FInding duplicate value in PHP array
How to remove duplicate values from a multi-dimensional array in PHP
Is there a better way to do optional function parameters in JavaScript? I've always handled optional parameters in JavaScript like this:  function myFunc(requiredArg, optionalArg){   optionalArg = optionalArg || 'defaultValue';    // Do stuff }   Is there a better way to do it?  Are there any cases where using || like that is going to fail? When would I need a SecureString in .NET? How can we extract specific files from a large tar.gz file? I found  but, when I tried the mentioned command there, I got the error:  $ tar --extract --file={test.tar.gz} {extract11} tar: {test.tar.gz}: Cannot open: No such file or directory tar: Error is not recoverable: exiting now   How do I then extract a file from tar.gz? No error message if the URL is very long I entered a URL with a very long parameter on Stack Exchange.  I have type this url    It shows a blank screen , does not shown any messages.    We need to show a “Page Not Found” message, same as what you did on other Stack Exchange pages. $(p\!-\!1\!-\!h)!\,h! \equiv (-1)^{h+1}\!\!\pmod{\! p}\,$ [Wilson Reflection Formula] How do you style an input type="file" button? What is the normal operating temperature for the MacBook (2016 generation)? Can a spellcaster use spell slots above their normal limit if their ability scores allow bonus spells of that level? This question is inspired by discussion , about how Heighten Spell works with Reserve Feats.  The question that I am asking here deals with whether or not players can cast spells using spell slots for spell levels that they don't have access to yet.    I feel like an example would explain this concept best.  Take Xylitol, the first-level wizard with an intelligence of 18.  He has 5 0th-level spells per day and 3 1st level spells per day from his class.  He also has 1 bonus 1st level spell per day from his high intelligence.  The  table says that he also has 1 bonus spell of each 2nd, 3rd, and 4th levels.  The question is this:  Can Xylitol cast 1st level spells using the bonus slots for his 2nd, 3rd, and 4th level spells?  He clearly can't cast spells that are inherently higher level than 1st, since he can't learn them, but can he cast 1st level spells using bonus 2nd, 3rd, and 4th level slots?  This has come up on these boards before, .  What I'm looking for here is a clear rules citation that clarifies this one way or the other.  The wording in the section on ability scores makes it quite clear that characters cannot cast spells that are actually higher level than their class allows them to cast, but it is not clear that these higher level slots are barred until the appropriate spell level is unlocked.  If a character has access to a spell level that they can't use because their ability score isn't high enough, they can freely use those slots for lower level spells, so why can't they use their bonus spell slots for lower level spells?  As KRyan's answer says, the Basics section covers this.  Based on questions and comments both here and elsewhere, that section seems to be worded ambiguously enough that it's caused confusion.  I'd like to find another, more clear wording to this rule if at all possible.  Answers from either D&amp;D 3.5 or Pathfinder are acceptable, but please note which one your answer applies to.  N.B. I'd like to note that I personally don't feel that players should have access to higher level slots like this.  There are a large number of locations where it's heavily implied that this is not the case, but I feel that finding a clear rules citation here would be helpful.  I can't find one that is clear for either interpretation here. "Speak to" vs. "Speak with" What are the differences between these two phrasal verbs and what are the best situations to use each? Change multiple filenames by replacing a character How to draw a crisp, opaque hairline in JavaFX 2.2? Empty Disk when trying to install dual-boot system I recently purchased an SSD to speed up my computer experience. Before, I had Windows 7 and Ubuntu in a dual-boot system. The plan was to install Windows 8 on the SSD and then set aside ~30GB for the system files of Ubuntu.  I installed Windows 8 just fine on the SSD, then I booted the Ubuntu install CD to make my partitions like always - but GParted tells me the entire SSD is unallocated. Now I am afraid I will lose my Windows installation if I try to do anything to it.  Why does GParted think there is no partition on the SSD? Shouldn't it be 4 Partitions, like the Windows installer told me?  And is it possible to ignore this and install Ubuntu on the hard disk (where it, frankly, already is) and somehow make it possible to install GRUB on the SSD to revert my dual-boot system without damaging the installed Win8? Is installing wine in Ubuntu safe? Is there a quicker way to turn on WiFi Hotspot? is there a way to automate (or at least reduce the number of steps) to turn on or turn off the WiFi hotspot on my Galaxy 3.  I have to    unlock  press the menu button  press settings press More Settings Tethering and portable hotspot Slide portable hotspot on. Can I use two different cards with the same name in Commander? You can reach this IP address  (if my computer is online). I want to assign a domain to it so I wonder how is that possible when I have no DNS? I do own my domain which is ".com". My IP is static.  Thanks What is the best symbol to use for the d'Alembertian? Normally, most people use the symbol $\Box$ to represent the  (including the linked to Wikipedia page).  Recently I wanted to use \hat\Box and \tilde\Box, but they do not render very well.    What is the "best" way to create such symbols?    Aside: The above image is rendered using my local install of pdflatex: pdfTeX 3.1415926-1.40.10-2.2 (TeX Live 2009/Debian). The symbols seem to render fine on some online services: e.g. "" produces    from   \begin{align*} \Box &amp;= \sum_a \partial^a\partial_a \,, &amp; \hat\Box &amp;= \sum_a \mathcal{D}^a\mathcal{D}_a \end{align*} How do I iterate over a range of numbers defined by variables in Bash? "Was going to" versus "would be" as the past tense of "will" Do you think that "was going to be" or "would be" could be used as past tense of will?     I thought this book was going to be your choice.        I thought this book would be your choice.   Do these two sentences basically mean the same thing or are they slightly different? $$Rad(I)=\{a \in R | \exists n \in \mathbb{N} \text{ such that } a^n \in I\}$$   R is a commutative ring, I is an ideal.   To show that $Rad(I)$ is an ideal of $I$, we have to show that for $a,b \in Rad(I)$ it stands that $a-b \in Rad(I)$ and for $r\in R$ it stands that $a\cdot r\in Rad(I)$, right??   When $a,b \in Rad(I)$ we have that $a,b \in R$ and $a^n, b^m \in I$.   $a-b \in R$.   But how can we show that $(a-b)^x \in I, x \in \mathbb{N}$ ??