How to join CSV data (based on admin boundary names) to shapefile of aforementioned boundaries in R?
Join CSV file to shapefile
I stumbled upon this "relation" (is the name correct?):  $$ \lim_{m \to \infty} \lim_{n \to \infty} \cos^{2n}(m! \pi x) = \begin{cases} 1,&amp;x\text{ is rational}\\ 0,&amp;x\text{ is irrational}\end{cases} $$  How is it called and why is it so? I'm really not asking for a proof since I fear it would be too complicated for me to understand, but rather for an "intuition". "When people do make changes" - which tense is this? Which tense are sentences like:   "When people do make changes good things happen" "Even if monkeys can play an important role, their actions can pose risk to the general public" Was or is? Confusion Why is it bad to log in as root? I've often come across posts on forums or other websites where you see people joking in such a manner about running/logging in as root as if it's something awful and everyone ought to know about it. However, there isn't much that a search reveals on the matter.   It may be widely known to Linux experts, but I really don't know why. I remember always running as root when I first tried Linux years ago (Redhat and Mandrake) and don't remember running into any problems because of that.   There are actually some distros that have a bright red background with alert signs all over it as wallpaper for the root user (SuSe?). I still use the "Administrator" account for regular use on my Windows installation and haven't ever run into any problems there either. How to connect to Android through SSH over 3G/4G public IP? Has a double slit experiment ever been done using a track chamber or even contemplated? I tried searches and the question has been posed in other fora, but no experiment came up.   Track chambers (cloud chambers, bubble chambers , time projection chambers, solid state detectors like the vertex detectors at LHC)  give the track of the particle as it ionizes the  medium, and could be carried out in geometry after the particle has passed the double slit. The straight track should be pointing back to the slit it came from and its record could be used as the points on the screen in the classical double slit experiment.  The set up as I see it would be the classical setup for single electron through the double slits but instead of a "screen" one has a detector and detects the track.  It should be a long enough detector to get an accuracy less than the slit difference so it could point back to the slit, as the interslit distance is of the order of 100 microns and detectors are giving order of microns accuracies.  This experiment, if possible,  would resolve the controversy whether the detection of the slit destroys the interference pattern or the  at the slits change the boundary conditions and destroy the interference pattern.  An expert's opinion is necessary whether the experiment is possible, whether the energies of the electrons to show interference with a specific d separation is enough to create an accurate track in a solid state detector. If not a cloud chamber would do , but again the energy of the electron would be important because it would have to pass the barrier air/chamber.  It could succeed if the double slits were within a cloud/ bubble chamber; the beam count was low  (10 to twelve per picture) but it was spread in the vertical direction. If the beam could be focused on the slits , it should be doable. Testing pointers for validity (C/C++) Is there any way to determine (programatically, of course) if a given pointer is "valid"? Checking for NULL is easy, but what about things like 0x00001234? When trying to dereference this kind of pointer an exception/crash occurs.  A cross-platform method is preferred, but platform-specific (for Windows and Linux) is also ok.  Update for clarification: The problem is not with stale/freed/uninitialized pointers; instead, I'm implementing an API that takes pointers from the caller (like a pointer to a string, a file handle, etc.). The caller can send (in purpose or by mistake) an invalid value as the pointer. How do I prevent a crash? Parallel universes: are there an infinite amount of universes? Parallel universe: in every universe, you are presented with a different decision. Does that mean there are an infinite amount of parallel universes? I.e., if in one universe I choose to go left, I am then presented with different choices vs if i choose right, and that creates more universes with more decisions to be made.  Or does it mean that in the end of one's life we end up in the same place, meaning that its just one parallel universe that eventually collides with the other. Help with multirow table I am trying to wrap text in the multirow column (1st one) and only have the vertical lines inside the table if that makes sense.   Can anyone help me? `  \begin{table*}[!htbp] \centering \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.4} \begin{tabular}{|c| p{2cm}|c|c|c|c|} \cline{3-6} &amp;&amp;\multicolumn{2}{c|}{\textbf{Gravité du Dommage G1}} &amp; \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\textbf{Gravité du Dommage G2}}\\  \cline{3-6} &amp;&amp;\textbf{Fréquence F1} &amp; \textbf{Fréquence F2} &amp; \textbf{Fréquence F1} &amp; \textbf{Fréquence F2}\\ \hline \multirow{ 2}{*}{\textbf{Probabilité Occurence O1}}&amp;\textbf{Possibilité Evitement P1}&amp;&amp;&amp;&amp;\\ \cline{2-6} &amp;\textbf{Possibilité Evitement P2}&amp;&amp;&amp;&amp;\\ \hline \multirow{ 2}{*}{\textbf{Probabilité Occurence O2}}&amp;\textbf{Possibilité Evitement P1}&amp;&amp;&amp;&amp;\\ \cline{2-6} &amp;\textbf{Possibilité Evitement P2}&amp;&amp;&amp;&amp;\\ \hline \multirow{ 2}{*}{\textbf{Probabilité Occurence O3}}&amp;\textbf{Possibilité Evitement P1}&amp;&amp;&amp;&amp;\\ \cline{2-6} &amp;\textbf{Possibilité Evitement P2}&amp;&amp;&amp;&amp;\\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{table*} Placeholder for body off in Android app The placeholder for the body field (the word "Body") is strangely placed in the Android app, seems a bit too high:    Could reproduce using:   Samsung Galaxy 4a.  