How to put question on hold?
Closing changes: [on hold], unclear, too broad, opinion-based, off-topic reasons, bye-bye to Too Localized
Difference between Space Opera and Science Fiction? A while back a guy came into the place where I was working. He had a book (I don't remember the name). The book was, according to him, scifi. I told him, "Great! My favorite scifi is the Skylark Series by EE Doc Smith!" He sort of tsked this, saying, "Oh, that's only space opera." I really didn't know what to think of what he said. The funny thing was, I remembering looking at his book thinking, what makes his book scifi any more than mine.  I started thinking about this incident the other day and am once again curious:  What is the difference between space opera and science fiction? What identifies each genre specifically?    NOTE: I had originally asked this on meta due to the closed question:  which is very similar to my question. It was subsequently moved to the main site. Explain why $E(X) = \int_0^\infty (1-F_X (t)) \, dt$ for every nonnegative random variable $X$ Let $X$ be a non-negative random variable and $F_{X}$ the corresponding CDF. Show,   $$E(X) = \int_0^\infty (1-F_X (t)) \, dt$$   when $X$ has : a) a discrete distribution, b) a continuous distribution.   I assumed that for the case of a continuous distribution, since $F_X (t) = \mathbb{P}(X\leq t)$, then $1-F_X (t) = 1- \mathbb{P}(X\leq t) = \mathbb{P}(X&gt;  t)$. Although how useful integrating that is, I really have no idea. How bug prioritization works in agile projects vs non agile When reporting a defect, we are setting the priority and severity of the defect. How this works with agile development? Is there any specific way ?  How bug prioritization works in agile projects vs non agile.?  Is there any other way of measuring the priority of a bug in agile projects? How to convert Local time to UTC time in Delphi? and how to convert it back from UTC to local time? How can I launch screensaver with a keyboard shortcut? Efficiently replace all accented characters in a string? For a poor man's implementation of near-collation-correct sorting on the client side I need a JavaScript function that does efficient single character replacement in a string. Here is what I mean (note that this applies to German text, other languages sort differently):  native sorting gets it wrong: a b c o u z ä ö ü collation-correct would be:   a ä b c o ö u ü z  Basically, I need all occurrences of &quot;ä&quot; of a given string replaced with &quot;a&quot; (and so on). This way the result of native sorting would be very close to what a user would expect (or what a database would return). Other languages have facilities to do just that: , in , , . But what about JavaScript? Here is what I have right now. // s would be a rather short string (something like  // 200 characters at max, most of the time much less) function makeSortString(s) {   var translate = {     &quot;ä&quot;: &quot;a&quot;, &quot;ö&quot;: &quot;o&quot;, &quot;ü&quot;: &quot;u&quot;,     &quot;Ä&quot;: &quot;A&quot;, &quot;Ö&quot;: &quot;O&quot;, &quot;Ü&quot;: &quot;U&quot;   // probably more to come   };   var translate_re = /[öäüÖÄÜ]/g;   return ( s.replace(translate_re, function(match) {      return translate[match];    }) ); }  For starters, I don't like the fact that the regex is rebuilt every time I call the function. I guess a closure can help in this regard, but I don't seem to get the hang of it for some reason. Can someone think of something more efficient?  Answers below fall in two categories:  String replacement functions of varying degrees of completeness and efficiency (what I was originally asking about) A  of  , which is now  among JS engines (not so much at the time of the question) and could solve this category of problem much more elegantly. How do I fix a "Unknown configuration key `foreign-architecture' found in your `dpkg' configuration files." error? I have been invited to write a book chapter in an edited volume, relating to my field of work. I have a paper ready that I have not published and was planning to submit it soon. So, I am wondering is it worth to use that article for the book chapter, as both are on the same topic, or is it in a sense a waste of a journal paper, as book chapters might not be seen to have the same academic value? What should I do? Should I, instead, send the ready paper to a journal for a review and write a book chapter, based on a couple papers I have published, for instance?  Generally speaking, where does a book chapter stand? Is it something between a conference paper and a full-fledged journal article? Or, does does it have the same value as either of the above-mentioned publication types, in your opinion? How to style text in hyperref \url? SF Story about human adapting to alien environment This is a story that was read on BBC radio about thirty years ago, and this is about as right as I can remember it: The human pilot of a spacecraft is doing some reconnaissance on an alien planet. He crashes but survives. For some reason, no one will know where to look for him. He sees something in the distance that looks like a building of some sort. When he gets there, it seems to be a home. Very much like a human home. There's furniture, but it's strange and uncomfortable . There's food, but it's inedible. There's a faucet but what comes out of it seems more like acid. Everything looks as though it should be right, but it's not. He leaves the house, wanders and after a few days is desperate for water. But there isn't any water anywhere. He's close to death, crawling on the ground and then something happens. There are cracks in the soil and there appears to be water bubbling up from perhaps some underground stream. The water revives him. He goes back to the house and tries the food again. It's delicious and he eats enough to gain back his strength. Then he decides to try the water again. It's pure and wonderful. He takes a shower and the last line of the story is how refreshing the water is on his skin and something about him lifting his tail. My question might appear the same as the question , but actually I did read all the answers and none of them helped me with the details I need.  