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ascending/descending in LINQ - can one change the order via parameter? For whatever reason, we do no longer need to be root (or using sudo) to run /sbin/shutdown, /sbin/reboot etc.  This seems to be because those executables are now symlinks to /bin/systemctl which handles everything as normal user.  However, what if I want shutdown and reboot to require root authentication again? How can I achieve this? z-score and Normal Distribution There is a $C > 0$ such that $\vert f(z)-f(w)\vert \leq C\vert z-w\vert$ for a holomorphic map into $B(0, R)$. Let $0&lt;\delta&lt;r$ and $R&gt;0$, and $a\in\mathbb C$. I want to show that there exists $C&gt;0$ such that for all holomorphic functions $f\colon B(a,r)\to B(0,R)$, we have $$ \vert f(z)-f(w)\vert\leq C\vert z-w\vert $$ for $z,w\in B(a,\delta)$.  I'm not sure how to approach this. I was wondering if I could use that $$ \left\vert\frac{f^{(n)}(a)}{n!}\right\vert\leq\frac{\Vert f\Vert_{C(a,\rho)}}{\rho^n} $$ for some $0&lt;\rho&lt;r$. I also have an expression from biholomorphic maps from $B(0,1)$ to itself, but I'm not sure if I could use that here. Any hints? Can you flank with a reach weapon? The Variant: Flanking rules in the DMG (page 251) require adjacency, but is the intent that the Enemy has combatants on opposite sides and thus someone with Reach (and using the reach) could still flank even if not directly adjacent?  Looking for both RAW as well as Intent of the flanking rule. WinForms: How to programmatically fire an event handler? I want to programmatically invoke an event handler for a control. For example:  DateTimePicker dtpLastConsummated;   I want to trigger the TextChanged event handler for the dtpLastConsummated, how can i do it?  In other languages I would call something akin to:  dtpLastConsummated.TextChanged(this, new EventArgs());   but in .NET you can have multiple event handlers:  dtpLastConsummated.Click +=new EventHandler(dtpLastConsummated_TextChanged); dtpLastConsummated.Click +=new EventHandler(dtpLastConsummated_AnotherHandler); dtpLastConsummated.Click +=new EventHandler(dtpLastConsummated_MoreHandlers); ... dtpLastConsummated.Click +=new EventHandler(dtpLastConsummated_Nminus1);   so you need a way to trigger all the attached event handlers.    Answer  The following code will fire the event:  Toolkit.FireEvent(dtpLastConsummated, "TextChanged", new EventArgs());   And here's the code of the static toolkit function:  /// &lt;summary&gt; /// Programatically fire an event handler of an object /// &lt;/summary&gt; /// &lt;param name="targetObject"&gt;&lt;/param&gt; /// &lt;param name="eventName"&gt;&lt;/param&gt; /// &lt;param name="e"&gt;&lt;/param&gt; public static void FireEvent(Object targetObject, string eventName, EventArgs e) {    /*     * By convention event handlers are internally called by a protected     * method called OnEventName     * e.g.     *     public event TextChanged     * is triggered by     *     protected void OnTextChanged     *      * If the object didn't create an OnXxxx protected method,     * then you're screwed. But your alternative was over override     * the method and call it - so you'd be screwed the other way too.     */     //Event thrower method name //e.g. OnTextChanged    String methodName = "On" + eventName;     MethodInfo mi = targetObject.GetType().GetMethod(          methodName,           BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic);     if (mi == null)       throw new ArgumentException("Cannot find event thrower named "+methodName);     mi.Invoke(targetObject, new object[] { e }); }     Note: I'm not creating a subclass of every control in the .NET framework, and every 3rd party control, and convincing an enterprise worth of developers to retrofit every form to use my custom controls. If $\gcd (a,b) = 1$, what can be said about $\gcd (a+b,a-b)$? How to delete ".."-folder under Windows? I have a folder on my desktop which is named ".." (which itself contains subfolders with an empty name). The folder can't be deleted the usual ways, even not when using the CLI. Does anyone know how I can remove this folder on Windows Vista 64-bit?  Renaming does not work, either (obviously).  This is what "dir /x" echoes:  09.10.2009  15:04    &lt;DIR&gt;                       . 09.10.2009  15:04    &lt;DIR&gt;                       .. 08.03.2007  11:18    &lt;DIR&gt;                       cgi-bin                0 Datei(en),              0 Bytes                3 Verzeichnis(se), 45.866.037.248 Bytes frei Why did Harry's father emerge before his mother in HP and the Goblet of Fire? In Harry Potter book 4 (Goblet of Fire) Harry's wand 'links' with Voldemort's during their duel, and Voldemort's wand begins 'spitting out' each spell it had cast, in reverse order.  This produces false 'ghosts' of people he had killed with .  In the US printing, James Potter appears, followed by Lily.  If the spell order was supposed to be reversed, why did Harry's father's "ghost" emerge before his mother's, since it's repeatedly stated (before and after) that he died first? Pause button started working for Chrome / Youtube, messing with audio player controls I have a MicroSD card in a USB adapter (which plugs into a USB port on my machine, and acts like a USB flash drive). I was using Unetbootin to make this a bootable USB flash drive with Kubuntu. But I needed to cancel while it was working. So I killed the Unetbootin process from the console.  Since then, I can't format the MicroSD or delete the folder that Kubuntu made. I have also tried mkdosfs, with no success. I can't mount the drive anymore either? What can I do to make this drive usable again?  