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I have a model similar to below with a continuous outcome, continuous predictor and a categorical variable. the goal of this analysis is to make inferences on the group variable. The issue is that y is bounded by x in the form of y >= -x. When the model makes predictions you can see in the plot below that the predicted value is outside the possible range. See the last plot.   How can this be remedied? A custom loss function to penalize going beyond the bound and use gradient descent regression? Or is there some other way? Thank you.   x =   rep(seq(-10,10,1),each=5)  y =  rep(0,length(x) ) weights = sample( seq(1,1000,1) ,length(x)) groups = rep( letters[1:5], times =length(x)/5  )   ## the outcome y has the relationship y &gt;= -x for(i in 1:length(x)){   y[i] = sample(  seq(-x[i],-x[i]+ ifelse(x[i]&lt;0 ,                                            sample(seq(1,10,.1),1),                                           sample(seq(5,40,.1),1) ),1)                        ,1) }   dat =data.frame(x = x, y = y, weights = weights, group = groups) model = lm(dat = dat, y ~ x + group + group * x, weights = weights) dat$FIT= predict(model, dat, allow.new.levels = TRUE)  library(ggplot2) ggplot(data = dat, aes(x = x, y = y, color = group))+geom_point( aes(size = weights))+ geom_line(data = dat, aes(x = x, y = FIT, color = group))    #data for new predictions newdata = data.frame( x = seq(-100,100,1) ,                        group = rep("c", length( seq(-100,100,1) )),                       bound = -seq(-100,100,1)                       )  ## when pridicting new data the outcome y has the relationship y &gt;= -x ## but the predicted vales are below the bound. See how red line is below blue to the left of zero new_preds  = predict(model, newdata, allow.new.levels = TRUE) ggplot(data = newdata, aes(x = x, y = new_preds, color = group))+geom_line()  +   geom_line(data = newdata, aes(x = x, y = bound, color = "green")) Sometimes I create Material Groups to be used as appendable reusable assets. Unfortunately sometimes parameters I want to control using a Group Node's slider are not available for routing to a Group Node's input socket. Some examples of these are the Color Ramp and the Mapping Node.  So here's what I want to do:    Can this be done? If so, how?  Thanks! I want to use the top half of the circle to make a cut but whenever I apply the boolean modifier, the circle just stays there and becomes attached to my other object.  I've managed to make the cut in a standard cube but not sure why it's not working for this...? I swear I read an ingame hint that said Workshops would share my stuff between them, but that doesn't seem to be the case. I have a settlement at Sanctuary and Red Rocket Truck Stop, but I can't access my items I added in Sanctuary at RRTS. Am I mistaken in remembering that you could do this, or is there something I need to do to get that to work? Multicollinearity when individual regressions are significant, but VIFs are low I have 6 variables ($x_{1}...x_{6}$) that I am using to predict $y$. When performing my data analysis, I first tried a multiple linear regression. From this, only two variables were significant. However, when I ran a linear regression comparing each variable individually to $y$, all but one were significant ($p$ anywhere from less than 0.01 to less than 0.001). It was suggested that this was due to multicollinearity.  My initial research on this suggests checking for multicollinearity by using . I downloaded the appropriate package from R, and ended up with the resulting VIFs: 3.35, 3.59, 2.64, 2.24, and 5.56. According to various sources online, the point you should be worried about multicollinearity with your VIFs is either at 4 or 5.   I am now stumped about what this means for my data. Do I or do I not have a multicollinearity problem? If I do, then how should I proceed? (I cannot collect more data, and the variables are parts of a model that aren't obviously related) If I don't have this problem, then what should I be taking from my data, particularly the fact that these variables are highly significant individually, but not significant at all when combined.  Edit: Some questions have been asked regarding the dataset, and so I would like to expand...  In this particular case, we're looking to understand how specific social cues (gesture, gaze, etc) affect the likelihood of someone producing some other cue. We would like our model to include all significant attributes, so I am uncomfortable removing some that seem redundant.  