PHP PDO Prepared Statement doesn't work
Can PHP PDO Statements accept the table or column name as parameter?
How to extract the decimal part from a floating point number in C? How can we extract the decimal part of a floating point number and store the decimal part and the integer part into two separate integer variables? Does this recording sound like the pulses emitted by bats? Out of curiosity, I recorded sounds in an area with lots of bats, hoping to be able to &quot;hear&quot; the bats communicating by lowering the ultrasound to a level down to the frequency which can be heard by a human. After a bit of post-processing, I actually hear interesting sounds, but I'm not sure about the origin. It seems that the frequency of the pulses is too low compared to bats. . Are those actual sounds emitted by bats? If not, what other animal could be the source of those sounds? About the audio The sound was recorded at 10 p.m. at  near a river, with more of a dozen bats flying in this zone. There is a bridge nearby, and the sides of the river are flat concrete, which means that there are a lot of opportunity for sound reflection (although high frequency sounds don't reflect well). Zoom H5 with the default XY directional microphone was used. The bitrate was set to 24-bit. Unfortunately, I used the sampling frequency of 48 kHz instead of the maximum 96 kHz. The following transformations were made to the original audio:  The pitch was shifted by -12 semi-tones, which means that the 20 kHz sound becomes 10 kHz, and 15 kHz becomes 7.5 kHz.   All sounds below 6 kHz were removed.  The sound was amplified.  Severe noise reduction was applied to eliminate everything but the actual sounds emitted by the bats.   The empty parts of the audio were removed.  The sound was amplified once again.   Frequency The frequency analysis of the transformed audio a peak around 9 kHz (18 kHz in the original audio), slowly fading to suddenly drop at 16 kHz (32 kHz in the original audio).   contains many sources with different indications about the frequency range of the sounds emitted by bats, only a few referencing the frequencies low enough to be heard by a human:  Frequency Produced 10kHz-120kHz Ramsey, Gabriel, McGuirk, Phillips, Watenpaugh. Holt Physical Science. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Publishers, 1986.  while most agreeing on the fact that bats use frequencies higher than 20 kHz.  Most bats use frequencies in the range 20-80 kHz, only a few bats use frequencies less than 20 kHz. Long, M.R. &amp; Savage, J.G. Mammal Evolution. New York: Harper, 1976: 108.  The observed range of 18..32 kHz seems too low compared to the sources, but I have an impression that the frequencies vary a lot between different species of bats. Pattern When viewing the audio track (see below), each cry consists of several pulses in two to three sub-groups which are in turn in two groups. Each peak is a bit less than 1 ms. The second group occurs from 40 to 200 ms. after the end of the first one. Each sub-group is separated by 5 to 10 ms. The frequency of every pulse doesn't vary, except the very first pulse. The first cry starts by a more quiet pulse at 6 kHz (12 kHz in the original audio). The second and third cries don't follow this pattern.  indicates that there are three categories of sounds emitted by the bats:  Short clicks,  Frequency-swept pulses,  Constant frequency pulses.   It looks like it's still the third category which we are observing here, and the overall pattern looks similar to the one described for the bats. The gap between the left and the right track is mostly irrelevant: at higher frequencies, microphones become more and more directional, and the sound is reflected less, which leads to such difference.     Note: this question was considered to be on-topic at Biology.SE on . How do I start with in-camera JPEG settings in Lightroom? I'm a novice shooting in RAW and find that half the time my camera JPEG images come out better than my Lightroom tweaks to RAW files.  