Executing PHP shell command requires sudo access
How to call shell script from php that requires SUDO?
What's the difference between adjusting highlights and shadows in the basic panel and in the tone curve in the Develop Module of Lightroom? I wanted to reduce some highlights in a photo and found that there were two possible ways of doing so: one from the basic panel and another from the tone curve. when I reduce the highlights in one pane the value on the other is unchanged. Are both of them the same thing? Which would be better? Installing Ubuntu 13.04 on a MSATA SSD I am trying to install Ubuntu 13.04 on my 24Gb MSATA SSD. In my laptop, I've also got a 500Gb SATA HDD. I realize that in order for this to work I need to put my /home directory on the 500Gb HDD.   I've tried installing it by creating a ext4 partition on the SSD and a 8Gb swap partition on my HDD. This resulted in an error saying something similar to Cannot install bootloader, please select an other location for the bootloader.   Now before I waste any more time trying to get it to work I'm going to ask a bunch of questions:   Where should I put the swap partition? How big should I make the swap partition? (I've got 12Gb RAM) My 500Gb HDD is currently in Raid mode. Should I change that (to AHCI or IDE)? Where should I put the bootloader if the error message occurs again? How do I make the home directory point to the HDD instead of the SSD? Can I configure Ubuntu to install software/packages on the HDD instead of the SSD? I'm wondering if there's a simple way to rewrite this in terms of $k$ and $x$, especially as a polynomial. It seems to me to crop up every so often, especially for $k=2$, when I integrate with trig substitution. But $k=2$ is not so bad, because I can use the double angle formula; it's the prospect of higher values of $k$ that motivates this question.   I think the law of sines may help? Or maybe even De Moivre's theorem, to find the length of the hypotenuse as the length of the angle changes, if we think of the right triangle drawn from $\arcsin(x)$ with side1 = $x$, hypotenuse = $1$, and side2 = $\sqrt{1 - x^2}$ as a complex number, though I'm not sure how that might work. Robot arm move a box Objective-C for Windows What would be the best way to write Objective-C on the Windows platform?  Cygwin and gcc? Is there a way I can somehow integrate this into Visual Studio?  Along those lines - are there any suggestions as to how to link in and use the Windows SDK for something like this. Its a different beast but I know I can write assembly and link in the Windows DLLs giving me accessibility to those calls but I don't know how to do this without googling and getting piecemeal directions.  Is anyone aware of a good online or book resource to do or explain these kinds of things? Tikz, Tree without overlaps Story identification: Old man has hacker neighbor who mysteriously dies Does anyone know this story? It was a novelette published with another one (I don't remember what it was) in . The premise was that the narrator is an old man whose neighbor, a hacker, dies under mysterious circumstances. A younger woman who is an expert in computer security is hired by the police to investigate what happened, and she has a fling with the narrator. After a while she dies as well, and the narrator realizes that it is an evil force that comes through electric lines is responsible for the killings. The title has interesting formatting in that it ends with a square (much like a command prompt cursor: [_] ) Are global variables thread-safe in Flask? How do I share data between requests? More and more I see, especially in activist communities, Spanish-derived words ending in x or @ in order to neuter the gendering inherent in the original language. For example: latinx (or latin@) as opposed to latina and latino. How, though, are these endings pronounced? Please provide evidence of how this orthography is most commonly pronounced. Note 1: I recognize this is in an English Language site, rather than a Spanish language site, but this phenomenon is very much happening in English, albeit with Spanish loan words. Therefore the question is relevant to non-Spanish-speaking English speakers. Note 2: A question like this can lead to politically charged or, at least, sarcastic comments. Please refrain from bringing in your biases for or against. Note 3: This question is not seeking opinions as to how some people pronounce the suffixes. Answers should address evidence of a developing orthodoxy in pronunciation. A group such that $a^m b^m = b^m a^m$ and $a^n b^n = b^n a^n$ ($m$, $n$ coprime) is abelian? Let $(G,.)$ be a group and $m,n \in\mathbb Z$ such that $\gcd(m,n)=1$. Assume that $$ \forall a,b \in G, \,a^mb^m=b^ma^m,$$ $$\forall a,b \in G, \, a^nb^n=b^na^n.$$  Then how prove $G$ is an abelian group?  Some context: Some of these commutation relations often imply that $G$ is abelian, for example , or . This looks like another example of this phenomenon, but the same techniques do not apply. How to remove a vector QgsVectorLayer from QGIS python plugin I managed to add QgsVectorLayer in QGIS through a python plugin, for example:  vl = self.iface.addVectorLayer(uri.uri(), layerName, self.dbConn.getProviderName())   But how can I remove it? is incompatible with the enumerate and itemize environments. Is there a typographical reason not to wrap a list around a figure or is it a technical limitation of LaTeX? If it is a technical limitation, is there any work (new packages or changes to LaTeX) currently being done to eliminate the limitation in the future?  