Is it possible to force set an internal variable for Unit Test purpose?
How do I test a private function or a class that has private methods, fields or inner classes?
Reconciling different definitions of left-exact functor Getting CalloutException when testing Batchable class with Callouts and HttpCalloutMock Assume a p x n data matrix  (e.g. p independent samples of n variables). The n variables are correlated according to a correlation matrix $\rho$. Now if you consider the data matrix as some state t (t=time)  and based on this state I would like to calculate the next timestep (t+1). Therefore the correlation matrix would be allowed to have values &lt; 1 in the diagonal, which means that the diagonal elements would indicate the influence from each variable $x_{p,i}[t]$ on $x_{p,i}[t+1]$. So I would be interested to find a function f like this: $x_{p,i}[t+1] = f(x_{p,i}[t],\rho)$ so that the p x n data matrix  consisting of the $x_{p,i}[t+1]$ replicates the $\rho_{ij}$ (except the diagonal element). f should be something like this: $x_{i,j}[t+1] = \sum_{(k=1\ldots n)}\rho_{i,k} \cdot x_{kj}[t] + e_{i,j}.$ This means specifically, I not only want to calculate a data matrix, that replicates the correlation matrix as such, but also to let each observation be depending on its own state and linear dependent on the previous state of all the intercorrelated variables of its own state. For ease one can assume that the p variables are distributed normal and $e_{ij}$ are independent and distributed with mean$(e_{i,j}) = 0 $. Then for a numerical simulation it would be interesting  to find a formula to calculate the variance/standard deviation of each of the j variables (sd($e_{[.,j]} = ?).$ Thank you for any help! How do you debug through a compressed JavaScript file? Why aren't all the badges shown on the track menu? I like using the 'Track Badges' menu on my profile a lot (I know what you're going to say, I just have a knack for these things), but I keep noticing something a bit unusual.  Many of the Badges featured on the actual list do not get featured on this menu. For example, I've been hoping to be able to track progress for the Pundit badge (ten comments with score of five or more), but it doesn't show up in the menu.  Why not? How do I make all the theorem-alike environments have an ending symbol? What is cool about generics, why use them? I thought I'd offer this softball to whomever would like to hit it out of the park. What are generics, what are the advantages of generics, why, where, how should I use them? Please keep it fairly basic. Thanks. Is there a criterion to differentiate "thriller" from "horror"? The genres, in my opinion, have a very slim boundary separating one from another. I see a lot of movies being categorized as thriller or horror almost interchangeably, which might seem like lack of thought or criteria. However, is there a true criterion used to differentiate between the two film genres? Whenever Ubuntu boots up, a dialogue pops up asking me to unlock my default keyring. Is there some way this can unlock automatically through PAM or some other magical way? How to resolve "Failed to download repository information"? Whenever I try to install anything with the Ubuntu Software Center, the following error appears.     Failed to download repository information      Check your Internet connection.      E:Unable to parse package file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_multiverse_i18n_Index (1) Query to list number of records in each table in a database I have some non-Gaussian distributed variable and I need to check if there are significant differences between the values of this variable in 5 different groups.  I have performed Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (which came up significant) and after that I had to check which groups were significantly different. Since the groups are kind of sorted (the values of the variable in the first group are supposed to be lower than the values of the variable in the second group which are supposed to be lower than the values of the variable in the third group and so on) I only performed 4 tests:  Group 1 vs Group 2 Group 2 vs Group 3 Group 3 vs Group 4 Group 4 vs Group 5   I have performed this analysis with two different methods. I started by using Dunn's Multiple Comparison Test but nothing came up significant. On the other hand if I use Mann-Whitney test and correct for the number of tests (4) using Bonferroni, 3 tests come up significant.  What does it mean? Which results should I trust? What can an app do with the "USE ACCOUNTS ON THE DEVICE" permission? Can such an app freely read my emails/calendar/message/docs/etc.?  