Is it ethical for advisors to automatically coauthor papers?
What are the minimum contributions required for co-authorship
continuous functions on $\mathbb R$ such that $g(x+y)=g(x)g(y)$ Let $g$ be a function on $\mathbb R$ to $\mathbb R$ which is not identically zero and which satisfies the equation $g(x+y)=g(x)g(y)$ for $x$,$y$ in $\mathbb R$.   $g(0)=1$. If $a=g(1)$,then $a&gt;0$ and $g(r)&gt;a^r$ for all $r$ in $\mathbb Q$.   Show that the function is strictly increasing if $g(1)$ is greater than $1$, constant if $g(1)$ is equal to $1$ or strictly decreasing if $g(1)$ is between zero and one, when $g$ is continuous. Determining size of grid cells created by vector grid tool of QGIS? I am working with QGIS 1.8.0 and Im making a vector grid on a map. Does someone know how big are the squares if the grid settings look like in the picture? Consider the atomic spectrum (absorption) of hydrogen.     The Bohr's model postulates that there are only certain fixed orbits allowed in the atom. An atom will only be excited to a higher orbit, if it is supplied with light that precisely matches the difference in energies between the two orbits.   But how precise does 'precisely' mean. Of course, if we need energy $E$ to excite the electron to a higher energy level, and I supply a photon with just $E/2$ I would expect nothing to happen (since the electron cannot occupy an orbit between the allowed ones). But what if I supplied a photon with energy $0.99E$, or $1.0001E$ or some such number. What will happen then?  I think that the electron should still undergo excitation precisely because the lines we observe in the line spectrum have some thickness. Which means that for a given transition, the atom absorbs frequencies in a certain range.   Is my reasoning correct? If not, why? How does Bohr's model explain this? How about modern theory?   If I'm right, what is the range of values that an atom can 'accept' for a given transition? du shows completely different folder size for * and folder name I'm trying to move some data over and to start with I'd like to make sure that the size is ok. I run into a problem however, if I check the folder with   du -sh  myfolder/ 780M    myfolder/   but   du -sh * .. 71M     myfolder ..   I thought it might be something to do with hidden files but this particular folder does not have any inside.  Am I missing something? Gradle compiling slows down my computer The responsiveness is really bad on a newly installed Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.  Here's the specs of my laptop:  Quadcore Intel i7-4600U CPU @ 2.10GHz 12GB Ram 1TB Samsung EVO SSD   And when gradle is compiling, my entire system slows to a crawl, videos begin stuttering, browser scrolling lags... etc.  The same goes when a page refresh occurs in another window in Chrome, and while it refreshes, the HTML5 video in another tab begins stuttering.  How can I fix this?  Here are some logs:  $ vmstat -a 1 5 -   $ iostat -x 1 5 -   $ top -b - Hide text using css I have a tag in my html like this:  &lt;h1&gt;My Website Title Here&lt;/h1&gt;   Using css I want to replace the text with my actual logo. I've got the logo there no problem via resizing the tag and putting a background image in via css. However, I can't figure out how to get rid of the text. I've seen it done before basically by pushing the text off the screen. The problem is I can't remember where I saw it. How do you join on the same table, twice, in mysql? I have 2 tables. One (domains) has domain ids, and domain names (dom_id, dom_url).  the other contains actual data, 2 of which columns require a TO and FROM domain names. So I have 2 columns rev_dom_from and rev_dom_for, both of which store the domain name id, from the domains table.  Simple.  Now I need to actually display both domain names on the webpage. I know how to display one or the other, via the LEFT JOIN domains ON reviews.rev_dom_for = domains.dom_url query, and then you echo out the dom_url, which would echo out the domain name in the rev_dom_for column.  But how would I make it echo out the 2nd domain name, in the dom_rev_from column? In C#/VB.NET/.NET, which loop runs faster, for or foreach?  Ever since I read that a for loop works faster than a foreach loop a  I assumed it stood true for all collections, generic collections, all arrays, etc.  I scoured Google and found a few articles, but most of them are inconclusive (read comments on the articles) and open ended.  What would be ideal is to have each scenario listed and the best solution for the same.  