01   After a few manipulations on b, b is now equal to 0.6  however the imprecision related to the double data type gives me headache because  if a = b then  //this will never trigger end if   Do you know how I can remove the trailing imprecision on the double type? How do I divide a circle into equal parts like a pie chart with Adobe Illustrator? Is there a fairly simple way to divide a circle into equal parts using Adobe Illustrator CC? Here's a question I've been asked;  Given distinct primes $p,q,r$, show that any group $G$ of order $pqr$ is not simple.   So far, my idea has been to individually check each possible proper subgroup, since by Lagrange there are only $$\dbinom{3}{2} + \dbinom{3}{1} + 1$$ of them, and show that at least one of them other than the trivial group is normal. Surely there is a smarter way, since generalizing this approach wouldn't work so well if I wanted to show similar results for groups who's order is a product of $n$ distinct primes.  Is there some other approach? Thanks for any insights What does the second column in the output of 'ls -n' mean? I have 20 to 3o computers on my network and I have a copy of the debian packages on /var/cache/apt/archives but when I take this downloaded copy to any other machine I need to hit an "apt-get update" , How do I avoid this ? Where is the list of packages which is updated by that command stored. I need to copy them as well, and use it on a computer which is completely offline. This is my attempt to prove that, if $a &gt; 0$, then $\frac{1}{a} &gt; 0$, using just field and order axioms.  $$a &gt; 0 \implies a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{a}\right)^2 &gt; 0 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{a}\right)^2 \implies a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{a}\right)^2 &gt; 0 \implies a \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{a}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{a}\right)\right) &gt; 0$$  By associativity of multiplication:  $$\left(a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{a}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{a}\right) &gt; 0$$  We know that $a \cdot \left(\frac{1}{a}\right) = 1$, because one is the multiplication inverse of the other.   So we have:  $$1 \cdot \left(\frac{1}{a}\right) &gt; 0 \implies \frac{1}{a} &gt; 0 $$  Which is what we wanted to prove.   My question are:    In the field axioms, there's no axiom that says that $0$ times another number is $0$, but I have used this property. How would you translate it to field and order axioms? I have assumed that $\left(\frac{1}{a}\right)^2$ is positive, have you noticed? Note that I need a positive number in order not to change the $&gt;$ sign. But this is not present in the field or order axioms. How would you explain this? How do I extract all the external links of a web page and save them to a file? Counterexamples to the avoidance lemma for arbitrary ideals Let $A$ be a commutative ring with $1$. Let $I$ and $J_k$, $k=1,\dots,n$ be ideals of $A$ with $I\subseteq \cup _{k=1}^n J_k$. Then I have obtained the following:  (1) If $J_k$, $k=1,\dots,n$, are prime ideals, then there exists some $j$ such that $I\subseteq J_j$.   (2) If $A$ is a principal ideal ring, then there exists some $j$ such that $I\subseteq J_j$.   I want some counterexamples that for all $k=1,\dots,n$, $I$ is not contained in $J_k$. How to get the counterexamples? Limit involving binomial coefficients: $\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\binom{n}{0}\binom{n}{1}\dots\binom{n}{n}\right)^{\frac{1}{n(n+1)}}$ I am facing difficulty with the following limit. $$ \lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\binom{n}{0}\binom{n}{1}\dots\binom{n}{n}\right)^{\frac{1}{n(n+1)}} $$ I tried to take log both sides but I could not simplify the resulting expression. Please help in this regard. Thanks. What's the term for denying something so as to raise doubt? Topical example:  'There was a scuffle outside the local pub. There appears to be no connection with religious extremists.'  ...but now you're wondering if there was. It's a nasty tactic used to raise fear and doubt - deliberately calling attention to something by explicitly denying it.  What's the term for this? More than a decade ago, I read a short story about a small group of people at the end of the world. The story was premised on some sort of mass-produced device which took ambient heat and turned it into power. The devices had been overused, and now the world was freezing.   I think the people were essentially bandits; the main character may have been a woman who lured men to her house and killed them for their body heat? There was also a strong implication that one person she had done this to was an alien who had come to warn that the devices were destroying the world.  I think the story was in a hardbound collection, and I think the collection was from the late 70's or very early 80's.  (Calling it a "short story" is just meant to distinguish it from a full novel — it may have actually been a novella or similar.) Get the generated SQL statement from a SqlCommand object? I have the following code:  Using cmd As SqlCommand = Connection.CreateCommand     cmd.CommandText = "UPDATE someTable SET Value = @Value"     cmd.CommandText &amp;= " WHERE Id = @Id"     cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Id", 1234)     cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Value", "myValue")     cmd.ExecuteNonQuery End Using   I wonder if there is any way to get the final SQL statment as a String, which should look like this:  UPDATE someTable SET Value = "myValue" WHERE Id = 1234   If anyone wonders why I would do this:   for logging (failed) statements for having the possibility to copy &amp; paste it to the Enterprise Manager for testing purposes