How do I run a Bash command via a PY file?
Execute shell commands in Python
Additional horizontal space when the last line of an environment is full I have created an environment env which just adds a \medskip and some text (say "Blablabla") after the text inside \begin{env} ... \end{env}. The problem is that if the last line is full, then I get an additional horizontal space between the text and "Blablabla".  Here is an MWE:  \documentclass{article} \newenvironment{env}{ ENVIRONMENT:\par }{ \medskip \par\noindent Blablabla }  \begin{document}  \section*{First case: the last line is not full}  \begin{env} Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nulla malesuada porta tortor non vestibulum. Vivamus vel tincidunt purus. Curabitur quam arcu, suscipit sed diam sed, ornare efficitur felis. Duis at arcu iaculis, viverra ligula sit amet, hendrerit eros. Proin finibus venenatis sollicitudin. Nunc ullamcorper sem ut lacinia posuere. Integer pulvinar nulla lorem, ut pulvinar ipsum egestas at. Duis quam ipsum, posuere ac pulvinar vitae, auctor non leo. \end{env}  \section*{Seconde case: the last line is full}  \begin{env} Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Quisque suscipit vitae neque eu gravida. Quisque et enim quam. Integer elementum diam a ex laoreet, ac egestas lacus volutpat. Nunc ullamcorper non urna tincidunt ultrices. Etiam eu ultricies diam. Proin mollis, nunc sit amet volutpat varius, ipsum tellus bibendum nulla, in eleifend lacus felis pellentesque nisl. Phasellus laoreet, libero quis auctor congue, nulla nulla aliquam metus, in hendrerit arcu justo quis tortor. Nunc nec nisi euismod, consectetur tellus nec, suscipit libero.  \end{env}  \end{document} wireless network adapter supported on ubuntu? Checking out  and  (and some papers) was a bit difficult for understanding Group Action. The closest to understanding was this part:    I understand the definition of homomorphism (a structure-preserving map between two algebraic structures of the same type). And from what I understand the symmetric group is a group of functions (bijective functions) mapping elements of a set $X$ onto itself.  However I get confused at this line:     ...an action of $G$ on $X$ may be formally defined as a group homomorphism $\phi$ from $G$ to the symmetric group of $X$.   That seems to be the definition of group action, but I am having trouble understanding how to apply that.  What that says to me is it is a homomorphism (function) $f \colon X \rightarrow S$ where $S$ is a set of bijective functions on $X$. That itself seems weird, I thought a group action would result in a number or something related to $\{1, 2, 3\}$ (defined next).  Continuing, if we have a set $X = \{1, 2, 3\}$ and a group $(*,\{4, 5, 6\})$, then the symmetric group of $X$ would be something like $S = \{1 \rightarrow 2, 2 \rightarrow 3, \dots \}$, and $\phi$ would be something like $f : \{4, 5, 6\} \rightarrow S$. That doesn't make sense to me and I feel like I'm interpreting something wrong. I don't see how mapping to a set of functions $S$ will result in an action on the set. Sometimes writing braces and omitting them produces the same result:  \tilde{\psi}  \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i} \pi}   vs  \tilde \psi   \mathrm e^{\mathrm i \pi}   Or (taken from Werner's comment below)   \frac{1}{2} vs \frac12   If that's the case, how bad for the quality of my code is omitting them? Of course, if one compiles a pair of formulas, there is no difference. But, since I ignore how TeX works, my point is: if one writes long codes with these habits,   doesn't TeX go somehow crazy because I'm not writing as it expects?   For instance, does it have any effect on how fast are long documents compiled? Any reason to keep them? Show that $\tan{(\pi/7)} \tan{(2\pi/7)}\tan{(3\pi/7)}=\sqrt{7}$ How to undelete notes on iPhone "Notes" app? iPhone has a default "Notes" app which allows us to store notes. Stored notes can be deleted by hitting the "Delete Note" button:    How do we recover a note that is accidentally deleted?  Is there anyway to undo the delete? Consider the sentence &quot;I can run faster than 15 miles per hour.&quot; Its meaning is clear and to my eyes obviously grammatically correct. Now let me present some variations that have given me trouble for a long time.  I am faster than 15 miles per hour. – To me this is clearly incorrect. Directly comparing me to a speed doesn't seem right. We need to compare my speed to a speed, or me to another person.  I can run faster than him. – Compared to the base sentence, there is a distinct shift in meaning of the comparison. While before I named a speed faster than which I can run, now I am naming a person. It doesn't seem quite right. I realize the parts of speech can change, but my initial objection is that &quot;him&quot; is not a speed.  