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In a bash script sometimes you need the user to wait some seconds for a background process to finish.  I usually use for example:  sleep 10   How can I add a kind of progressbar to the script, so the user knows how long to wait?  I installed the command bar but I don't understand the manual. Can't login using ssh as root I am trying to virtualize an old linux server, and the PtoV software requires a password login as root via ssh. However, the root login is being prevented with a "Permission Denied" error on the client end, and a "Failed Password for root" on the server end (when sshd is running in debug mode).  I HAVE set PermitRootLogin yes in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.  This is an old RedHat 7.3 server that has had hardening scripts like Bastille run on it years and years ago, and has many remnants of old OS's (like ipchains - no longer supported by the kernel) lying around. All to say I have little idea what has been altered from the original system, but there is a lot.   I can log in fine as root from the console I can su to root fine from within the console or ssh session I can ssh fine as a regular user.   My question is: What else could be preventing my root login on this server?  More information: /etc/pam.d/sshd   auth       required     pam_stack.so service=system-auth  auth       required     pam_nologin.so  account    required     pam_stack.so service=system-auth  password   required     pam_stack.so service=system-auth  session    required     pam_stack.so service=system-auth  session    required     pam_limits.so  session    optional     pam_console.so   /etc/pam.d/system-auth  auth        required      /lib/security/pam_env.so auth        sufficient    /lib/security/pam_unix.so likeauth nullok auth        required      /lib/security/pam_deny.so account     required      /lib/security/pam_unix.so password    required      /lib/security/pam_cracklib.so retry=3 type= password    sufficient    /lib/security/pam_unix.so nullok use_authtok md5 shadow password    required      /lib/security/pam_deny.so session     required      /lib/security/pam_limits.so session     required      /lib/security/pam_unix.so     Can anybody tell me if the hashing algorithm could be the culprit?  Keeping in mind that I can log in as an unprivileged user. "With what [...]?" or "What [...] with?" Making a comparison with Who/Whom I now have a question about the use of what with prepositions in questions. I'll explain by example:  These two sentences are correct, one is more formal than the other:  Who/Whom     Formal: With whom are you doing that? Informal: Who are you doing that with?   But if I substitute Who/Whom with What, the "formal" one sounds a bit awkward and I'm not sure if it's correct or not:  What     With what are you doing that? What are you doing that with?   So, are those last two questions grammatically correct? Is one more formal than the other? General Relativity Equivalence Is Einsteins Equivalence theorem in General Relativity correct? It seems to me that it neglects the fact that gravitational acceleration depends upon separation distance squared, thus neglecting the effect of tidal forces.   For example, as I sit on earth, I experience the affect of earth's gravity; Although the acceleration on my head is slightly less than the acceleration acting on my feet. If I make the claim that my frame is equivalent to me being in a space ship traveling at g, doesn't that mean my whole body is accelerating at g uniformly? This is contrary to the previous statement though. Between you and ("me" or "I")? New Chain causing skipping on cassette - will this work itself out or is it unsafe? I just installed a new chain on my 2002 Trek 2200 Road Bike.  The old chain was a Shimano 9 speed that I installed 18 months and about 5000 miles ago.  It had stretched modestly and was full of winter cruft/grime.  The new chain is a SRAM 9 speed, my first time using the gold snap ring system.  I followed instructions and made sure I have the same link count as the chain that came off the bike.  The cassette was new with the old chain, so it has about 5000 miles on it and doesn't appear to have significant wear.  After installation and a clean/wipe/lube/wipe, I took it for a 15 mile easy ride at about 15-16 mph.  It shifts perfectly and I didn't have to make any adjustments to either derailleur.  Three times, however, when putting it under stain (once on a modest hill climb, once starting from a stop sign in a fairly big gear, and once on an acceleration coming out of a sharp turn) it skipped several teeth and caused my foot to slam down hard.  On the hill, it actually hurt as I had my weight off the saddle (not really standing) and I came down hard on the inside of my thigh.  I think all three were on the right side (power train side) pedal stroke, and I don't think they were all in the same gear.  I'm pretty sure it was the rear cassette that skipped, not the front chainring, but it did happen really fast each time.  I will also say that it's not like these were the only three times I put substantial pressure on the pedals in the ride - I wasn't going hard, but I wasn't being tentative or anything.  Also, in case it's relevant, it was cold, about 40 degrees F or about 4 degrees Centigrade.    My question:  Is this going to get me hurt, or will the new chain 'settle in' over a few rides?  I searched here and pretty much got confirmation of what I had previously thought, that you always get a new chain when you get a new cassette, but you should be able to get a few chains out of each cassette.  