How to list all manually installed packages?
Generating list of manually installed packages and querying individual packages
I'm looking for a shapefile containing an 1000m or 2000m UTM grid ("graticule"). All I was about to find on the web is a 10000m UTM grid (here: ) and I am aware that a 1000m UTM grid for the whole world might be quite big.  That's why I'm now wondering if and how it would be possible to generate such a shapefile for a part of the world. I would prefer to use open source tools like gdal. Others output formats than a shapefile might be ok too.   Has anyone an idea? Bearing in mind I am a layman - with no background in physics - please could someone explain what the "big deal" is with quantum entanglement?  I used to think I understood it - that 2 particles, say a light-year apart spatially, could affect each other physically, instantly.  Here I would understand the "big deal".  On further reading I've come to understand (maybe incorrectly) that the spatially separated particles may not affect each other, but in knowing one's properties you can infer the other's.  If that it the case, I don't see what the big deal is... 2 things have some properties set in correlation to each other at the point of entanglement, they are separated, measured, and found to have these properties...?  What am I missing? Is it that the particles properties are in an "un-set" state, and only when measured do they get set?  (i.e. the wave-function collapses).  If this is true - why do we think this instead of the more intuitive thought that the properties were set at an earlier time? A method for evaluating sums/discrete functions by assuming they can be made continuous and differentiable? Suppose I had a function that satisfied the property $f(x)=f(x-1)+g(x)$.  For any $x\in\mathbb N$, it is easy enough to see that this boils down to the statement  $$f(x)=f(0)+\sum_{k=1}^xg(k)$$  If we return to our functional equation and differentiate it $n$ times, we get  $$f^{(n)}(x)=f^{(n)}(x-1)+g^{(n)}(x)$$  Once again, for any $x\in\mathbb N$, we have  $$f^{(n)}(x)=f^{(n)}(0)+\sum_{k=1}^xg^{(n)}(k)$$  One could then integrate both sides.  For example, this asserts that  $$\sum_{k=1}^xg(k)=xf'(0)+\int_0^x\sum_{k=1}^tg'(k)dt$$  If the sum inside the intagral is generalized to any upper bound.  How would I justify this for discrete functions?    An example of this is letting $f_p(x)=\sum_{k=1}^xk^p$, as it seems to follow the above result.  We can see from the above that  $$f_p(x)=a_px+p\int_0^xf_{p-1}(t)dt$$  $$a_p=1-p\int_0^1f_{p-1}(t)dt$$  which appears to be a true recursive formula.    Under what conditions can I extend discrete functions $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ into continuous differentiable functions and apply this method? How to comment lines in rails html.erb files? Why is the change in Hamiltonian for an active infinitesimal canonical transformation defined the way it is? I'm trying to understand infinitesimal canonical transformations and conservation theorems (section 9.6 Goldstein ed3). My specific problem is with understanding eq 9.104,         $\partial H = H(B) - K(A^{'}) $, where $\partial H$ represents the change in the hamiltonian under an infinitesimal canonical transformation (from the active view point ofc). The issue only arises for generating functions that explicitly depend on time.  Here's what I've thought of so far. I understand what $K$ is from the passive viewpoint (or so I think), its the hamiltonian that would furnish Hamilton's equations for the transformed variables $Q=q+ \delta q$ and $P = p + \delta p$. In the specific case of the generating function being a time dependent hamiltonian, $K = H + \delta t \frac{\partial H}{\partial t} = H + \delta t\dot H$, which makes sense because once you transform the variables to what they'll be in time $\delta t$, you'll also need to add on a term that comes from the Hamiltonian being at a later time $t+ \delta t$.   In the book, this is explained as a transformation depending on time changes the hamiltonian, so $H(A) \rightarrow K(A^{'}) $. Which I sorta get. But why not for $H(B)$? And what about the case when the Hamiltonian is time dependent and it is the generating function? Is $H(B)$ at a later time then?   Note: $A$ represents the original variables, $B$ is the transformed variables in the active sense, so in the same phase space as $A$, and $A^{'}$ is the same point as A but in the transformed phase space (passive). Does $k+\aleph_0=\mathfrak{c}$ imply $k=\mathfrak{c}$ without the Axiom of Choice? I have Windows 8 Pro activated with kms. when I open windows store, it doesn't show "win8.1 available". clicking on ms-windows-store:WindowsUpgrade just brings me to windows store main screen  slmgr /dli shows volume_kmsclient channel  I can upgrade it to WMC. Laptop is W8Pro WMC and update is available, it's retail channel  Is W8 for KMS clients delayed or what? Aside from the Force, is there magic in Star Wars? I am trying to install linux on my laptop, a Toshiba Satellite C6550-S5200. I did it once but something happened so I removed it then I had to destroy all data on hard drive so now I have nothing on it. Well I got a iso file burned to a CD and to a flash drive. With the flash drive I get.   