So to give myself a better start I'd like to apply the JPEG settings that are applied automatically by the camera to my RAW files in lightroom so that initially my RAW files look exactly like the JPEG files.   How can I do this? Effect of space time relativity on the age of the universe? So we all heard about the twins paradox to explain einstein's time space relativity.  Wikipedia Quote :" In physics, the twin paradox is a thought experiment in special relativity involving identical twins, one of whom makes a journey into space in a high-speed rocket and returns home to find that the twin who remained on Earth has aged more. This result appears puzzling because each twin sees the other twin as traveling, and so, according to a naive application of time dilation, each should paradoxically find the other to have aged more slowly. "  So what if the universe has been travelling at varying speeds (increasing or descreasing), wouldn't this effect our measurements on age of the universe? A map is continuous if and only if for every set, the image of closure is contained in the closure of image As a part of self study, I am trying to prove the following statement:  Suppose $X$ and $Y$ are topological spaces and $f: X \rightarrow Y$ is a map. Then $f$ is continuous if and only if $f(\overline{A})\subseteq \overline{f(A)}$, where $\overline{A}$ denotes the closure of an arbitrary set $A$.   Assuming $f$ is continuous, the result is almost immediate. Perhaps I am missing something obvious, but I have not been able to make progress on the other direction. Could anyone give me a hint which might illuminate the problem for me? How do I deal with a compromised server? This is a  about Server Security - Responding to Breach Events (Hacking)   See Also:                  Canonical Version I suspect that one or more of my servers is compromised by a hacker, virus, or other mechanism:   What are my first steps? When I arrive on site should I disconnect the server, preserve "evidence", are there other initial considerations? How do I go about getting services back online? How do I prevent the same thing from happening immediately again? Are there best practices or methodologies for learning from this incident? If I wanted to put a Incident Response Plan together, where would I start? Should this be part of my Disaster Recovery or Business Continuity Planning?   Original Version       2011.01.02 - I'm on my way into work at 9.30 p.m. on a Sunday because our server has been compromised somehow and was resulting in a    attack on our provider. The servers access to the Internet   has been shut down which means over 5-600 of our clients sites are now   down. Now this could be an FTP hack, or some weakness in code   somewhere. I'm not sure till I get there.      How can I track this down quickly? We're in for a whole lot of   litigation if I don't get the server back up ASAP. Any help is   appreciated. We are running Open SUSE 11.0.            2011.01.03 - Thanks to everyone for your help. Luckily I WASN'T the only person responsible for this server, just the nearest. We managed   to resolve this problem, although it may not apply to many others in a   different situation. I'll detail what we did.      We unplugged the server from the net. It was performing (attempting to   perform) a Denial Of Service attack on another server in Indonesia,   and the guilty party was also based there.      We firstly tried to identify where on the server this was coming from,   considering we have over 500 sites on the server, we expected to be   moonlighting for some time. However, with SSH access still, we ran a   command to find all files edited or created in the time the attacks   started. Luckily, the offending file was created over the winter   holidays which meant that not many other files were created on the   server at that time.      We were then able to identify the offending file which was inside the   uploaded images folder within a  website.      