UnicodeDecodeError -- save a Python newbie
Python, Unicode, and the Windows console
Read-only file system How are unmarketable market orders (other side of the order book is empty) matched with incoming orders? I accidentally issued some commands I thought were safe in the terminal, and I ended up with no System Settings and lots of other missing functionality, but the OS still boots normally. I've decided I want to install Lubuntu instead of fixing Ubuntu for a fresh start and since my laptop is running on a 1GHz dual core AMD CPU.  I created a bootable USB as I usually do and placed Lubuntu 17.10 amd64 using Rufus 2.14.1086. I have GRUB that was installed with Ubuntu upon first install I still have Win8.1 which I still want to keep.  PS: I also tried creating a startup disk from Ubuntu  The question is: How can I boot from USB with GRUB2 so I can overwrite Ubuntu? This problem comes from , who do not rigorously demonstrate (in their solution key) that the statistic is not sufficient.  Let $X_1,\dots,X_n$ be a random sample from a population with PDF $f(x|\theta)=\theta x^{\theta-1} \cdot 1_{\{x\in(0,1)\}}$ for $\theta&gt;0$. Show that $\sum_i X_i$ is not sufficient for $\theta$.  If you write out the PDF $p(\vec{x}|\theta)$ of the random sample, it is clear by the factorization theorem that $\prod_i X_i$ or $\sum_i \log(X_i)$ are sufficient for $\theta$; the PDF $p$ also suggests $\sum_i X_i$ is not sufficient for $\theta$. However, to rigorously demonstrate this, we need to analyze $p(\vec{x},\theta)/q(T(\vec{x},\theta)$, where $p$ is the distribution of sample $\vec{x}$, $q$ is the distribution of the statistic $T(\vec{X})=\sum_i X_i$. But finding the distribution of $T(X)=\sum_i X_i$ seems impractical. I have observed that $f$ is the PDF of a Beta($\theta$,1) distribution, but checking online, the distribution of the sum of Beta random variables doesn't appear to have a closed form. Are there any alternative routes (e.g., showing there is no factorization involving $T(\vec{X})$)? Did C&amp;B leave out a full explanation that $\sum_i X_i$ is not sufficient because none actually exist? I had a bunch of errors in the output of sudo apt-get update:  duplicate entries and 404 not found errors.  Figured those out, I hope: I removed PPAs that didn't have any packages associated with them, then I removed out a duplicate entry in /etc/apt/sources.list.  It seems I have royally buggered it up.  Now most of the lines say Ign when I do sudo apt-get update.  How do I go about straightening out what I have screwed up?  I need to get rid of these Igns that are all over the place.  There are about 50% (eyeball guess) Igns! Have we ever observed two drosophila lineages that evolved reproductive isolation in labs? Background  The standard definition of species refers to the concept of . If two lineages are found to be reproductively isolated, then we consider these two lineages to belong to different species. My question concerns evolved reproductive isolation in Drosophila sp. following labs due to experimental evolution.  Question  Have we ever demonstrated that two Drosophila sp. lineages that could initially interbreed (in nature or in labs) evolved through artificial selection (and drift and mutations) in labs to finally not be able to interbreed anymore either due pre- or post- zygotic isolation (see )? Or, in other words, have we ever demonstrated that two drosophila lineages evolved to become different species (reproductive isolation definition) in labs experiments?  If not, have we ever observed some partial reproductive isolation such as inbreeding depression for example?    Note: This question is motivated by @LotusBiology that could not receive the answers she/he was waiting for because he/she failed to ask questions that are possibly answerable! So I wanted to ask this question that somehow addresses  question he/she asked (now on-hold)  For more information about the concept of species, please have a look at $\sum_{1}^{n}\left ( a_{i}b_{i} \right )\geq \prod_{1}^{n}\left ( a_{i}^{b_{i}} \right )$ Let $a,b,c,x,y,z&gt;0$ and $x+ y+ z= 1$. Show that $$ax+ by+ cz\geq  a^{x}.b^{y}.c^{z}$$ I have found the generalization of this inequality: For 2 sets of numbers $\left \{ a_{i} \right \}, \left \{ b_{i} \right \}&gt; 0$ and $\sum_{1}^{n}b_{i}= 1$, we have: $$\sum_{1}^{n}\left ( a_{i}b_{i} \right )\geq  \prod_{1}^{n}\left ( a_{i}^{b_{i}} \right )$$ First solution Simply compare the logs: as the natural logarithm is a concave function, one has $$\ln\bigl(a^x b^y c^z)=x\ln a+y\ln b+z\ln c\le \ln(ax+by+cz)$$ for all non-negative $x,y,z$ such that $x+y+z=1$. How about another solution? I really hope to see that. Thanks! What is the procedure to become a Cricket Umpire? In cricket how does someone become an umpire at international level? Is there some procedure for this? How are they selected and what is the criteria for this? Is the W statistic output by wilcox.test() in R the same as the U statistic? What are the responsibilities of each Pseudo-Terminal (PTY) component (software, master side, slave side)? I am trying to figure out how a tty works1 (the work-flow and responsibilities of each elements). I have read several interesting articles about it, but there are still some blurry areas.  This is what I understand so far:   The emulated terminal makes different system calls to /dev/ptmx, the master part of the pseudo-terminal. The master part of the pseudo terminal allocates a file in /dev/pts/[0-N], corresponding to the obsolete serial port, and "attaches" a slave pseudo terminal to it. The slave pseudo terminal keeps information such as session Id, foreground job, screen size.   