Distribution of the top $m$ of $n$ samples of a Gaussian distribution?
Approximate order statistics for normal random variables
Can a unit test project load the target application's app.config file? I am unit testing a .NET application (.exe) that uses an app.config file to load configuration properties.  The unit test application itself does not have an app.config file.    When I try to unit test a method that utilizes any of the configuration properties, they return null.  I'm assuming this is because the unit test application is not going to load in the target application's app.config.  Is there a way to override this or do I have to write a script to copy the contents of the target app.config to a local app.config?     post kind-of asks this question but the author is really looking at it from a different angle than I am.  EDIT: I should mention that I'm using VS08 Team System for my unit tests. Cann I use a 19.5V 4.62A laptop charger for 19V 4.74A laptop? Why does "Object reference not set to an instance of an object" not refer the variable name or column? Log4j Logging to a Shared Log File Is there a way to write log4j logging events to a log file that is also being written to by other applications. The other applications could be non-java applications. What are the drawbacks? Locking issues? Formatting? I've just happened to read this  on MO (that of course has been closed) and some of the answers to a similar  on MSE.   I know almost nothing of nonstandard analysis and was asking myself if something like the sentence « $1- 0.999 \dots$ is a nonzero positive infinitesimal» could be easily expressed and proved in nonstandard analysis.  First of all, what is 0.999... ? If we take the usual definition as a series or as a limit of a sequence of rationals, then it will still be a real number and equal to $1$ (I guess by "transfer principle", but please correct me if I'm wrong).  Instead, let's define  $$0.9_N:=\sum_{i=1}^N 9\cdot 10^{-i} $$  where $N\in{}^*\mathbb{N}\setminus\mathbb{N}$ is an infinite nonstandard natural number. This $0.9_N$ is a legitimate element of ${}^*\mathbb{R}$, expressed as $0.$ followed by an infinite number of "$9$" digits.  What can be said about $\epsilon_N:=1-0.9_N$ ? Is there an elementary proof that $\epsilon_N$ is a positive infinitesimal of ${}^*\mathbb{R}$ ? (by "elementary" I mean just order and field axioms and the intuitive facts about infinitesimals, like that for $x$ infinite $1/x$ is infinitesimal etc.; no nonprincipal ultrafilters &amp; C). Currently, for all my commands that require root access, I have to type them out on a command line.  I would like for the GUI to prompt me to key in my password, when sudo is required, instead of having to type out the commands from command line.  Is there any way to enable this? Previously one version of Ubuntu desktop had this feature out of the box.  This version of Ubuntu (that I am now running) I upgraded from a server installation.  I will add, my user account is already added to sudo group. Thus I can run commands such as sudo gedit or sudo apt-get but I'm not able to install software in the Ubuntu Software Center. Exclude menu item from the collapse of bootstrap 3 navbar Installing Ubuntu 13.04 on a MSATA SSD I am trying to install Ubuntu 13.04 on my 24Gb MSATA SSD. In my laptop, I've also got a 500Gb SATA HDD. I realize that in order for this to work I need to put my /home directory on the 500Gb HDD.   I've tried installing it by creating a ext4 partition on the SSD and a 8Gb swap partition on my HDD. This resulted in an error saying something similar to Cannot install bootloader, please select an other location for the bootloader.   Now before I waste any more time trying to get it to work I'm going to ask a bunch of questions:   Where should I put the swap partition? How big should I make the swap partition? (I've got 12Gb RAM) My 500Gb HDD is currently in Raid mode. Should I change that (to AHCI or IDE)? Where should I put the bootloader if the error message occurs again? How do I make the home directory point to the HDD instead of the SSD? Can I configure Ubuntu to install software/packages on the HDD instead of the SSD? What's the difference between Google Chrome and/or Chromium? What are the advantages/disadvantages to each? I used Google Chrome in Windows, and am now using Chromium in Ubuntu.  Is there any difference to the two programs?  What are the advantages and disadvantages to each program?  Which one seems better? Laptop using 14.04 won't get past login GUI Google's CDN is nice, but it's not 100% reliable for all users. It occasionally fails to load for me. Other users , and some .  It's one more possible point of failure. It would be preferable if Stack Exchange didn't depend on it.  If you don't want to stop using it, consider adding a fallback if it fails to load. Something like this:  &lt;script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.1/jquery.min.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt; &lt;script&gt;   if (!window.jQuery) {     document.write('&lt;script src="https://cdn.sstatic.net/stackoverflow/content/js/jquery-1.7.1.min.js"&gt;&lt;\/script&gt;');   } &lt;/script&gt; Square roots -- positive and negative It is perhaps a bit embarrassing that while doing higher-level math, I have forgot some more fundamental concepts. I would like to ask whether the square root of a number includes both the positive and the negative square roots.  I know that for an equation $x^2 = 9$, the solution is $x = \pm 3$. But if simply given $\sqrt{9}$, does one assume that to mean only the positive root? And when simply talking about the square root of a number in general, would one be referring to both roots or just the positive one, when neither is specified? installing rtl8814AU wifi adapter driver on ubuntu 16.04 Let $R$ be an rng. (There may be no unity)  Then, does there always exist a ring(with unity) $A$ such that $R$ is a subrng of $A$? Young Adult book about kids being bred for genetic purity in a world where races no longer exist I'm looking for a book I read in Junior High (probably) about a world where everyone was basically the same race.  One genetically pure male and female teenager of each race still exists.  They are transporting a genetically pure boy to meet his genetically pure female counterpart and accidentally introduce him to a genetically pure female of a different race.  And, of course, chaos ensues.  Any thoughts? Okay, this should be super easy to do but I just can't find the way.  I have a background image with a solid colour layer on top of it, and I would like to add text on top of everything in such a way that the filling of the text is the image in the background. I have tried selecting the text shape and deleting that selection shape in the solid colour layer, but it just looks wrong.   Can anyone help me with this? Many thanks in advance. Examples of involutions on $\mathbb{R}$ Just recently I read up something about involutions (functions $f: A \rightarrow A$ such that $f(f(x))=x$, for all $x$ in the domain of $f$), and was wondering how many (if there is a small set of general functions) such involutions exist for $A = \mathbb{R}$, or maybe $A = \mathbb{R} - S$, where S is some set of points that would make the involution work if they were left out of $A$. In general I'm interested in real functions that are involutions, continuous or otherwise.  There were some examples I found , but any more would be certainly very interesting! I have a DSLR (Canon 550D) and since I'm taking my first steps in the world of RAW photography I don't know which would be a good program to use to edit these files. I've tried  and  but wasn't satisfied. I'm sure there must be better software out there... What is the difference between "is subject to" and "is subjected to"? I found the following sentence on the U.S. Customs and Border Protection website:     All persons, baggage, and other merchandise arriving in or leaving the   United States are subject to inspection and search by CBP officers.   I would like to know whether changing "subject" to "subjected" will change the meaning of the sentence. Why is part of my model not being rendered? Why is the selected object displaying in the 3D view, but not rendering?  In object mode, it shows up:   However, it does not show up in render mode:   Why is this so and what causes it to hide in render mode?