After a short cigarette break we concluded that, due to the files   location, it must have been uploaded via a file upload facility that   was inadequetly secured. After some googling, we found that there was   a security vulnerability that allowed files to be uploaded, within the   ZenCart admin panel, for a picture for a record company. (The section   that it never really even used), posting this form just uploaded any   file, it did not check the extension of the file, and didn't even   check to see if the user was logged in.      This meant that any files could be uploaded, including a PHP file for   the attack. We secured the vulnerability with ZenCart on the infected   site, and removed the offending files.      The job was done, and I was home for 2 a.m.            The Moral   - Always apply security patches for ZenCart, or any other CMS system for that matter. As when security updates are released, the whole   world is made aware of the vulnerability.   - Always do backups, and backup your backups.   - Employ or arrange for someone that will be there in times like these. To prevent anyone from relying on a panicy post on Server   Fault. If $|G/H|=4$ then $G$ is union of three proper subgroups Let $G$ be a finite group and $N$ a normal subgroup of $G$ of index $4$. Prove that $G$ has a subgroup of index $2$ (hence normal) and if $G/H$ is not cyclic then $G$ is equal to the union of three proper subgroups.   I understand that $G/H$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}_4$ or $\mathbb{Z}_2\times \mathbb{Z}_2$. Let $K^*$ be a subgroup of $G/H$ of order $2$. Then $K^*\cong K/H$ for some $K$ such that $H$ is normal in $K$ and hence $[G:K]=[G/H:K/H]=4/2=2$.  If $G/H$ is not cyclic then $G/H\cong \mathbb{Z}_2\times \mathbb{Z}_2$. I don't know how to prove $G$ is the union of three subgroups. Could it be true that as $G/H$ is the union of three proper subgroups $K_1^*,K_2^*,K_3^*$ then the corresponding groups $K_1,K_2,K_3$ have union equal to $G$? Would anyone give me a hint to prove this?  Thank you. After hours of banging my brain against my skull, I narrowed down an issue I'm having to the fact that \makeatletter doesn't work inside \newcommand. Commands that I call after \makeatletter are registered as undefined, as if \makeatletter didn't do anything.  Why is this the case?  In the example below, I define two commands. Calling one of them from the document body causes the undefined error, while the other doesn't.  \documentclass[11pt]{book} \usepackage{kvsetkeys}  \newcommand{\commandThatFails}{     \makeatletter \comma@parse{}{} \makeatother }  \makeatletter     \newcommand{\commandThatWorks}{         \comma@parse{}{}     } \makeatother  \begin{document}  Hi there.  \commandThatFails \commandThatWorks  \end{document} Attributive nouns vs. of-genitive I would be very grateful for some advice on how to decide whether to use an attributive noun or the "of genitive" (periphrastic genitive).  It seems to me that an attributive noun is generally preferable, except when it leads to ambiguity, often due to the combination of several modifiers with mixed dependent relationships.  Additionally, the of-genitive, when used stand-alone, seems to impart a more formal tone, a higher register.  Simple examples (preferred first, less-preferred second):  The department secretary vs. the secretary of the department.  But:  The excellent secretary of the department vs. the excellent department secretary.  Any additional guidelines would be most welcome. A coin is tossed three times. The probability of zero heads is 1/8 and the probability of zero tails is 1/8. What is the probability that there is at least one head and at least one tail?  So, if P(zero heads)= 1/8 , then that should be the same of p(all tails)?  We would use the complement rule and Multiplication Rule?   P(at least one head) = 1 - P(no heads) = 1 - 1/8= 7/8 P(at least one tail) = 1 - P(no tails) = 1 - 1/8= 7/8  would I multiply the two values? Given that $W$ is a subspace of $V$, prove: $\dim W=\dim V \implies W=V$ Suppose $W$ is a subspace of the finite-dimensional vector space $V$ and $\dim W = \dim V=n$  Let $\{\overrightarrow w_1,\ldots,\overrightarrow w_n\}$ be a basis for $W$ and $\{\overrightarrow v_1,\ldots,\overrightarrow v_n\}$ be a basis for $V$.  