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How do you use GRASS's v.kernel? I am flummoxed on how to use GRASS's v.kernel.  I have a vector layer of around 2.5 million points. I want to make a heat map using v.kernel to show concentrations, since I have variable instances with overlapping points, sometimes huge overlaps.  I've already gotten this vector layer in GRASS, and it displays just fine.  I've tried using GRASS's v.kernel command based on what I've seen here and on other forums, and I can't get it to do anything besides output a raster that's just a pink square.  Here's the command I'm using:  v.kernel --verbose input=master_grass7 output=master_grass7a_heatmap stddeviation=.0001   I've varied the stddeviation to all sorts of values from 1000000 to .000001, and it had no effect.  I've read the  repeatedly and don't really understand what it's getting at. At least, the instructions are on esoteric concepts, nothing practical. I've also checked the , and I'm not really understanding it, either. Yes, I can read C. The problem is it depends on a lot of stuff defined elsewhere in GRASS GIS.  I've also done a lot of Google searching, and I can't find a comprehensive guide. All that I'm getting are scattered copies of the v.kernel doc/man page or people who apparently got it to work without a fuss.  I've also checked up on the concept of kernel density estimation (KDE), and even then I don't see how to use the v.kernel command. That command appears to be a specific interpretation of KDE; its switches don't appear to correspond well to generic KDE concepts.  So back to the main question here: how can someone who is not intimate with GRASS product development use the v.kernel command? Is there a plain language translation available? Sentences with "no one" How to create automatic dual battery changeover/switching circuit for uninterruptible power? I've search for a solution to my problem both on this site and on Google but I did not find a complete and adequate response.  I need a circuit that switches two 12v sources (one that comes from a lead-acid battery powered by a solar panel and the other source comes from the output of a 220-12v switching power supply) without the final power output being interrupted during switching (this is very important!).  Notes:  - The final power output will be used to power 12v devices (30 Ampere maximum).  - The sources voltage range is 11-14.7v  How can I switch between two 12V sources? How to initialize all members of an array to the same value? I have a large array in C (not C++ if that makes a difference). I want to initialize all members of the same value.  I could swear I once knew a simple way to do this. I could use memset() in my case, but isn't there a way to do this that is built right into the C syntax? What is the difference between a field and a property? I was trying to prove this inequality using induction, but couldn't do.  Question: Suppose $a$ and $b$ are real numbers with $0 &lt; b &lt; a$. Prove that if $n$ is a positive integer, then:  $$a^n-b^n \leq na^{n-1}(a-b)$$ I consistently have more than one terminal open. Anywhere from two to ten, doing various bits and bobs. Now let's say I restart and open up another set of terminals. Some remember certain things, some forget.  I want a history that:   Remembers everything from every terminal Is instantly accessible from every terminal (eg if I ls in one, switch to another already-running terminal and then press up, ls shows up) Doesn't forget command if there are spaces at the front of the command.   Anything I can do to make bash work more like that? JSON URL from StackExchange API returning jibberish? Force Messages to use SMS for specific contact rather than iMessage? Essentially, I would like to set my phone so that all my outgoing messages to a specific friend, with whom I currently text back and forth over iMessage, are sent out over SMS, never iMessage. Additionally, I would like to block any incoming iMessage texts of his and (hopefully) they'll fail and be resent via SMS.  Let me restate that: I would like to force SMS for both parties, going both ways, for a specific individual contact.   Is this possible? Blocking any usage of iMessage between myself and this other individual, so they must either send and receive any texts to or from me via SMS (or the texts fail/never arrive). Unknown error: '' ("The cache has no package named wine-staging-i386") I want to upgrade my disk from MBR to GPT, and I tried using Windows' MBR2GPT.EXE tool to do the job. I used Windows' DISKPART tool to identify the disk I want to convert. However, this happened:  C:\WINDOWS\system32&gt;MBR2GPT.EXE /convert /disk:0 /allowfullos  MBR2GPT will now attempt to convert disk 0. If conversion is successful the disk can only be booted in GPT mode. These changes cannot be undone!  