Undecidable language problems
Undecidable language problems.
Is there a keyboard command for 'show desktop'? Like Windows, I want to hit Super+D to jump to the desktop or minimize all windows. I don't see command like that in Keyboard Shortcuts. Any idea? Comparison between bootstrap percentiles confidence interval and BCa confidence interval? I have generated a nonparametric percentiles bootstrap confidence interval ($32.27143, 51.08571$), and a BCA confidence interval ($33.26, 53.49$) with an initial sample size of $n=7$.  Evidently, the BCA interval is larger than the percentiles interval. Shouldn't the BCA interval be better than the percentiles interval (and by "better" I mean "smaller")? I noticed also that when the sample size is larger, for example $n=40$, BCa confidence interval decreases. Change \textwidth after first page in scrlttr2 Problem with package lineno I'm using package lineno for proofreading of my documents.  So I usually have something like the following MWE:  \documentclass{article}  \usepackage{blindtext}  \usepackage{ifthen}           % to use if then else \newboolean{korrektur}        % for proofreading: true/false  \setboolean{korrektur}{true} % choose one, comment the other %\setboolean{korrektur}{false}  % What we need for proofreading \ifthenelse{\boolean{korrektur}}% proofreading wanted? {% YES:   \usepackage{showframe}          % shows type area   \usepackage{lineno}             % numbers lines   \pagewiselinenumbers            % lines per page }% {% NO: % error if lineno was used before:   \typeout{***** Please delete .aux files if you get errors! *****} % What to add here so that I get no errors?  %&lt;================= }  \begin{document} \Blindtext \end{document}   Run it two times. Everything should be well, blindtext is numbered.  Now please move the % sign from line 8 (false) to line 7 (true).    Because we had had the run before there is an .aux-file, including lines with the macro \@LN.  If you compile now you will get the following error message (and some more):   ***** Please delete .aux files if you get errors! ***** (C:\Users\...\LaTeX\_TeX.SX\lineno\test-lineno.aux ! Undefined control sequence. l.2 \@LN         {0}{0}   Question:  Is it possible to add in line 20 (see %&lt;===========) something to get rid of the error messages? Something that resets the meaning of macro \@LN? How do I eliminate the vertical realignment when using arrayrulecolor with cmidrule? What do you call someone who is supported? Synonym for a supportee (Which doesn't seem to be a word)?  I created products that retail and we sell them and give the proceeds to charities. Trying to figure out a single word to use as a page title for those that we support were we can list the charities (With their permission of course).  Thanks Could humans choose to establish fibre digesting colonies in our guts? apt-get stuck at 0 [Connecting to us.archive.ubuntu.com] When I do upgrade it gets stuck here:  user@plato:~# sudo apt-get upgrade Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree        Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... Done The following packages will be upgraded:   bind9-host coreutils cpio curl dnsutils libbind9-90 libc-bin libc-dev-bin   libc6 libc6-dev libcgmanager0 libcurl3 libcurl3-gnutls libdns100   libdrm-intel1 libdrm-nouveau2 libdrm-radeon1 libdrm2 libisc95 libisccc90   libisccfg90 libjasper1 liblwres90 libplymouth2 libsepol1 libssl-dev   libssl-doc libssl1.0.0 linux-libc-dev mime-support multiarch-support ntp   ntpdate openssl plymouth plymouth-theme-ubuntu-text python3-distupgrade   ubuntu-release-upgrader-core unzip 39 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 16.0 MB of archives. After this operation, 12.3 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y 0% [Connecting to us.archive.ubuntu.com (2001:67c:1562::15)] ░   When I do update it gets stuck here:  user@plato:~# apt-get update 0% [Connecting to us.archive.ubuntu.com (2001:67c:1562::14)] [Connecting to sec░   I'm able to ping us.archive.ubuntu.com just fine:  user@plato:~# ping us.archive.ubuntu.com PING us.archive.ubuntu.com (91.189.91.23) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from economy.canonical.com (91.189.91.23): icmp_seq=1 ttl=54 time=81.5 ms 64 bytes from economy.canonical.com (91.189.91.23): icmp_seq=2 ttl=54 time=81.5 ms 64 bytes from economy.canonical.com (91.189.91.23): icmp_seq=3 ttl=54 time=81.5 ms 64 bytes from economy.canonical.com (91.189.91.23): icmp_seq=4 ttl=54 time=81.4 ms ^C --- us.archive.ubuntu.com ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3004ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 81.425/81.528/81.582/0.355 ms   What can i do to fix this?    What I have tried so far.  