Some necessary words are filtered in question title
The title word filter is one of the worst ideas ever implemented on SO
Git SSH error: "Connect to host: Bad file number" Navigation bar overlapped by status bar Levels or First Differences, VECM or VAR for Ultimate Impulse Response Functions? My final goal is to generate Impulse Response Functions in R.  I have variables that are non stationary when I set k = 5 in a Unit Root test, and they are cointegrated which to my understanding prompts the use of the VECM, from which the Vec2Var argument is used to then generate IRFs. However, my response functions from this methodology do not decay over time and mostly do not revert to the zero line.  Furthermore, I noticed that when I input first differenced variables into the VECM as opposed to level data above, response function do revert to the zero line. Therefore my first question is: 1) is it appropriate to use differenced variables in a VECM model?  Secondly, as an alternative I am considering restricting the number of lags used in the Unit Root tests so that the variables are not all non-stationary; in this case 2) would the use of VECM be void and the VAR with first differences be a more appropriate model? Again, using differenced data is giving me better response functions that revert to zero in the long run. However, 3) is it ok to use the VAR for stationary/non-stationary data in levels where these variables are still cointegrated?  Also, I am using growth rate variables, 4) should I still long transform all variables and use logs in all tests?  Thank you for the help! Can we interchange the sentences " What's the date today?" and "what day is it today?"  In grammar is it correct to use these sentences interchangeably?  For example "What's the day today?" and "what date is it today?" How does similar_text work? Minimum bounty on a question is now 100 rep? How do users get started on new Stack Exchange sites? How do users on the new Stack Exchange sites get started? Each user starts with 1 rep, and can't upvote until they have 15 rep.  It struck me that this creates a bit of a deadlock. If a new user asks a question and a new user answers, neither can upvote the other.  Are we relying solely on existing SE users to join these exchange sites (with their bonus 100 rep) so that they can get started? How to sail downwind faster than the wind? Recently a  set a record for sailing a wind-powered land vehicle directly down wind, and a speed faster than wind speed. Wikipedia has a  talking about it, but it doesn't explain exactly how it works.  I can imagine some configurations, but I don't get how a system could be set up to push forward with a tailwind (when the cart is moving slower than the wind) and push forward with a head wind (when the cart is moving faster than the wind).  Could someone help explain how this is possible? How to change background and maintain realistic effect? I have like 30 different photos to process like this, but I want to know key things to maintain realistic photo by changing it's background, or maybe just modify background so it would be more pleasing to eye.(If you know tutorial related to my problem, please do provide it to me)  Here is the photo:   Here is my step 2:   Here is background:   Here is the result:   As you can see, it isn't any close to realistic feel. I fooled around with levels, but all I got was this and still it doesn't feels right.  First try:   Second try:   Update  Different background: How do I join two lists in Java? What's the difference between &lt;b&gt; and &lt;strong&gt;, &lt;i&gt; and &lt;em&gt; in HTML/XHTML? When should you use each? Data extension values in the "Update Contact" activity in Journey Builder I'm looking for a way to use fields from a data extension (that is the entry source for a journey) in the "Update Contact" activity.  I want to create a sort of log in a different data extension. Let's say I have a sourceDEthat is used by the journey and a journeylogDE where I would like to write the email of contact that's currently in the journey.  What should I write in the value field to get a value from the currently used record in the sourceDE?  I tried {{Contact.Attribute.sourceDE.email}}, but it did not return any values.   I would appreciate it if you could give me any tips how to fix this issue. Do you get Hex Warrior's Cha bonus with a two-handed Pact Weapon? Hex Warrior says:     you can touch one weapon with which you are proficient and that lacks the two-handed quality. When you attack with that weapon you can use your Charisma for attack and damage rolls.   later the ability says:     This benefit extends to every weapon conjured with the Pact of Blades feature, no matter the type.   (emphasis mine)  Does this allow me to use my charisma with 2 handed weapons(provided it is my Pact Weapon and my Hex Warrior Blade)?  This question is not the same as . That one is asking how many weapons, I'm asking if type means 2 handed or something else(Slashing or Ranged for examples). How long does it take for reputation on Stack Overflow Careers to be updated? Just curious how this works:  My Stack Overflow reputation on my Stack Overflow CV shows an amount X, which is less than my actual Stack Overflow reputation Y. It's been this way for a few days. In addition, some of my 'favorite answers' on my CV have a lower # of votes than they do in reality.  How long does it take for this (I assume cached) value to be updated? How to prevent the screen lock while watching video (Netflix, Youtube, Amazon Prime) in Ubuntu 17.10 In earlier Ubuntu versions like 16.04 and 17.04 while watching YouTube videos in full-screen mode, the screen would not get locked automatically.  In Ubuntu 17.10 while watching videos in browser, system is getting locked. So Ubuntu 17.10 is considering this scenario as user is not doing anything.  Kindly suggest a solution for that. OK guys I have this problem:  For $x,y,p,q&gt;0$ and $ \frac {1} {p} + \frac {1}{q}=1 $ prove that $ xy \leq\frac{x^p}{p} + \frac{y^q}{q}$  It says I should use Jensen's inequality, but I can't figure out how to apply it in this case. Any ideas about the solution? Definitions of connected space I have seen several definitions of connected space, but I would like to discuss those from . I am concerned about these:  $X$ is disconnected, if it is the union of two disjoint nonempty open sets.  What about $[0,1] \cup [2,3] $ ? It is not the union of two disjoint nonempty open sets, so it is connected?  $X$ is connected, when it cannot be divided into two disjoint nonempty closed sets.  What about $(0,1) \cup (2,3) $ ? It cannot be divided into two disjoint nonempty closed sets, so it is connected?   Maybe I don't understand what "divided" means. The limit of a complex integral If $f(z)$ is continuous in the neighborhood of the point $z=a$, then $$\lim_{r\to 0^+} \int_{\vert z-a\vert =r} \frac{f(z) dz}{z-a}=2\pi i\,f(a)\tag{1}$$  In my desperate intents of proving the above exercise, I tried to prove a 'particular' case of it, which is when $z=0$.   So if $z=0$ and as $f$ is continuous on a neighborhood of zero, given $\epsilon&gt;0$, there exists $\delta&gt;0$ such that $|f(re^{i \theta})-f(0)|\le \epsilon$ for $r\in[0,\delta)$ and $\theta\in\mathbb R$. Hence,  $\left\lvert\int_{0}^{2 \pi}(f(re^{i \theta})-f(0))d\theta\right| &lt;2\pi\epsilon \Rightarrow \limsup_{r\to0}\left\lvert\int_{0}^{2 \pi}(f(re^{i \theta})-f(0))d\theta\right| \le2\pi\epsilon.$  If $\epsilon\to0$, then $\limsup_{r\to0}\left\lvert\int_{0}^{2 \pi}(f(re^{i \theta})-f(0))d\theta\right|=0 \Rightarrow \lim_{r\to0}\int_{0}^{2 \pi}(f(re^{i \theta})-f(0))d\theta=0.$  Is this proof correct?  How can I make the proof for $(1)$ following the 'particular proof'? Can someone help me? How to check a particular directory is mounted on the Linux machine. For instance there is a folder named test, I want to check if it is mounted or not. Currently, the only way to vote to delete (and undelete, since you can't see deleted posts) in the Android app is to open the post in a browser, and then vote to delete from there.  Can we get delete vote functionality within the app, as well as the ability to delete our own posts?  Worth to mention: users , so it's possible in the API.  Related: