Adding a counter column for a set of similar rows in R
How can I rank observations in-group faster?
Sorry to start a subjective question, but want to understand "own.sty" file.  Other than all \usepackage{} what sort of other commands can be added to the makeyourown.sty file.  Can you include \let command, and \newcommands in it.   What sort of precaution / structure newbies should follow. Stitch first and edit later or vice versa? I have a set of three images imported in Lightroom 3.6 which I want to stitch into one panorama using Photoshop's CS5.5 Merge to Panorama tool. As I see it I have two options in doing so.   Doing all modifications (colour, brightness, contrast, etc...) first, syncing the changes between the three photos and then stitch them together. Stitching the photos first and then use Lightroom to apply modification to the whole image.   Which of these two methods is considered to be best practice? Indent math blocks? I want all math blocks \begin{math} in my document to be intended automatically, like it's the case with \begin{itemize}.   Can anyone please give me a hint on how to do this? Thanks :-) Is there a difference between “?!” and “!?”? Okay, so I think I have a decent enough sample, taking into account the 20:1 rule of thumb: a fairly large sample (N=374) for a total of 7 candidate predictor variables.   My problem is the following: whatever set of predictor variables I use, the classifications never get better than a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 0%. However unsatisfactory, this could actually be the best possible result, given the set of candidate predictor variables (from which I can't deviate).   But, I couldn't help but think I could do better, so I noticed that the categories of the dependent variable were quite unevenly balanced, almost 4:1. Could a more balanced subsample improve classifications? This question is from a set of optional, much harder problems from my first year analysis course, but the subject material is norms on $\mathbb R^K$.  (c) Show that there exists a constant $C &gt; 0$ such that for all $\mathbf x ∈ \mathbb R^k$, $||\mathbf x||\le C||\mathbf x||_\infty$  Hint: Use the standard unit vectors to write $\mathbf x = x_1\mathbf e_1 +. . .+x_n \mathbf e_n$, and use the triangle inequality.  (d) Show that there also exists a constant $c &gt; 0$ such that for all $x ∈ \mathbb R^k$, $||\mathbf x||_\infty \le c||\mathbf x||$  Hint: If it isn’t true, then you can find a sequence $⟨\mathbf x_n⟩$ such that $||\mathbf x_n||$ is bounded but $c_n := ||x_n||_∞ → ∞$. (Why?) Think about the sequence $⟨\mathbf x_n/c_n⟩$. The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem may be of assistance.  Note that the unspecified norm represents any norm for $\mathbb R^k$. I've done part c), but am stuck on part d). I've had a look for proofs on other questions on MSE, but none of them seem relevant to the hint given, and frequently the terminology is too advanced for me.  I tried considering the case if it isn't true, as suggested, but I can't see how to bound any sequence using that. Any help would be much appreciated. When should I fudge dice rolls? When I started my first D&amp;D campaign as a DM, I accidentally rolled and confirmed a crit on a PC from a goblin. It was an instant kill as our campaign had no cleric. That time I decided to fudge the dice. Now, there's a similar problem, but this time the PCs are at 3rd level and they are dealing with a very important NPC. If they fail this one diplomacy check, the entire game world will fall apart, as the king would then send his entire army against the PC's homeland and will destroy it, plunging my entire game world into chaos, at which time drow that I wanted to save for a later adventure will have to come out, which will instigate a wizard's guild to release their secret ultra-deadly virus, and everything in my game world, including the PCs, will die. So should I fudge the dice roll? When is it good to fudge it? Creating or adding geometry colunm fails even with postgis enabled Checking the maximality of a principal ideal in $R[x]$ Let $R = \mathbb{Z}_{(2)}$ be the localization of $\mathbb{Z}$ at the prime ideal generated by $2$ in $\mathbb{Z}$. Then prove that the ideal generated by $(2x-1)$ is maximal in $R[x]$. Do electrons in an electron beam (cathode ray) follow the ? Or in other words, does the Pauli exclusion principle apply for the beam of electrons? Additive Roman Numeral 4 I am working on a diplomatic edition of a 15th century book and it numbers its folios using the standard roman numerals of the time.  I've been using the following to get the page/folio in my header:  \newcommand{\rectoverso}[1]{\ifthenelse{\isodd{#1}}{r}{v}} \newcommand{\folio}[1]{\the\numexpr (#1+1)/2\relax} \uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral \value{\folio{\thepage}}}\rectoverso{\thepage}   This works great, but the problem is that the roman numeral sequence is off of what I need.  Instead of I, II, III, IIII, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, I get the subtractive IV (somewhat understandably, given it's the far more common one in modern usage).  My source text only (and always) uses the additive 4 in the one's position: 24 is XXIIII, 34 is XXXIIII but 44 is XLIIII.  9 is universally rendered subtractively as IX or XC.  