The set $\{\overrightarrow w_1,\ldots,\overrightarrow w_n,\overrightarrow v_1,\ldots,\overrightarrow v_n\}$ still spans $W$. Since $W$ is a subspace of $V$, $W\subset V$ and all the $w_i$'s can be written in terms of $\{ \overrightarrow v_{1},\ldots,\overrightarrow v_n\}$.  $\therefore$ We can remove one by one all the $w_i$'s from the set $\{\overrightarrow w_{1},\ldots,\overrightarrow w_n,\overrightarrow v_1,\ldots,\overrightarrow v_n\}$ while still having it span $W$, which leaves us with the set $\{\overrightarrow v_1,\ldots,\overrightarrow v_n\}$. We know it to be linearly independent since it is a basis for $V$. Therefore the basis of $V$ is also a basis of $W$. From there on, it is trivial to prove double inclusion $W\subset V$ and $V\subset W$ which gives us $W=V$.  Is my approach correct? A Jamaican committed marriage fraud about 30 years ago by marrying a US citizen in a marriage where the groom was paid a certain amount of money to marry her. The groom got in legal trouble for an unrelated matter, and the marriage fraud was discovered and the family friend was deported back to Jamaica. She no longer has any paperwork involved with the deportation and she can’t remember any of the details. I do not know if she simply agreed to return to Jamica when the fraud was discovered, or if she made any attempts to mount any type of legal defense in the case. I do know that she was cooperative with the immigration authorities and that they did not have to come looking for her. She would like to come the USA for a two-week visit. The main purpose of the visit is for her to visit a friend (US citizen) who is terminally ill.  I have been looking at 8 U.S.C. 1182 and from my reading of it, it would seem that she would not be admissible to the US because of the previous immigration fraud. My understanding is based on the section that says:     In general.-Any alien who, by fraud or willfully misrepresenting a material fact, seeks to procure (or has sought to procure or has procured) a visa, other documentation, or admission into the United States or other benefit provided under this Act is inadmissible.   What’s not clear to me is if this means that she would be inadmissible permanently or if this would be subject to the 10 year limit.  Can anyone help provide some clarity on this?  If the ban is not permanent are there any tips to being able to increase her chances of being able to get a visa.  She intends to honestly answer all questions during her application process for a visa. Verbatim Environment in Figure Caption How much space does Ubuntu take up after it's already installed? I know how much space is required to install Ubuntu.  How much space does a Ubuntu installation take up on the disk? Suppose $f$ and $g$ are entire functions, and $|f(z)| \leq |g(z)|$ for all $z \in \mathbb{C}$, Prove that $f(z)=cg(z)$. Suppose $f$ and $g$ are entire functions, and $|f(z)| \leq |g(z)|$ for all $z \in \mathbb{C}$, Prove that $f(z)=cg(z)$.   My try :  I consider $h(z)=\frac{f(z)}{g(z)}$. If I prove that $h(z)$ is entire, using the fact that $|h(z)|\leq 1$, the result follows immediately from Liouville's theorem.  To prove that $h(z)$ is entire, I have to prove that $h(z)$ has removable singularities at possible zeros of $g(z)$.  Suppose $g(z_0)=0 \Rightarrow |g(z_0)|=0 \Rightarrow |f(z_0)|=0$, BUT what if $z_0$ be a root of of order $k$ of $g(z)$ (i.e. $f^{(n)}(z_0) = 0 $ for all $ 0 \leq n \leq k-1$) and be a zero of order $m$ of $f(z)$ and $k&gt;m$ ?  And if that's not the case, how to rigorously show that $z_0$ is a removable singularity ?  