Why is P value interpreted under null hypothesis?
If we disbelieve $H_0$, why quote a p value calculated assuming $H_0$ was true?
Can there be an option to allocate rep from any site account for offering a bounty? I think it would be useful if we had an option when deciding to open a bounty on a question that we could choose to allocate rep from one site even though the bounty is being offered on another site.  For instance I would like to use my rep from SO for putting a bounty on a question that resides on SF. I don't have enough rep on SF to make it enticing. So when you click on "start a bounty" you get sliders for each site that you can pull your rep from, maybe make it where you need to burn up all your rep for the site that your asking the question on and then allocate more rep from other ones, if you have it.  thanks devinb for clearing up my question with your comments! " transfer rep INTO a bounty. But you can't transfer rep across accounts. So, the rep you'd 'lose' from SO would never actually go into your SF account, it would go straight onto a bounty on whatever question." – devinb Free visual similarity image for a local hard drive search? I'm looking for a desktop search engine for finding images on my local hard drive with high visual similarity. I've only found paid for ones so far. It could be Linux or windows one, either would be helpful.  A Google desktop plug-in would be nice! How soon until I can take my newborn to take a walk outside? I understand that newborn's immune system is still weak and crowds/strangers are to be avoided. Knowing this, how soon can I take my newborn outside, for example to take ~1 hours walk in a non-crowded park? Any particular things to pay attention to when doing this? Two sidebars in Beamer for two presentations in one tex file How can I prevent SQL injection in PHP? If user input is inserted without modification into an SQL query, then the application becomes vulnerable to , like in the following example:  $unsafe_variable = $_POST['user_input'];   mysql_query("INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES ('$unsafe_variable')");   That's because the user can input something like value'); DROP TABLE table;--, and the query becomes:  INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES('value'); DROP TABLE table;--')   What can be done to prevent this from happening? Why are login forms centered? Why are login forms always centered on the screen? Most horizontally, some vertically also. Sites like Apple/Amazon/Adobe/Microsoft/Google/PayPal/Instagram/Twitter etc. are all centered! Is this an undocumented best practice everyone unanimously decided to use?         &ndash; Wireframes created with   Obviously it's most aesthetically pleasing, but is there any other reasons why?  Edit: Many of these sites do not support mobile either, so it wasn't done specifically for that. Problems with booting the system I have yesterday updated packages and today the system cannot boot properly. After seeing the Kubuntu logo there is a black screen which shows repeatedly.     Stopped User Manager for UID 121.      Removed slice User Slice of gdm.      Created slice User Slice of gdm.       Starting User Manager for UID 121...      Started Session c3 of user gdm.       Started User Manager for UID 121.   Please see the screenshot below Possible Duplicate:          Most commands I use in linux behave exactly the same whether I include the trailing slash / character on the end of a directory name or not.  For example:  ls /home/cklein ls /home/cklein/  cp foo bar cp foo/ bar/   When does this trailing slash matter?  What is the semantic meaning of the trailing slash? I improved an edit... but did I actually? I don't know how I did manage to do it.  I just ... Oh wait, did I do it actually? I actually simply approved it! You can see it . Apparently, I made no changes myself.  But now I'm struggling to understand how exactly was I able to do it, because in 79% of cases I am greeted with this message:        and in another 20%, this faked "improve" goes through (while I don't change completely anything) and I can haz a binding approval vote :D  And in other 1%,  it when I clicked improve (now I know ).  So it's definitely a bug, but I can't find the exact way of reproing.  Note: earlier there was actually a bug which allowed me to approve an edit by clicking improve and submitting with no changes, then it was fixed and for some time the message I've shown above stopped me constantly, and now there is another bug Does addition imply an order? Consider any integer, suppose a number 3. We can break any such integer down into a sequence of 1's. So, we can write: $$ 3\equiv1+1+1 $$ 3 represents what we get when we add 1 to 1 to another 1. Conceptually, what I am getting confused with, is the fact that notionally, at least according to this definition, there is one unit at the beginning, to which we add another, and yet a third. There seems to be a sequence here, which would imply there being an order. Am I missing something obvious? Show a message if directly accessing a deleted answer or comment Currently, if you access a deleted question you will get a short message informing you that the question has been deleted. However, if you click on a direct link to a deleted answer or comment (which you can get via notifications), nothing is displayed.  