How do I create an internet shortcut within a folder?
Create a shortcut for URL?
(I'm going to link to this Stackexchange post concerning Nullary Operations: )  In general an  is a function $f:S^n \to S$, where $n$ denotes the arity of the operation, and a  is a function $f:S^0 \to S$.  It is clear that $S^n=S \times S \times \cdots \times S$ denotes the Cartesian product of a set with itself ($n$ times), however $S^0$ makes little sense to me.  One might define $S^0=\emptyset$. At first glance, that seems like a good choice. However then a nullary operation makes no sense, since it must be a function $f: A \to B$ where $A$ and $B$ are two sets representing the domain and codomain of the function. And note a function is defined in terms of relation, where a relation is a subset of the Cartesian product $A \times B$. So when we think of $A=S^0=\emptyset$ and $B=S$, so that we have a nullary operation $f:\emptyset \to S$, what is a a subset of $\emptyset \times S$? What even is $\emptyset \times S$? By definition of the Cartesian product, \begin{equation} \emptyset \times S = \{(a,b):a \in \emptyset\textrm{ and }b \in S\}. \end{equation} But there exists no $a \in \emptyset$! Therefore there exist no ordered pairs in our Cartesian product! Therefore $\emptyset \times S = \emptyset !$. Remember a function is a relation which is a subset of the Cartesian product. Therefore our relation is the empty set, and therefore also $f=\emptyset$.    Edit: We got the definition sorted out in the comments. Thanks especially to Hayden and Christoff for their great help. In summary, we figured out that $S^0=\{()\}$, the set containing only one element, the "empty $n$-tuple". Then if taking $S=\{1,2,...,k\}$, then a nullary operation $f:S^0 \to S$ is a function, i.e. some subset of $S^0 \times S = \{()\} \times S$. Looking at $\{()\} \times S$, this equals $\{((),1),((),2),...,((),k)\}$. Then a function is a special subset of this, so that each element of the domain (and there is only one element, namely $()$) is paired with exactly one element of the codomain. Therefore a function would have the form $f=\{((),a)\}$ where $a$ is one of $1,2,...,k$. Thank you for your help. It was either a short story or a novel. I read it about 20 years ago, and some vague memory of it stuck.  It's set in a future where everyone's allotted role is decided by a series of tests once they reach a certain age. They are then classified into a group which decides what jobs they will do.  Our hero rather controversially gets a perfect score in the tests. Nobody had done that in a long time. and at first he worries about what this might mean. He is sent to work for the mysterious scientists who maintain the computer that runs society. Most people don't know they exist. He is disappointed to learn he has to be their tea boy, and learn a tea making ceremony perfectly.  In the process he learns how to fool the machine, and eventually to circumvent the controls society has placed on him. He makes several visits to an area outside the control of the machine - where people are living in poverty and lawlessness.  Can't remember the author, or the name, just that basic idea, and the fact that early in the book is a very grand "tea ceremony" where he must make the tea perfectly. Converting time field omitting time and returning null values? I have a time field in my shapefile that is formatted as HH:mm:ss.s It is a text field, and I want to convert it to a date so I can calculate time elapsed across rows (if there's a better way to do this let me know). Basically, each row is a point on a route, and I want to use the time field to calculate the amount of time elapsed between the first and last points on the route.   I tried using the convert time field tool, setting the input format as HH:mm:ss.s, and the output type as DATE. The output field however only shows values of 01/01/2001 for some rows and  for other rows.   time is the input field and time_c is the output field  I'm not sure what's going wrong here, here is what shows up in the geoprocessing results window:    I tried adding the date data to the field as well to make the format yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.s, but it still didn't work: how to get full path from fileupload using Javascript How do I counter-knife an enemy? When you press down the right stick to counter the attack, do you just press it, repeatedly press it, or press and hold? I've been knifed a few times from the front and each time I try to counter I fail. Also, if you believe you are about to be knifed and hold down the right stick until you are knifed, will that counter an attack, or do you have to press it down just at the right time? How does one determine ladder operators systematically? In textbooks, the ladder operators are always defined," and shown to 'raise' the state of a system, but they are never actually derived.  