Here are my questions:   Has ptmx any purpose besides allocating the slave part? Does it provide some kind of "intelligence", or the emulated terminal (xterm for instance) has all the intelligence of behaving like a terminal? Why does xterm has to interact with the master part, as it only forwards the stdout and stdin of the slave part? Why can't it directly write and read from the pts file? Is a session ID always attached to one pts file and vice versa? Could I type a ps command and found 2 sessionId for the same /dev/pts/X? What other information does the pts store? Does Xterm update all fields by himself, or does the ptm add some "intelligence" on it?     1. I base my understanding on the , and the  posts, as on several other Why can you see virtual images? Sorting multiple keys with Unix sort How does one prove the following limit? $$   \lim_{n \to \infty}   \sqrt{1 + 2 \sqrt{1 + 3 \sqrt{1 + \cdots \sqrt{1 + (n - 1) \sqrt{1 + n}}}}} = 3. $$ Ubuntu 19.10 change desktop environment I've installed another desktop environment which I would like to try. I am not sure how to switch to it.  Is there still a button on the log in screen that will switch desktop environments? This same question for previous versions of ubuntu yields screenshots of this button. But I cannot find any button on the log in screen that does this.  So, in ubuntu 19.10, does there exist a button to switch desktop environments? If so, where is it? If not, what is an alternative method to switch desktop environments after I've already installed one?  ██████@████-linux:~$ ls /usr/share/xsessions gnome-flashback-compiz.desktop    ubuntu.desktop gnome-flashback-metacity.desktop   The gear icon does not show up for me, as the answers indicate it should.    Solved. I was not logged out properly. I locked the screen thinking that was logging out. Logging out properly fixed the issue. Beginner Physics Resources? I'm interested in learning physics. I do realize that the subject is large and that it would be easier if I had a specific area of interest. However, I do not. I suppose I want to learn about the fundamentals of it all; the axioms that combine all physics fields. Or, in other words, a high school physics class.   Specifically, a book or series of videos would be helpful. I looked over MIT and unfortunately the material wasn't for me. I don't mean to be "picky" so I am not completely ruling out any resource just yet.   Thanks in advance. How do I mirror the faces of a cube (edit all of them when I edit one)? Preface:  An axis plotted with  is usually using the current math font for its ticklabels. But if they are overwritten by e.g. xticklabels={-8,-6,...,8} then the current text font is used. Also an axis label ylabel={Y} would be in text font unless put explicitly in math mode ylabel={$Y$}. However it would be nice, if  one hadn't to do so.   Question:  I'm aiming to ensure that pgfplots always uses the current math font. But please assume that the classic font commands like \rmfamily are screwed up by the corporate design I'm supposed to use, e.g. assume: \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{\sfdefault}  It works if I explicitly define a font  \newcommand{\pgfmathfont}{\fontfamily{pxfonts}\selectfont}   and pass it to pgfplots together with assume math mode=true:  \begin{axis}[ font = \pgfmathfont,  tick label style={/pgf/number format/assume math mode=true} ]   But it requires that I insert the name of the current math font. How can I do that automatically? How to get the currently used math font to insert it into the macro?    MWE  \documentclass{beamer}  \usetheme{Warsaw} \usefonttheme{professionalfonts} \usepackage{pxfonts} \usepackage{pgfplots}  % screwed up by Corporate Design \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{\sfdefault}  % I'd like this line to be generic! \newcommand{\pgfmathfont}{\fontfamily{pxfonts}\selectfont} %           put current math font here   X  \begin{document}  \begin{frame}  This is a basic equation:    \[ x + y = 42\]  \begin{tikzpicture}     \begin{axis}[ %   font = \rmfamily, % makes no sense here     font = \pgfmathfont,      xlabel={$x$-label: I want to be in math font!},     ylabel={Y},     xtick={-4,-3,...,4},     xticklabels={-8,-6,...,8}, %   xticklabels={$-8$,$-6$,...,$8$}, % does not work     tick label style={/pgf/number format/assume math mode=true}     ]      \addplot {x^2};      \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture}  \end{frame}  \end{document}     Everything related to  is no option at all!  Thank you! How can I bypass Activation Lock? I bought a used iPhone 4.  The previous owner re-set the phone, but did not remove the device from their iCloud.  It is asking me for their iCloud information when I try to set-up the phone.  I don't have contact with the previous owner anymore.  Is there a way to remove the device from their iCloud so I can use a new one? How to use regex in String.contains() method in Java By accident, I recently removed some videos from my phone. I tried to restoring them with Recuva and TuneUp Utilities and the results were "undf" files.  I tried to open with VLC, Media Player Classic and other video players to no avail. Where/how do I find out the codec for these files?   I would really love to be able to watch these videos again.