TypeError: str does not support buffer interface
TypeError: 'str' does not support the buffer interface
What is the "last" data that get's backed up, when running pg_dump on a live server? I'm wondering: If I start doing a pg_dump of a very large database (it would take hours), that is still running actively receiving writes, what is then the last data that goes into the backup? Is it:   The data as-it-was, at the point in time where the pg_dump command was initiated. The last changes that it encountered at some point where it was dumping that individual record. Something else.   Bonus question: If I'm trying to dump a database as part of trying to rescue it from corrupt data, will it then make any difference whether I use the directory format or the custom format? Can I enable the Windows 7 Start menu in Windows 10? I've upgraded from Windows 7 to Windows 10 and now I only find this new slower Start menu with all the tiles in it   (picturesource: )  Can I enable the older Windows 7 one again which suites my needs more? Creating a textarea with auto-resize There was , which I've tried. But there is one problem: the textarea doesn't shrink if you delete the content. I can't find any way to shrink it to the correct size - the clientHeight value comes back as the full size of the textarea, not its contents.  The code from that page is below:  function FitToContent(id, maxHeight) {    var text = id &amp;&amp; id.style ? id : document.getElementById(id);    if ( !text )       return;     var adjustedHeight = text.clientHeight;    if ( !maxHeight || maxHeight &gt; adjustedHeight )    {       adjustedHeight = Math.max(text.scrollHeight, adjustedHeight);       if ( maxHeight )          adjustedHeight = Math.min(maxHeight, adjustedHeight);       if ( adjustedHeight &gt; text.clientHeight )          text.style.height = adjustedHeight + "px";    } }  window.onload = function() {     document.getElementById("ta").onkeyup = function() {       FitToContent( this, 500 )     }; } If a PC's ability score increases due to an item, does it increase the corresponding modifier for the ability score or any skills/attacks? number length limit in SOQL Where condition When I execute SOQL in Developer Console:  Select Id, Amount From Opportunity Where Amount &gt; 10000000000   An parsing error occurs:  Unknown error parsing query   Is there length limit of number on SOQL Where condition? How can you programmatically tell an HTML SELECT to drop down (for example, due to mouseover)? How can you programmatically tell an HTML select to drop down (for example, due to mouseover)? Geometric interpretation of $\frac {\partial^2} {\partial x \partial y} f(x,y)$ Replace one Ubuntu with another from USB pen drive Proving the measure of an increasing sequence of measurable sets is the limit of the measures Coloring arrows in \xymatrix Chatroom deleted? I created a chatroom about the Qt Framework some time ago but it seems it's no longer available. The  just says &quot;Page Not Found&quot; and the possible reasons for removal are &quot;spam, off topic, abuse&quot; but I don't think any of this concerns the chatroom (though I was rarely checking it). Any idea what could be the issue? Why is $\omega$ the smallest $\infty$? I am comfortable with the different sizes of infinities and Cantor's "diagonal argument" to prove that the set of all subsets of an infinite set has cardinality strictly greater than the set itself. So if we have a set $\Omega$ and $|\Omega| = \aleph_i$, then (assuming continuum hypothesis) the cardinality of $2^{\Omega}$ is $|2^{\Omega}| = \aleph_{i+1} &gt; \aleph_i$ and we have $\aleph_{i+1} = 2^{\aleph_i}$.  I am fine with these argument.  What I don't understand is why should there be a smallest $\infty$? Is there a proof (or) an axiom that there exists a smallest $\infty$ and that this is what we address as "countably infinite"? or to rephrase the question "why can't I find a set whose power set gives us $\mathbb{N}$"?  The reason why I am asking this question is in "some sense" $\aleph_i = \log_2(\aleph_{i+1})$. I do not completely understand why this process should stop when $\aleph_i = \aleph_0$.  (Though coming to think about it I can feel that if I take an infinite set with $\log_2 \aleph_0$ elements I can still put it in one-to-one correspondence with the Natural number set. So Is $\log_2 \aleph_0 = \aleph_0$ (or) am I just confused? If $n \rightarrow \infty$, then $2^n \rightarrow \infty$ faster while $\log (n) \rightarrow \infty$ slower and $\log (\log (n)) \rightarrow \infty$ even slower and $\log(\log(\log (n))) \rightarrow \infty$ even "more" slower and so on).  Is there a clean (and relatively elementary) way to explain this to me?  (I am totally fine if you direct me to some paper (or) webpage. I tried googling but could not find an answer to my question) Does the Darkness spell block vision? In discussing , I came to realize that the real question was whether Darkness blocks vision or merely creates "darkness".    