Calculating AUC from continuous output
How to calculate Area Under the Curve (AUC), or the c-statistic, by hand
Sometimes a suggested edit is  because of a concurrent direct edit that takes precedence.  Since this is no fault of the edit suggestor, such rejections should not count against the suggestor when counting .  Here are some examples where it happened: Where can I get a clean ISO of a specific build of Windows 10? I need to repair my Windows 10 installation. Where can I get a clean ISO (with install.wim, no Install.ESD, so that I can run DISM against the WIM) of the specific Windows 10 build required for this?  In my case, I need the Anniversary update (Build 14393), Creators Update (Build 15063) or Fall Creators Update (Build 16299.15). What is "summoning sickness" and how does it affect my creatures? Flawed proof that all positive integers are equal Let $A =  \mathbb{Z}[\sqrt{-2}]= \{a+b\sqrt{-2} \ : a, b \in \mathbb{Z}\}$. Show that the only natural number $x$ for which $x+\sqrt{-2}$ is a cube in $A$ is $x=5$.   So I have to show that there exists $c,d \in \mathbb{Z}$ such that $(x+\sqrt{-2})^3= c + d \sqrt{-2}$. From the last equation, I obtain $x(x^2-6) = c \in \mathbb{Z}$ and $3x^2-2= b \in \mathbb{Z}$, and here I blocked. Could I conclude from both equations? If not, is there exists another way to proceed (hint)?  Thanks! Given a random square matrix of size $n\times n$ in the field $\mathbb F_2$, what is the probability that its determinant is $1$? (This is also the probability that the matrix is non-singular, since $\mathbb F_2$ only has the elements $0$ and $1$.) Updating inherited property Is lemonade better when made with simple syrup? On a hot summer day and with a basketful of lemons I often want a nice cold glass of lemonade. A lot of recipes suggest making lemonade with simple syrup, which requires cooking, whereas other recipes just have stirred-in sugar.  What exactly are the benefits of making lemonade (or limeade) with simple syrup versus just stirring in sugar? Lightning Cancel Enqueued Server Side Action How can we prove that for every pair $N \in \mathbb{N}$, and natural number $\beta\in [2, \infty)$ there exists a unique set of integers $x_i \in [0, \beta -1]$, $k\in [0,\infty)$ such that:  $$N = \sum_{i=0}^{k}\beta^ix_{i}, \quad $$  It's a question if every positive integer has its unique representation in every base $\beta$. Is the validity of above statement somehow related to Horner's rule? Control Cycles/Eevee material nodes and material properties using python? Correct formula for LED current-limiting resistor? I'm trying to work out what value resistor to use in a LED circuit. The equation I'd use to do this is:  $$ R = \frac{V_{cc} - V_f}{I_f} $$  Seems logical, and makes complete sense. The answers to the question  confirm this too.  I have the following LEDs:   \$ V_f = 3.3V \$ \$ I_{f_{typ}} = 20mA \$   Using a 5V power supply:   \$ V_{cc} = 5V \$   Plugging these into the above equation gives:  $$ \begin{eqnarray} R &amp; = &amp; \frac{V_{cc} - V_f}{I_f} \\   &amp; = &amp; \frac{5V - 3.3V}{20mA} \\   &amp; = &amp; 85\Omega \end{eqnarray} $$  All good so far.  However, if I use the calculator at , that gives me 100&Omega;. If I use the ElectroDroid app on my phone, that gives me 85&Omega;.  So, I assume that the linear1 calculator is using a different method of calculating this resistor value; is there some better way of doing this? I'm trying to delete a folder in Windows 7 and get a perplexing error message: "Could not find this item:  This is no longer located in G:\Graphics.  Verify the item's location and try again.  I can see the folder -- I can find it.  I just can't delete it.    I also get a second error message (sometimes) when I click on the folder: G:\Graphics 2009-11-17 refers to a location that is unavailable...this information might have been moved to a different location.    I'm using Windows 7; this folder is on an external hard drive.  I've emptied the folder (there were items in it); I've scanned that external hard drive for errors.  Trying to rename the folder yields the same enigmatic error message.    Is there a way to delete this folder? This dreaded issue started at some time after upgrade to OS X (Yosemite) 10.10.3. accountsd uses about 60% CPU constantly, making the laptop hot and noisy.  I'm not using iCloud at all.  