How can I open programms e.g. Skype minimized with a command line?
How do I start skype in the system tray?
Buffering in meters/km using WGS84 layers using QGIS I am using QGIS 1.7.4-Wroclaw and working with an SHP layer in WGS84. I want to buffer out to a certain number of kilometers from this layer using the ftools buffer tool.  I understand that the buffer tool always uses the layer units, which for WGS84 are decimal degrees. We all know that degrees don't convert consistently to meters, so how should I go about making my buffers?   Is it necessary for me to convert the shapefiles to a different CRS that natively uses meters?   If so, how do I choose one? So far, I know if $p$ is a rational prime, then $(1)$ if $p\equiv 3\mod4$, then $p$ is prime in $\mathbb{Z}[i]$. $(2)$ If $p\equiv1\mod4$  then $p=π_1 π_2$ where $π_1 $ and $π_2$ are conjugate, Then $π_1 $ and $π_2$ are primes in $\mathbb{Z}[i]$. $(3)$ $2=(1+i)(1-i)$, then $(1+i)$and$(1-i)$ are primes in $\mathbb{Z}[i]$.  What's are all the prime elements in Gaussian integers $\mathbb{Z}[i]$? For example, $-3$ are prime in $\mathbb{Z}[i]$, but not in the above $3$ cases. Is there a word or phrase for someone who works hard at night and does not sleep? All the words or phrases I know for people who stay up at night merely describe the habit of not sleeping (e.g.: a night owl or insomniac)  I am looking for a word or phrase with an emphasis on working hard at night. These people work are different from insomniacs because they have no problem sleeping but they refuse sleep to work. They are different from night owl because they wake up early in the morning.  To give more context, suppose a nurse with kids who has a normal day life like most people and takes care of the kids but also works most nights in a hospital. For as long as I can remember I have avoided using switch statement fall-through. Actually, I can't remember it ever entering my consciousness as a possible way to do things as it was drilled into my head early on that it was nothing more than a bug in the switch statement. However, today I ran across some code that uses it by design, which got me immediately wondering what everyone in the community thinks about switch statement fall-through. Is it something that a programming language should explicitly not allow (like C# does, though it supplies a workaround) or is it a feature of any language that is powerful enough to leave in the programmer's hands? Edit: I wasn't specific enough to what I meant by fall-through. I use this type a lot:     switch(m_loadAnimSubCt){         case 0:         case 1:             // Do something             break;         case 2:         case 3:         case 4:             // Do something             break;    }  However, I'm concerned about something like this.    switch(m_loadAnimSubCt){         case 0:         case 1:             // Do something, but fall through to the other cases             // after doing it.          case 2:         case 3:         case 4:             // Do something else.             break;    }  This way whenever the case is 0, 1 it will do everything in the switch statement. I've seen this by design and I just don't know if I agree that switch statements should be used this way. I think the first code example is very useful and safe. The second seems kind of dangerous. Shoot, Shoot At I have a question about the difference between the verb "shoot" and "shoot at":          Police shot the suspect.     Police shot at the suspect.        Are they just the same? Order of products of elements in a finite Abelian group Can "zero hours contracts" be considered as not grammatical? Hide and seek game $A$ and $B$ go to the Senate to play a game of Hide-and-Seek. There are $100$ rooms in the Senate, and $B$ picks one of them and hides there till the game ends.  $A$, at the beginning of every turn, picks one room and searches in it. Since he is human and thus fallible, he only has a $60\%$ chance of finding $B$ if she is in fact hiding in the room. If he fails to find her in the room, $B$'s score increases by one, and the next turn starts, whereupon $A$ must pick another room to check (he can also check the same room again). $B$ remains in the room she initially chose.  Given that $A$ and $B$ play with perfect strategies, what is the expected value of $B$'s score at the end of the game?  