There are not any hypotheses with this right now. Rather, the problem is unstudied, and we are looking to gain a better understanding of what attributes are important. As far as I can tell, these attributes should be relatively independent of one another (you can't just say gaze and gestures are the same, or one the subset of another). It would be nice to be able to report p values for everything, since we would like other researchers to understand what has been looked at.  Edit 2: Since it came up somewhere below, my $n$ is 24. I have always believed that it was ok to replace a capacitor with a slightly higher voltage rated one. eg 16v with 25v.Going higher than this would risk the capacitance value being out at the working voltage. However I just read the following quote from this       Electrolytic capacitors are non-ferroelectric with a very low dielectric constant. Their capacitance is derived from a very high surface area and nanometer thick dielectric layers. Their capacitance is not a function of applied voltage.‐Design Solutions For DC Bias In Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (August 2010 Electronic Engineering Times)   So does this rule not apply to aluminum electrolytics? Eg will I have no issues replacing an electrolytic 25v 100uf with a 50v 100uf assuming both are low esr, similar footprint and good quailty? Im new to Illustrator and have found the clipping mask is not so easy compared to Phtoshop. Could any one tell me how i can make this line texture a clipping mask over the circle? What is a single word for a person who, as a habit, exaggerates a lot when relating information? WINDOWS 10 - Error Windows Update 10 = Error in phase " SAFE_OS " with the operator error with " BOOT " For days I tried several ways to install Windows 10 . With Windows Update I have always an error and with the media creation tool microsoft I have this message: " The installation failed in SAFE_OS phase with an error when BOOT operator " with this code : 0xC1900101 - 0x20017 Having tried everything I do not know what to do ... Can you help me please ? Thank you  PS: I migrated my OS with the software "Paragon migrate OS to SSD" from my hard disk to my SSD. Maybe I have this errors because I did this.... What is the definition of a symmetric distribution? What's the definition of a symmetric distribution? Someone told me that a random variable $X$ came from a symmetric distribution if and only if $X$ and $-X$ has the same distribution. But I think this definition is partly true. Because I can present a counterexample $X\sim N(\mu,\sigma^{2})$ and $\mu\neq0$.  Obviously, it has a symmetric distribution, but $X$ and $-X$ have different distribution! Am I right? Do you guys ever think about this question? What's the exact definition of symmetric distribution? Difference of Gamma random variables Rules for refreezing food How to write the word 'smart phone' in a research article? Smart phone Smartphone Smart-phone   I am really looking for some help regarding hyphen (-) issue in text found in research article. Is there any standard method how to use it? Will some parents be offended when being asked, "Is it male or female?" If I ask the parent about a baby's gender, will it be impolite or not appropriate to say, "Is it male or female?"  Is there any subtle difference, in terms of politeness, among   "Is it a boy or girl?" "Is it he or she?" "is it male or female?" How about a difficulty rating for questions? It might be useful to add a drop down field "Difficulty" for questions. With a very limited set of options, say:   Beginner Advanced Expert   This way, users could easily judge if they can answer a specific question (depending on their experience in the topic) and how much time it will probably take.  Beginners usually know they are new so they can easily select Beginner. Those with some experience just select Advanced and those working on a topic for years may chose Expert. I think it's not very difficult to judge halfway correctly.  And the difficulty rating does not have to be very precise anyway, it's more a rough estimate by the asking person.  As an addition, rep gained on this topic can be multiplied with a difficulty factor. This would solve the problem of lots of rep for often-viewed and easy to answer questions and few rep for less-viewed, difficult questions.  Update  Thank you so far for the answers. I clearly underestimated the fact that some users are going to always chose Expert difficulty.  Maybe readers voting on the difficulty would be a workaround. Of course, we cannot use the rep factor then, for the same reason.  