Killing it doesn't help, because it starts again quickly.  Probably related question, but it's about iOS: Prove if $n$ has a primitive root, then it has exactly $\phi(\phi(n))$ of them Prove if $n$ has a primitive root, then it has exactly $\phi(\phi(n))$ of them.   Let $a$ be the primitive root then I know other primitive roots will be among $\{a,a^2,a^3 \cdots\cdots a^{\phi(n)} \}$ because any other number will be congruent modulo $n$ to one of these. Then I figured as the answer is $\phi(\phi(n))$ so for $a^k$ to be primitive root, $k$ must be coprime with $\phi(n)$.But I don't know the reason.Am I missing any silly point? How can I get LaTeX to warn about unreferenced figures and unused labels in general? When writing documents, I consider it to be necessary that all figures and tables are referenced (\ref) in the text, whether or not I've remembered to \label them. LaTeX does not currently warn if a figure or table is not referenced. Is there a way to ensure that this is flagged up as a warning?  Note that I am specifically concerned about figures and tables, not chapter or section headings; it will be no good looking just at \labels that don't have an associated \ref.  In other words, it should report boo and not report bla in the following MWE:  \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \section{BLA}\label{bla} \section{BOO}\label{boo} In Section~\ref{bla} we do something. \end{document} Volumetric Lighting is not working I have a simple setup to try out Volumetric Lighting. I have a spot lamp and Volume Scatter set for the World. The cube has a window for the light of the spot lamp.     But no Volumetric Lighting. I have read most questions on this subject. But I have no idea where I am going wrong. I've been wondering about this one for a while; I find it a little weird how abruptly it happens. Basically, why do we need just three uniforms for $Z_n$ to smooth out like it does? And why does the smoothing-out happen so relatively quickly?  $Z_2$:     $Z_3$:    (images shamelessly stolen from John D. Cook's blog: )  Why doesn't it take, say, four uniforms? Or five? Or...? Circular duplicates strike again It looks like this issue has , but it just happened again on Travel.SE. Perhaps this is another corner case? These two questions are closed as duplicates of each other.           I had the last vote on each, although in both cases, my vote was for "Unclear what you're asking", but the weight of votes in both cases were for the duplicate status. So if the existing checks are only in place at the time someone casts a close vote, that would explain how this one got in under the radar. Perhaps another check needs to be done when the question is actually closed, not just when close votes are cast?  And as @gnat points out, low-rep/logged-out users get a Redirect loop when trying to load either question.  NOTE: A moderator has already fixed this particular circular duplicate situation by closing one of the questions with a different close reason. How did Harry's blood being inside Voldemort save him? There are, of course, an incredible amount of theories on how Harry Potter survived. Problem is that the most important one, the one that is canon, is the one I don't get: how Harry's blood inside Voldemort saves him?  Because all that I have read so far, leaves me with questions. I understand why Voldemort wanted Harry's blood, but why does it save Harry? Why is that necessary to keep the sacrifice alive, while it's still inside Harry? And if Harry lost it at 17 (I have seen some different ideas on this as well), why does Voldemort still have it at 69 (give or take a few)?  To clafiry, the parts I'm talking about:     "For a fleeting instant, Harry thought he saw a gleam of something like triumph in Dumbledore's eyes"    (GoF, right after Harry tells Dumbledore that his blood now goes through Voldemort.)  And:     "He took your blood believing it would strengthen him. He took into his body a tiny part of the enchantment your mother laid upon you when she died for you. His body keeps her sacrifice alive, and while that enchantment survives, so do you"   (Albus Dumbledore in DH)  I just don't get why the blood transfusion thing suddenly gave Harry the chance to survive the whole thing, and it's never really been satisfyingly answered, not to my knowledge at least, as every answer I've read raises more questions.