This is naturally quite confusing as you will get the message about a new answer or comment via notifications, click on the link and simply see nothing.  Therefore, I propose to display some sort of message to the user, informing her/him that the answer or question has been deleted. Note that this is different from always showing a deleted answer/comment, as I specifically request it in case you access the specific URL.  One example for a comment would be:   One example for a deleted answer is:   This question is related to ,  but requests a feature to circumvent the problem altogether. Should I normalize word2vec's word vectors before using them? After training word vectors with word2vec, is it better to normalize them before using them for some downstream applications? I.e what are the pros/cons of normalizing them? Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) in layman terms Could anyone explain to me in detail about maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) in layman's terms? I would like to know the underlying concept before going into mathematical derivation or equation. I dont know how to sort a list of SObject Case.  I have a List&lt;Case&gt; newCases which i iterate over in for cycle, where i save Cases to my new List&lt;Case&gt; casesList.  for (Case newCase : newCases) {             if(newCase.Case_Content__c == '111' &amp;&amp; newCase.Status == '24'){                 String cuid = newCase.CUID__c;                 cuidSet.add(cuid);                 casesList.add(newCase);                 casesList.sort(); //TODO sorting by CUID__c             }         }   What i need to do is, to sort this new list by field CUID__c. So the Cases with same CUID are together.  Thank you for any help :) How do I boot from ISO file stored on hard disk? Helvetica font has jagged edges I use 'Helvetica' as my font and build my document using Texmaker. But the PDF generated has jagged edges while using this font and when I use a different font (say Times or even Helvetica sans-serif) it builds just fine.     Please suggest if there is anyway I can get over this. The problem with these jagged edges is that it appears very dull and unreadable at 100% resolution.  OK guys, now here is the MWE  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% HEADER %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \documentclass[a4paper,twoside,12pt]{book}  %% Language %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} %\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{graphicx,color,subfigure}  %% Line Spacing %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \usepackage{setspace} %\singlespacing        %% 1-spacing (default) %\onehalfspacing       %% 1,5-spacing \doublespacing        %% 2-spacing  %% Other Packages %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \usepackage[left=1.5in, right=1.5in, top=1in, bottom=1in, includefoot, headheight=13.6pt]{geometry} \usepackage[pagebackref=true,breaklinks=true,letterpaper=true,colorlinks,bookmarks=false]{hyperref} \usepackage{helvet} \usepackage[square,numbers]{natbib} \usepackage{hyphenat} \usepackage{fancyhdr}   \begin{document}  \pagestyle{empty} %No headings for the first pages.  \cleardoublepage %The first chapter should start on an odd page.  \pagestyle{plain} %Now display headings: headings / fancy / ...  \pagebreak  %------------------------------------------------------------------------ \chapter{Divorce}   A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).   \end{document} If verification is quality control, what is a validation? Let $P$ be a probability measure on $(\Omega, \mathscr{F})$, If $a,b,\in\mathscr{F}$ and $A\subset B$, then $P(B)-P(A)=P(B\setminus A)\ge 0$.  So far I have:  $A\subset B \implies B\setminus A = B\cap A^c = \emptyset$ as $A$ and $B^c$ are disjoint. Since $A\cup (B\setminus A)=A\cup (B\cap A^c)=(A\cup B)\cap (A\cup A^c)=B\cap\Omega = B$  Then for $A,B\in \mathscr{F}\implies P(A\cup (B\setminus A))=P(A)+P(B\setminus A) = P(B)$ by countable additivity.  Rearranging, $P(B)-P(A)=P(B\setminus A) \ge 0$. Using Iterator with ModelBuilder for clipping and splitting in ArcMap? Is there a way to conveniently define a C-like structure in Python? I'm tired of writing stuff like:  class MyStruct():     def __init__(self, field1, field2, field3):         self.field1 = field1         self.field2 = field2         self.field3 = field3