Collation for German characters
UTF-8 all the way through
Horizontal scroll bar occludes text I've been running into this lately.  The scroll-bar gets stuck and makes it difficult to read the text.  I'm running Chrome Version 56.0.2924.87 (64-bit) on macos. Hello [Comma?] John, How do I iterate over a range of numbers in Bash when the range is given by a variable?  I know I can do this (called "sequence expression" in the Bash ):   for i in {1..5}; do echo $i; done   Which gives:     1    2    3    4    5   Yet, how can I replace either of the range endpoints with a variable? This doesn't work:  END=5 for i in {1..$END}; do echo $i; done   Which prints:     {1..5} My script (should) acts differently, depending on the presence of the data in the input stream. So I can invoke it like this:  $ my-script.sh   or:  $ my-script.sh &lt;&lt;-MARK     Data comes...     ...data goes. MARK   or:  $ some-command | my-script.sh   where two last cases should read the data, while first case should notice the data is missing and act accordingly.  The crucial part (excerpt) of the script is:  #!/bin/bash local myData; read -d '' -t 0 myData;  [ -z "${myData}" ] &amp;&amp; {     # Notice the lack of the data. } || {     # Process the data. }   I use read to read input data, then option -d '' to read multiple lines, as this is expected, and the -t 0 to set timeout to zero. Why the timeout? According to  (typing left unchanged; bold is mine):     -t timeout time out and return failure if a complete line of input is               not read withint TIMEOUT seconds.  The value of the TMOUT               variable is the default timeout.  TIMEOUT may be a               fractional number.  If TIMEOUT is 0, read returns success only               if input is available on the specified file descriptor.  The               exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded   So I in case 2 and 3 it should read the data immediately, as I understand it. Unfortunately it doesn't. As -t can take fractional values (according to above man page), changing read line to:  read -d '' -t 0.01 myData;   actually reads the data when data is present and skips it (after 10ms timeout) if it is not. But it should also work when TIMEOUT is set to real 0.  Why it actually doesn't? How can this be fixed? And is there, perhaps, alternative solution to the problem of "act differently depending on the presence of the data"?  UPDATE  Thanks to @Isaac I found a misleading discrepancy between quoted on-line version and my local one (normally I do not have locale set to en_US, so help read gave me translation which I couldn't paste here, and looking up for on-line translation was faster than setting new env---but that caused the whole problem).  So for 4.4.12 version of Bash it says:     If TIMEOUT is 0, read returns               immediately, without trying to read any data, returning               success only if input is available on the specified               file descriptor.   This gives a little bit different impression than "If TIMEOUT is 0, read returns success only if input is available on the specified file descriptor"---for me it implied actually an attempt to read the data.  So finally I tested this and it worked perfectly:  read -t 0 &amp;&amp; read -d '' myData;   The meaning: see if there's anything to read and if it succeed, just read it.  So as to base question, the correct answer was provided by Isaac. And as to alternative solution I prefer the above "read &amp;&amp; read" method. Add a transparent image on top of a material Order of "not" with infinitive This is one thing that keeps bugging me, and maybe there's a direct answer. Grammatically, which one is more correct of these two?  Does it make a difference?  I tried not to do that. I tried to not do that. What are the differences between sudo, su, visudo, chroot, and gksu? What are the differences between sudo, su, visudo, chroot, and gksu ? Is it possible to add a list of hosts that are only specific to a certain user? Perhaps a user-specific hosts file?  This mechanism should also complement the entries in the /etc/hosts file. Where can I find a reference to the format of the comment field (field 5) of the /etc/passwd file? In the /etc/passwd file on my system, the "comment" field, field 5, is inconsistent in its contents.  I thought that I could extract it to get the full name of the user.  fullname=`awk -F: '$1 == name {print $5}' name=$LOGNAME /etc/passwd`   However this returns with $fullname containing a name with 0, 3, or 4 commas following.  Exploring the man page (man 5 passwd) provides no details of this field other than describing it as "user name or comment field."  Perhaps there is additional information that is stored along with the user name? Finding descendants of British great grand uncle who emigrated to Australia? From  I have received the information of the person with the possibility of great-grandfather.   However, I have a bigger problem from here which is whether he really is my great-grandfather because there was a brother to him in the information.   If I can find his brother's descendants, then I may be able to learn the kinship with DNA testing.   How can I find the living descendants of this great grand uncle?  I was born and grew up in Japan where research is easy for me but I do not know the best way in Britain and Australia.  C.Z.Ede is the name of the candidate for my great-grandfather and his information can be found at   There is also a Mr Peter Zohrab site () which mentions "Sydney Cuthbert Ede, Eagleville Station, Talbotville, Victoria, Australia".  Mr Peter Zohrab from that site suggested that I look for descendants of Sydney Cuthbert Ede in Australia or New Zealand. However, I have not yet found any. I am also inquiring at the church in which he was baptized. Why is my camera limited to a shutter speed of 1/250th when the flash is up? Sometimes in bright backlight and with large aperture (f2.8) I want flash at high shutter speeds.  But when I pop the flash up on D7000 it caps the shutter speed to 1/250th, which overexposes the shots and makes everything look like a nuclear bomb just went off.  What's the logic behind the limiting of the shutter speed when using flash? Is there anything I can do to get flash  + faster shutter speeds? After upgrading to Ubuntu 14.04 from 12.04 I have duplicate entries in dash.    How can I get rid of them? Block network access of a process? I am trying to set up a wordpress multisite with MAMP Pro that will allow me to have two different domains (one domain for each language): dev.domainenglish.com dev.domainfrench.com I have already set up the primary english virtual host and secondary virtual french host. I have installed the wordpress multi site on the primary English virtual host. Next I created a &quot;sub site&quot; within the primary english domain multi site that has the location  dev.domainenglish.com/french/ Then I tried to use the MU Domain mapping plugin to make it so that when you visit dev.domainfrench.com the theme and content posted on dev.domainenglish.com/french/ will be visible. As of now when you visit dev.domainfrench.com the page loads the standard MAMP Pro index.html instead of my wordpress subsite:  the virtual host was set up successfully. If you can see this page, your new virtual host was set up successfully. Now, &gt;web contents can be added and this placeholder page1 should be replaced or &gt;deleted.&quot;  I understand that this plugin was built for live sites. But is there anyway I can achieve my goal of having two domains under one Wordpress multisite on my localhost? Thank you for your time! Linux file access monitoring Is there any way in unix to find out who accessed certain file in last 1 week? It may be user or some script ftp it to some other place. Can I get a list of user name who accessed certain file? How can I find out who is accessing particular file?? Viruses at this period of time do not fit the current definition of life.   Much of the reasoning behind this is that we currently believe that all life must be made up of cells.  Also, many biologist/scientists say that viruses are not living because all they are is just chemicals carrying out their predefined chemistry.   Has anyone every considered the fact that cells, the supposed building blocks of life, themselves simply only carry out predefined chemical actions? All actions cells carry out are chemically driven, not consciously or spiritually driven. Cells do not make choices, they follow chemical directions present in their DNA and RNA. Viruses act very similarly, following the action transcribed in their DNA or RNA.   How can we really even draw a defined line of what life is? Count number of occurences for each unique value Is there a reason why "gn" in "reigning" is pronounced /n/ while in "regnant" it is pronounced [gn]? Both reigning and regnant are related to the same Latin noun, regnum.  Why is the ‹gn› spelling pronounced [n] in the first word but [gn] in the second? Word for the behavior of people who complain at everything you do Applying for a UK Tourist Visa from outside country of origin