difference between "++value" in this two example
What's the difference between passing by reference vs. passing by value?
Selecting a security team that includes at most one of the oldest man or oldest woman A security company consists of $7$ men and $6$ women. Determine the number of ways to form the night shift team of $3$ men and $3$ women if it can include at most one of the oldest man or oldest woman.  I know the first step is to pick $3$ from each group which is   $_6C_3 \cdot _7C_3 $  but I am not sure how to account for the "include at most one of the oldest man or oldest woman"   The answer is $_6C_3 \cdot _7C_3 + _6C_3 \cdot _5C_3 + _6C_2 \cdot _5C_3 $  Also, how do I account for it in my calculations if I want to include the oldest man and oldest woman from the group? Use parameter expansion to modify output of another expansion I'm trying to use the Bash parameter expansions to modify the output of a command substitution or another parameter expansion. The following nested expansions work quite well in Zsh; but result in a &quot;bad substitution&quot; error in Bash: ${${PWD##*/}//trunk/latest}  or ${$(basename $PWD)//trunk/latest}  the output should be the last folder of the $PWD, replaced by latest when my current directory is trunk so /home/user/trunk should become latest Is there a Bash equivalent allowing to chain expansions without relying on variables or pipes? Or do Bash expansions only allows the input to be a string or a plain variable? density of $X^2$ when $X$ has uniform $[-1, 2]$ distribution I've got Ubuntu 10.10 installed to use my whole hard-disk, but would like to use the 130GB of free space I've got to create a new partition and do some development on Unity and Natty.  Can I use gparted to do this?  If so how? Suppose every subsequence of X converges to 0. Show that lim(X)=0 Question: Suppose that every subsequences of $X = (x_n)$ has a subsequence that converges to $0$. Show that $\lim(X) = 0$   My attempt:   Suppose that $\lim(X) =L \neq 0$  Let $\epsilon &gt; 0$, and let $K(\epsilon)$ be s.t. $n \ge K(\epsilon)$   then $|x_n-L| &lt; \epsilon$  let $n_k \ge k$, and then $k \ge K(\epsilon)$ and $n_k \ge k \ge K(\epsilon)$ s.t. $|x_{n_{k}}-L| &lt; \epsilon$, which is a contradiction. therefore $\lim(x) =0$ Not getting Rep Notification for new up votes So just a little while ago i was flipping out because i was 2 rep away from my 10k rep goal    but then all of a sudden it was then 10,008 rep because someone upvoted me. however i didn't get any notification about this +10  [    now as you can see in the screenshots above, over the past 2 days i got 2 upvotes to a question i posted, however the notifications only shows 1 +10 notification. and they system knows i got the upvote because i knew that i now have access to mod tools.  I am on a Windows 10 Laptop using Chrome 78.0.3904.97 (Official Build) (64-bit) Double dual mappings $\newcommand{\Hom}{\operatorname{Hom}}$Let $U,V$ be vector spaces. Denote the dual space of $U$ with $U^\intercal$ and the dual mapping of a linear map $\Phi$ be $\Phi^\intercal$. Define the double dual embedding on $U$ to be $\iota_U:U \to U^{\intercal\intercal}$. ($u \in U, f \in U^\intercal$) $$ \iota_U(u)(f) = f(u) $$     If $\Phi \in \Hom(V,U)$, then $\Phi^{\intercal\intercal} \circ \iota_V = \iota_U \circ \Phi:V \to U^{\intercal\intercal}$   Proof: Let $v \in V, f \in U^\intercal$. Then $$ \iota_U \circ \Phi(v)(f) = f(\Phi(v)) $$ but how do I show that $$ \Phi^{\intercal\intercal} \circ \iota_V(v)(f) = f(\Phi(v)) $$ ? Suppose $A$ is a $n \times n$ constant matrix. How can I prove $\det(e^A) = e^{\displaystyle \sum_{\lambda_i\in\sigma(A)} \lambda_i}$,  where $\sigma(A)$ is the multiset of eigenvalues of $A$?  The following matlab code shows this is true in $n = 3$ case:  A = rand(3) detA = exp(sum(eig(A))) detmA = det(expm(A)) Alright, I have been doing the following (variable names have been changed):   FileInputStream fis = null; try {     fis = new FileInputStream(file);      ... process ...  } catch (IOException e) {     ... handle error ... } finally {     if (fis != null)         fis.close(); }    Recently, I started using FindBugs, which suggests that I am not properly closing streams.  I decide to see if there's anything that can be done with a finally{} block, and then I see, oh yeah, close() can throw IOException.  What are people supposed to do here?  The Java libraries throw too many checked exceptions. "He needn't say" / "He doesn't need to say" When I studied English at school (in Italy, more than 35 years ago), we were taught a rule according to which one should say, e. g., "He needn't (need not) say", but NOT "He doesn't need to say".  If I'm not mistaken, it was explained to us that the rule holds good with the following limitations:  1) only in the negative form: thus, "He needn't say", but "He needs to say", and "Does he need to say?";  2) only in the present tense: thus, "He needn't say", but "He didn't (won't, wouldn't, etc.) need to say";  3) only when an infinitive follows: thus, "He needn't see a doctor", but "He doesn't need a doctor".  