Thank you all in advance. How to determine the amount of experience needed for leveling up Related questions under this topic might include:   How should I base how much experience points it takes to get to the next level? What factors are involved in this? How do I keep the player not entertained long enough till he levels up? How can I vary the way the player gets experience points? Deriving the joint probability density function from a given marginal density function and conditional density function We have a multivariate normal vector $\mathbf{X} \sim \mathcal{N}(\boldsymbol{\mu}, \boldsymbol{\Sigma})$, where $\mathbf{X} =  \left[ \begin{matrix} X_1 \\ X_2 \\ \dot\\\\ \dot\\\\ X_n \end{matrix} \right]$,    $\boldsymbol{\mu} =  \left[ \begin{matrix} \mu_1 \\ \mu_2 \\ \dot\\\\ \dot\\\\ \mu_n \end{matrix} \right]$, and  $\boldsymbol{\Sigma} =  \begin{bmatrix} \sigma_1^2 &amp; \sigma_1\sigma_2 &amp; \dots &amp; \sigma_1\sigma_n   \\ \sigma_2\sigma_1 &amp; \sigma_2^2 &amp; \dots &amp; \sigma_2\sigma_n  \\ \dot\\\\ \dot\\\\ \sigma_n\sigma_1 &amp; \sigma_n\sigma_2  &amp; \dots &amp; \sigma_n^2 \end{bmatrix} $ is the covariance matrix.  Y is a random scalar of the form $Y = \beta_0 + \boldsymbol{\beta^TX} + \epsilon$, where $\epsilon \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \sigma_\epsilon^2)$  How can we go about deriving the joint probability density function(pdf) of the random vector $(Y, \boldsymbol{X^T})$?  The marginal multivariate pdf of $\boldsymbol{X}$ is given by  $ pdf(\boldsymbol{x}) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{(2\pi})^n. \begin{vmatrix} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \end{vmatrix}}.exp\left[ \frac{-1}{2}\boldsymbol{(x-\mu)}^T \boldsymbol{\Sigma^{-1}}\boldsymbol{(x-\mu)} \right]$  The conditional probability density function of $Y \,\mid \, \boldsymbol{X=x}$ is given by  $pdf(y\mid \boldsymbol{X=x}) = \frac{1}{2\pi\sigma_\epsilon}.exp\left[  \frac{-1}{2\sigma_\epsilon^2}(y - \beta_0 - \boldsymbol{\beta^Tx})^2  \right]   $  To compute the joint probability density function, we can use the fact that   $pdf(y, \boldsymbol{x})=  pdf(y\mid \boldsymbol{X=x}).pdf(\boldsymbol{x})$  I am unable to do the witty manipulation required in the algebra to arrive at the result the joint distribution will have a probability density function of a normal distribution. All questions previously asked seem to address the problem of deriving the conditional density function given the joint probability density function, for example,   Edit:  Multiplying the pdfs, we get $pdf(y, \boldsymbol{x}) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{(2\pi})^n. \begin{vmatrix} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \end{vmatrix}}. \frac{1}{2\pi\sigma_\epsilon}.exp\left[ \frac{-1}{2}\boldsymbol{(x-\mu)}^T \boldsymbol{\Sigma^{-1}}\boldsymbol{(x-\mu)} + \frac{-1}{2\sigma_\epsilon^2}(y - \beta_0 - \boldsymbol{\beta^Tx})^2 \right]$   Like the comment below mentions, most manipulations dealing with normal pdfs involve completing squares; but since this specific algebraic expression contains $\boldsymbol{x}$ in both terms within the exp term, I'm unsure on how to go about completing the squares. Find $\lim \limits_{n \to \infty}{1*4*7*\dots(3n+1) \over 2*5*8* \dots (3n+2)}$ I am trying to find  $$\lim \limits_{n \to \infty}{1*4*7*\dots(3n+1) \over 2*5*8* \dots (3n+2)}$$  My first guess is to look at the reciprocal and isolate factors:  $${2 \over 1}{5 \over 4}{8 \over 7} \dots {3n+2 \over 3n+1}= {\left(1+1\right)}\left(1+{1 \over 4}\right)\left(1+{1 \over 7}\right) \dots \left(1+{1 \over 3n+1}\right)$$ Now we take the natural log: $$\ln{ + \ln\left(1+1\right)} + \ln\left(1+{1 \over 4}\right) +\ln\left(1+{1 \over 7}\right) \dots +\ln\left(1+{1 \over 3n+1}\right)$$ Using $\ln(1+x) \le x$, we get: $$\ln{ + \ln\left(1+1\right)} + \ln\left(1+{1 \over 4}\right) +\ln\left(1+{1 \over 7}\right) \dots +\ln\left(1+{1 \over 3n+1}\right) \le 1 + {1 \over 4} + {1 \over 7} + \dots + {1 \over 3n+1}$$ Now, I'm stuck. I suppose I might use the fact that the RHS is similar to the harmonic series and show that it converges to some log, but I'm not sure how to do that. Do you have any clues? What is the difference between apt and apt-get? I read about the new fancy progress bar which was added to apt 1.0 in  and how to enable it . However on running sudo apt-get update, I did not see the fancy progress bars. On reading the second link again, the solution explicitly requires you to use sudo apt update.  Hence my question is the difference between apt and apt-get. I thought they were one and the same. Does the faction of your armor/clothes affect character interactions in Skryim?