Thanks! Split comma-separated values Java Generics (Wildcards) I have a couple of questions about generic wildcards in Java:   What is the difference between List&lt;? extends T&gt; and List&lt;? super T&gt;? What is a bounded wildcard and what is an unbounded wildcard? In SQL Server, how do I generate a CREATE TABLE statement for a given table? I've spent a good amount of time coming up with solution to this problem, so in the spirit of , I'm posting it here, since I think it might be useful to others.   If anyone has a better script, or anything to add, please post it.  Edit: Yes guys, I know how to do it in Management Studio - but I needed to be able to do it from within another application. Explain why $E(X) = \int_0^\infty (1-F_X (t)) \, dt$ for every nonnegative random variable $X$ Discouraged by simple Bayesian Question My university is testing an intro Machine Learning (ML) course for us undergrads, and having been interested in ML since the beginning to understand what it was, I jumped at the chance to take it. But being someone who has not been back in school for a long time and much busier than I was in my first years long ago, I am finding that I need more info and examples than the class in its current form has.  I am struggling to figure out what the attached question is asking. I am searching online for help with this particular topic, but I am also finding that everyone seems to have their own way of phrasing similar questions in such a way that I am finding it hard to link the info.   My understanding from stats way back when is that $p(x|\omega_1)$ is stating the probability of $x$ given $\omega_1$ for $0\le x \le 2$ and zero other wise. Same obviously if given $\omega_2$. If I understand, the priors are the probability of $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ which are somehow obtained. And honestly that is as far as I am really comprehending. I am not sure what (a) and (b) are truly asking for or how to get them. If anyone is able to help me with some pointed info on the topic it would be greatly appreciated. Show that for any prime $ p $, there are integers $ x $ and $ y $ such that $ p|(x^{2} + y^{2} + 1) $. What is the relationship between Guide Number and flash power level? From this , I understand that the flash guide number (GN) is given by the following formula:  Guide Number = Shooting Distance × f-number ÷ ISO factor   I'm assuming that the GN calculated via the equation above will be based on a flash that is firing at full power. Am I correct to assume that if I set the flash to fire at half power, that the guide number is effectively halved? i.e. the equation will now be:  Guide Number = Shooting Distance × f-number ÷ ISO factor * Power Level   where power level can be the following 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, ... 1/64, etc? Let $X(n)$ denote number of all permutations of $\left\{1,\ldots,n \right\}$ that have only cycles of even length. Let $Y(n)$ denote number of all permutations of the same set that have only cycles of odd length. Count $X(2n)-Y(2n)$.   I don't know even how to start. I counted this sum for $n=1,2,3$ and it seems that it is always equal to $0$, but it doesn't help with calculating it in general. I've seen a lot of times the pronoun them used like an article. For example, in the title of the Delta Rhythm Boys Them bones, or in the first sentence of "Money for nothing":     Now look at them yo-yo's, that's the way you do it.   I know that it's not "proper English" (i.e., not something you'll use in a serious writing), but I'd like to know when it's commonly used, and why. Is there any difference between using it and using the? I'm going down my huge backlog of unplayed Steam games and I'm thinking the best way to tackle the list is to go through the shortest games first and then concentrate on the 20+ hour ones. I'm wondering if there's a website or something else that has an estimated amount of gameplay time for games.   Is there anything like that? I had internet connection, but when I upgraded my VGA and restarted my PC then everything for eth0 has gone.     When I used ifdown:     ifdown: interface eth0 not configured   Is there something I could do?    EDIT: Content of /etc/network/interfaces    auto lo iface lo inet loopback   When I ifconfig I don't have these lines:    inet addr:192.168.1.5  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::219:5bff:fe5e:a5e/64 Scope:Link   In the Terminal typed:  sudo gedit /etc/network/interfaces   and then added these lines in the bottom:  auto eth0 iface eth0 inet dhcp   then I typed:    sudo ifdown eth0 sudo ifup eth0   when I send the second command I received the below message:    No DHCPOFFERS received No working leases in persistent database - sleeping   Any help? I have a simple cylinder which is mirrored on both the X and Y axis.  When I scale it along the X axis, the two halves of the cylinder overlap, rather than scale as it would before the mirror modifier was applied:    I haven't used Blender in a while and I know this is a simple fix. Usually a probability distribution over discrete variables is described using a probability mass function (PMF):  When working with continuous random variables, we describe probability distributions using a probability density function (PDF) rather than a probability mass function. -- Deep Learning by Goodfellow, Bengio,  and Courville  However,  is using PDF to describe the probability distribution over discrete variables:    Is this a mistake? or it does not much matter? Does a polymorphed creature remember who his friends are?