Trying to create a new partition table in GParted, as described in Eliah Kagan's answer, does not work. It fails with the error message "imposible crear tabla de particiones" ("unable to create a partition table"). When are you supposed to use escape instead of encodeURI / encodeURIComponent? Continuous function preserving rational difference. Find all the continuous functions $f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ such that if $x-y\in \mathbb{Q}$ then $f(x)-f(y)\in \mathbb{Q}$.   Can somebody give me some hint to solve this problem. I think that the functions are $f(x)=mx+b$ where $m\in\mathbb{Q}$.  Thanks! How to find manually installed packages? I installed a plain Ubuntu 10.10 on my computer and installed some software via apt-get. Last week I managed to break everything and just started from scratch, and I need to reinstall my software. Is there some way to create a list with all the packages that I have installed manually?  So that it would give me a list like texlive, ... and not texlive, texlive-dep1, textlive-dep2, ... and all the standard packages removed?  If I could somehow figure out which programs out of the regular install I have removed, that would be awesome too!    Update 2015-05-23: I now use Ansible as configuration management on my systems. There I specify the packages to install. This serves the goal, installing all the programs on a fresh system, even better. So this question might be the entry into some light configuration management. How to prevent upper case in page header? I just came across this small problem which I can't seem to fix. I have a section which looks like this:  \section{Properties of $C_q$}   The problem is that the header of the page uses upper case and so it displays this section title as if I had written  \section{Properties of $C_Q$}   How can I make sure the q is always lower case? JQ (GET ID based on NAME) I get a long list of such arrays  {     "id": "byu6g6c4cjys5mdkg5znh8ju8c",     "create_at": 1511875272294,     "update_at": 1511875272294,     "delete_at": 0,     "display_name": "BMA",     "name": "BMA",     "description": "",     "email": "aleksandar.ivanov@random.com",     "type": "O",     "company_name": "",     "allowed_domains": "",     "invite_id": "gdgz1tbxuinntx1fbr1ax7kehy",     "allow_open_invite": false,     "scheme_id": null   }   I want to get by JQ only the ID where the name is BMA. At the moment I parse " jq -r '.[]["name"]" and I can filter the output from curl by name and I will get "BMA" and also 100 other names, but I need to filter only the ID where name is =BMA. Any ideas? why do chaperones bring protein into mitochondria? why would mitochondria need protein? Sounds trivial? Please help to sort out. I saw this picture while looking at dehydration reactions and cell revision.     And proceeded to the       Protein Folding and Processing in the ER: Various changes occur to proteins in the ER.   Chaperones and Folding: Polypeptides must assume the correct folding pattern in order to function properly. The correct folding of a protein is mediated by chaperones (they also are proteins--chaperones are abundant in the ER lumen). A completed polypeptide will assume the correct folding pattern spontaneously, however before translation is complete, it could assume an incorrect formation or it could aggregate with other partially made polypeptides. To prevent this, chaperones in the ER (and cytosol) bind to the nascent polypeptide and keep it from interacting with anything until the polypeptide is completely synthesized. (Chaperones bind to polypeptides destined for mitochondria then release them as they pass through the mitochondrial membranes. Chaperones on the inside of mitochondria bind until these polypeptides have completely entered.)   With regards to protein synthesis and folding, this kind of info is not in my textbook. Not in couple of the online open textbooks either. I even search for where do protein fold? to find out if there was a relationship. It doesn't say protein fold in mitochondria and turns out it's a question most scientist are looking for answers.  For whatever protein synthesis I have learnt so far, there was no mentioning of protein strands going into mitochondria but mitochondria as a power houses. What's going on here?   Why would a protein go into a mitochondria? How does it exit and where to? I have installed Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 64-Bit and have a Edimax EW-7811Un wifi adapter. I have tired to get it to work but have no luck.   when I run lsusb command I get:  Bus 001 Device 005: ID 7392:7811 Edimax Technology Co., Ltd EW-7811Un 802.11n Wireless Adapter [Realtek RTL8188CUS]   iwconfig shows that nothing is being read or connected:  eth0      no wireless extensions. lo        no wireless extensions.   I have tired numerous forums and tutorials but cant get it to work, dont know what I am doing wrong.   Can someone give a clear step by step method to get this to work?  uname -r: (Kernel Version)  3.16.0-34-generic When to use an interface instead of an abstract class and vice versa? This may be a generic OOP question. I wanted to do a generic comparison between an interface and an abstract class on the basis of their usage.   When would one want to use an interface and when would one want to use an abstract class? Thousands of .log files in Exchange 2007 Server folder I'm a bit of an Exchange admin noob so I don't know if this is normal, but on our Exchange 2007 server under C:\Program Files\Microsoft\Exchange Server\Mailbox\First Storage Group\ there are 30,000 1MB .log files.  I don't know if those should be there or not, but they keep multiplying like little jackrabbits.  I've so far resisted deleting them as I'm sure something would break, but it's come to the point now where our 80GB disk is completely full up and Exchange has stopped receiving messages.  My best guess is that these are transaction logs and would be useful in rebuilding the database should something go awry, but 30GB of transaction logging seems a bit excessive.  Is there a way to limit it or is that even a good idea?  And of course did I completely miss the point?