SELECT within SELECT PDO prepared statement
Are PDO prepared statements sufficient to prevent SQL injection?
How to calculate a heading on the earths surface? Given an initial position and a subsequent position, each given by latitude and longitude in the WGS-84 system.  How do you determine the heading in degrees clockwise from true north of movement? How to put a full-width table at the top or bottom of the same two-column page as the reference text? Reasons not to use a 741 op-amp? It seems that through various related questions here, there is consensus that the "95%" part of what we call a "95% confidence interval" refers to the fact that if we were to exactly replicate our sampling and CI-computation procedures  many times, 95% of thusly computed CIs would contain the population mean. It also seems to be the consensus that this definition does not permit one to conclude from a single 95%CI that there is a 95% chance that the mean falls somewhere within the CI. However, I don't understand how the former doesn't imply the latter insofar as, having imagined many CIs 95% of which contain the population mean, shouldn't our uncertainty (with regards to whether our actually-computed CI contains the population mean or not) force us to use the base-rate of the imagined cases (95%) as our estimate of the probability that our actual case contains the CI?   I've seen posts argue along the lines of "the actually-computed CI either contains the population mean or it doesn't, so its probability is either 1 or 0", but this seems to imply a strange definition of probability that is dependent on unknown states (i.e. a friend flips fair coin, hides the result, and I am disallowed from saying there is a 50% chance that it's heads).  Surely I'm wrong, but I don't see where my logic has gone awry... I remember reading it while in middle school in English in the United States, so the latest it would have come out was 1998. I don't remember if it was all one author, or even the same universe. These are the stories I remember:   A man finds a way to create a medicine that prevents radiation poisoning (or possibly makes someone fireproof... it's a little confused in my head) and learns that part of the problem is finding a market for it. I vividly remember the inventor telling someone to not "let the doorknob ream you" as it slams shut. A bout of graffiti artists leads to the city buying anti-graffiti paint that dissolves any other paint put on top of it. After learning the futility of trying to paint over it, the protagonist consults with a friend and learns that the anti-graffiti paint will eat away at the paint above it at a steady rate, and will even eat successive layers of the anti-graffiti paint. he uses this property to engineer an animation involving a harlequin thumbing this nose at the officials even as they try to wash it away. Some guys (I want to say a gang) go to a clinic for an illegal nanotech transformation. The viewpoint character gets turned into a woman while a friend gets turned into a dog. After roaming about in their new forms, they return to find the clinic being raided, meaning there's no one to turn them back. I think I remember something bad happening to the one transformed into a dog where the transformation continued, erasing his human thought patterns. There was also a scene where the viewpoint character submitted to being sexually assaulted by his former friends as if it was simply to be expected given his form.   I don't remember if the first or the second story was the actual first story of the collection... I want to say that those are the order that they showed up as in the book. Are "w/o", "w/", "b/c" common abbreviations in the US? Rkhunter warnings help I installed Ubuntu 14.04 a few days ago. I've made a scan with a RkHunter and got a few warnings that I don't really know what to do with. I read about false positives a little bit but I didn't find the answer for myself really. I got those errors:  Checking /dev for suspicious file types         [ Warning ] [19:44:16] Warning: Suspicious file types found in /dev: [19:44:16]          /dev/.udev/rules.d/root.rules: ASCII text [19:44:16]   Checking for hidden files and directories       [ Warning ] [19:44:16] Warning: Hidden directory found: /etc/.java: directory [19:44:16] Warning: Hidden directory found: /dev/.udev: directory [19:44:16] Warning: Hidden file found: /dev/.initramfs: symbolic link to `/run/initramfs' Checking for group file changes                 [ Warning ] [19:44:16] Warning: Group 'winbindd_priv' has been added to the group file.   Should I be worried ? Calling a method in java and returning beer cost I am interested in calculating area under the curve (AUC), or the c-statistic, by hand for a binary logistic regression model.  For example, in the validation dataset, I have the true value for the dependent variable, retention (1 = retained; 0 = not retained), as well as a predicted retention status for each observation generated by my regression analysis using a model that was built using the training set (this will range from 0 to 1).  My initial thoughts were to identify the "correct" number of model classifications and simply divide the number of "correct" observations by the number of total observations to calculate the c-statistic. By "correct", if the true retention status of an observation = 1 and the predicted retention status is > 0.5 then that is a "correct" classification. Additionally, if the true retention status of an observation = 0 and the predicted retention status is &lt; 0.5 then that is also a "correct" classification. I assume a "tie" would occur when the predicted value = 0.5, but that phenomenon does not occur in my validation dataset. On the other hand, "incorrect" classifications would be if the true retention status of an observation = 1 and the predicted retention status is &lt; 0.5 or if the true retention status for an outcome = 0 and the predicted retention status is > 0.5. I am aware of TP, FP, FN, TN, but not aware of how to calculate the c-statistic given this information. How can Ohm's law be correct if superconductors have 0 resistivity? Optimizing logical sector size for physical sector size 4096 HDD With many new hard drive disks the physical sector size is 4096. Would it be possible to make the system use a logical sector size of the same size, rather than the default logical sector size of 512?  Will it speed up bulk reads and writes? Where can it be configured? How can we close questions with bounties? I just encountered , which is very cute and funny and has nothing to do with programming.  I tried voting to close, but was informed by the system that I can't do that when there's a bounty on the question.  So, since there's a seven-day bounty, this will remain open for at least a week.  