Does one find them simply by trial and error? Or is there a more systematic method/approach to obtain them? How do I change my profile picture, or avatar? Where does the image come from? How do I change my profile picture, or avatar? How do I change my profile picture on all SE sites at once? How can I use different avatars on different SE sites? How do avatars work? How do the SE sites know when I changed my Gravatar? Why do SE sites show a different Gravatar identicon than other sites where I use the same email address? How can I use a Gravatar image after logging in to facebook.stackoverflow.com? I changed my picture but am still seeing the old one    See also: On Windows 10 Professional, with the November update (Build 10586, Version 1511) , is there any possibility to completely remove Windows Defender ?  I don't want to just disable Windows Defender.  I want to completely uninstall from my system. Need help with proof for Dedekind cuts on $\mathbb{Q}^+$ I am working on a proof about Dedekind cuts on the positive rational numbers. I have been stuck for a while on the following point and would appreciate any help.  Given $x\in \mathbb{Q}^+$ such that $x^2&lt;2$, how to find $y\in \mathbb{Q}^+$ such $y&gt;x$ and $y^2&lt;2$? Latexmk and the location of Asymptote's generated files I am trying out Asymptote with latexmk and I would like to automate the interaction.  Consider the following latex document test.tex:  \documentclass{minimal} \usepackage{asymptote} \def\asydir{asymptote}  \begin{document}  Testing Asymptote:  \begin{asy} settings.outformat = "pdf"; unitsize(2cm); draw((0,0) -- (1,0)); \end{asy}  \end{document}   In my latexmkrc I have the  for Asymptote integration:  sub asy {return system("asy -o asymptote/ \"$_[0]\"");} add_cus_dep("asy","eps",0,"asy"); add_cus_dep("asy","pdf",0,"asy"); add_cus_dep("asy","tex",0,"asy");   Running latexmk -pdf test.tex generates test.pdf in the current folder and test-1.asy and test-1.pdf in the asymptote folder -- but only if   I manually created the asymptote folder prior to running latexmk. The folder specification in the latex document (\def\asydir{asymptote}) and latexmkrc (-o asymptote/) are identical.   I would like latexmk to read asydir from the main tex file, create the directory if it does not exist and run asy with the read output folder.  Is this possible? Selecting points within polygon and updating attributes using ArcPy? I have two feature classes, a polygon of sales areas for a city, and point layer of addresses. I want to select the addresses based on the sales area they are in and update their attribute table to show the sales area. I have searched python+point+in+polygon for other posts and I know how to select the polygons but I can't figure out how to populate the address points.   I found the following script that works but takes almost two hours to run.  import arcpy import os  # Allow overwrite  arcpy.env.overwriteOutput = True  # Script user input parameters polygonLayer = arcpy.GetParameter(0) pointLayer = arcpy.GetParameter(1) workspace = arcpy.GetParameter(2) copyField = = arcpy.GetParameterAsText (3)   # Add new field to target feature class  fieldList = arcpy.ListFields(pointLayer) fieldNameList = [] for field in fieldList:    fieldNameList.append(field.name) fieldType = arcpy.ListFields(polygonLayer,copyField)[0].type if not copyField in fieldNameList:     arcpy.AddField_management(pointLayer, copyField, fieldType)  arcpy.MakeFeatureLayer_management(polygonLayer, "PolygonLayer")  pntCursor = arcpy.UpdateCursor(pointLayer) for pnt in pntCursor:     rowID = pnt.OBJECTID     arcpy.MakeFeatureLayer_management(pointLayer, "PointLayer", '"OBJECTID" = ' + str(rowID))      # Polygon selection based on CONTAINS selection method     arcpy.SelectLayerByLocation_management("PolygonLayer", "CONTAINS", "PointLayer")      # Copy field values from polygon to point layer         polyCursor = arcpy.SearchCursor("PolygonLayer")             for poly in polyCursor:         