1. You roll five fair, six-sided dice. What is the probability that the sum of the five dice is 20?
How can I (algorithmically) count the number of ways n m-sided dice can add up to a given number?
Peggy would like to prove to Victor that she knows the discrete logarithm of $y$ based $g$; that is, she knows $x$ such that $y = g^x \bmod p$. One round of the interactive proof protocol consists of the following steps.   Peggy picks random $k \in \mathbb Z/(p−1)\mathbb Z$, computes $t = g^k \bmod p$, and sends $t$ to Victor. Victor picks random $h \in \mathbb Z/(p−1)\mathbb Z$ and sends $h$ to Peggy. Peggy computes $r = (k − hx) \bmod (p − 1)$ and sends $r$ to Victor. Victor verifies that $t = g^r y^h \bmod p$.   The interactive protocol can be converted into a noninteractive zero-knowledge proof by choosing and making public a collision-resistant hash function $H$, and changing the second step of the interactive protocol to the following: Peggy computes $h = H(y, t)$. Then the noninteractive proof consists of $(t, h, r)$, which can be verified as follows: $$h = H(y, t), \qquad t \stackrel?= g^r y^h \bmod p.$$   What is the problem if in the non-interactive proof the hash $h$ depends only on $y$? That is, $h = H(y)$, and the proof consists of $(t, h, r)$, which can be verified as follows: $$h = H(y), \qquad t \stackrel?= g^r y^h \bmod p.$$ What is the problem if in the non-interactive proof the hash $h$ depends only on $t$? That is, $h = H(t)$, and the proof consists of $(t, h, r)$, which can be verified as follows: $$h = H(t), \qquad t \stackrel?= g^r y^h \bmod p.$$ : So how many named special cases of each modal verb are there, in toto? There's   1. subjunctive should, and   2. mandative should, and   3. , at least;   and I s[up]pose 4. Should we? is suggestive should, and   5. Shouldn't we? is tag **should**, and I can think of a lot more.    I ask about only operative uses of this modal verb including literary and formal usage,  but please omit anything obsolete. I'm trying to classify them and learn the formal terms describing each. Are there any apt others in addition to the ones above? (I added the enumeration below)  1. What's 'subjunctive should'?  Whenever should is conjugated in the subjunctive mood? 5. What's a tag **should** ? 6. Where does  should/would  feature? What's it called? This should is detailed in   or  or . Given a compact Hausdorff space $X$, if $a \in X$ is a $G_\delta$ singleton (i.e., $\{ a \}$ is a $G_\delta$ set), then there is a countable local base at $a$.   The point $a$ can be written as countable intersection of open sets let's call $U_{n}$.  How can I use the compactness? What is the next step for proof? Could you give me hint please? get the value from force:RecordData on Init handler Is there a way we can get the value from force:RecordData on init ? I am getting the onclick event of a button.  &lt;aura:handler name="init" value="{!this}" action="{!c.doInit}"/&gt;     &lt;aura:attribute name="recordId" type="String"/&gt;      &lt;aura:attribute name="showButton" type="Boolean" default="false"/&gt;     &lt;aura:attribute name="Opportunity" type="Object"/&gt;        &lt;aura:attribute name="parentOpp" type="Object"/&gt;     &lt;aura:attribute name="oppLoadError" type="String"/&gt;     &lt;force:recordData aura:id="oppRecordLoader"                       recordId="{!v.recordId}"                       fields="Id,                               Name,                               AccountId,                               Cohort_Sem__r.End_date__c,                               LeadSource,                               Staff_Referral_Detail__c,                               lead_source_detail__c"                       targetRecord="{!v.Opportunity}"                       targetFields="{!v.parentOpp}"                       targetError="{!v.oppLoadError}"                       /&gt;   JS:  doInit: function(component, event, helper) {                     var opp = component.get("v.parentOpp");                   console.log('Name Value: '+ opp.Name);     }   Error:     Action failed: c:createIWSRecord$controller$doInit [Cannot read   property 'Name' of null] quickActionHandlerHelper.js failed to create   component - forceChatter:lightningComponent In Java, I'm dynamically creating a set of files and I'd like to change the file permissions on these files on a linux/unix file system.  I'd like to be able to execute the Java equivalent of chmod. Is that possible Java 5? If so, how?  I know in Java 6 the File object has setReadable()/setWritable() methods. I also know I could make a system call to do this, but I'd like to avoid that if possible. unicode-math broken Use of the comment package Including .eps figure in PDFLatex This question has been asked a lot, but for reason I cannot get it to work. I'd like to include a .eps image in my document - I am using pdflatex in TeXMaker. Below is the input (I am providing the whole preamble incase there is some interference.   \documentclass[11pt]{article} \usepackage{times} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{epstopdf} %converting to PDF \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{mathtools} \newcommand{\HRule}{\rule{\linewidth}{0.5mm}} \usepackage[parfill]{parskip} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{5} %how deep sections are numbers \usepackage{float} \usepackage[font={sf,footnotesize},labelfont=bf, justification=justified, singlelinecheck=off]{caption} \usepackage[font=footnotesize]{subcaption} \usepackage[scaled]{helvet}  \usepackage{titlesec}  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage[export]{adjustbox} %for large figures \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{microtype} \usepackage{setspace} \singlespacing \usepackage[defaultlines=4,all]{nowidow}  \includegraphics[scale=1]{/../model_1_2.eps}    The error I get is:      ! Package pdftex.def Error: File `/model_1_2-eps-converted-to.pdf' not   found.See the pdftex.def package documentation for explanation.Type H    for immediate help.... .../../model_1_2.eps}   I hope someone can help. Accourding to ,   We often use "been to" when we refer to completed visits to a place:  Have you ever been to Budapest?  Not: Have you ever gone to Budapest?  If the visit is not complete, we use "gone to".  Joan’s just gone to the shop. She’ll be back in about ten minutes. (Joan has not yet returned from the shop.)  Joan’s just been to the shop. She bought some cakes. Would you like one? (Joan has returned from the shop.)  Now, does that rule apply to the  "Have been on a trip" &amp; "Have gone on a trip"?  So, "I have been on a trip" (I completed the trip &amp; currently I am staying at home)  "I have gone on a trip" (I haven't completed the trip &amp; currently I am on the trip)  And what about "gone crazy" &amp; "been crazy".  Does "He has gone crazy" mean now he is still crazy?  Does "He has been crazy" mean now he is not crazy any more?  Are there any differences between "Have been on a trip" vs "Have gone on a trip" and "Have been crazy" vs "Have gone crazy"?  Note: I am not asking about "been to" or "gone to". I am asking about "been on a trip" &amp; "gone on a trip". Do we apply the same rule of "been to" or "gone to" to "been on a trip" &amp; "gone on a trip"?  Note2:  seems to prove that my thinking is right. Short story in book collection about war machines and armies out of control I read in an anthology book in 1975. It starts with two people watching a “robot” plane glide high and then dive into an opening of a factory causing a massive explosion. I’m not sure but I think the people may have orchestrated the attack on purpose to get the robot armies fighting each other in the hope that it would diminish robot army capabilities and bring them under control. The robot wars did occur, but at the end of the story the people discover a tube sticking out of the ground that is periodically shooting something into the air. Nearby they find a canister that did not get launched out of the “cannon” successfully and it was broken open. After close examination they discover tiny “ants” on the canister that are actually tiny robots which are rebuilding the robot war factories. The robots have adapted and will keep trying to fulfill their mission. This story may  have been in a booked edited by Roger Elwood, but I cannot guarantee it. End Process vs End Process Tree What is the primary difference between the two? I always see this in the right click menu in windows. What happens if you end a process that is relied upon by another process? Is there a way to "kill" a process tree in linux or is the technology different? I'm officially breaking up with Salesforce Date parsing. This has got to be the most frustrating thing.  I have the following date in a JSON string (full JSON below):     2017-06-03T10:34:24.000Z   But when I try to deserialize the data:  Opportunity[] results = (List&lt;Opportunity&gt;)JSON.deserialize(res, List&lt;Opportunity&gt;.class);   I get the following error:     System.JSONException: Cannot deserialize instance of date from VALUE_STRING value 2016-12-05T16:19:44.000Z   I have looked at so many date parse issues before and from what I've gathered  it must be in ISO 8601 - though ISO 8601 can take various shapes:   All of the following seem to recommend exactly what I've done          How should I format this date string?  Thank you!  