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Can I use Gödel numbers to make a proof? How to get git-completion.bash to work on Mac OS X? I have followed  to  add git-completion.bash to my /opt/local/etc/bash_completion.d/git-completion  and I put PS1='\h:\W$(__git_ps1 "(%s)") \u\$ ' in my .bashrc_profile  But now I am getting this -bash: __git_ps1: command not found everything I do a cd.  Can you please tell me what am I missing? Assurance that ST_Envelope works with geography as expected Using PostGIS, I have a table of data with geographic points defined as last_known_coordinates GEOGRAPHY(POINT,4326). I want to find all of these within a geographic bounding box with given top left and bottom right geographic coordinates, and be sure that the calculations are geographic, not geometric, e.g. that the results account for the curvature of the earth. The query I'm using contains the fragment: last_known_coordinates &amp;&amp; ST_MakeEnvelope(?, ?, ?, ?, 4326)::geography As you can tell I'm a bit new to this, and I know what I want, but not necessarily how to do it correctly. Other answers hint that this is correct, but I'd like to know for sure: Will this point data and SQL fragment take into account the curvature of the Earth in the bounding box? I have to teach the Bayes formula to some undergraduates, in the form:  $$ P(A|B) = \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)} = \frac{P(B|A)P(A)}{P(B)} $$  I was wondering if anyone had any really thoughtful or alternative ways of teaching it instead of the standard approach. How to Install Octave in El Capitan? Application of Kolmogorov's Zero-One Law Most of the books I read, they only state some examples of tail events. One of them is  $[\sum_n X_n \ converges]$. My main problem is to show that this is indeed a tail event. SINGLE_EMAIL_LIMIT_EXCEEDED. What does it mean? I am wondering if I can minimize a multi-variable function one variable at a time. In other words, is it true that:  $min_{x_1,x_2} f(x_1,x_2)=min_{x_1} min_{x_2} f(x_1,x_2)$ unbalaced data set in classification tasks Is there a difference between installing an application via Ubuntu Software Center or a terminal? How to get text from an element , when getText fails I have the following element element(by.css(&quot;span[aria-label='Picker ID, TESTUSER']&quot;)  I want to assure the text on this filed is TESTUSER, so I tried:  expect(element(by.css(&quot;span[aria-label='Picker ID, TESTUSER']&quot;)).getAttribute('value')).toEqual('TESTUSER');  then I got the error: Expected null to equal 'TESTUSER' So I tried: element(by.css(&quot;span[aria-label='Picker ID, TESTUSER']&quot;)).getText().then(function (value) {         console.log(value);       })  And I got this error: Expected '' to be 'TESTUSER'.  How to get the value of this field and expect it is TESTUSER? MySQL Great Circle Distance (Haversine formula) I've got a working PHP script that gets Longitude and Latitude values and then inputs them into a MySQL query. I'd like to make it solely MySQL. Here's my current PHP Code:  if ($distance != "Any" &amp;&amp; $customer_zip != "") { //get the great circle distance      //get the origin zip code info     $zip_sql = "SELECT * FROM zip_code WHERE zip_code = '$customer_zip'";     $result = mysql_query($zip_sql);     $row = mysql_fetch_array($result);     $origin_lat = $row['lat'];     $origin_lon = $row['lon'];      //get the range     $lat_range = $distance/69.172;     $lon_range = abs($distance/(cos($details[0]) * 69.172));     $min_lat = number_format($origin_lat - $lat_range, "4", ".", "");     $max_lat = number_format($origin_lat + $lat_range, "4", ".", "");     $min_lon = number_format($origin_lon - $lon_range, "4", ".", "");     $max_lon = number_format($origin_lon + $lon_range, "4", ".", "");     $sql .= "lat BETWEEN '$min_lat' AND '$max_lat' AND lon BETWEEN '$min_lon' AND '$max_lon' AND ";     }   Does anyone know how to make this entirely MySQL? I've browsed the Internet a bit but most of the literature on it is pretty confusing. What does $b_i\mid b_{i+1}$ mean in this context? In the computational topology literature, the reduction algorithm for computing the Smith normal form of a boundary matrix uses the notation $b_j &gt; 1 \: \text{ and }\: b_j\mid b_{j+1}$ in the context of the diagonal elements of the Smith matrix. Can anyone give me an idea for what it means? How do I recover lost/inaccessible data from my storage device? What should I do to avoid ear pain when flying? Here is my problem: I've got a dialog with some parameters that the user can change (via a spinner for example). Each time one of these parameters is changed, I launch a thread to update a 3D view according to the new parameter value.  If the user changes another value (or the same value again by clicking many times on the spinner arrow) while the first thread is working, I would like to abort the first thread (and the update of the 3D view) and launch a new one with the latest parameter value.  How can I do something like that?  PS: There is no loop in the run() method of my thread, so checking for a flag is not an option: the thread updating the 3D view basically only calls a single method that is very long to execute. I can't add any flag in this method asking to abort either as I do not have access to its code. Special Relativity - Regarding the Simultaneity of Events During the Train Paradox My questions concerns that classic train paradox, wherein there is a train and a tunnel of equal length, and the train is traveling and some fraction of the speed of light towards the tunnel.  According to the Special Theory of Relativity, an observer outside the tunnel will see the train length contracted (Lorentz Contraction), whereas an observer inside will see the tunnel contracted.   Additionally, suppose that there were doors at the ends of the tunnel and that the observer outside the tunnel closed both doors instantaneously when he/she saw that the train was completely inside the tunnel.  The classic resolution of this paradox invokes the non-simultaneity of events, explaining that the observer in the train sees the far door close first, and then, once the train has begun to exit the tunnel, looks back to see the door at the beginning close. Thus, both observers agree that the train does not touch the door when they are closed for an instant.  Now my questions.  Why is it that the observer on the train sees the far door close first? It seems to me that the information coming from the far door would reach the observer on the train only after the information from the other door is reach.   Under this interpretation, the observer on the train would observe the train getting hit by the doors. What if, by some means, this event can be explained in terms of a stationary observer too? Everyone always concludes that the train remains untouched by the doors, but really the only condition that needs to be met is that both observers must agree. Why can't they both agree that the train was hit?  So, to summarize.   Why is the door that is farther away from the train observed to close first? Why can't the other possible conclusion (both see a hit train) be observed? How to import Ordnance Survery raster layer to ArcGIS Desktop? I have downloaded raster map data from ONS, the data has come in the form of two files... one is full of  .tlw files and the other is full of .tab files...   How do I import it into a raster layer to ArcCatalog? Which shells don't support dollar-parenthesis expansion, and demand backticks? Few site and meta site names are ending with Stack Exchange and not all the sites in the data explorer main page