Passing length in form of a string instead of measure
Get width of a given text as length
I often find myself in the following position: I've started typing a long command at the bash prompt, but half-way through I find out I need to check something with another command. This is a problem when I'm at the console (no X), which is often the case, because then I only have the following unsatisfactory ways to do it, that I know of:    Hit ctrl+alt+F2 and log in on another virtual console, and find out what I wanted, then go back and continue  ctrl+a, type echo + space + enter, find out what I wanted, press ↑ until I find my command, ctrl+a, del x 5, ctrl+e, and continue  Highlight what I've typed so far with my mouse (if gpm is running, which it usually is), press ctrl+c to interrupt, find out what I wanted while being careful not to use my mouse to highlight stuff, then press middle mouse button on a new prompt and continue  Pray to the command line gods that the half-written command will have no adverse effects but simply fail, and gingerly press enter, then find out what I wanted, press uparrow until I get my command back, and continue  Jump into my time machine, travel back in time and remind myself to start screen before starting to type command, travel back to the present, press ctrl+a c, find out what I wanted, press ctrl+a ctrl+a, and continue   So what I want to know is, is there some more elegant way of doing this? A sort of subshell-command or similar?  I'm most interested in methods that do not require any preparations or setup to work. Why is $1$ not considered a prime number?  Or, why is the definition of prime numbers given for integers greater than $1$? Show that the sequence $a_0 = 1$, $a_{n+1 }= \sqrt{2+a_n}$ is monotonically increasing Given the sequence $a_0 = 1$, $a_{n+1}= \sqrt{2+a_n}$, how can I show that it is monotonically increasing?  I need it to show, that the sequence converges. I already proved boundedness but I can't figure out this last part. What determines which pokemon you are allowed to place at a gym? So I defeated a Team Valor gym earlier today using my highest cp Pidgeot. It turned grey, so I went to claim it with that Pidgeot, except it wouldn't let me. What determines which pokemon you are allowed to place at a gym? Is it just those who have participated in a battle can't? Is there a time period for it? What about training at a friendly gym? Does this impact anything? Reflection is quad dependent and looks non realistic Im rendering varous objects with a Sharp glossy effect but the reflections are quad dependent on the object (image below), meaning they behave separately within every quad making it look 8bit-like. Can anyone tell me why this happens?. (Im pretty sure subdividing would fix it but I want to know why I cant have a low poly object reflecting normaly.  The object has 2 modifiers: Subdiv Surface and Solidify. (Perhaps the Subdiv is causing it?). Help me you Blender savys I dont have a powerful CPU to test and test within every render would take me hours and hours.  Image: Angle notation for complex numbers in polar form I always thought water sources were called taps in kitchens, bathrooms etc, but a Google search only returned outdoor taps.  So my question is, what are indoor taps really called? Like this one: Privacy leak in permalink? Update (Jan 8, 2019) This is now 8 years old, but still getting occasional upvotes/attention, so I thought it's worth giving a summary of the current state.  Despite originally being , over the last decade some changes have made the privacy implications much clearer.  You now click &quot;share&quot; instead of &quot;link&quot;, and the pop-up is very explicit that the link includes your user ID. There is a  asking that this user ID be anonymized or hashed, to allow users to earn publicity badges (the intention behind having the user ID present in the URL, as per ) while eliminating the privacy issue. Original Post It seems to me there is something of a privacy leak when permalinking to a question.  For what I would assume is the purposes of tracking which user is responsible for bringing traffic back to an SE site (for badges, etc.), the user ID of the user obtaining the permanent link . I wouldn't argue that this shouldn't be the case, but I find no warning or mention of this when I do these actions.  I'm sure I'm not the only one that doesn't desire anonymity on SO but would like at least pseudonymity on some places I might share a SO link, such as on a random blog.  As a user, I would not expect sharing a permanent link to leak my identity.   Unless you are familiar with Stack Exchange links or your own userID, it's certainly not obvious by looking at the link that it includes your personal info.  It'd be nice to have fair warning that using that feature will do so, and perhaps provide/describe the workaround: to simply remove the user-id segment from the URL.  Other features would be a preference that formats future permanent links to exclude the user id. Example (from this question)  Permalink:  Link to my user page: How do I attach events to dynamic HTML elements with jQuery? Could I have a hint for testing the convergence of the following series please?  $$\sum_{n=2}^\infty\frac{1}{(\ln n)^{\ln n}}$$  Edit  The integral test does not work because $\int_1^n\frac{1}{(\ln x)^{\ln x}}dx$ has not an elementary primitive.  Thank You. Best solution to protect PHP code without encryption First of all, I'm not looking for miracle... I know how PHP works and that there's not really way to hide my code from the clients without using encryption. But that comes with the cost of an extension to be installed on the running server.  