For example (just an example of how it should be):   for iterating an array of 1000+ strings - for is better than foreach for iterating over IList (non generic) strings - foreach is better than for   A few references found on the web for the same:               [Edit]  Apart from the readability aspect of it, I am really interested in facts and figures. There are applications where the last mile of performance optimization squeezed do matter. Cooking more than one dish that require different temperatures I'm cooking two different dishes in the oven at the same time that each require different temperatures. One is a roasted vegetable dish that says to cook at 475 for 35-40 minutes and the other is parmesan crusted pork chops at 350 for 40-45 minutes. What do you suggest I do? One click shutdown Ubuntu and load into alternative bootup Can PHP PDO Statements accept the table or column name as parameter? Why can't I pass the table name to a prepared PDO statement?  $stmt = $dbh-&gt;prepare('SELECT * FROM :table WHERE 1'); if ($stmt-&gt;execute(array(':table' =&gt; 'users'))) {     var_dump($stmt-&gt;fetchAll()); }   Is there another safe way to insert a table name into a SQL query? With safe, I mean that I don't want to do  $sql = "SELECT * FROM $table WHERE 1" Papers published from an academic project (MSc or PhD) usually have two authors; the first author is the student who mainly conducted the research, and the second author is the professor who supervised the projects.  The corresponding author is the one who take the responsibility of a paper, and thus, some believe that students are not yet prepared to take this responsibility.  Ideally, who should be corresponding author for papers published by MSc or PhD projects?  I understand that it mainly depends on personal agreements and preferences, but I want to know which case is more reasonable from academic logic? Supersymmetry in Quantum Field Theory Finding the Dimension of a Matrix Polynomial: $W$ = { $p(B)$ : $p$ is a polynomial with real coefficients} Let $W = \{ p(B) : p \text{ is a polynomial with real coefficients}\}$, where $$B= \begin{pmatrix} 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0\\  0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1\\  1 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 \end{pmatrix}$$  Which of the following possibilities presents the tightest bounds on the dimension $d$ of the vector space $W$?     $4 ≤ d ≤ 6$    $6 ≤ d ≤ 9$    $3 ≤ d ≤ 8$    $3 ≤ d ≤ 4$ I'm confused, does the absorption and emission determine the color of something? Or does that only happen when something is emitting energy?  When light hits an object, the photons get absorbed, then emitted with a different wavelength right? As we all know, immediate actions are just like swift actions, but can be performed outside of one's turn.     However, unlike a swift action, an immediate action can be performed at any time - even if it's not your turn.   However, it is still unclear if one can use an immediate action during someone else's action.  For example:  A monster swings at a conjurer.    Can conjurer abrupt jaunt outside monster's reach right after the attack was rolled, thus wasting an attack?  What about right after the damage was rolled, but not yet applied?  What about casting celerity and baleful transposition on yourself and monster's ally so the monster would hit his ally, given high enough attack roll?   Let's complicate a bit with a complex, full-round action on a monster's side.    Can one use immediate action in between attacks in full attack? What about after movement part of a charge? Looking at the following dataset:   Date        Visits   Carts      carts       Orders                       Created   converted    Created 2011-11-11    12277     161        9          36   2011-11-12    11871     93         5          19     2011-11-13    13072     107        8          8      2011-11-14    13594     112        4          34     2011-11-15    12741     129        8          43     2011-11-16    15491     261        16         57  2011-11-17    13418     186        17         42       I've been asked to plot this on a graph, using the Date has the X-Axis and the rest of the data on the Y-Axis. The problem is that the scale of the data is dramatically different. where Visits are in the thousands and Orders Created are in the low tens, the data doesn't plot well on a graph.     I was wondering what a statistician would do in this scenario, I could divide the the Visits by a 1000 and then put in the description (Visits (K)), but then I start to have the same problem with Carts Created, as they are in the hundreds and everything else is in the low tens.  What kind of thing is done in this scenario? Multiple (diamond) inheritance compiles without "virtual", but doesn't with How to create a GUID / UUID I'm trying to create globally-unique identifiers in JavaScript.  I'm not sure what routines are available on all browsers, how &quot;random&quot; and seeded the built-in random number generator is, etc. The GUID / UUID should be at least 32 characters and should stay in the ASCII range to avoid trouble when passing them around. Is there an invalid pthread_t id?