Full JSON string:  [{   "name":"OpportunityABC",   "CloseDate":"2017-06-03T10:34:24.000Z",   "StageName":"Pre-Engagement",   "Amount":"4810308.0", }] android - out of memory exception when creating bitmap How to get correct scale values? The scale of my map is wrong, no matter what coordinate system I use in my project. The map and all objects show the correct coordinates but the scale of the map shows nonsense and the measurement tool gives wrong dimension.   The map should be like 1:10000 but qgis shows 1:1. Anyone an idea? Getting ssh to execute a command in the background on target machine Combining the second elements of a set of ordered pairs based on their first element If a question is in all-uppercase or all-lowercase, our quality filters should automatically reject it Proposal If a question on an English-language Stack Exchange site does not contain at least one uppercase and one lowercase letter, our quality filter should reject it. (We can make exceptions for sites which don't use a mixed-case alphabet, such as .) Justification The quality filter currently rejects neither all-uppercase nor all-lowercase posts. I've checked. The best Stack Exchange users use mixed case. If an asker is too lazy to use their Shift key, their question tends not to be of very good quality. Don't take my word for it. You can see proof. Sam Saffron helped me write  which lets you see with your very own eyes that what I am saying is true. Single-case askers tend to ask poor-quality questions such as:      In addition, posts which use only uppercase or only lowercase — even if they aren't riddled with typos or grammatical errors — tend to be hard to read. Capitalization aids readability. Why is this proposal not a duplicate? This proposal is not a duplicate of the older proposal . This is because it also deals with all-lowercase questions. All-lowercase questions are 50 times more common than all-caps questions.  Stack Overflow gets only about 100 all-uppercase questions per year; see .  Yet it gets about 5,000 all-lowercase questions per year; see . (These statistics are for Stack Overflow only; the rest of our network wasn't considered.) I suspect that the older proposal was declined for two reasons:  All-uppercase questions are rare.  Therefore, the effort required to block all-uppercase questions is too much.   This proposal is better. For just a bit more effort, the Stack Exchange developers can get a much richer reward. Conclusion What do you think of my proposal? Agree? Disagree? Thoughts? PS: This idea is modified and adapted from  by Stack Exchange user Gilles. My dear sir Gilles, I thank you. Note There's even a  which automatically detects questions with all-caps titles and alerts interested users and moderators. So, I know that there is a race in Lord of the Rings of Peredhil  (half elf). Also, in the Hobbit (film trilogy, not book), there is a romance between a dwarf and an elf.  My question is, how do man/elf or dwarf/elf offspring work? Can they not be born? Are they born infertile because they are from parents of two different species? Are elves, dwarves, and men only different "races" of one single primordial species, and can thus reproduce any number of ways? To my knowledge, this isn't addressed in the books or films. So, I'm running linux Mint (but I guess the same applies to Ubuntu) and as is common knowledge, their TeX distribution tends to be slightly outdated. Now I can't have none of that and decide to install it with the install-tl from the TeXlive homepage. Somehow, I cannot install it as a normal user (this I find normal as it is installing in the root directory), so I proceed to install TeXlive   sudo perl ./install-tl   and add the paths to .bashrc. All is well and my TeXlive installation works. Except for the texhash option. Running it as a normal user is no problem, except that I installed TeXlive as root, and so running texhash as normal user doesn't do anything (directory not writable. Skipping...). No problem I think, I'll just do it as root. But somehow texhash isn't installed for root.  Now, texhash is somehow connected to updating the directory tree, but I don't really know what it does. I use it on my ~/texmf/ folder to add my packages to a global path (I think), but when looking at info for this question I see in a comment for  question that this is apparently not needed, though I don't understand what I'm to do now.  So if I'm not adding new packages from CTAN or updating, I really don't need texhash and all is good?   To summarize: I'd like to know:    Why should I need texhash? Can I avoid installing as root on linux Mint/ubuntu ( they say you don't have to be root, that it's even discouraged)? Should I somehow install texhash for root?   I realize this might be a vague question at best, but I didn't find an answer I readily understood, so I'd appreciate any thought on this. Difference between shadowing and overriding in C#? What's difference between shadowing and overriding a method in C#?