I'm looking for something different though... I'm not looking to encrypt my code or even obfuscate it. There are many PHP scripts without encrypted/obfuscated code but they are commercial applications. For instance, vBulletin and/or IP.Board forum applications.  I just want to know what approach do these guys use for their applications...  I'm also open to any other suggestions.  Please note that I'm a single person and not working for a company. My product is also very specific, it won't sell that much. I just want you guys to know that I can't afford to consult a legal professional either to sue someone or prepare a commercial license. I'm just looking for a simple way to protect my simple product, if it's indeed possible, somehow... I want to learn more about hopf algebras but I am having trouble finding a down to earth introduction to the subject with lots of motivation and examples. My algebra knowledge ranges from Dummit and Foote, Atiyah-Macdonald commutative algebra, and Hartshorne level algebraic geometry.  What are good places to look at for a hopf algebra beginner? My main motivation is for studying groupoid schemes from an algebraic point of view. I want to change only the color (not font size, etc.) of all headings in my documents (\section, \subsection, \subsubsection, ...). I want to keep all other settings fixed.   Is there a way to do this? So, my update to 13.04 didn't go very well. Due to the lack of a decent driver (Yes, i'm unlucky to have a legacy driver which doesn't play nice with the new Xorg.), I had to mess around with stuff to first troubleshoot and afterwards "fix" my system.  I've finally got unity back, but now CtrlAltarrow and CtrlAltShiftarrow don't work anymore. They are bound in "keyboard" > "shortcuts", but nothing happens when I try it. A strange thing is that other keyboard shortcuts, like ctrlaltt to show terminal are still working.  I noticed that CtrlAltarrow doesn't show in the list with "unity shortcuts" (the list that shows when you hold the super key).  Does anyone know how to re-enable this way of workspace switching?  I enabled workspaces in the appearance menu. It doesn't have any effect though. Switching via the workspace-switcher in the unity dash works fine though.  CCSM is installed, but I can't seem to find a way to add keyboard bindings there.     System: ubuntu 13.04 64bit Meaning of backtick in floating-point literal Include some chat capabilities in iOS app Currently, the app notifies users when they're mentioned in chat. However, when we tap on the notification, we got redirected out of the app to Safari.   Is there a chance we can get some chat capabilities in the app, so that we don't have to login again in Safari to quickly reply to the messages?    App version: 0.1.19 09/19/2014 Can the preposition 'in' be omitted here? Explicit space character? I'm wondering about the best way to do an explicit space character (I don't even know what it's properly called), like the ones you get in the \begin{verbatim*} environment. The closest I've found is  \sqcup   in math mode, but it seems like a bit of a hack to me. Is there any text symbol for what I'm looking for? Extract all the polygon coordinates from a SpatialPolygonsDataframe? I want to do something relatively simply but it seems to be very difficult to do, though I am very new to using R for spatial data so apologies if I've missed something obvious.  I have a list containing 161 shapefiles of bird distributions in the world, they are each in the format of a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame. I also have world climate data in a raster stack format for 8 variables. Both sets of files are in the same projection (lat and long WGS84). I want to create new columns for the climate data with 1's where the species polygon overlaps with the climate data and 0 where it doesn't. I tried various functions to do this, quite a few initial options didn't work, the best option appeared to be:  pnt.in.poly(XY coordinates of climate data points, XY coordinates of species polygon)   I changed my raster of climate data into points to get the XY coordinates. I unified the polygons for each species shapefile and then used:  species@polygons[[1]]@Polygons[[1]]@cords   to get the coordinates for my species polygons as a matrix. However, I discovered that:  species@polygons[[1]]@Polygons[[1]]@coords    wasn't actually getting all the coordinates of the polygons only some of them.  I tried using fortify from the ggplot package, and it gives me a dataframe with coordinates but some of them are for holes in the polygons. I ran that with the pnt.in.poly function excluding the holes but it took an hour to run and when I looked at the output maps after it matched for some of the range but not all of it- there were holes in the distribution where there shouldn't be holes.   I also tried this method that I found somewhere else:  lonlat &lt;- lapply(slot(species, "polygons"), function(x) lapply(slot(x,"Polygons"), function(y) slot(y, "coords")))    which gives me a list with 436 items- but I'm still not sure how to get the coordinates into a matrix form that will work in pnt.in.poly.  I'm sure this should be easier to do! Does anyone know a better way? I would like to create a md5 checksum list for all files in a directory.  I want to cat filename | md5sum &gt; ouptput.txt. I want to do this in 1 step for all files in my directory.   Any assistance would be great.