Per the wording of the spell:     Magical darkness spreads from a point you choose within range to fill a 15-foot-radius sphere for the duration. The darkness spreads around corners. A creature with darkvision can’t see through this darkness, and nonmagical light can’t illuminate it. (emphasis mine)   Normal darkness is defined in the game as creating a heavily obscured area and the only description added to the darkness is that it is magical, which (to me) just means that it is created by magic and is subject to the magical rules.    Darkvision is defined in the game as basically being able to see in darkness as if they were seeing in dim light. So, the text "darkvision can’t see through this darkness" merely means that it affects darkvision in the same way it affects normal vision. (See earlier versions of the spell below, which had similar wordings.)    I see nothing there that implies it is a barrier to vision, just an active  and utter absence of illumination.    Previous editions have varying descriptions.  and  give accurate accountings of the various versions.   The 1e Wizard version seems to actually imply a sphere of opaque blackness that even blocks infra/ultravision, while the 1e Cleric version is a reversal of the Light spell and creates totally normal darkness, with no block to special visions.   The 2e version is similar to the 1e Cleric spell. It creates an area of darkness "equal to an unlit interior room".   The 3.0e version comes closest to the 5e version. It "causes an object   to radiate darkness out to a 20-foot radius. Not even creatures who can normally see in the dark (such as with darkvision) can see in an area shrouded in magical darkness." Still no reference to any sort of opacity and the wording makes it clear that darkvision is being treated specifically here.   3.5e Darkness is similar, although instead of darkness, it creates "shadowy illumination". This affects darkvision as well as normal vision.   4e doesn't have a Darkness spell, but rather a Cleric Utility called Veil of Darkness, which creates "a zone that is heavily obscured and blocks line of sight." So, finally, a reference to opacity, in "blocks line of sight", although I question if opacity was the intent. How do I root my Android device? Selecting and manipulating CSS pseudo-elements such as ::before and ::after using javascript (or jQuery) How to find unused/dead code in java projects What tools do you use to find unused/dead code in large java projects? Our product has been in development for some years, and it is getting very hard to manually detect code that is no longer in use. We do however try to delete as much unused code as possible.  Suggestions for general strategies/techniques (other than specific tools) are also appreciated.  Edit: Note that we already use code coverage tools (Clover, IntelliJ), but these are of little help. Dead code still has unit tests, and shows up as covered. I guess an ideal tool would identify clusters of code which have very little other code depending on it, allowing for docues manual inspection. Why is vote time missing in the SE data dump and SEDE? Is there a particular reason why vote times are omitted in the data dump?  IMO this could be a very useful data-set. Is this one of the steps that was done to anonymize the data, or does it simply not exist? This would be a very good addition to future dumps to help build time-based relationships, which are currently very rigid and full of assumptions. What does one second after big bang mean? Consider the following statement:     Hadron Epoch, from $10^{-6}$ seconds to $1$ second: The temperature of the   universe cools to about a trillion degrees, cool enough to allow   quarks to combine to form hadrons (like protons and neutrons).   What does it mean to say "from $10^{-6}$ seconds to $1$ second"?   How is time being measured?  One particle might feel just $10^{-20}\ \mathrm s$ having passed and another could feel $10^{-10}\ \mathrm s$ having passed.   Is saying "1 second after the big bang" a meaningful statement? Why do I give my pets "food" but my livestock "feed"? When I feed my cat or my dog, the package tends to say "Dog Food" or "Cat Food."  In contrast, I give my chickens "chicken feed" or "poultry feed."  Likewise, a cow's silage is her "feed."  Why does this distinction exist?  Is there an historical or grammatical explanation, or is it merely idiom? What is safe to exclude for a full system backup? I'm looking for a list which paths/files are safe to exclude for a full system/home backup.   Considering that I have a list of installed packages.   /home/*/.thumbnails /home/*/.cache /home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/Cache /home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/OfflineCache /home/*/.local/share/Trash /home/*/.gvfs/ /tmp/ /var/tmp/ not real folders but can cause severe problems when 'restoring'   /dev /proc /sys    What about...   /var/ in general? /var/backups/ - can get quite large /var/log/ - does not require much space and can help for later comparison /lost+found/