I've tried following directions on this blog:   To force apt-get to use IPv4 exclusively   Create a file in /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/99force-ipv4 Add this line to newly created file Acquire::ForceIPv4 false; Apt-get will now use IPv4 exclusively class and private variables How to safely change OS name in grub boot menu? I have a system where I am dual-booting Ubuntu GNOME 15.10 and Ubuntu GNOME 16.04, however after installing Ubuntu GNOME 16.04, I have found that in the GRUB boot entry list it is called "Ubuntu", whereas the other one is called something like "Ubuntu GNOME 15.10", is there any way I can change the text of the "Ubuntu" one to "Ubuntu GNOME 16.04"? And also change the names of the other options so that instead of "Advanced options for Ubuntu" it says "Advanced options for Ubuntu GNOME 16.04" etc?  I rather do it manually if it is safe to do so, or a piece of software could be recommended, however nothing from a PPA or other untrusted not official source (I will only install software from the Ubuntu official repositories). Suppose you have a physical . It is true that as amplitude increases, the period increases. Can we demonstrate this fact without explicitly finding the period (which is pretty involved and pretty messy) in:    an intuitive fashion,  rigorously? How to show that when the linear transformation $\Phi =\psi \circ \phi : E \rightarrow G$ is injective, then $\phi$ is also injective? How to show that when the linear transformation $\Phi =\psi \circ \phi : E \rightarrow G$  (where $\phi : E \rightarrow F$ and $\psi : F \rightarrow G$) is (1) injective, then $\phi$ is injective and when (2) $\Phi$ is surjective, then $\psi$ is also surjective ?  I've tried to prove it by the definition of injection and surjection, but I'm not convinced myself by it.  For example, in the first case :  If $\Phi$ is injective, $\forall g \in G$, we have $0$ or $1$ $e \in E$ such as $\Phi(e)=g$.  $\Rightarrow \Phi(e) = \psi(\phi(e)) = \psi(f) =g$.   So $\forall f \in F$, we also have $0$ or $1$ $e \in E$ such as $\phi(e)=f \in F$.   $\Rightarrow \phi$ is injective.  Is this right or did I prove nothing at all ? I think it is easier to convince myself/ to understand with surjectivity but still.. Changing parameter values according to other parameter choice in Processing script using QGIS 3? Ideals in valuation rings How do I prove the fact that for any valuation ring $V$ the ideals are totally ordered under inclusion? If I upload my brain into a computer is it still me? I think the answer is yes but I know a lot of people disagree. So, I would like to ask these people when exactly does it stop being me.  Let's say I want to upload my brain into a computer using the following procedure:  I have each of my neurons replaced by electronic neurons. By electronic neurons I mean chips with the necessary hardware and software to perform the exact same function that the neuron being replaced was performing. This means that given the same inputs that the biological neuron was given it would produce the same outputs. Then I connect that electronic neuron to all the neurons that former biological neuron was connected to.   At the end of this process is it still me? If not when did it stop being me? When one neuron was replaced? When 1,000 were replaced? When 1,000,000 were replaced?  (assuming it is still me)  Then, I divide these electronic neurons into groups and for each group I perform the following:   Write software to simulate the group of electrical neurons in my computer such that given the same inputs that go into the group of electronic neurons in my brain, it will produce the same outputs. Replace each group of neurons with another chip that communicates with my computer. Each of the chips will communicate to the corresponding software module in order to determine how to transform its inputs into the necessary outputs. Connect all of the inputs and outputs of the group of electronic neurons to that new chip.   At the end of this process is it still me? If not when did it stop being me? When one group was replaced? When 1,000 were replaced? When 1,000,000 were replaced?  (assuming it is still me) Now, what I have is a bunch of these new chips in my head, connected to each other and for each of these chips I have a small neural network software module in my computer. So, now for each pair of chip/software module I do this:   Transfer all connections going into and out of the chip into the computer version (i.e. connect the software module to the other software modules that represent the other chips that this chip is connected to) Disconnect the chip from the other chips and remove it   At the end of this process is it still me? If not when did it stop being me? When one of the new chips was replaced? When 1,000 were replaced? When 1,000,000 were replaced?  If it is still me then I have successfully moved my brain into a computer without ceasing being myself.  So, again the question is if at the end it is not me anymore when exactly does it stop being me and why does it stop being me?  EDIT: This question assumes that our universe and everything in it (including ourselves) follows the (testable) laws of physics. As it stands it also assumes that neuroscience is mostly right, although the question could also be considered without that requirement if instead of neural simulations we were to implement physics simulation of the brain. Of course this is a lot less practical. However, if your view is that our minds have a supernatural component then the question does not make any sense.  