I can run faster than he. – This seems most correct to me, but still somehow feels objectionable. Is this in fact the correct way to say it? And if so, is it proper as is or need I say &quot;... faster than he can&quot; or even &quot;... faster than he can run?&quot;  I am faster than him. – With &quot;am&quot; instead of &quot;can run&quot; it now seems slightly more correct. But is it?  I am faster than he. – I'm in doubt here. It doesn't seem wrong to me to say, &quot;I am faster than he is&quot; or even &quot;I am faster than he is fast.&quot; (Though I suppose that is a given since I could hardly properly compare to some other category as in &quot;I am faster than he is smart.&quot;)  My speed is faster than his. – Hmm. This seems more proper as &quot;my speed is greater than his.&quot;   So which of these constructions is correct and which is incorrect? Is there a general rule that I can follow? UPDATE The scholarly article  may be of great interest to some readers!  Once we accept that the elided constituent and its antecedent can differ in form, it becomes reasonable to ask how large this difference can be. The answer in Rooth (1992), Fiengo and May (1994), Chung et al. (1995) and subsequent work is that the wiggle room is actually quite small: the elided constituent and its antecedent are allowed to differ only in the realization of inﬂectional morphology. Other than that, both constituents have to be syntactically and lexically isomorphic. close votes vs votes remaining I am new to the review part of Stack Overflow and I am trying to understand what is the meaning of votes remaining in the Review | Close Vote.  For example: Today I was at my 39 vote and it said that there was still 21 votes remaining.        However, after my 40 vote:        So, apparently I have started with 60 votes but I can use only 40? 'Which', 'whose' or something else? How can I change what keys on my keyboard do? (How can I create custom keyboard commands/shortcuts?) C# datetime parse issue Is it possible to activate an iPhone 4 without a SIM? So we bought an iPhone 4 from the Apple store. But we didn't get a micro-SIM as there are no PAYG tariffs on micro-SIM available.  Is there anyway to activate the device without getting hold of a SIM? I don't want to sign up to a contract just to develop with. C# LINQ find duplicates in List Misplaced/Overlapping Navigation Item Text on iOS 10 The bug displayed in the attached screenshot occurs consistently for me while running the developer beta of iOS 10 using v1.5.2 of the Stack Exchange app on an iPhone 6.  I was able to recreate this by simply tapping on any question or answer in my feed with a long title. This doesn't appear to be a bug with iOS 10 itself since I haven't seen it in other apps, but I could be wrong. When I run LaTeX file its gives error as  "! Package minted Error: You must have pygmentize installed to use this package", you must have pygments installed. when I go through minted documentation minted itself required pygments, so Tex friend How do I install this pygment, I don't know the procedure to install. Please guid me or any link pygement.exe file Unix separation of specific numbers from Column How can I separate specific numbers from a column and add it to a new file? For example, take all numbers that are "134" from column 3, I tried using   awk '$3 == 134" file.txt   but it didn't work, also tried using   awk -F, '{print $3 == 134 }' file.txt    didn't work.  Pink          132           134 Blue          189           167 Yellow        2000          134 Green         678           145 Black         789           145 White         780           135   So the new file will contain just the following   Pink          132           134 Yellow        2000          134 How to store credit card info on iphone? So what I have right now is something like this:  PropertyInfo[] info = obj.GetType().GetProperties(BindingFlags.Public);   where obj is some object.  The problem is some of the properties I want aren't in obj.GetType() they're in one of the base classes further up.  If I stop the debugger and look at obj, the I have to dig through a few "base" entries to see the properties I want to get at.  Is there some binding flag I can set to have it return those or do I have to recursively dig through the Type.BaseType hierarchy and do GetProperties on all of them? I'm looking for mathematics books, courses + exercises for high school level. My daughter was high school certificated but she has stopped her studies for 5 years. She would like to be involved in new educational program but she needs to restore her mathematic capabilities.  Could you help me to identify which mathematics books can help her?  Thanks a lot for your reply,  FR. Table fixed header and scrollable body