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About free quarks and confinement I simply know that a single free quark does not exist. What is the reason that we can not get a free quark?  If we can't get a free quark then what is single-top-quark? Intuition for uniform continuity of a function on $\mathbb{R}$ Modify all bash commands through a program before executing them I am trying to create a program which require such feature. The flow will be like:   User enter a bash command User hit the enter My script will get command, current directory,.. as variables. Program can optionally modify the command. Modified command will get executed normally.   Is there any way to do this?  Note: I need this for my personal use, I am not going to distribute this program. Forgotten PostgreSQL Windows password Why would parametric statistics ever be preferred over nonparametric? Can someone explain to me why would anyone choose a parametric over a nonparametric statistical method for hypothesis testing or regression analysis?   In my mind, it's like going for rafting and choosing a non-water resistant watch, because you may not get it wet. Why not use the tool that works on every occasion? "Which" vs. "what" — what's the difference and when should you use one or the other? Most of the time one or the other feels better, but every so often, "which" vs. "what" trips me up.   So, what's the exact difference and when should you use one or the other? Abstract class with all concrete methods Could a constant function be considered increasing? Given the definition of an increasing function as a function $f:E\to\mathbb{R}$, where $E$ is nonempty such that $x_1,x_2\in E$ and $x_1&lt;x_2$ imply $f(x_1)\leq f(x_2)$, then couldn't, for example, $f(x)=-1$ considered increasing? Since the inequality is not a strict inequality. How do I get the local machine name? Apt/Synaptic needs to reinstall package but can't find the archive for it Running Synaptic I get the following error message:  E: The package hl1440lpr needs to be reinstalled, but I can't find an archive for it. E: Internal error opening cache (1). Please report.   Upon accepting the message, Synaptic quits. libpng problems for QGIS I'm using ubuntu 18.04 and if I download QGIS 2.18 and I try to run it, I get this:  libpng warning: Application jmp_buf size changed Segmentation fault (core dumped)   If I try with QGIS 3.2, the error is:   libpng warning: Application was compiled with png.h from libpng-1.6.34 libpng warning: Application  is  running with png.c from libpng-1.2.56 libpng error: Incompatible libpng version in application and library   So it's clear that the problem is with libpng.   I purged libpng-dev and reinstall again but nothing changed.   I tried to purge libpng16-16 but I get:  sudo apt purge libpng16-16 Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree        Reading state information... Done Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable distribution that some required packages have not yet been created or been moved out of Incoming. The following information may help to resolve the situation:  The following packages have unmet dependencies:  libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 : Depends: libpng16-16 (&gt;= 1.6.2-1) but it is not going to be installed                       Recommends: libgdk-pixbuf2.0-bin  libgtk-3-0 : Depends: libcairo-gobject2 (&gt;= 1.10.0) but it is not going to be installed               Depends: libcairo2 (&gt;= 1.14.0) but it is not going to be installed               Depends: libfontconfig1 (&gt;= 2.12) but it is not going to be installed               Depends: libpango-1.0-0 (&gt;= 1.40.5) but it is not going to be installed               Depends: libpangocairo-1.0-0 (&gt;= 1.40.5) but it is not going to be installed               Depends: libpangoft2-1.0-0 (&gt;= 1.40.5) but it is not going to be installed               Depends: adwaita-icon-theme               Recommends: libgtk-3-bin E: Error, pkgProblemResolver::Resolve generated breaks, this may be caused by held packages.   and then:  ~$ sudo apt install libgdk-pixbuf2.0-bin libgtk-3-bin Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree        Reading state information... Done libgdk-pixbuf2.0-bin is already the newest version (2.36.11-2). libgtk-3-bin is already the newest version (3.22.30-1ubuntu1). 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. ~$ sudo apt install libgtk-3-0 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree        Reading state information... Done libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 is already the newest version (2.36.11-2). libgtk-3-0 is already the newest version (3.22.30-1ubuntu1). 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.   At this point I'm afraid of breaking something if I continue trying things, so I come here for advice before.  I deleted and reinstalled ubuntu. I installed first thing qgis and it was working. Afterwards I compiled gdal, from source to have it from python as stand alone. It might be this, but I had done this previously without any problems. How to disk copy with unreadable sectors? I want to clone a whole disk bytewise, something like  dd if=/dev/$SRC of=/dev/$DST bs=65536 count=$count   There are better tools for the job, which understand the file system (Windows) and work faster (I don't care), but they fail because of unreadable sectors on the old source disk.  There's actually a single invalid block I have to skip. So I thought about using dd multiple times like  dd if=/dev/$SRC of=/dev/$DST bs=65536 count=... dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/$DST bs=65536 count=... skip=... seek=... dd if=/dev/$SRC of=/dev/$DST bs=65536 count=... skip=... seek=...   with replacing the broken sector data by zeros. Is this a valid approach? I found this  which confuses me. Show that $\int_0^\pi f(\sin x)\,\mathrm{d}x = 2\int_0^{\pi/2}f(\sin x) \, \mathrm{d}x$ How to prevent applications from discovering my phone as being Rooted I have to install an application that has discovered my device to be rooted.  So this is a two part question.   How did it discover in the first place that my phone has been rooted How to prevent the application from discovering my phone as being rooted Files disappearing on linux server I've got 4 specific files that seem to keep disappearing from a user's home directory. As far as we know, there are no cronjobs or other automated tasks that would be removing them.  I've setup auditd on them but the logs aren't really showing anything of interest.  I can see our backup utility accessing them every night until the point they aren't there anymore, but nothing else.  Is there anything that would be causing those files to be removed that would get around auditd?  The files in question are these:  /home/username/.bashrc /home/username/.bash_profile   as well as a couple of files in that user's .ssh directory.  Copies of these files placed into a subfolder called "keepers" get deleted at the same time as well.  Changing the permissions on them to 000 and having them owned by root hasn't helped.   I've currently got inotifywait setup to log create,delete,move on that subfolder, so hopefully that will turn up something, although it doesn't log much aside from when it happened, not what caused it. Google Chrome will take up my memory to the point where it causes my computer to freeze to a near halt. What can I do to prevent this? It gets so horrible that I can not even switch to TTY1 to force a reboot. I have to hard reset, and I lose work.  Ideally, I would like to be able to use the chrome browser on Ubuntu without having to keep reminding myself to close tabs.   Are there any extensions for Chrome, or tools for Ubuntu that can help prevent me going past the point where Ubuntu eats up all the RAM and becomes incapacitated? How to recover a deleted file from /data partition? I factory reset my rooted Android M phone but now I realize that there was a file in the /data directory which I need.  Is it possible to create an image (.img or something similar) of the /data partition so that I could run some recovery software for ext4 on that image? I have a little knowledge about ADB. Does a size large or larger creature killed by Negative Energy Flood rise as a medium sized zombie? How to apply multiple format to a list How to approximate the student-t CDF at a point without the hypergeometric function? Is there a way to closely approximate the CDF of a student-t distribution at a point $x$ without involving the hypergeometric function? For example, by using a series expansion, or expressing the CDF in terms of simpler functions?  The t-distribution can   $$t = \frac{X\sqrt{n}}{Y}$$  where $X$ is normally distributed with mean 0 and variance $\sigma^2$; $\frac{Y^2}{\sigma^2}$ has a chi-squared distribution. Maybe this expression can help simplify the t CDF?  I am trying to write an algorithm to compute the student-t CDF for any real number, so using the hypergeometric function will be extremely difficult. I am also trying to avoid integrating the PDF to get the CDF.