It was also pointed out that this is related to the Ship of Theseus, i.e. is something still the same if all its parts have been changed. With regards to that I think it is useful to consider that most of the cells in our body (not including brain cells) are regularly replaced anyway and some people even get entire organs replaced. Yet, we don't say that they stopped being themselves. Note, however, that if you are assuming a supernatural component of the mind that this explanation is not really adequate or relevant. Let's consider two statements: Zorn's lemma and theorem about existence of maximal ideals in commutative ring with $1$.  It's easy to prove that Zorn's lemma implies existence of maximal ideals.  I wonder if the converse proposition is true, i. e., does existence of maximal ideals implies Zorn's lemma? My approach was to construct a ring structure on an ordered set which satisfies Zorn's lemma condition such that existence of maximal ideal implies existence of maximal element in the set, but I didn't succeed. I haven't logged onto my blog for years, and have, of course, forgotten the password. I click the 'Forgot' button and get a mail with a link, but that mail already says     Sorry, that key does not appear to be valid.   And sends me round the click to reset, receive a mail, click the link again etc. As if the timeout for password resets has been set to 0.5s or something.  This is a shared hosted blog, so I have full access to cPanel and all of the WP files via FTP, if that helps anything. How to include PHP files that require an absolute path? I have a directory structure like the following;     script.php      inc/include1.php   inc/include2.php      objects/object1.php   objects/object2.php      soap/soap.php   Now, I use those objects in both script.php and /soap/soap.php, I could move them, but I want the directory structure like that for a specific reason. When executing script.php the include path is inc/include.php and when executing /soap/soap.php it's ../inc, absolute paths work, /mnt/webdev/[project name]/inc/include1.php... But it's an ugly solution if I ever want to move the directory to a different location.  So is there a way to use relative paths, or a way to programmatically generate the "/mnt/webdev/[project name]/"? Problem with solving systems of linear congruence of two variables The problem I am given is finding a solution to the following pair of equations:  $3x + 4y$ $\equiv$ $5$ $mod$ $13$  $2x + 5y$ $\equiv$ $7$ $mod$ $13$  By reading the methodology here:   Since the modulos in my problem are also the same, I am able to use substitution, but this leaves fractions in my expressions.  I then used matrix multiplication as follows:  $\begin{bmatrix} 3 &amp; 4\\ 2 &amp; 5\end{bmatrix}$ $\begin{bmatrix}\ x\\ y\end{bmatrix}$ = $\begin{bmatrix}\ 5\\ 7\end{bmatrix}$   And solving this also gives me a matrix with fractions, so I am a bit lost on how to solve this problem.  Any help is appreciated. Thank you very much. Touchpad not recognized on Asus N550JK - TP500L (FocalTech) I'm installing a new laptop and the touchpad is not fully recognized. Specifically, two finger scrolling does not work.  extract from /proc/bus/input/devices  I: Bus=0011 Vendor=0002 Product=0001 Version=0000 N: Name="PS/2 FocalTech FocalTech Touchpad in mouse emulation mode" P: Phys=isa0060/serio1/input0 S: Sysfs=/devices/platform/i8042/serio1/input/input5 U: Uniq= H: Handlers=mouse0 event4 B: PROP=1 B: EV=7 B: KEY=30000 0 0 0 0 B: REL=3   Also, xinput list gives me:  ⎡ Virtual core pointer  id=2    [master pointer  (3)] ⎜   ↳ Virtual core XTEST pointer id=4   [slave  pointer  (2)] ⎜   ↳ ELAN Touchscreen id=10    [slave  pointer  (2)] ⎜   ↳ PS/2 FocalTech FocalTech Touchpad in mouse emulation mode id=14   [slave pointer  (2)] ⎣ Virtual core keyboard                     id=3    [master keyboard (2)]     ↳ Virtual core XTEST keyboard               id=5    [slave  keyboard (3)]     ↳ Power Button                              id=6    [slave  keyboard (3)]     ↳ Video Bus                                 id=7    [slave  keyboard (3)]     ↳ Video Bus                                 id=8    [slave  keyboard (3)]     ↳ Sleep Button                              id=9    [slave  keyboard (3)]     ↳ USB2.0 HD UVC WebCam                      id=11   [slave  keyboard (3)]     ↳ Asus WMI hotkeys                          id=12   [slave  keyboard (3)]     ↳ AT Translated Set 2 keyboard              id=13   [slave  keyboard (3)]   And finally, synclient tells me there is no synaptics driver active:     Couldn't find synaptics properties. No synaptics driver loaded?   So, it seems the touchpad is not recognized as a synaptics touchpad. It works, but not the synaptics specific parts.  It's in mouse emulation mode (no idea what it means). And it works together with other pointing devices, especially the touchscreen (I can confirm this works).  I have tried adding i8042.nomux=1 to the kernel parameters, but it didn't change anything... Any hint ?