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Why does local fn=$(...) mask the $? status code Two function definitions, the only difference is that the first combines the local storage keyword with the assignment, while the second separates them:  function foo {     local fn=$(mktemp -p /path/does/not/exist 2&gt;/dev/null)     echo $? }  function bar {     local fn     fn=$(mktemp -p /path/does/not/exist 2&gt;/dev/null)     echo $? }  foo bar   This echoes "0" then "1". I expect it to echo "1" then "1". It seems like the value of $? is the result of the assignment to local, rather than the result of the command substitution.  Why does bash 4.2.46(1)-release behave this way? $x_{1}...x_{n}$ are independent continuous random variables with common distribution function $F(x)$,consider the order statistics $(x_{(1)},...,x_{(n)})$, compute $E(F(x_{(n)})-F(x_{(1)}))$  I have no idea to this problem, anyone could help me? Thanks! The setuid permission bit tells Linux to run a program with the effective user id of the owner instead of the executor:  &gt; cat setuid-test.c  #include &lt;stdio.h&gt; #include &lt;unistd.h&gt;  int main(int argc, char** argv) {     printf("%d", geteuid());     return 0; }  &gt; gcc -o setuid-test setuid-test.c &gt; ./setuid-test  1000  &gt; sudo chown nobody ./setuid-test; sudo chmod +s ./setuid-test &gt; ./setuid-test  65534   However, this only applies to executables; shell scripts ignore the setuid bit:  &gt; cat setuid-test2  #!/bin/bash id -u  &gt; ./setuid-test2  1000  &gt; sudo chown nobody ./setuid-test2; sudo chmod +s ./setuid-test2 &gt; ./setuid-test2  1000     Wikipedia :     Due to the increased likelihood of security flaws, many operating systems ignore the setuid attribute when applied to executable shell scripts.   Assuming I'm willing to accept those risks, is there any way to tell Linux to treat the setuid bit the same on shell scripts as it does on executables?  If not, is there a common workaround for this problem? My current solution is to add a sudoers entry to allow ALL to run a given script as the user I want it run as, with NOPASSWD to avoid the password prompt. The main downsides to that is the need for a sudoers entry every time I want to do this, and the need for the caller to sudo some-script instead of just some-script Setting proxy for apt from terminal The final state of 1000 light bulbs switched on/off by 1000 people passing by There are  1000  light bulbs and 1000 tutors. All light bulbs are off. Tutor 1 goes flipping light bulb 1,2,3,4... tutor 2 then flips 2,4,6,8... tutor 3 then 3,6,9...etc until all 1000 tutors have done this.  What is the status of light bulb 25? 93? 576?  Is there a general solution to find out the status of any light bulb?  How many light bulbs are on after all 1000 tutors have gone by?  Not homework but a UK university interview question. Please help. Dividing an equilateral triangle into N equal (possibly non-connected) parts It’s easy to divide an equilateral triangle into $n^2$, $2n^2$, $3n^2$ or $6n^2$ equal triangles. But can you divide an equilateral triangle into 5 congruent parts? Recently M. Patrakeev  an awesome way to do it — see the picture below (note that the parts are non-connected — but indeed are congruent, not merely having the same area). So an equilateral triangle can also be divided into $5n^2$ and $10n^2$ congruent parts.  Question. Are there any other ways to divide an equilateral triangle into congruent parts? (For example, can it be divided into 7 congruent parts?) Or in the opposite direction: can you prove that an equilateral triangle can’t be divided into $N$ congruent parts for some $N$?                                               (Naturally, I’ve tried to find something in the spirit of the example above for some time — but to no avail. Maybe someone can find an example using computer search?..) I’d prefer to use finite unions of polygons as ‘parts’ and different parts are allowed to have common boundary points. But if you have an example with more general ‘parts’ — that also would be interesting. Dismiss suggested edits which conflict with full edit instead of auto rejecting them Currently, once an edit by a user without full edit privilege is suggested, it can be either approved or rejected.  There is a known edge case that cause suggested edits to get auto rejected: (aka edit conflict)   User with full edit privilege click "edit" and start typing. Let's name this user Joe. Since the user from previous step did not yet send the edit, users without full edit privilege can still click the "edit" as well, oblivious to the fact someone else is editing the same post in those very seconds. Such user click "edit" too and start typing. Let's name this user Kenny. Kenny is faster than Joe: he send his edit first, creating new suggested edit. Joe is still typing. Joe finally done typing. He send his edit to its merry way oblivious to the consequences. As result of the full edit made by Joe, Kenny's suggested edit is kicked away and rejected. Boom.   