I am new to cryptography and my problem is with two time pad attacks on OTP. The problem I had in my course was that I have 10 ciphertexts encrypted with the same key $K$. I am then given another ciphertext that I should decrypt.  I know that XOR-ing two ciphers gives me the XOR of their original messages.  My question is what is the correct thing to do after that?  I tried to take 3 ciphertexts $C_1, C_2$ and $C_3$.  Then get $S_1 = C_1 \oplus C_2  \oplus $' ', also get $S_2 = C_1 \oplus C_3 \oplus$ ' '.  After that I compared all corresponding characters in $S_1$ and $S_2$,  and if $S_1[i] = S_2[i]$ then I calculate $S_1[i] \oplus C_2[i]$ to get $K[i]$.  I tried this on paper before coding and it worked, but I might be missing something.  Is this the right approach? Why does it work? Minimal cut edges number in connected Eulerian graph. I have to prove that Connected graph is Eulerian Graph if and only if the number of edges in minimal cut is even.  Implication from left to right. Well if $G$ is Eulerian Graph then degree of each vertex must be even. It's oblivious if i try to disconnect graph by removing all edges connected to the vertex with minimal degree. But minimal cut can be done also by dividing graph into 2 connected graphs (each graph with more then one vertex) and i have no idea how to deal with it.  Implication from right to left - completly no idea. When should I begin publishing? How to view the output of a running process in another bash session? I have left a script running on a remote machine from when I was locally working at it. I can connect over SSH to the machine as the same user and see the script running in ps.   $ ps aux | grep ipcheck myuser  18386  0.0  0.0  18460  3476 pts/0    S+   Dec14   1:11 /bin/bash ./ipchecker.sh   It is simply outputting to stdout on a local session (I ran ./ipchecker.sh form a local terminal window, no redirection, no use of screen etc).  Is there anyway from an SSH session I can view the output of this running command (without stopping it)?  So far the best I have found is to use strace -p 18386 but I get hordes of text flying up the screen, its far too detailed. I can stop strace and then sift through the output and find the text bring printed to stdout but its very long and confusing, and obviously whilst it's stopped I might miss something. I would like to find a way to see the script output live as if I was working locally.  Can anyone improve on this? The obvious answer is to restart the script with redirection or in a screen session etc, this isn't a mission critical script so I could do that. Rather though, I see this as a fun learning exercise. What is the longest additional time ever used in Europe's top five leagues? Please mention the details of the match. What is the icon next to Spotlight in menu bar, and how to remove it? What is this icon   in OS X menu bar and how do you remove it? I accidentally opened Orca Screen Reader from the Dash when I was trying to open Screenshot. Now everything I type or click on is spoken out loud.  How do I make it stop?  For reference, here is a screenshot of Orca Screen Reader running: Proof of the equality $\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{k^2}{2^k} = 6$ Show that for $k$ running over positive integers  $$ \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{k^2}{2^k}=6 .$$ We can use finite calculus. When hyperref is loaded I receive the following error:     TeX capacity exceeded, sorry [input stack size=5000].   However, when I remove hyperref package it compiles successfully. I traced it back and found that \maketitle causes the error but don't know how to fix it. Is there any way to use hyperref in my setup.   Code:       %!TEX TS-program = xelatex     \documentclass[journal,transmag,]{IEEEtran}      \usepackage[hyphens]{url}     \usepackage{hyperref}      \usepackage{xunicode}      \usepackage{fontspec}      \usepackage{polyglossia}     \setmainlanguage{english}     \setotherlanguage{arabic}     \newfontfamily\arabicfont[Script = Arabic]{Amiri} % Replace 'Simplified Arabic' with a font from your system       \begin{document}     \title{A Very Nice Title}      \author{\IEEEauthorblockN{             John Doe\IEEEauthorrefmark{1}}%,~\IEEEmembership{Member,~IEEE}         \IEEEauthorblockA{\IEEEauthorrefmark{1}My address}         % &lt;-this % stops an unwanted space         \thanks{Manuscript received mm dd, 20xx; revised mm dd, 20xx.               }     }      % The paper headers     \markboth{headers...}%     {Shell \MakeLowercase{\textit{et al.}}: Bare Demo of IEEEtran.cls for IEEE Transactions on Magnetics Journals}      \IEEEtitleabstractindextext{%         \begin{abstract}My Abstract.\end{abstract}          % Note that keywords are not normally used for peerreview papers.         \begin{IEEEkeywords}             Key 1, Key 2     \end{IEEEkeywords}}      \maketitle       \IEEEdisplaynontitleabstractindextext     % \IEEEdisplaynontitleabstractindextext has no effect when using     \IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle       \section{Introduction}     English Text      \begin{Arabic}      السَلَامُ عَلَيكُمْ     \end{Arabic}       \end{document} I am studying English in Korea.   All my friends and I are studying about 'sentence patterns'  Sentence patterns, said in here, are S+V, S+V+C, S+V+O, S+V+I.O+D.O, S+V+O+O.C.  But my teacher said these 5-sentence patterns are not perfect in grammar. But  because we don't use English by mother language, they will be helpful for understanding English.  Then, I came up with something.   Is sentence patterns used everywhere? (like U.S.A, U.K, Australia, anyother country where people use english by their mother language?)  I really wonder.