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Gamma Distribution out of sum of exponential random variables I already know how to do it on Mac OS X (plenty of instructions online).  But is it possible to do it on Ubuntu? If yes, how? Can I read the hash portion of the URL on my server-side application (PHP, Ruby, Python, etc.)? According to the Page 87 in Kruschke: Doing Bayesian Data Analysis, the author says that the mean of a distribution is a value that minimizes the variance of a probability distribution, for example, a normal distribution. The following is what is mentioned in the page:  It turns out that the value of $ M $ that minimizes $ ∫dx p(x)(x−M)^2$ is $E[X] $. In other words, the mean of the distribution is the value that minimizes the expected squared deviation. In this way, the mean is a central tendency of the distribution.  I have read the paragraph and kind of understood what the author is trying to say but I wonder how this can be written mathematically using the above equation or any other ways. I have a netbook that I want to install Ubuntu onto. I do have a good Mac computer that I can make a bootable USB drive from, but I'm confused on how to go about making it. Lost passport with Schengen visa My passport was stolen in Prague on my way to Vienna. I filed a police report and our embassy swiftly acted by giving me a temporary passport for my onward journey to Munich and Rome. Upon exit from Rome, the immigration ask for the Schengen visa, when I told him that I lost my passport, he did not ask for any document to support my claim, he just stamped my new passport with exit. I am not sure if on record, I am officially out of the Schengen area or not. I am scared that without the lost visa, it appears that I am still in the area and might reach the 90 day limit and will be denied when I re-apply as it would appear I broke the rule. What to do? Google sheets split multi-line cell into new rows (+ duplicate surrounding row entries) How does the Wizard spellbook work? How do I determine what spells are in my spellbook when creating a character? Do I simply have a spellbook with all Pathfinder spells? Or if I'm creating a level 6 wizard, do I start knowing all level 6 spells, and then have to learn the rest as I play the game? Using Ubuntu 12.04. is there any way to hide a running process ?  That process shouldn't' display in system monitor,top,htop . There is no problem to remember the process id (PID) so observation of the process can be done easily .but i want to hide the process completely . is there any way ? 'pyrcc4' is not recognized as an internal or external command? C:\Users\Department\.qgis2\python\plugins\np&gt;pyrcc4 -py2 resources.qrc -o resources.py      'pyrcc4' is not recognized as an internal or external command,      operable program or batch file.   How do I solve this problem? Solve for $A,B$: $\mathrm{LCM}(A,B)=168$, $\mathrm{HCF(A,B)}=12$ centered logo ok? I'm designing a website for a rather unknown software company. The company likes the design but cannnot get along with our desicion to center their logo on the top of their page, although all the other elements are centered. Therefore a left aligned logo wouldn't look good. I know, it seems all UX studies prove them right, but positioning the logo in the center isn't a unpopular practice anymore.   Furthermore I think the way we read a website has adapted the last 10 years. Are there any studies about this topic that could help prove my point?  Thanks How to set security options for a PDF using pdflatex How do I learn where the source file for a given Python module is installed? Is the method different on Windows than on Linux?  I'm trying to look for the source of the datetime module in particular, but I'm interested in a more general answer as well. I'm attempting to get a better understanding of cryptography and have run into some questions about bcrypt.   Bcrypt relies on the blowfish cipher, which is a reversible method of encryption. But bcrypt is not reversible. How is that possible? Or am I mistaken? What does bcrypt do on top of blowfish to make it irreversible? Why does bcrypt use blowfish instead of twofish or threefish? Q&A blank in Stack Exchange Android app v1.0.95 - S10e/Android 10 Recently upgraded to a Samsung S10e and Android 10, but all Q&amp;A in the Stack Exchange app v1.0.95 are blank.  The title and comments are visible, but question/answer posts are just white space. Accessing the About page in the app is also blank.  I tried clearing data, cache and re-installing the app, but I still get the same behaviour. What's the C++ way of parsing a string (given as char *) into an int? Robust and clear error handling is a plus (instead of ). What are the options for traveling to the airports in Paris? Paris has 3 airports (Orly, Roissy, Beauvais), what are the options to go to or to come from there?  (There is also Vatry (XCR) but there is very few flights and i see the shuttle system is currently off.) How to show setCustomValidity message/tooltip without submit event From time to time, I need to typeset Welsh. Sometimes, I need to typeset citations and bibliographies in Welsh. I think that last time I did this, I may still have been using BibTeX although I am honestly not sure. In any case, my entire work-flow now uses biber and biblatex...  I found  on changing the names of things, including the names of things used by biblatex. However, that cannot deal with the case of an unsupported language.  Suppose that I want to typeset a document in Welsh:  \documentclass[a4paper,welsh]{article}  \usepackage{babel} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}% welsh needs utf8x but biblatex doesn't like it \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}% not great for Welsh but the best pdfTeX can do \usepackage{csquotes}% doesn't like Welsh though biblatex likes csquotes on account of babel... \usepackage[backend=biber]{biblatex} \bibliography{biblatex-examples}  \title{Fy Nogfen} \author{Rhywun}  \begin{document}   \maketitle   \tableofcontents   \section{Cyntaf}   \autocite{westfahl:space}    \printbibliography  \end{document}   There are multiple problems in such a case. (One is that I need utf8x but can't use it on account of biblatex. Another is that I need utf8x at all. Another is that biblatex likes csquotes but csquotes doesn't do Welsh. But these are irrelevant to this question.)  The output is as follows:    Note that the use of the English citation is just so this is easy to reproduce. Obviously, the content of the reference might well be in Welsh. (Though it might be in English, too.)  As can be seen, while elements of the document controlled by babel are handled correctly, those under the control of biblatex are not. However, I cannot simply modify the solution offered by lockstep for changing strings to customised English variants. That is, I can't just use a Welsh version of  \DefineBibliographyStrings{english}{%   bibliography = {Works Cited},   references = {Works Cited}, }   because biblatex has never heard of it.  What is the most appropriate way to configure biblatex for use with an unsupported language?