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I guess I've been somewhat ignorant when it comes to the finer details of pcb layout. Lately I've read a couple of books that try their best to lead me on the straight and narrow. Here is a couple of examples of a recent board of mine, and I have highlighted three of the decoupling caps. The MCU is a LQFP100 package and the caps are 100nF in 0402 packages. The vias connect to ground and power plane.     The top cap (C19) is placed according to best practices (as I understand them). The other two are not. I haven't noticed any problems. But then again the board has never been outside the lab.  I guess my question is: How big a deal is this? As long as the tracks are short, does it matter?  The Vref pins (reference voltage for the ADC) also have a 100nF cap across them. Vref+ comes from an onboard TL431 shunt regulator. Vref- goes to ground. Do they require special treatment like shielding or local ground?    EDIT    Thanks for great suggestions! My approach has always been to rely on an unbroken ground plane. A ground plane will have the lowest possible impedance, but this approach may be too simplistic for higher frequency signals. I've made a quick stab at adding local ground and local power under the MCU (The part is an NXP LPC1768 running at 100MHz). The yellow bits are the decoupling caps. I'll look into paralleling caps. The local ground and power are connected to the GND layer and the 3V3 layer where indicated.  The local ground and power are made with polygons (pour). It's going to be a major rerouting job to minimize the length of the "tracks". This technique will limit how many signal tracks can be routed under and across the package.  Is this an acceptable approach? apt-get autoremove wants to remove linux headers People like myself are Stack Exchange trusted users with thousands of reputation points and hundreds of badges.  In other words, we've proven ourselves as people who are assets to Stack Exchange and are a key component in making it so profitable.  As such, I was surprised when I posted  on the  site, and then shortly afterwards tried to  on that same meta site, but was blocked with a message in red stating I had to wait 40 minutes before posting again.  Why is this limit present for trusted Stack Exchange contributors, and can it be changed? How to resolve a Java Rounding Double issue Seems like the subtraction is triggering some kind of issue and the resulting value is wrong.  double tempCommission = targetPremium.doubleValue()*rate.doubleValue()/100d;   78.75 = 787.5 * 10.0/100d  double netToCompany = targetPremium.doubleValue() - tempCommission;   708.75 = 787.5 - 78.75  double dCommission = request.getPremium().doubleValue() - netToCompany;   877.8499999999999 = 1586.6 - 708.75  The resulting expected value would be 877.85.  What should be done to ensure the correct calculation? Fermat's Last Theorem with negative exponent Integral of the square of the normal distribution. Prove the following integral inequality: $\int_{0}^{1}f(g(x))dx\le\int_{0}^{1}f(x)dx+\int_{0}^{1}g(x)dx$ Suppose $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ are continuous function from $[0,1]\rightarrow [0,1]$, and $f$ is monotone increasing, then how to prove the following inequality: $$\int_{0}^{1}f(g(x))dx\le\int_{0}^{1}f(x)dx+\int_{0}^{1}g(x)dx$$ Just wondering if someone can give me an explanation for this capacitor layout - what is it's function? The chip to the right is an ADC.  Circled in blue.    I'm guessing it is well known but i don't know how to search for it. What are all the member-functions created by compiler for a class? Does that happen all the time? I've installed reCAPTCHA module but spam still bypass my security and leave nasty comments. What should I do? How to block them? Changing unusual foreign currencies in London I've just returned from several unusual countries in Asia, and annoyingly despite being told I'd have no problem, I'm unable to find anyone in London to change back to pounds.  I've tried Travelex in Heathrow, a currency exchange place, and the post office.  The currencies include cash from: Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.  Most of the responses when shown the money is to the tone of "What the hell currency is this?" which doesn't fill me with confidence.  Any suggestions welcomed for places that may change this. Otherwise I may need to go back next year ;) Over the years I have seen a few people transport a dog on a bike.  What options have you seen?   Please include a photo in your answer if possible. Probability of Various Combinations of Weather There's a 10% chance it will rain today. There's a 15% chance it will snow today.   What percentage chance is it that it will:   Both rain and snow (it can both rain and snow at the same time)? Neither rain nor snow? -   Raining and snowing are independent of each other.  EDIT: (ADDED)   Rain or snow but not both? How do we remove an ex-girlfriend from a car loan? How can I send an email using a template? I have created a email template in ExactTarget API and I want to use it executing XML from SoapUI.  Is there any tutorial or examples of how can this be done?  I'm new at this and I'm not sure how ExactTarget really works. Ckeditor toolbar not entirely showing up I have just moved my site from local machine to production, the wysiwyg editor based on ckeditor no longer show the complete toolbar. I have a minimal list of element. Can someone help, am trying everything, edit profile, check if all files are uploaded, i don't see any problem ! Recently, the titles to some questions have been displaying as "undefined":    "undefined" is replaced with the question's true title upon refreshing the page. Is this a bug? Why are symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrices so important? I know the definition of symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrix, but want to understand more.   Why are they so important, intuitively?  Here is what I know. What else?   For a given data, Co-variance matrix is SPD. Co-variance matrix is a important metric, see this  for intuitive explanation. The quadratic form $\frac 1 2 x^\top Ax-b^\top x +c$ is convex, if $A$ is SPD. Convexity is a nice property for a function that can make sure the local solution is global solution. For Convex problems, there are many good algorithms to solve, but not for non-covex problems. When $A$ is SPD, the optimization solution for the quadratic form $$\text{minimize}~~~ \frac 1 2 x^\top Ax-b^\top x +c$$ and the solution for linear system $$Ax=b$$ are the same. So we can run conversions between two classical problems. This is important because it enables us to use tricks discovered in one domain in the another. For example, we can use the conjugate gradient method to solve a linear system.  There are many good algorithms (fast, numerical stable) that work better for an SPD matrix, such as Cholesky decomposition.   EDIT: I am not trying ask the identities for SPD matrix, but the intuition behind the property to show the importance. For example, as mentioned by @Matthew Drury, if a matrix is SPD, Eigenvalues are all positive real numbers, but why all positive matters. @Matthew Drury had a great answer to flow and that is what I was looking for. $f$ a real, continuous function, is it measurable? Let $f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R} $ be a continuous function. I need to show that is a measurable function.   I tried working with the definition:  Let $f: X \to \mathbb{R}$ be a function. If $f^{-1}(O)$ is a measurable set for every open subset $O$ of $\mathbb{R}$, then $f$ is called a measurable function.  Since $f^{-1}(O)$ also lies in $\mathbb{R}$, I think it is sufficient to show that every subset of $\mathbb{R}$ is measurable. But is this possible?   So far I concluded that $\mathbb{R}$ itself is measurable, since $$\mu(A) = \mu(A \cap \mathbb{R}) + \mu(A \cap \mathbb{R}^c) = \mu(A) + \mu(\emptyset) = \mu(A).$$ How do I need to approach? I've pluged e-pci power cable(6+2pin) to eps 8 pin on motherboard