How to encrypt huge data using RSA?
How can I use asymmetric encryption, such as RSA, to encrypt an arbitrary length of plaintext?
vim-clang-format: clang-format is not found Can I boot memtest86+ if I'm using UEFI? Downloaded the Ubuntu 16.04.2 .iso install disk and flashed it onto a USB stick.  Booting on the USB stick, there is no memtest86+ option (along with "Try Ubuntu").  Is there a way to add it to the install options?  (it's for a UEFI boot PC running normally Windows, its owner does not want to install Ubuntu. "memtest86+" is completely free (unlike "memtest86"), but is quite old, and does not offer a UEFI boot - this is why having it within the Ubuntu options makes things easier) As far as I know, the variance inflation factor is not computed with pseudo-$R^{2}$ or generalized $R^{2}$ in binary outcome models (e.g. logistic regression).  Are there other measures of multi-colinearity than VIF appropriate to such models?  Why ought or ought not we think about multi-colinearity in such models? Fit mixture of distributions to your time-series data in R I have time-series data containing 1440 observations and the plot of the data is   I want to fit the Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) to the above plot, and for the same I am using Mclust function of  package. Finally, I want a fit somewhat like this:   On using Mclust function, I do get following statistics     mclus_data &lt;- Mclust(givendataseries)    &gt; summary(mclus_data) ---------------------------------------------------- Gaussian finite mixture model fitted by EM algorithm  ----------------------------------------------------  Mclust E (univariate, equal variance) model with 8 components:   log.likelihood    n df      BIC      ICL        9525.438 1440 16 18934.52 18183.67  Clustering table:    1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8  1262    0    0    0    0   13  114   51    In the above statistic, I can not understand following:   Significance of log.likelihood, BIC and ICL. I can understand what each of them is, but what their magnitude/value refers to? It shows there are 8 clusters, but why cluster no. 2,3,4,5 has 0 values? What does this mean? From the plot it is clear that there must be two Guassians, but why Mclust function shows there are 8 Guassians?   Update: Actually, I want to do model based clustering of time series data. But currently  I want to fit the distribution to my raw data, as shown in Figure 1 on page no. 3 of  paper. For your quick reference, mentioned figure in said paper is I'm studying machine learning and every book I open I bump into chi-squared distribution, gamma-function, t-distribution, Gaussian, etc.   Every book I have opened so far only defines what the distributions are: they don't explain or give the intuition on where the specific formulas for the functions come from.   For example, why is chi-squared distribution the way it is? What is the t-distribution? What is the intuition behind the distribution? Proofs? etc.   I would like to have a clear and fundamental understanding of the most commonly used distributions so that every time later on when I see them, I truly understand what is a t-distribution, what is a Gaussian distribution and most importantly why are they the way they are.   It would be nice if the books / tutorials  can explain the concepts to a layman so that in order to understand them you don't already need to understand them x) Many books are like this, they don't fit for beginners :( Holomorphic functions: is it true that $f(\bar{z})=\overline {f(z)}$? "Pandora's Box" metaphors The majority of definitions give the same meaning - "Pandora's box" is a synonym for "a source of extensive but unforeseen troubles or problems."  Are there any other metaphors with the same meaning? Why is $\omega$ the smallest $\infty$? Singular or plural verb after a series connected by "or" Can the Universe be deterministic and still allow free will? In Fallout 4 the Bobbleheads are back.  Once you pick them up they stay in your inventory with a weight of 0 and a value of 300. Will I need them later ? Do I lose the bonus if I sell them or drop them somewhere ? Same with the magazines.  Is there any disadvantage to selling them ? New "[tag:" syntax interferes with Markdown links Links in [link text][number] format don't work properly if they follow a tag using the new [tag:tagName] format. Here's the result of [tag:python] [gold badge page][1]:      [gold badge page]   Putting the tag inside the link is worse. Here's the result of [[meta-tag:bug] some text][2], where [2] is google.com:        The part of the link outside the tag just disappears silently.  EDIT: To be more precise, the entire link to [2] disappears. The markup that is produced contains (invalid) nested anchor tags, as shown here from Firefox's "View Source":  &lt;a href="http://google.com" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;a href="/questions/tagged/bug" class="post-tag required-tag" title="show questions tagged 'bug'" rel="tag"&gt;bug&lt;/a&gt; some text&lt;/a&gt;   So the tag is still a link, but it is a link to the tag page, which is the behavior it would have if the link to [2] didn't exist at all. The user's desired behavior in this case is... ambiguous, to be charitable.  EDIT 2: I briefly included markup from Firebug here, but it turned out to be irrelevant. It has now been removed to improve readability. See  if you're interested. Word for resembling the truth How do we refer to the act of resembling the truth, regardless if it is indeed the truth?  Some context: suppose you are watching a film and the story bears a striking resemblance to "real life". Perhaps you remember similar events from your own background or the story has a strong internal coherence. So you feel that the story could be true, even though you know it is fictional. Or, as the legend has it, when Michelangelo finished his "Pietà" and the sculpture seemed so "real" and "natural" to him, that he was amazed that the sculpture couldn't talk. One last example: you hear the promises of a politician in election campaign and he seems to be telling the truth, but of course you have no way to figure out, beforehand, if he is being honest or not.  