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When should a supervisor be an author? I understand that in a lot of big-lab fields it is common for the principal investigator to append their name to a paper even if they did not write the paper, design the experiment, or collect data since they spend energy securing funding, and managing the whole lab. What about for small labs?  What are the requirements for a supervisor to be included as an author on a paper, as opposed to just appearing in the acknowledgements? If you are working on your own projects independently of your supervisor, but using funding provided by your supervisor (how does this change when the funding provides resources versus just your salary), are you suppose to add them as authors or just acknowledge the source of funding? Applescript run from menu bar? What are the advantages of using the optical viewfinder over live preview to take photos on a DSLR? Forgive this novice question, I am basically a complete newbie to photography.  Really, all I've ever used for most my of short life have been point-and-shoots; I've only recently started to pick up some curiosity.  Anyway, from what I've gathered, reading through many of the  questions, most serious photographers use the optical viewfinder as their primary tool to determine what makes a good shot.  Live-preview isn't used much at all; it seems its help is to primarily set up the shot.  Reading a Wikipedia article seems to confirm this view, adding that      [l]ive preview in DSLRs does not typically serve as their principal means of framing and previewing before taking a photograph, with this function still being mainly performed with optical viewfinder. While initially largely a novelty feature, live-preview functionality has become more common on DSLR cameras...    My questions are:   What are the myriad advantages of using the viewfinder over live preview, what does it help one accomplish in achieving the goals of photography? What are some interesting ways serious photographers use live preview to take better shots they might have otherwise missed? $\frac{1}{99989999} = 1.00010002000300050008001300210034005500890144... \times 10^{-8}$    (), which includes the Fibonacci sequence $(1\ 1\ 2\ 3\ 5\ 8\ 13\ 21\ 55\ 89\ 144\ldots )$.  This is fascinating to me but I can't figure out how this works, and a Google search doesn't seem to reveal anything. Let's make the hot network questions icons clickable I would like to see the icons in the 'Hot Network Questions' right panel clickable, leading to the homepage of the site where the question comes from.  It would make it more comfortable to switch to the site when you want rather to visit it than to see that specific "hot" question. If you visit a chat room attached to a beta site while logged out, the log in message is all but unreadable, being dark grey on a dark blue background. For example, visit  while logged out or in private browsing mode. How to call shell script from php that requires SUDO? Most common C# bitwise operations on enums For the life of me, I can't remember how to set, delete, toggle or test a bit in a bitfield. Either I'm unsure or I mix them up because I rarely need these. So a "bit-cheat-sheet" would be nice to have.  For example:   flags = flags | FlagsEnum.Bit4;  // Set bit 4.   or  if ((flags &amp; FlagsEnum.Bit4)) == FlagsEnum.Bit4) // Is there a less verbose way?   Can you give examples of all the other common operations, preferably in C# syntax using a [Flags] enum? I need to convert an arbitrary amount of milliseconds into Days, Hours, Minutes Second.  For example: 10 Days, 5 hours, 13 minutes, 1 second. How to connect portable monitor USB Type-C to graphic card with display port or hdmi FAQ: Migrations What are the rules on migrations:   Migrations in general Migrations to public betas Migrations to private betas Autosegmental Representation in tikz-qtree This is what I want to achieve    and this:    But all I've been able to make with tikz-qtree is the following:  \documentclass[12pt,a4]{article} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{tipa,tikz,tikz-qtree} \begin{document}  \begin{tikzpicture} [baseline] \tikzset{frontier/.style={distance from root=90pt}} \Tree [.$\sigma$ [.O [ p ] ] [.R [.$\mu$ a ] [.$\mu$ : ] ] ] \end{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture} [baseline] \tikzset{frontier/.style={distance from root=90pt}} \Tree [.$\sigma$ [.O [ p ] ] [.R [.$\mu$ a ]  ] ] \end{tikzpicture}   And this:  \begin{tikzpicture}[baseline] \tikzset{frontier/.style={distance from root=90pt}} \Tree [.$\sigma$ [.O [ l ] ] [.R [.$\mu$ a ] [.$\mu$ l ] ] ] \end{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture} [baseline] \tikzset{frontier/.style={distance from root=90pt}} \Tree [.$\sigma$ [.O [ : ] ] [.R [.$\mu$ a ] [ l ] ] ] \end{tikzpicture} \end{document}   Which renders:    and    The important part here is the linking from the leaves to more than one parent (it would be nice if I had the option of making the line dashed too). Now, pst-asr doesn't quite achieve what I want it to. It's important that I have the moras ('mu's). (Also it's a pstricks package, which means I must typeset it in DVIPSPDF.) I have tried a bit of the forest-package (especially forest-GP1), but I can't make that work as I want either. Lastly, some have recommended xyling, but I find that package very difficult to use.  Any recommendations?  Thanks. Ubuntu with spyware? Richard Stallman states that Ubuntu "has installed surveillance code". See:   Is this true?   I agree with him that "Any excuse Canonical offers is inadequate....". Why do only two sexes exist for animals? Why, from the natural selection point of view, do only two sexes exist for animals? What is the remainder when $2^{1990}$ is divided by $1990$? I actually do not have the basic idea on how to approach these type of questions....so please tell me a generalized method about all this too.  It came in RMO, and the question is:  What is the remainder when $2^{1990}$ is divided by $1990$ ? Where does $PATH get set in OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard? I type echo $PATH on the command line and get  /opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin:/Users/andrew/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/pear/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11/bin:/opt/local/bin:/usr/local/git/bin  I'm wondering where this is getting set since my .bash_login file is empty.  I'm particularly concerned that, after installing MacPorts, it installed a bunch of junk in /opt. I don't think that directory even exists in a normal Mac OS X install.  Update: Thanks to  for correcting my echo $PATH statement Why should the "H" option not be used in floats? During Windows installation I accidentally typed an accented name for my user name and my profile name is named after it. I already renamed my user to not have an accented character, but the profile folder is an other topic.  Basically I want this because I have some applications what have a problem with the accented character.  Is there a way to rename it? I know I have to make a copy from my profile, but how can I perform a relocation itself? I wouldn't like touch any other profiles on the machine just mine. Help me to solve this problem please..  Let $Y_{(1)}, Y_{(2)}, Y_{(3)}, Y_{(4)}, Y_{(5)}$ denote the order statistics of a random sample of size 5 from a distribution having p.d.f. $f(y) = e^{(-y)}, 0 &lt; y &lt; \infty$, zero elsewhere. Show that $Z_1 = Y_{(2)}$ and $Z_2 = Y_{(4)} − Y_{(2)}$  are independent. Hint: First find the joint p.d.f. of $Y_{(2)}$  and  $Y_{(4)}$. Windows 7 time issues