This kind of voting would obviously introduce a whole new set of issues, since we could vote on both content and difficulty (I'm almost positive this kind of proposal existed before?). Blurry Text On Model After Render Evaluate $\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n}[(n +1)(n+2) \cdots (n+n)]^{\frac{1}{n}}$ Evaluate $$\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n}[(n +1)(n+2) \cdots (n+n)]^{\frac{1}{n}}$$  We can write as $\displaystyle\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n}[(n +1)(n+2) \cdots (n+n)]^{\frac{1}{n}}$ $$= \lim_{n \to \infty}\left[\frac{(n +1)(n+2) \cdots (n+n)}{n^n}\right]^{\frac{1}{n}} = \lim_{n \to \infty}\left[(1+\frac{1}{n})(1+\frac{2}{n})\cdots (1+\frac{n}{n})\right]^{\frac{1}{n}}$$  I have used this result if $\{a_n\}$ is a sequence of positive term which is convergent to $l$ and $b_n = (a_1. a_2 . \cdots a_n)^{1/n}$ ,thhen $b_n$ converges to $l$  here $a_n = 2$, but i think it is not right,how to use this result in this question. Give me hint how to proceed . Thank you I built a desktop computer a couple years back with the following specs:  CPU: Intel  Yorkfield 2.5GHz 6 MB L2 Cache LGA 775 95W Quad-Core Processor BX80580Q9300 Motherboard:  LGA 775 NVIDIA nForce 680i SLI ATX Intel Motherboard Video Card: Two  GeForce 8600GT SCC 256 MB 128-bit GDDR3 PCI Express x16 SLI Supported Video Card PSU: SeaSonic S12 Energy Plus  ATX12V V2.3 / EPS12V V2.91 SLI Certified CrossFire Ready 80 PLUS Certified Active PFC Power Supply Memory: Two G.SKILL 4 GB (2 x 2 GB) 240-Pin DDR2 SDRAM DDR2 800 (PC2 6400) Dual Channel Kit Desktop Memory   Since its inception, the machine has periodically locked up, the regularity having varied over the years from once a day to once a month. Typically, lockups happen once every few days. By &quot;lockup&quot; I mean my computer just freezes. The screen locks up, I can't move the mouse. Hitting keys on my keyboard that normally turn LEDs on or off on the keyboard (such as Caps Lock) no longer turn the LEDs on or off. If there was music playing at the time of the lockup, noise keeps coming out of the speakers, but it's just the current frequency/note that plays indefinitely. There is no BSOD. When such a lockup occurs I have to do a hard reboot by either turning off the computer or hitting the reset button. I have the most recent version of the NVIDIA hardware drivers, and update them semi-regularly, but that hasn't seemed to help. I am currently using Windows 7 x64, but was previously using Windows Server 2003 x64 and having the same lockup issues. My guess is that it's somehow video driver or motherboard related, but I don't know how to go about diagnosing this problem to narrow down which of the two is the culprit.  Additional information re: cooling Regarding cooling... I've not installed any after-market cooling systems aside from two regular fans I scavenged from an older computer. The fan atop the CPU is the one that shipped with it. One of the two scavenged fans I added it located at the bottom tower of the corner, in an attempt to create some airflow from front to back. The second fan is pointed directly at the two video cards.  SpeedFan installation and readings Per studiohack's suggestion, I installed , which provided the following temperature readings:  GPU: 63C GPU: 65C System: 76C CPU: 64C AUX: 36C Core 0: 78C Core 1: 76C Core 2: 79C Core 3: 79C   Update #3: Another Lockup :-( Well, I had another lockup last night. :-( SpeedFan reported the CPU temp at 38 C when it happened, and there was no spike in temperature leading up to the freeze. One thing I notice is that the freeze seems more likely to happen if I am watching a video. In fact, of the last 5 freezes over the past month, 4 of them have been while watching a video on Flickr. Not necessarily the same video, but a video nevertheless. I don't know if this is just coincidence or if it means anything. (As an aside, each night before bedtime my 2 year old daughter sits on my lap and watches some home videos on Flickr and, in the last month, has learned the phrase, &quot;Uh oh, computer broke.&quot;)  Update #4: MemTest86 and 3DMark06 Test Results: Per suggestions in the comments, I ran the MemTest86 overnight and it cycled through the 8 GB of memory 5 times without error. I also ran the 3DMark06 test without a problem (see my scores at ). So... what now? :-) Any further suggestions on what to check? Is there some way to get a stack trace or something when the computer locks like that? Resolution I have never did figure out the particular problems, but based on the suggestions here and elsewhere, I'm presuming it was a motherboard issue. In any event, I recently upgraded my system, buying a new motherbeard, PSU, CPU, and RAM, and that new rig has been working splendidly the past several weeks. I am using the same graphic cards as in the old setup, so I think it's safe to reason that they weren't the cause of the problem. freezing header in a table in html "Please do not repeat the mistake" and "Please do not repeat the mistake again"