This is all known and reported many times.  where the user got it hard with at least two auto rejections in short period of time. Some concrete examples: , , .  For edge case, it became pretty thick edge. This is not just minor hassle: enough rejections, and the user is banned from suggesting for a whole week: and remember we're talking here about good edits made by good users. The above used to count for the ban, but . Thanks Gilles for requesting such a change!   I know it was already suggested to lock edits and similar solutions, but I suggest whole different approach: instead of auto rejecting the suggested edit, dismiss it, i.e. cancel it like it never existed same way a bounty can be revoked by moderator.  In the edit suggestion page it will show "Dismissed" instead of Approved or Rejected maybe with a tooltip explaining what caused this. This will soften the blow from those edge cases, taking the edge out of them. :) Show there are infinitely many primes that are equivalent to 1 mod 8. Show there are infinitely many primes that are equivalent to $1 \pmod{8}$.  Hello there! I have been trying to do this problem for a pretty long time with no avail.    I noticed that this is really similar to Euclid's proof that there are infinitely many primes.  However, I can't find a way to use that here.  Can anyone help me? What happens 'internally' on a unstable/overclocked/undervolted CPU? When you undervolt or overlock an CPU, when it passes a certain limit it starts to make the system unstable, reboot, etc. But these are the effects of it.  What I'm curious about is what happens on the CPU. What happens? It gives wrong answers to instructions? Bits on cache flip? Better extensible arrows Best practice for Rails App to run a long task in the background? I can already scroll left and right with two-finger swiping, however, in Windows I can use the same gestures to go forward and back in browsers and such. Is this possible in Ubuntu? What size difference is there between the PSP 1000, 2000 and 3000 for applying Skin Stickers? Journals selection - alternative criteria to impact factor While trying to select the journals I can submit my present work and future work, I realize the time between the date the authors send the article to the journal and when the revised article is submitted. Usually this is something between 6 months and more than 12 months.  Althought I am focusing on the Impact Factor (IF) to select journals, I think that 12 months to have a feedback that might include "add more variables analysis","this article will be more valuable if you test also model x,y and z", can have a huge impact on you work. It will make you stop what you are currently doing and possible spend up to 2 months making the changes. This might make a big mess on your work if you have deadlines to respect, however this happens to everyone in academia.  My question is, besides the IF journal based selection, how can we select a journal with enought quality with lower IF? What alternative criteria should one use to select the journal? Should we choose newly created Journals? I am trying to save a GeoJSON file in QGIS as EPSG:4326, but it keeps being saved as CRS84.   EPSG:4326 and CRS84 are the same except CRS84 saves coordinates as long, lat - and EPSG:4326 saves them as lat, long.   When I open the saved file in QGIS it's read as EPSG:4326, but really the file is CRS84. I know this because when I open the GeoJSON file in notepad it's listed as CRS84, and when I load the file in Shapely it's recognized as CRS84.   What's going on here?  I've tried this on both QGIS 3.6.3 and QGIS 3.4.8 with the same result. Reference: What is variable scope, which variables are accessible from where and what are "undefined variable" errors? How will old M42 lenses work on a Nikon camera? Proving set of interiors is open How to create SHA512 password hashes on command line In Linux I can create a SHA1 password hash using sha1pass mypassword. Is there a similar command line tool which lets me create sha512 hashes? Same question for Bcrypt and PBKDF2. Present tense in Flashback story for something that is still true now? I'm wondering whether I should use the present tense for a descriptive statement but in a past context. For example:     (1) I went to the zoo and saw a giraffe last week.       (2) A giraffe is a mammal with long neck.       (3) It is the first time I see that animal with my own eyes.   Statement (2) is a description of a giraffe in general, not the specific one in the zoo, so is it correct to use is?  Statement (3) is an event that is still true now, so should I use is and see?  I'm not native speaker so forgive me if the question is very obvious to others.