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Good text on Clinical Trials? I'm an undergraduate statistics student looking for a good treatment of clinical trials analysis. The text should cover the fundamentals of experimental design, blocking, power analysis, latin squares design, and cluster randomization designs, among other topics.   I have an undergraduate knowledge of mathematical statistics and real analysis, but if there's a fantastic text that requires a bit higher level of statistics or analysis, I can work up to it. Why doesn't matter pass through other matter if atoms are 99.999% empty space? The ghostly passage of one body through another is obviously out of the question if the continuum assumption were valid, but we know that at the micro, nano, pico levels (and beyond) this is not even remotely the case. My understanding is that the volume of the average atom actually occupied by matter is a vanishingly small fraction of the atom's volume as a whole. If this is the case, why can't matter simply pass through other matter? Are the atom's electrons so nearly omnipresent that they can simultaneously prevent collisions/intersections from all possible directions? Every time I install a new Linux kernel, it gets left in the grub_config, making the boot menu longer each time.    I know I can manually search through the installed packages and remove them.  Does Ubuntu provide any easier way to clean them up or keep them from showing in the boot list? What kind of questions can I expect to see on a qualifying exam? In mathematics, there are certain open questions which are the subject of current research (think of the newest papers in the top journals).  I have also heard that some graduate programs ask questions such as these on their qualifying exam.  How common is this practice?  What kinds of questions can I expect to see on a qualifying exam?  I know that a qualifying exam typically tests the knowledge gained in graduate school, but I'm not sure to what extent this knowledge is tested?  How "advanced" should I expect these questions to be? Problem with Refsection Diplomacy Attacking a Territory as they move The Additional Drivers settings interface is no longer available in Ubuntu 17.10  How can I install proprietary drivers in Ubuntu 17.10?  I need drivers for Wifi &amp; Bluetooth (BCM43142) and Intel Graphics.  The earlier Additional Drivers program showed a package named jockey but it no longer seem to exist in repositories. Counting and rasterizing polygon overlaps in ArcGIS Desktop? How do you take a vector layer with overlapping polygons and turn it into a raster where each cell counts the number of polygons containing that cell?    We are looking at polygons of fire burn areas between 1976 to 2000 and want to see how many fires would be contained in each raster cell. Which is the best way to install new hplip versions? Hplip is the software that drives most hp printers. Usually new printers are only supported in newer versions of the software. Canonical doesn't backport new versions packages to older Ubuntu versions, that means that newer drivers are not going to be available in the Software Center of older Ubuntu versions.  As an example yesterday I needed to hook a hp 1005p to a computer running 8.04. I was forced to install a newer hplip than the version available in the repositories. I installed it using the script from the hp page, but I'd like to know other alternatives.  Which is the best (technically, not the easiest) way to install it and why?. Is denying "Paradoxical Partitioning" equivalent to accepting the Axiom of Choice? In  (to ) it has been noted:     One more point to make about the paradoxical decomposition to more parts than elements [...]   currently we do not know of any model of +$\lnot$ where such decomposition does not exist.    Namely, as far as we know, in all models where choice fails there is some set which can be partitioned into more parts than elements.   (Just for clarification: From the context of the above references the comparison "more parts than" is obviously meant in terms of the  of the suitable  being strictly larger than the cardinality of the suitable initial set itself.)  Now, I find the negation or denial of such "paradoxial partitioning" interesting; i.e. the statement (proposition, "$\lnot$PP"):  "Each partition of each given set has cardinality less than, or at most equal to, the cardinality of the given set."  And I like to further explore how this suggested "proposition $\lnot$PP" (being considered along with ZF, of course) relates to "the standard set theory including Axiom of Choice", . Therefore  My questions:      Are there any models of ZFC known (or could there be any such models, in principle) in which there is some set which can be partitioned into more parts than elements ?  And:  Are there any models of ZF known (or could there be any such models, in principle) in which there is no set which can be partitioned into more parts than elements, and which is not also a model of ZFC ?  (And just for reference: Is there a conventional or concise way of expressing the suggested "proposition $\lnot$PP" in terms of standard notation, such as used in the sources linked above? Has it perhaps been discussed already, by some other name? ...) How do I uninstall the command line tools for Xcode? We have a bunch of Mac at work that no longer require Xcode or command line tools so we'd like to remove them so the compilers aren't hanging around and we don't have to keep updating them when updates arrive. , but now that Xcode is an app store app you are left with the tools if you ever install them. Can we clean this other than wiping the OS for macs running 10.10 and newer? Is it necessary to close StringIO in ruby? Notify on retagging A question here on meta for instance may stick around for quite a while. A feature-request  maybe even for months. Then the status (tags) gets changed to  or  or whatever and the OP does not get notified.  On a normal post-edit we get a notification but retagging does not count for that. Please add retagging to the edit notifications. What does 'synchronized' mean? The definition of span In superluminal phase velocities, what is it that is traveling faster than light? I understand that information cannot be transmitted at a velocity greater than speed of light. I think of this in terms of the radio broadcast: the station sends out carrier frequencies $\omega_c$ but the actual content is carried in the modulated wave, the sidebands $\omega_c\pm\omega_m$. The modulation envelop has its group velocity and this is the speed at which information is being transmitted. We also know, for example, that x-rays in glass have a phase velocity which is greater than the speed of light in vacuum.   My question is, what exactly is it that is travelling faster than the speed of light?    EDIT: I know it couldn't be anything physical as its superluminal. My problem is, what is it that has absolutely no information content yet we associate a velocity with it. Are there any free/open source alternatives to Adobe After Effects? I've been a illustrator and graphic designer for a number of years and now I'm looking to go more into motion graphics and visual effects. Is there anything that is open source/free (not a demo, education version or trial) that is as complex and feature-rich as Adobe After Effects but for Linux? I've tried Cinlerra, kdenlive, openshot and Blender and whilst they are good at video editing (and 3d modelling in Blender's case) they fall short in effects and compositing features.  I've also tried , but the project recently closed and the last update was quite buggy.  Also,  doesn't work and hasn't been updated in many many years, so don't mention it ;-) playing a sound/notification in finch over ssh on my local machine So I have finch, a command line chat client (think pidgin) running on a remote machine that I ssh into. finch has notification sounds and can run a command when certain events occur, letting you pass the sound file in as %s. e.g. mplayer %s  from the remote machine, when the notification occurs, what kind of command could I run to play whatever %s is on my local machine? I've noticed that Visual Studio 2008 is placing square brackets around column names in sql. Do the brackets offer any advantage? When I hand code T-SQL I've never bothered with them.  Example:  Visual Studio:  SELECT [column1], [column2] etc...   My own way:  SELECT column1, column2 etc... The escape velocity of earth is roughly $11 kms^{-1}$. However, what if a long ladder was built extending out of Earth's atmosphere and considerably more. Then if something was to climb up at much less than the escape velocity, what would happen when it reached the end?  And what if the object that climbed the "ladder" then fired some kind of thruster/rocket and was going fast enough so that it orbited the Earth. It would mean less energy required to get into orbit?