pnt.setValue(copyField, poly.getValue(copyField))         pntCursor.updateRow(pnt)      arcpy.Delete_management("PointLayer")          del pntCursor, polyCursor, pnt, poly   I don't think I need to create a new field so I have simplified my script too:  # Import arcpy module import arcpy import os  # Allow overwrite  arcpy.env.overwriteOutput = True  # Script user input parameters polygonLayer = arcpy.GetParameter(0) pointLayer = arcpy.GetParameter(1) workspace = arcpy.GetParameter(2) fsaPoly = arcpy.GetParameterAsText (3) #FSA in FSA_Boundaries fsaPnt =  arcpy.GetParameterAsText (4) #FSA in Addresses   # Select all Address in FSA     polyCursor = arcpy.SearchCursor("PolygonLayer")      for poly in polyCursor: # Select based on CONTAINS      arcpy.SelectLayerByLocation_management(poly, "CONTAINS", "PointLayer")  # Add FSA to Address         pntCursor = arcpy.UpdateCursor("pointLayer")               for pnt in pointCursor:             pnt.setValue(fsaPnt, fsaPoly)             pntCursor.updateRow(pnt)   del pntCursor, polyCursor, pnt, poly   I know my update cursor is wrong but i'm stuck on how to update one feature class using information selected from the other.   I know I can do this manually but I need to do it for multiple cities so I would like to automate the process.   I am using Arc 10.2.2 to run my python script. Movie/TV series with a scene of spiky, black goo growing out of a lab container? There was a scene from a sci-fi horror video, not animated, don't know if it's a movie or TV series, where there was this black goo in a glass container and some scientists were looking at it under a microscope.   The pitch black goo grew and grew so fast, eventually breaking out of the inner box and the scientists that were inside the "inner lab" were begging to get out but the scientists outside that inner lab refused to open the door. The black goo was spiky (had spikes).  It's not any of the "Alien" movies, "The Blob", "Life", or "The Thing". It's not vintage. It was made after 1990, I'm pretty sure. grep a file, but show several surrounding lines? I would like to grep for a string, but also show the preceding five lines and the following five lines as well as the matched line. How would I be able to do this? How to get the directory of open blend file? (from Python) What's the best way to get the full directory of the current Blender file in Python?  It should be cross-platform. Why does lightning emit light? What exactly is causing the electric discharge coming from the clouds to emit light while traveling through the air. I've read and thought about it a little but with my current knowledge I cant really figure what is happening at a subatomic level. In other words, what causes the emission of photons during lightning. What I want to know is, is there some sort of collisions taking place that produces the photons we see, or is it some other interaction that is causing it?. I don't know too much about particle physics, I've only read a couple of pages in the Introduction to Elementary Particles by Griffihts. So if you could keep the answer simple then that would be great. Where is the itoa function in Linux? Where did they go?   Where do they went?   Can you please advise which of above forms is correct?  I'm pretty sure that first one is fine but wondering about second one.   Can I use a second form as well or it's incorrect? When I use the -a option as is asked and answered in , I got a lot of "rsync: failed to set permissions on" errors.  rsync: failed to set permissions on "/ata/text/RCS/jvlc,v": Operation not permitted (1) rsync: failed to set permissions on "/ata/text/RCS/jvm,v": Operation not permitted (1) rsync: failed to set permissions on ...   Why is this? The files are normal files with permission of 0664. Preventing console window from closing on Visual Studio C/C++ Console application How to find range $a_{75}$ of the term of the series $a_n=a_{n-1}+ {1 \over {a_{n-1}}} $ If $a_1=1$ and for n&gt;1$$a_n=a_{n-1}+ {1 \over {a_{n-1}}} $$ $a_{75}$ lies between (a) (12,15) (b) (11,12) (c) (15,18)  Now , in this question, I rewrote, $a_n-a_{n-1} = {1 \over {a_{n-1}}}$, to make a telescopic type and summed the terms to get $$a_n-a_{1}= {1 \over {a_{n-1}}}+ {1 \over {a_{n-2}}}...{1 \over {a_{1}}}$$ And as ${1 \over {a_{r}}} &lt;1$ for all r , I got $a_{75} &lt;76$ , but it's of no help as , the upper bound is much higher. I got no further ideas , on how to solve it, please help.