Edit: To respond to some of the comments: I realize that there are "gymnastics" which can make this work. I do not have an example of the problem. Whenever I run into a problem with wrapfig because it is near an enumerate or itemize environment, I search for an easy solution, find none, and move the figure elsewhere. In the vast majority of cases, the cost of learning the complex solutions isn't worth the benefit of keeping the figure where I want it. Can we calculate the standard error of prediction just based on simple linear regression output? The standard error of prediction in simple linear regression is $\hat\sigma\sqrt{1/n+(x_j-\bar{x})^2/\Sigma{(x_i-\bar{x})^2}}$.  My question is to calculate the standard error of prediction for $pop=1029$ just based on the following regression output. I can get all except $\bar{x}$. And I also know how to calculate the approximate standard error of prediction based on the standard errors of intercept and coefficient of $pop$, ignoring their correlation. Example images in LaTeX? How to make an example image in LaTeX, a dummy image, a spot holder? I have seen it before, but I can't remember how they would made. It would be nice to be able to use example images - if you should help anyone or you need to question in this community. You might say I could , but I tried - and are obviously too stupid to find anything.  \documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage[ngerman, danish]{babel} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} %\usepackage[]{}  \begin{document}  \iffalse \begin{figure} \includegraphics[scale=1]{•}  \end{figure} \fi  \end{document}   Is it also possible to resize the example image? So I need a usepackage to make an image without including an immage. An placeholder so anyone can try my code without needing images - just needing my tex-code. I hope you understand?  Kind regards! How to run adb and fastboot commands from Termux? I struggled with this over the weekend, and need to remap my mouse buttons. Galois Group of $\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}}$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ I have a point $(X,Y)$ on an elliptical curve $E(a,b)$ where $a=-3$ and $B$ is a large number that is in hexadecimal from -51BD. To compress this point oficially in a program, we know that every $X$ on the curve has two $Y$'s, one even and one odd. Therefore, we only need to store whether the corresponding $Y$ point we are storing is even or odd. So to store the point $(X,Y)$ now, we shift $X$ ridding of its most significant bit and add $1$ if the $Y$ point is odd. Therefore, one can think of the compressed point being $2 \cdot X+B$ ($B$ is the bit we added to tell if $Y$ was odd or even) since the multiplication by $2$ is implied because of the shift. I understand this completely. It's recovering the original point that has me confused.  Since a point on the curve is given by the equation $y^2=x^3+ax+b$, we can find square roots officially in $\mathrm{GF}(p)$. The following from my spec is what confuses me.  If $p$ is prime and congruent to $3$ mod $4$, one of its square roots is $z^{(p+1)/4} \bmod p$ and the other is $p-z^{(p+1)/4} \bmod p$. How would I solve this? What is $z$?  For example, I know how to extract the $x$ point so let's say I simplify the right side of the equation to be $7$ and $p$ is $11$. Would I be trying to solve for the square root that's equal to $7$ mod $11$? Converse to Hilbert basis theorem Prove the converse to Hilbert basis theoren:     If the polynomial ring $R[x]$ is Noetherian, then $R$ is noetherian. Computing $\int_{0}^{\pi}\ln\left(1-2a\cos x+a^2\right) \, dx$ For $a\ge 0$ let's define $$I(a)=\int_{0}^{\pi}\ln\left(1-2a\cos x+a^2\right)dx.$$ Find explicit formula for $I(a)$.   My attempt: Let  $$\begin{align*} f_n(x) &amp;= \frac{\ln\left(1-2 \left(a+\frac{1}{n}\right)\cos x+\left(a+\frac{1}{n}\right)^2\right)-\ln\left(1-2a\cos x+a^2\right)}{\frac{1}{n}}\\ &amp;=\frac{\ln\left(\displaystyle\frac{1-2 \left(a+\frac{1}{n}\right)\cos x+\left(a+\frac{1}{n}\right)^2}{1-2a\cos x+a^2}\right)}{\frac{1}{n}}\\ &amp;=\frac{\ln\left(1+\dfrac{1}{n}\left(\displaystyle\frac{2a-2\cos x+\frac{1}{n}}{1-2a\cos x+a^2}\right)\right)}{\frac{1}{n}}. \end{align*}$$ Now it is easy to see that $f_n(x) \to \frac{2a-2\cos x}{1-2a\cos x+a^2}$ as $n \to \infty$. $|f_n(x)|\le \frac{2a+2}{(1-a)^2}$ RHS is integrable so $\lim_{n\to\infty}\int_0^\pi f_n(x)dx = \int_0^\pi \frac{2a-2\cos x}{1-2a\cos x+a^2} dx=I'(a)$. But  $$\int_0^\pi \frac{2a-2\cos x}{1-2a\cos x+a^2}=\int_0^\pi\left(1-\frac{(1-a)^2}{1-2a\cos x+a^2}\right)dx.$$ Consider $$\int_0^\pi\frac{dx}{1-2a\cos x+a^2}=\int_0^\infty\frac{\frac{dy}{1+t^2}}{1-2a\frac{1-t^2}{1+t^2}+a^2}=\int_0^\infty\frac{dt}{1+t^2-2a(1-t^2)+a^2(1+t^2)}=\int_0^\infty\frac{dt}{(1-a)^2+\left((1+a)t\right)^2}\stackrel{(*)}{=}\frac{1}{(1-a)^2}\int_0^\infty\frac{dt}{1+\left(\frac{1+a}{1-a}t\right)^2}=\frac{1}{(1-a)(1+a)}\int_0^\infty\frac{du}{1+u^2}=\frac{1}{(1-a)(1+a)}\frac{\pi}{2}.$$ So $$I'(a)=\frac{\pi}{2}\left(2-\frac{1-a}{1+a}\right)\Rightarrow I(a)=\frac{\pi}{2}\left(3a-2\ln\left(a+1\right)\right).$$  It looks too easy, is there any crucial lack?  $(*)$ — we have to check $a=1$ here by hand and actually consider $[0,1), (1,\infty)$ but result on these two intervals may differ only by constant - it may be important but in my opinion not crucial for this proof.