I really don't care what happens to the bounty rep, I just want to be able to close questions that are thoroughly inappropriate although not offensive. Let $R$ be a commutative ring with 1 then why does $a\in N(R) \Rightarrow 1+a\in U(R)$? Does shoving a creature break its grapple on another? A situation came up in my session where a fighter used his Shield Master Shove feature to shove a Giant Crocodile that was currently restraining another PC using it's bite+grapple ability.  I did a quick check at the time and did not find anything related to shove, although in the  condition description it states:     The condition also ends if an effect removes the grappled creature from the reach of the grappler or grappling effect, such as when a creature is hurled away by the thunderwave spell.   I ruled at the time that a shove would count in a similar way to being "hurled away" however I wasn't sure and said I would find more concrete information for the future.  I have searched high and low for somebody else asking this specific question but have yet to find it. I saw some reference to a Jeremy Crawford tweet about involuntary movement and grappling however I am unable to find it.  If a third party "shoves" a creature that is grappling another, does it only shove the grappler away, or does it move both the grappler and grappled?  I drew a diagram:   (; this question relates to if a third party shoves the grappler instead, so it's not a duplicate.) How can I get my external IP address in a shell script? I need to find my external IP address from a shell script. At the moment I use this function:   myip () {      lwp-request -o text checkip.dyndns.org | awk '{ print $NF }' }   But it depends on perl-libwww, perl-html-format, perl-html-tree installed. What other ways can I get my external IP? Hoping someone can give me some thoughts on what might be going on here so I can be a bit more informed when I call a plumber.  Situation is, we got our water heater replaced a few years back and ever since this has been an issue. It's more noticeable when it's cold outside it seems, but still seems to be a year round problem. Whenever we  use hot water, we basically run out of it within minutes. In order to get an acceptable amount of hot water (enough to take a 10 minute shower), we literally have to prime the water first. By that I mean I have to turn on the hot water, let it run for a couple of minutes, then turn it off and wait 20 minutes. Then when we go to use the hot water again we'll get hot water for a respectable amount of time. Now I am fairly ignorant to all this, but it seems a 71 gallon hot water heater should be capable of holding enough water to not need to be primed like this. I should be able to take a 30 minute shower, let alone 10 without running out. My shower this morning was decently warm for maybe 2 minutes before it was just warm-ish.   So if anyone can give me some ideas on what might be going on I would appreciate it. We've just put up with this for some years assuming perhaps it was some eco friendly thing. Like the system doesn't maintain much hot water in the tank so it's not always running and only heats water up when you start to use it? I hope that isn't the case though and even so, I should be able to get more hot water out of it. Any help?  UPDATE Sorry everyone, I meant to tell you all that the water heater was gas. The pilot light is lit. I don't recall the specific model though I can look that up if people think it will help. I have actually turned up the thermostat on it above the default and when the water heater is putting out hot water, it can be very hot. Too hot. But again, that requires us to prime it before we get any decent amount of hot water out.  UPDATE 2 Looked it up, I believe this is the model info if that helps anyone: State Select: High Output. Model number: GS675XRRS 300 Extra semicolon near answers header On all the SE sites that I checked, the text that normally says something like “1 Answer” now says “1 Answer;” (with a semicolon seemingly in superscript):    The HTML for that part of the page looks like this (the semicolon is on the fourth line from bottom):              &lt;div id="answers"&gt;                  &lt;a name="tab-top"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;                 &lt;div id="answers-header"&gt;                     &lt;div class="subheader answers-subheader"&gt;                         &lt;h2&gt;                                 1 Answer                         &lt;/h2&gt;                         &lt;div&gt;                             &lt;div id="tabs"&gt;         &lt;a href="/questions/18587301/which-is-good-il-editor?answertab=active#tab-top" title="Answers with the latest activity first"&gt;             active         &lt;/a&gt;         &lt;a href="/questions/18587301/which-is-good-il-editor?answertab=oldest#tab-top" title="Answers in the order they were provided"&gt;             oldest         &lt;/a&gt;         &lt;a class="youarehere" href="/questions/18587301/which-is-good-il-editor?answertab=votes#tab-top" title="Answers with the highest score first"&gt;             votes         &lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt; ;                         &lt;/div&gt;                     &lt;/div&gt;                 &lt;/div&gt; What is the proper name for a "river plot" visualisation In a famous plot, Charles Minard visualised the losses of the French Army in the Russian campaign of Napoleon:    (another nice example is  xkcd plot)  Is there a canonical name for this type of visualisation? I'm actually looking for an R package to create such plots, but I don't even know how to look for it.  EDIT:  As I could not find a good package in R do do this type of plots, I have created my own, called "riverplot" -- you can download it . Here is a simplified version of the above diagram:    And an example of what other diagrams can be created with the package: Technique for finding the nth term I'm a trainee teacher and I need to pass a skills test in maths, but I'm having trouble in this particular area of algebra in finding the nth term of any sequence. I've been given a series of questions to answer one of them is:  Find the nth term of the sequence 3, 8, 15, 24.  I not only need to know the answer but more importantly the technique. This is GCSE level. $ \lim_{x\to o} \frac{(1+x)^{\frac1x}-e+\frac{ex}{2}}{ex^2} $ $$ \lim_{x\to o} \frac{(1+x)^{\frac1x}-e+\frac{ex}{2}}{ex^2} $$   (can this be duplicate? I think not) I tried it using many methods  $1.$ Solve this conventionally taking $1^\infty$ form in no luck  $2.$ Did this, expand $ {(1+x)^{\frac1x}}$ using binomial theorem got $\frac13$ then grouped coefficients of $x^0$ and it cancelled with $e$ then took coefficient of $x$ cancelled with $\frac{ex}{2}$ and so on   very messy right ? at last I got $\frac13$ but that's not the expected answer!  I must have went wrong somewhere can anyone help me with this.