But, if I google "doesn't need to", I find 125,000,000 occurrences.  I was wondering: does the rule hold good more for British than for American English?  Also, perhaps it isn't an absolute rule, and both constructions ("He needn't say" and "He doesn't need to say") are possible.  Is the rule at least a good description of the circumstances when we CAN (but needn't necessarily) use this construction?  Thank you very much, for this and the other answers. I am using find -type f command to recursively find all files from a certain starting directory. However, I would like to have some directories prevented from entering and extracting names of files inside. So basically I am looking for something like:  find . -type f ! -name "avoid_this_directory_please"   Is there a functioning alternative to this? How can I use multiple accounts with Telegram? Is there a way to have two copies of  app in Ubuntu each with a different account?  It seems copying the app in another folder does not work. Reading over the Monk I saw that for Martial Arts:     When you use the Attack action with an unarmed strike or a monk weapon on your turn, you can make one unarmed strike as a bonus action.   This implies that non-monk weapons do not count towards being able to make this single unarmed strike. However, when looking over Flurry of Blows:     Immediately after you take the Attack action on your turn, you can spend 1 ki point to make two unarmed strikes as a bonus action.   The requirement doesn't seem to be there anymore, and I didn't see where this discrepancy was covered in . This  says that you can use flurry of blows as a bonus action on any form of attack.   So does the limitation really only exist on a single unarmed strike, but you can use whatever attack action you want to trigger Flurry of Blows? Is "do something by date X" inclusive? I'm running into trouble trying to mount a large iso:  dev@dev-OptiPlex-745:~$ sudo mount -o loop /home/dev/Hämtningar/matlab2011a_64.iso /cdrom mount: warning: /cdrom seems to be mounted read-only. dev@dev-OptiPlex-745:~$    Can you tell me how I should do it? Optimal estimation of a single parameter given data at different scales Let $A,B,C,D$ be independent normal random variables distributed according to $\mathcal{N}(0,\sigma^2)$ and $E = A+B+C+D$.  The goal is to provide an optimal estimate of $\sigma^2$ given samples of $A,B,E$ but not $C,D$.  In this case optimal refers to minimising the root-mean square deviation of the estimate $\hat{\sigma}^2$:  $$RMSD(\hat{\sigma}^2) = \sqrt{\mathbb{E}\left[\left(\hat{\sigma}^2-\sigma^2\right)^2\right]}$$  I can think of a simple approach to estimate $\sigma^2$ given samples of $A,B$ which is to simply compute the sample variance. Also I know that the variance of $E$ is $4\sigma^2$ so I could compute the sample variance of $E$ and divide it by 4 to get an estimate of $\sigma^2$. However it should be possible to combine the information from both $E$ and $A,B$ to improve estimation $\sigma^2$. Could you outline the approach to use both sets of information? A folder was created in my home folder (not by anyone), and I cannot see the folder contents. She has root privileges, but when the nautilus root access the folder is empty. When I try to remove it, it will appear to remove more than 1 million files from my computer, and I do not know what these files are.  How i can see these files? the name of folder created is "4F8ZBREShQ". I'm scared about it... At 12 o'clock, the hour hand and minute hand of the clock can be swapped, and the clock still gives the same time, but at 6 o'clock, it can not be swapped. So in what cases when we swap the hour and the minute hand position does a clock still give a valid time? Badass and BAMF are both modern words with approximately the same meaning: "Someone who is awesome to an extreme level, thereby leveraging unquestionable authority." Is there another noun or title that would convey the same level of awe, admiration and toughness that calling someone a badass does, without the vulgarity?  Thanks for any help. :) Ethernet device not managed I am using Ubuntu 16.10 and recently I have not been able to connect to internet using Ethernet. The network manager shows device not managed. The WiFi network is working fine.      I've tried the solution from this questionn  with no use.  My /etc/network/interfaces file:  # interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8) auto lo iface lo inet loopback   My /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf file:  [main] plugins=ifupdown,keyfile,ofono dns=dnsmasq  [ifupdown] managed=true   Output of nmcli d:  DEVICE  TYPE      STATE      CONNECTION  wlp2s0  wifi      connected  eduroam     enp8s0  ethernet  unmanaged  --          lo      loopback  unmanaged  --