Android version 4.4.2  App version 1.0.54 Moto X (2013), Android 4.4.4 App version 1.0.60 Windows 10 Start Menu can't have multiple shortcuts with the same target Problem  If you create two shortcuts with the same target then only one of them is displayed in the Start Menu. This is true for:   search results within the Start menu manually browsing program folders within the Start menu pinned shortcuts within the Start menu   This is important because:   the shortcuts might have different settings defined in the Properties dialog, such as different compatibility settings, or be set to start in different directories. some programs install a shortcut to a command prompt which is set to open in the program's installation folder. This enables easy access to the program from the command line without having to modify %PATH%, but it means that users who are unaware of this "lose access" to CMD. Programs that do this:           Things I've tried   Renaming shortcuts   Only the shortcut that comes first alphabetically is displayed  Using folders doesn't help   Only the shortcut in the folder that comes first alphabetically is displayed  Pinning shortcuts doesn't help   the pinned shortcut updates to point to the displayed shortcut      Steps to reproduce  Fully up-to-date Windows 10 Home.   Start → search for "Command Prompt" (or "cmd"). (Optional) Right-click on Command Prompt → Pin to Start.   This makes Command Prompt available when you open the Start menu without searching for anything.  Right-click on Command Prompt → Open file location   This opens a File Explorer window in %APPDATA%\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\System Tools  Copy the Command Prompt shortcut and rename the copy "AAA Command Prompt"   This ensures it appears before Command Prompt when files are listed alphabetically.  (Optional) Right-click on the new AAA Command Prompt shortcut → Properties   Change something. (E.g. set the "Start in" directory to a different location, such as C:\)    Notice that it is now not possible to access Command Prompt from the Start menu - it has been replaced with AAA Command Prompt everywhere. If you rename AAA Command Prompt to ZZZ Command Prompt then you get back the ordinary version and lose the customised version. Moving the shortcuts to different folders within %APPDATA%\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\ doesn't help.    Any ideas? Migrating to full Ubuntu after dual installation on WinXP I previously ran 12.04 alongside WinXP to see how it performed on my mom's older laptop.  i also migrated her email to Thunderbird. If I now convert from dual WinXP/Ubuntu to only run Ubuntu will things like her Thunderbird emails be transferred as part of the Ubuntu full install? Or must I do something else? I am fairly tech aware, but not a full IT boffin! How to escape quotes in shell? I'm having trouble with escaping characters in bash. I'd like to escape single and double quotes while running a command under a different user. For the purposes of this question let's say I want to echo the following on the screen:  'single quote phrase' "double quote phrase"   How can I escape all the special chars, if I also need to switch to a different user:  sudo su USER -c "echo \"'single quote phrase' \"double quote phrase\"\""   Of course, this doesn't produce the right result. Contemporary written usage of "whom" in objective case Possible Duplicate:          I was writing a LinkedIn recommendation one day, and ended up pondering for a while which of these forms to use:     … is a great developer whom I always   found easy to work with.      … is a great developer who I always   found easy to work with.   Both are basically correct in contemporary English, right? But is one or the other preferable, and if so, why?   (In this case I went with the latter, as it seemed more common (Google)  and I wanted to avoid sounding unnecessarily “archaic”, although I’m not sure whether that would have been the case. Also note that I try to write in a “friendly professional” style instead of overly formal one. :-) What are the different endings in Dishonored? In Dishonored the game as I am escaping the prison, I got a prompt that warned me:      Using stealth and nonlethal approach has benefits. Fewer rats and   weepers, some people react favorably, and the final outcome is not as   dark.   What are all the different endings? And how much chaos yields them? And what is the optimal ending? Are there names for consonant-shifts when suffixes are added? Excel function that evaluates a string as if it were a formula? Show that $x_{n+1}-\dfrac{x_n}{2}$ converges to zero implies that $(x_n)_n$ also converges to zero. Let $(x_n)_n$ be a sequence of real numbers such that $$\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left( x_{n+1} - \dfrac{x_n}{2}\right)=0.$$ Show that $(x_n)_n$ must also converge to zero.     $\textbf{My Attempt:}$   My original idea was to use the triangle inequality and the fact that $$\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left( x_{n+1} - \dfrac{x_n}{2}\right)=0$$   to show that the sequence $(x_n)_n$ is Cauchy and hence converges to some real number $a$, which would give me $$\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}x_n=a=\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}x_{n+1}\implies a-\dfrac a 2= \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left( x_{n+1} - \dfrac{x_n}{2}\right)=0\implies a=0.$$ However, I'm having trouble showing that $(x_n)_n$ is Cauchy.   Any suggestions/hints would be greatly appreciated. Thanks! Prediction interval for binomial random variable Collisions in space/vacuum