SYSLINUX 4.06 EDD 4.06-pre7 Copyright (C) 1994-2012 H. Peter Anvin et al  With the CD it will start booting it but somewhere loading it up, the dots turn all orange and stay that way and my CD drive turns quiet.  Oh and some more info the images work because I tried loading them up on another pc and it worked just fine.  I manage to get the CD to boot I just had to let me pc boot up first then insert the CD and have it boot the CD then. Once I get done installing ubuntu it works fine but I have to leave the PC on 24/7 for if I turn it off the PC will freeze 5-10 seconds after booting back up no matter how I install it. I know that I have to use some tweaking tool and then a extension for this. But all extensions that are suggested for this(Workspace grid, Workspace matrix), aren't available in the software center. How much effect does the Bernoulli effect have on lift? I understand that the Bernoulli effect is a flawed explanation for the cause of lift, and does not cause much at all, but how much?   Is there any experimental data on the force caused by the Bernoulli effect? Maybe implicitly through data of the pressure difference between the top and underside of an aeroplane's wings. After that, I assume I could (crudely approximating the pressure to be acting perpendicularly to the flight direction) use $\Delta P A$ to work out the net force on the plane.    Perhaps there is another way to quantitatively analyse the extent to which the Bernoulli effect causes lift.  Edit: see  short cartoon (content similar to Mike Dunlavey's answer). How many integers between $1$ and $10^4$ contain exactly one $8$ and one $9$? I have this problem: How many integers between $1$ and $10^4$ contain exactly one $8$ and one $9$?, but i dont know if $18, 19, 28, 29...$ serve, else it could be $8$ y $9 = 2$ numbers, help please. Is it possible to use Matcap materials as an actual material for a model so that I can render with it? There are certain parts that I want to apply specific Matcaps textures to but I want to actually use them to render and not just for sculpting purposes.  Is this at all do-able? I made my first sculpt model and I used a mirror modifier. But then I applied the mirror modifier, because I got a strange edge on the mirror line in sculpt mode. Now I modeled it, but it still mirrors the model, what in the beginning was good, but sometime I want to do asymmetrical things.  What did I wrong? Many thanks for your help!! Happy modeling :D $x_{1}...x_{n}$ are independent continuous random variables with common distribution function $F(x)$,consider the order statistics $(x_{(1)},...,x_{(n)})$, compute $E(F(x_{(n)})-F(x_{(1)}))$  I have no idea to this problem, anyone could help me? Thanks! When I import text file into R, I get a special character appended to the first value of the first column Any way to do DISTINCT ON? I'm trying to create a query like this:  SELECT DISTINCT ON (field1, field2) field1, field2, field3 FROM table1   But can't figure out how to get DISTINCT ON narrowed down to a few fields in Drupal like that. Calling $query-&gt;distinct() just seems to structure the query like this:  SELECT DISTINCT field1, field2, field3 FROM table1   I did figure out a hacky way to add what I want by adding an expression before I add any fields like this:  $query-&gt;addExpression('DISTINCT ON (field1, field2) field1', 'field1');   Which creates:  SELECT DISTINCT ON (field1, field2) field1 as field1, field2, field3 FROM table1   I'm looking for a better way to this ? how to create a roster sheet in sharepoint 2010 This is about training management, when an employee requests for training, it goes to approval workflow and once approved, it is like the employee is enrolled.  Once it is approved I want a roster sheet to be created for that course for all the employees registered and who got approved.   The report I need to generate has to be of the enrolled users of one course and one particular session  If I give copy listitem as approved then different courses would come together in the list  The format for the report I’m not sure What it is? I’m trying to get a glossy shade to building in my scene as soon as I put roughness to zero I see these trees in glass. I have no trees in my scene anywhere, background is black. Even when I render I see these trees. How can I get rid of them and still keep my glossy building material. Is it possible to modify the title of the message box the confirm() function opens in JavaScript?   I could create a modal popup box, but I would like to do this as minimalistic as possible. I would like to do something like this:  confirm("This is the content of the message box", "Modified title");   The default title in Internet Explorer is "Windows Internet Explorer" and in Firefox it's "[JavaScript-program]." Not very informative. Though I can understand from a browser security stand point that you shouldn't be able to do this.