The word "likelihood" comes to mind, but this word suggests some kind of numerical (even statistical) evaluation, which is akin to "probability". The word I am looking for describes the feeling you get, which leads to a subjective "binary" judgement (either it resembles the truth or not).  In Portuguese, such word is "verossimilhança" (from Latin verum, truth + similis, similar). I have a repeated composition of functions ${T_n}(z) = {\tau _0} \circ {\tau _1} \circ {\tau _2} \circ  \cdots  \circ {\tau _n}(z)$  By analogy with $\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {} ,\prod\limits_{i = 1}^n {} ,\bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^n {} ,\bigcap\limits_{i = 1}^n {} ,$ I want to write ${T_n}(z) = \left( {\mathop  \circ \limits_{i = 0}^n {\tau _i}} \right)(z)$ or even ${T_n}(z) = {\mathop  \circ \limits_{i = 0}^n {\tau _i}} (z)$. Can I do this? Computing the cardinality of a combinatorial set Define two sets: $S_1$ and $S_2$ where we have that $a$ is an odd natural number and $b\in \mathbb{N}$, $S_1 = \Big\{ \frac{2}{a},\frac{2}{a-2},\frac{2}{a-4},...,\frac{2}{a-(a-1)},$ $\frac{2+4}{a+2},\frac{2+4}{a},\frac{2+4}{a-2},...,\frac{2+4}{a-(a-1)},$ $\frac{2+8}{a+4},...,\frac{2+8}{a-2},...,\frac{2+8}{a-(a-1)},$ $\vdots$ $\frac{2+4\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor}{a+\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor},\frac{2+4\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor}{a+\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor-2},...,\frac{2+4\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor}{a-(a-1)},$ $\frac{2+4(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor+1)}{a+\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor},\frac{2+4(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor+1)}{a+\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor-2},...,\frac{2+4(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor+1)}{a-(a-1),}$ $\frac{2+4(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor+2)}{a+\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor-2},\frac{2+4(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor+2)}{a+\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor-4},...,\frac{2+4(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor+2)}{a-(a-1)}$ $\vdots$ $\frac{2+4b}{a},\frac{2+4b}{a-2},...,\frac{2+4b}{a-(a-1)} \Big\}$ and $S_2 = \Big\{ \frac{2}{\lceil\frac{a}{2}\rceil}, \frac{2}{\lceil\frac{a}{2}\rceil-1},\frac{2}{\lceil\frac{a}{2}\rceil-2},...,\frac{2}{1}$ $\frac{2+2}{\lceil\frac{a}{2}\rceil+1},\frac{2+2}{\lceil\frac{a}{2}\rceil},\frac{2+2}{\lceil\frac{a}{2}\rceil-1},...,\frac{2+2}{1},$ $\vdots$ $\frac{2+2(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor-1)}{\lceil\frac{a}{2}\rceil+(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor-1)},\frac{2+2(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor-1)}{\lceil\frac{a}{2}\rceil+(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor-2)},...,\frac{2+2(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor-1)}{1}$ $\frac{2+2\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor}{\lceil\frac{a}{2}\rceil+\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor},...,\frac{2+2\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor}{1},$ $\frac{2+2(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor+1)}{\lceil\frac{a}{2}\rceil+\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor-1},...,\frac{2+2(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor+1)}{1},$ $\frac{2+(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor+2)}{\lceil\frac{a}{2}\rceil+\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor-2},...,\frac{2+(\lfloor\frac{b}{2}\rfloor+2)}{1}$ $\vdots$ $\frac{2+2b}{\lceil\frac{a}{2}\rceil-1},...,\frac{2+2b}{1} \Big\}$ The question is, how do I determine the cardinality of the intersection of these two sets i.e. how would I compute the value $|S_1 \cap S_2|$? Note that duplicates may appear within both sets such as $\frac{1}{2}=\frac{2}{4}$ etc. Therefore we must make sure that for each fraction $\frac{n}{m}$ we have $\text{gcd}(n,m)=1$. I am aware of the existence of , but not entirely sure if that identity would be useful here. How are unbalanced forces even possible, given Newton's 3rd law? How to Screen Sharing / VNC to an iMac without waking the display? I have an iMac mid 2011 at home. When I was not home, I may need to access my mac with Screen Sharing. However the iMac display will turn itself on when I connect via Screen Sharing. The problem is I don't want to scare my family at home (with the elders and kids) as the iMac "turn itself on suddenly".   This is a problem specific for iMac. On MacBooks (Pro, Air, whatever) I can set the brightness to the lowest setting so the screen is black (i.e. the LED light is off). However on an iMac you cannot turn off the LED backlit by setting brightness. The display is still bright and everything is clearly visible even on lowest brightness setting.  Therefore these solution are not working as the display will turn on as soon as you move your mouse or hit any key on the keyboard via Screen Sharing.   Sleep Display (by Ctrl+Shift+Eject) Using the code listed on    Question: Is the a way to keep the iMac display off entirely while you accessing it with Screen Sharing? I'm currently trying to extract textures from a binary file, and ideally I'd like to save each texture to a file or embed in the .blend file. However, before saving an image, I need to be able to create an image in memory from an array of pixel data.  The PIL library contains the kinds of functions I need to use, but it is not included with Blender. Is there anything similar to PIL in Blender? bpy.ops.image seems to be close to what I need, but lacks necessary pixel set/manipulation functions. I'm playing around with height maps (bitmaps), trying to create some of my own in my game, and for that I need to implement some basic drawing methods. I've quickly realized that drawing straight lines isn't as basic as I thought.  It simple's if your points share an X or Y coordinate, or if they are aligned so you can draw a perfectly diagonal line. But in all other cases its trickier.  What algorithm do you use to determine what pixels need to be coloured for it to become a "straight" line ? Does anyone know what this probability question is asking?