How do I find the file without a file type?
Using .NET, how can you find the mime type of a file based on the file signature not the extension
A generic list of anonymous class Payment from Apple for developer $\operatorname{gcd}(ab,a+b)=1$ if $a$ and $b$ are relatively prime Sudo PM2 command not found but works without How to deploy wsp to single web application Let $g_n= {2^2}^n +1 $. Prove $g_0 · g_1 · · · g_{n−1} = g_{n} − 2$.    I'm not sure how to start this proof, if it should be done algebraically or if I should try to use a proof by induction. I have a speed-reading program I purchased with uses dotnet2. However, dotnet2 doesn't run on 64 bit wine. How would I install dotnet2? UK Visa Refusal: Provenance of funds/parking I have applied recently for a general visitor visa to the UK to spend 10 days during Christmas with my British unmarried partner and it has been turned down.   The Entry Clearance Officer stated on his refusal notice the following:     I note that you have never previously travelled to the UK or any country with similar immigration requirements and you therefore do not have a history of travel and compliance to consider.      You have submitted an employment letter to confirm your occupation in KSA but I am required to also assess your personal, domestic and economic circumstances in determining whether you are genuine visitor travelling to the UK for the period and purpose you state.      You claim an income of SAR ........ per month which equal ........ GBP and from the evidence submitted this appears to be your sole source of income.   I note that this monthly income is reflected on your bank statements. However, the bank statement you have presented show a recent large deposit that are in excess of your stated income and inconsistent with the account history. You haven't provided evidence toward the origin of this recent deposit and in the absence of reasonable evidence I am not satisfied that these bank statements accurately reflect your personal circumstances.      In view of the above, I am not satisfied you have demonstrated that your circumstances are as you claim and therefore I am not satisfied that you're travelling to the UK for the period and purpose you stated. 41(i)and(ii).   Its true that I have deposited that sum of money right before I apply and it was a commission I received from work earlier this month.   So, could you please give me your advice on the above as I am planning to apply again soon. and how to avoid my application being refused again? I've read a lot about PCA, including various tutorials and questions (such as , , , and ).   The geometric problem that PCA is trying to optimize is clear to me: PCA tries to find the first principal component by minimizing the reconstruction (projection) error, which simultaneously maximizes the variance of the projected data.    When I first read that, I immediately thought of something like linear regression; maybe you can solve it using gradient descent if needed.  However, then my mind was blown when I read that the optimization problem is solved by using linear algebra and finding eigenvectors and eigenvalues. I simply do not understand how this use of linear algebra comes into play.  So my question is: How can PCA turn from a geometric optimization problem to a linear algebra problem? Can someone provide an intuitive explanation?  I am not looking for an answer like  that says "When you solve the mathematical problem of PCA, it ends up being equivalent to finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance matrix." Please explain why eigenvectors come out to be the principal components and why the eigenvalues come out to be variance of the data projected onto them  I am a software engineer and not a mathematician, by the way.  Note: the figure above was taken and modified from . How can I clear the water out of this area? I've sectioned of this area in the sea near my base, and I need to get rid of all the water from it.  From what I've tried the only way I can see to clear it is fully cover one layer, delete the blocks, then go down to the next layer. Is that the only way I can clear the area or is there a better approach?  Ideally I'd like a survival method (if there is a better one), but any commands what could be used I'd like to hear just so I can learn more commands :) Good text on Clinical Trials? I'm an undergraduate statistics student looking for a good treatment of clinical trials analysis. The text should cover the fundamentals of experimental design, blocking, power analysis, latin squares design, and cluster randomization designs, among other topics.   I have an undergraduate knowledge of mathematical statistics and real analysis, but if there's a fantastic text that requires a bit higher level of statistics or analysis, I can work up to it. A novel where a woman from "future" of 1999 speaks leet-speak The buttons on the modal dialog box for leaving a page with unsaved changes are confusing If you are editing a question and decide to close the tab/window/whatever, SO opens up a dialog box asking you if you are sure. The buttons for this dialog are "OK" and "Cancel". However, what these map to is not entirely obvious. It would make more sense to change them to action words describing what they do. For example, it could be "Close this Question" and "Stay Here". This would eliminate the need to explain which button does what in the dialog itself and require less work from the user. Here's what I am trying to do:  1) User creates record A.  2) Time-based workflow sends an email to the Record A creator based on a date field in the record.  3) The email template has a URL link.  4) The URL links to a Visualforce page that is basically a form with fields to be filled out (this Visualforce page is in a managed package) and a save button that creates a new User record.  5) When the User clicks the URL link in the email, the Visualforce page opens in a new window.  6) I would like to pass the values of the fields in record A to pre-fill the Visualforce page fields.   Here's my link:  &lt;a href="https://cs19.visual.force.com/apex/CloneThisUser?Desktop=true&amp;Id={!Pending_User__c.User_to_CloneId__c}&amp;formGroupInputSmall={!Pending_User__c.First_Name__c}   And here's the code from the relevant section of the Visualforce page:  &lt;div class="form-group form-group-sm"&gt;       &lt;!-- &lt;apex:outputLabel styleClass="col-sm-2 control-label" for="formGroupInputSmall"&gt;First Name&lt;/apex:outputLabel&gt; --&gt;       &lt;div class="col-xm-11 col-sm-12"&gt;           &lt;apex:inputField html-placeholder="First Name" styleClass="form-control FirstNameInput"  value="{!u.FirstName}" id="formGroupInputSmall"/&gt;       &lt;/div&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;   I have only included the first field I would like to pass the parameter to, in order to keep this post simple.   The link passes the User_to_Clone_Id__c just fine but does not fill in the "First Name" field with the value of the First_Name__c .  What am I doing incorrectly? Thanks. Proof of $\sum_{k = 1}^{n} \frac{1}{k^{2}} < 2 - \frac{1}{n}$ Let $a$ be a non-zero real number. Is it true that the value of $$\int\limits_0^\infty \frac{\mathrm{d} x}{(1+x^2)(1+x^a)}$$  is independent on $a$? Please let me know how to remove certain repositories in Ubuntu 11.04. I am getting the following errors while updating.  sudo apt-get update  Err http://ppa.launchpad.net natty/main Sources                                      404  Not Found Err http://ppa.launchpad.net natty/main i386 Packages                                404  Not Found ......  E: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead. Using Model to equally distribute points, spatially within known geometry using ArcGIS ModelBuilder? Is it possible to create a model in ArcGIS ModelBuilder where you simply state number of points and an area in the form of a polygon to get the model to try and equally space out the points based on the geometry of the polygon and number of points? More Question Filtering options I realize that this may be a big request, but...  I think that instead of tabs on the recent question activity pages, or more likely as a new tab, adding a more advanced filtering option.  For instance, being allowed to exclude tags, filter by accepted answers or not, and, most importantly, being able to combine multiple filters!  E.g.: Filtering posts with tag Javascript without tags Jquery and AngularJS with no accepted answers and a score >= 0.  I feel like this is a biggish change that, if implemented as a new tab, wouldn't be that hard to implement, but would be very useful. Why is lock(this) {...} bad? The  says that public class SomeObject {   public void SomeOperation()   {     lock(this)     {       //Access instance variables     }   } }  is &quot;a problem if the instance can be accessed publicly&quot;. I'm wondering why? Is it because the lock will be held longer than necessary? Or is there some more insidious reason?