MBR2GPT: Attempting to convert disk 0 MBR2GPT: Retrieving layout of disk MBR2GPT: Validating layout, disk sector size is: 512 bytes Disk layout validation failed for disk 0 MBR2GPT: Conversion failed   and the conversion failed. Using Diskpart again, I get the following output:  DISKPART&gt; list disk    Disk ###  Status         Size     Free     Dyn  Gpt   --------  -------------  -------  -------  ---  --- * Disk 0    Online          465 GB      0 B   Disk 1    Online         3841 MB   960 KB  DISKPART&gt; select disk 0  Disk 0 is now the selected disk.  DISKPART&gt; list partition    Partition ###  Type              Size     Offset   -------------  ----------------  -------  -------   Partition 1    Primary            100 MB  1024 KB   Partition 2    Primary            464 GB   101 MB   Partition 3    Recovery           813 MB   464 GB   Partition 4    Recovery           511 MB   465 GB   Looking at the partitions on disk 0, there are 2 primary partitions and 2 hidden ones, I read  that the partitions might have something to do with the conversion failing, so I believe this is the culprit. If anyone could offer help converting my disk, that would be greatly appreciated. What is the rule of thumb for mixing doughs? Without delving too deeply into specialty doughs, but addressing more than just  and , what concerns can I evaluate when calculating the technique for approaching a dough?  For instance, some recipes say not to mix too much, others would imply that beating every bit of air out of the dough is the best thing for it. What I am looking for is a set of criteria, maybe a flowchart, that outlines how to deal with having a well-reasoned technique (as opposed to just following a recipe).  Crumble, cream, or melt the fat first? Paddle or hook? Beat, fold or whisk? Knead once and rest or knead three times and throw? I would assume that to some extent getting air in or out, activating and mixing ingredients, distributing fats more or less evenly, and so forth play a factor in any decision. However, I have no idea what those different things do, or the food science behind them. What general principles would help me understand what each factor does, so that I can have more confidence when staring down the ingredients, whether for some cookies or pizza crusts or muffins? I'd like to get a list of packages installed manually by apt or aptitude and be able to find out whether a foobar package was installed manually or automatically. Is there any neat way of doing that from the command line? Why is $ 561 = 3*11*17 $ the smallest Carmichael number? When in a browser (Chrome or Safari), the following keyboard shortcut will always bring up a window that says "Welcome To Mail":  Command+Shift+I  I would like to use this shortcut for another purpose.  Is there any way to disable this shortcut? How to differentiate formally? Encouraging users to create an account (and keep it) I know SO's policy is &quot;you don't have to register to ask questions,&quot; but there are so many new members and so many hit-and-runs... The majority of the questions I see now are coming from new users (i.e., it's their first question). Although unregistered users should still be able to ask questions, I think we should encourage users to create an account. Here is a couple of ways we could do that:  Explicitly encourage people to get an account: there's currently nothing telling people to do that. Maybe tell people something like &quot;Get an account, it's easy!&quot; and maybe show some of the perks of having an account (and having rep).  Maybe give a few bonus points for registering; and have that enable a basic privilege. It could be taken from one of the , for example.   Of course getting people to register is just half of the battle. I don't know what the stats are on this, but I think there's a number of users who create multiple accounts anyways. We could curb that by:  Having smart(er)? duplicate account detection systems, alerting someone who is about to create a new account and possibly has an account already. Give them a message like &quot;Hey, it looks like you already have  account, are you sure you want to create a new one?&quot;  Create a new privilege (10k? 20k?) that gives users tools to detect possible duplicate accounts, eg: &quot;List users with the same e-mail,&quot; &quot;List users with the same IP addresses,&quot;  etc. (without revealing said emails and IPs). Then the 10k/20k can look at other stuff (e.g.: posts) and refer the new user to a moderator for a possible merge. How long should it take to refresh a Developer Sandbox? I refreshed a Developer Sandbox, and almost 24 hours it is still "pending". Is this normal? Are there any actions I can take to speed up the process? When I created the Sandbox it took barely more than 10 minutes to create.  Thanks, Adrian Is it true that one should not use NSLog() on production code? I was told this a few times in this very site, but I wanted to make sure this is really the case.  I was expecting to be able to sprinkle NSLog function calls throughout my code, and that Xcode/gcc would automatically strip those calls out when building my Release/Distribution builds.  Should I avoid using this? If so, what alternatives are most common between experienced Objective-C programmers? How to run untrusted Ruby code inside a safe sandbox?