Is there a package that allows for some control over which numbers are done additively and which are subtractively, or would my best option be to write my own custom definition to account for the specific style used in my book? Switch statement fall-through...should it be allowed? What is the meaning of "would", and how to use it? What is the meaning of would, and which tense is it used in the following sentences?  For example,   That would be Ram calling. I'll answer it. (the meaning of would and which tense is used) The guy on the phone had southern accent. That would be Tom. (the meaning of would and which tense is used) “We saw a police helicopter overhead yesterday morning.” “Really? They would have been looking for those bank robbers.” (the meaning of would and which tense is used) You would have to say/do that. (Why is would used here? What happens to the meaning if would is removed?) John said he didn't steal any money. Well, he would, wouldn't he ? (Why is would used here?)   Why is would used in sentences 1, 2, and 3 to mean "presumption" instead of using other modals, such as: must and should? Does the meaning change if used others?   Can we use will, must, should and could in the place of would, without changing the meaning of sentences?   What kind of meanings would it make if they (will, must, should, and could) are used in the place of would?     I'd be grateful if you could answer me. In Captain America: Civil War, T'Challa takes the mantle of the Black Panther after his father is killed. As the Black Panther, he appears to have enhanced abilities.  In , the Russos talk about T'Challa having superpowers and being enhanced during Civil War     JOE: It can absorb the energy, so it’s much harder to damage him as a character, and you can see that in the movie he can take a lot of punishment including bullets to the face. He is very well trained. He’s from one of the wealthiest countries on the planet, so there’s great infrastructure there; very technologically advanced country. So he’s been trained at the highest levels to fight, but he also has his own superpowers, which derive from the mythology of his nation. Those will be explored more in Black Panther, it’s clearly evident when he’s able to fight the Winter Soldier out of costume, and go toe-to-toe with him, that he is an enhanced individual.    In Black Panther, we see that in order to become the Black Panther,       one must imbibe juice from the heart-shaped flower and visit the spirit plane after being buried.   But before this,       T'Challa must have his Black Panther powers removed prior to the ritual combat challenge, which he does twice in the film.   This raises the question of how T'Challa could have possibly become the Black Panther abroad - or if he even really had.  How did Black Panther have his powers during Civil War? The recent discovery by the LIGO made me wonder about this.  We know that there exists a CMBR, Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, a blanket of electromagnetic energy covering the universe, made by the Big Bang.  But, the big bang was an explosive event. The huge "shockwave" made by it sent ripples in space time. (Primordial gravitational waves)  Wouldn't these ripples flood the universe creating sort of a Cosmic Gravitational Background Radiation (not exactly radiation)?  If such waves do flood the universe, couldn't a much more sensetive version of LIGO be able to detect this and use it as a contrast to create "gravitational telescopes"? biblatex broken overnight As late as last week my setup for biblatex worked fine. Going back to the same project today not even a minimal file compiles:  \documentclass{article}   \usepackage{biblatex} %\addbibresource{biblatex-examples.bib}   \begin{document}  test%foo\nocite{*}    %\printbibliography  \end{document}   but breaks off with   /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/biblatex/biblatex.sty:3776: LaTeX  Error: Missing \begin{document}.  See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. Type  H &lt;return&gt;  for immediate help.  ...                                                l.3776   australian,newzealand} ?  /usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/biblatex/biblatex.sty:3776: Math f ormula deleted: Insufficient symbol fonts. \expandafter -&gt;american|  l.3776   australian,newzealand}   And keeps repeating the last one until    (That makes 100 errors; please try again.)   when I ignore it.  Files without biblatex work as expected.  Using tlmgr to go my two backup versions of biblatex back in time to 1st Jan I still get the same errors.  Could this be another update from the last week or so that causes this?  If I swich back to TL 16 things work as expected. (For my work I need TL 17 because of packages.) How do I theme a webform? Sometimes after I fry something, I wash it immediately in water because it's a bit easier to wash (before the remains stick to the pan).  Does this damage the pan in any way? Conky does not work properly on Ubuntu 16.04 GNOME I have this strange problem with conky. It doesn't show properly on the desktop:    I've tried everything from editing conky widget file to reinstalling conky and conky manager (v.2.4). Who knows how to fix it? When do I need to invoke \phantomsection?