How to correctly understand confidence intervals and confidence level
What, precisely, is a confidence interval?
Run a command without making me wait On the CLI, sometimes a command I type takes a while to complete, and sometimes I know when that's about to happen. I'm a bit confused on "backgrounding" and such in Linux.  What is the most common (or user-friendly way) of telling the CLI that I don't want to wait, please give me back my prompt immediately. And if it could give me a progress bar or just busy-spinner, that would be great! How do I calculate the challenge rating of monsters that feature abilities that do not directly do damage?  For example, my homebrew monster has the two following abilities:     The target takes a Constitution saving throw. On a failure, it drops to 0   hit points.   This one could be used on a character with 10 hit points, or 100, which creates drastically different damage results depending on character level.     All creatures within 60ft take a Wisdom saving throw. Each target that fails is stunned for 1 round.   This can be extremely dangerous if this monster is paired with monsters that can make use of the stun condition, but it is virtually useless if the monster is alone.  I'm sure there are infinitely more examples of this type of thing.  How do we calculate CR for monsters that do not rely on standard attacks? Conditional expectation of $X$ given $\sin(X)$ When do we double the consonant before '-ing' affix? My son is learning how to spell. He is doing a good job listening to sounds and working out spelling that way (which doesn't work for many words, but at least a lot of common ones), but although he's gotten the -ing chunk, he frequently misses doubling letters in these words.  Is there a guideline for when the end consonant is doubled? He's working on these sorts of words:        riding   sitting   skating   writing   getting What is this story about 20 y.o. inexperienced "kids" fighting against a stronger foe in space? There are several unknown numbers in mathematics, such as optimal constants in some inequalities. Often it is enough to some estimates for these numbers from above and below, but finding the exact values is also interesting. There are situations where such unknown numbers are necessarily natural numbers, for example in Ramsey theory. For example, we know that there is a smallest integer $n$ such that any graph with $n$ vertices contains a complete or an independent subgraph of 10 vertices, but we don't know the exact value of $n$.  What kinds of unknown small (less than 100, say) integers are there? What are the smallest unknown constants which are known to be integers? Or, more rigorously, what is the smallest upper bound for an unknown but definable number that is known to be an integer?  I know that asking for the smallest unknown integer is ill-defined since we do not know the exact values. The more rigorous version of the question is well-posed, but I do not want to keep anyone from offering interesting examples even if they are clearly not going to win the race for the lowest upper bound.  An answer should contain a definition of an integer quantity (or a family of them) and known lower and upper bounds (both of which should be integers, not infinite). Conjectures about the actual value are also welcome. I have given one example below to give an idea of what I'm looking for. The energy stored in a capacitor is $$ U= \dfrac{1}{2} CV^2 $$    So when I have a 1F supercap charged to 1V the energy is 0.5 J. When I connect a second supercap, also 1F in parallel the charge will distribute and the voltage will halve. Then    $$ U = \dfrac{1}{2} 2F (0.5V)^2 = 0.25 J $$  What happened to the other 0.25 J? How to revert to GNOME Classic Desktop? What is JavaScript's highest integer value that a number can go to without losing precision? What happens when you put a Portable Hole inside a Bag of Holding while on the Astral plane? What would happen if someone were to place a Portable Hole within a Bag of Holding while being within the Astral Plane? Would it be the reverse effect? /testfor for item enchantment What I have now is:  /testfor @a {SelectedItemSlot:0,Inventory:[{Slot:0b,id:"diamond_pickaxe"}]}   How can I use the /testfor command to test a specific slot for a specific item that is enchanted? Get the cartesian product of a series of lists? Foreign words reborrowed back into English Wikipedia mentions several English words that have been :   Anime comes from animation and has been reborrowed into English to mean Japanese-style animation. Puroresu comes from professional wrestling and is a term for Japanese-style professional wrestling. Kosupure comes from cosplay (an abbreviation of costume play) and refers to the practice of dressing in costumes of anime and video game characters.    Do you know other examples of word reborrowings from Japanese or other languages back into English, or vice versa? Does C1 code coverage analysis exist for Ruby? I'm currently using  to get C0 code coverage analysis for a rails project that I'm working on.  However, those results are practically meaningless- I have 100% coverage according to rcov (as it only covers C0 analysis) and I've barely written half the test cases for the functionality that exists thus far.  I'm used to the useful results from the code coverage in Visual Studio 2008 Team, which has C1 coverage.  Are there any tools that provide similar coverage for ruby? How to create a database directory structure for MySQL? As well as many of the other features talked about during macOS Mojave's release like dark mode and the addition of new apps like Home, another key feature of macOS Mojave seems to be it's heightened focus on both privacy and security.   As quoted under the "Camera and Microphone Now Require Your Permission" section of  article:      Apple also announced that other categories of data, such as your Messages history and Mail database, will be protected in a similar manner to macOS Mojave's new camera and microphone permissions.   I understand that after the update, when an app requests to use your camera or microphone, you will receive an alert like the one below:    However, I am more intrigued by the following:     ...other categories of data, such as your Messages history and Mail database, will be protected in a similar manner...   I have been unable to find much information about this online and I do not currently have the pre-release version of macOS Mojave installed and am therefore unable to test this new feature but I am curious to know what exactly this feature will mean.   Has Apple publicly documented how this will work? identity element of $(D_n ,\gcd)$ Needing to upgrade Squid 3.5.12 on Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS to a more recently patched version (Squid 3.5.23) I found some instructions here:   Entered the first 3 commands exactly and got a note from apt-get: "N: Skipping acquire of configured file 'main/binary-i386/Packages' as repository ' xenial InRelease' doesn't support architecture 'i386'"  I don't have typos and nonexistent foreign architectures as others have done:  root@wprdsqd01:/# dpkg --print-foreign-architectures i386 root@wprdsqd01:/# dpkg --print-architecture amd64 root@wprdsqd01:/#   Does this just mean that the repository doesn't have i386 (32bit) binaries ?  Thanks How do I restore a Places folder I accidentally deleted in Nautilus? I accidentally deleted my Documents folder and didn't notice it for a couple days. Somewhere in that time, Nautilus auto-updated my list of Places so it no longer includes my Documents folder. I have since restored my Documents folder, but the Places link is still missing. How do I get it back? How did the AT-ATs get to the surface of Hoth?