I tried with $1$ room. There is only one hiding place for $B$. So the expected score of $$B = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}0.4^{n-1}0.6(n-1)=\frac{2}{3}.$$ Arithmetic and geometric sequences: where does their name come from? Where does the name of these two famous types of sequences come from?  The article  of Wikipedia says that the geometric sequence is called like this because every term is the geometric mean of its two adjacent terms. Though it is true, it only reduces the question to: why is the geometric mean geometric (in opposition to the arithmetic mean).   Continuing my investigation on , I was told that a square with the same area than a rectangle with sides $a$ and $b$ has their geometric mean $\sqrt{ab}$ for side. That's again totally true, but a square with same perimeter than this rectangle of sides $a$ and $b$ has their arithmetic mean $\frac{a+b}{2}$ for side!  Thus, my question: Who coined these names? And why? Why is the geometric mean more geometric than the arithmetic mean? How to define a PowerShell function which requires elevation? Since I can't find any alternative to Linux'  elevation command, I have the following question:  How to define a PowerShell function which requires elevation? I mean UAC prompt.  Say, such function follows:  function system-check {     SFC /ScanNow }   System:  Windows 8.1 Pro 64-bit  PowerShell:   Major  Minor  Build  Revision -----  -----  -----  -------- 5      0      10586  117    EDIT1:  To be 100% understandable let me rephrase:   I run PowerShell as user I run the aforementioned function system-check I want the function to elevate in order to be able to execute the command; note, that I want the UAC prompt to appear Compute Engine - 1000 GB disk cant decrease size i have a huuuuge problem.  Created a snapshot and image from my instance...instance has 1000GB of disk.  Now i need to reduce it but everytime i try to create an image or a snapshot from that, i get the same error "Disk need to be at least 1000GB".  There is a way to reduce disk size directly on instance? Some workaround? Help us test the shiny new "User Activity" page! (Plus a bunch of new features.) How do I resolve unmet dependencies after adding a PPA? Occasionally, when I'm installing stuff, I get an error like the following:  Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable distribution that some required packages have not yet been created or been moved out of Incoming. The following information may help to resolve the situation:  The following packages have unmet dependencies:  package1 : Depends: package2 (&gt;= 1.8) but 1.7.5-1ubuntu1 is to be installed E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.   How can I resolve this? Let $ Y = \{ (1,1),(0,0\} \subset \mathbb A_k^2$. Find the $ \mathbb I(Y)$.   As if $f(x,y) \in \mathbb I(Y)$ then as $f(0,0)=0$ hence constant term of $f$ is zero and as $f(1,1)=0$ therefore sum of the coefficients of $f(x,y)$ is zero. But how can we describe this set properly? System freezes completely with Intel Bay Trail Two monitors when only having one in 13.10 I just did a fresh install of Ubuntu 13.10 64bit, and it says that I have 2 monitors, when I actually only have one    I have a Dell XPS 15 with Nvidia graphics card if that helps in anyway There seems to be some bug where mac os is constantly contacting . You can prevent it by turning off the wifi, but then your computer is nothing more than a fancy calculator. Is there a program, vpn, or even the firewall option, to block this site from the whole os? Show that holomorphic $f_1, . . . , f_n $ are constant if $\sum_{k=1}^n \left| f_k(z) \right|$ is constant. Using C# .NET 2.0, I have a composite data class that does have the [Serializable] attribute on it.  I am creating an XMLSerializer class and passing that into the constructor:  XmlSerializer serializer = new XmlSerializer(typeof(DataClass));   I am getting an exception saying:      There was an error reflecting type.   Inside the data class there is another composite object.  Does this also need to have the [Serializable] attribute, or by having it on the top object, does it recursively apply it to all objects inside? "Optimiser" vs "optimizer"? I have seen words which are spelled either with a "z" or with a "s"  like "optimizer" and " optimiser".  I thought that the ones with "z" are wrong but on searching the web I found that both are correct. Why so? Is there any difference in the use also?