The "USE ACCOUNTS ON THE DEVICE" permission is also known for developers as .  Example of such apps: , . Fire (at, on, in, to) target How to correctly choose the preposition in "fire (at, on, in, to) target"? How do I handle null or optional DLL struct parameters Is $\mathbb{R}$ a subset of $\mathbb{R}^2$? Is it correct to say that $\mathbb{R}$ is a subset of $\mathbb{R}^2$? Or, put more generally, given $n,m\in\mathbb{N}$, $n&lt;m$, is $\mathbb{R}^n$ a subset of $\mathbb{R}^m$?  Also, strictly related to that: what is then the "relationship" between the set $\{(x,0)\in\mathbb{R}^2,x\in\mathbb{R}\}\subset\mathbb{R}^2$ and $\mathbb{R}$? Do they coincide (I would say no)? As vector spaces, do they have the same dimension (I would say yes)?  If you could give me a reference book for this kind of stuff, I would really appreciate it.  Thank you very much in advance.  (Please correct the tags if they are not appropriate) What kind of mortar should I use to point a fieldstone foundation?  The old mortar is crumbling, and sandy mortar is falling out onto the basement floor.  I plan to remove the crumbling mortar (see ), then point the foundation with new mortar.  But what kind of mortar should I use?    I have had a hard time finding definite answers about fieldstone foundations on the Internet, but I'll include some of what I've found here.  First,  has this to say about fieldstone foundations:     Most fieldstone foundations have, or had at some time, a thin mortar coating on the face of the stone. The purpose of this coating was to assist in holding the stones in place. This thin mortar coating will inevitably flake off from any moisture migration, revealing the surface of the stones. As this coating continues to erode, the mortar between the stones will begin to crumble and the soft, sandy mortar begins to slowly fall out onto the basement floor. It looks like a small pile of sand at the base of the foundation. When this occurs, tuck pointing is needed to refill the voids where the old mortar has fallen out. It's very important that you scrape away or chip away the crumbling mortar (in between the stones) in order to establish a small cavity or key way which can hold the new mortar that is being applied. Never apply new mortar over any old crumbling mortar, as this is a temporary fix and it will only last a couple years. All crumbling mortar must be removed in order for the newly applied surface to bond properly. While upgrading your field-stone foundation, only work on a section at a time. Do not remove the old mortar throughout the entire basement all at once. Complete all removal, tuck pointing and parging one section at a time.       To avoid annual tuck pointing, you should finish the foundation with a complete top coating of mortar. Be sure it is lime based. This top coat does not have to look like a stone artisan's creation: It merely has to serve the purpose of keeping the newly installed mortar in place. It's sort of like applying a frosting to a cake.    seems to suggest that I should be using not straight type-S hydrated lime, but type-S mortar, which consists of one part Portland cement, ¼ to ½ part lime, and an amount of sand equal to 2¼ to 3 times the total volume of cement and lime.  Do I need to analyze the existing mortar to make sure that the new mortar has the same lime content, as ?  Should I expect the new mortar to start crumbling and releasing dust soon, or should it stay solid and dust-free for many years? Are humans the only animal that requires "clean water"? Prospective PhD contacts potential supervisor but receives no answer after 2-3 emails, what to do? Say a prospective PhD has a high reply rate (90-95%) to first contact emails with potential superviors. He/She has a well thought out e-mail, but a particular professor (here: USA) that is in the top preferences does not reply after two to three e-mails that were sent within a time frame of three months. I also followed the instructions on the professor personal website in the section "prospective PhD students". The student has already contacted some of the advisor students and has received positive feedback about the professor.  Should the student just give up and move on? Should the student keep trying?  Aside from the obvious "I have too many incoming e-mails to answer" or "I am out in the field", what could create a no response behavior from the professor?  I have seen the simplistic answer "move on, bad advisor, doesn't have time, etc". But this seems a contradiction in this case. The PhD students like the professor and say he/she is personable and no e-mail response after a few well written emails. Solve the recurrence relation:$ T(n) = \sqrt{n} T \left(\sqrt n \right) + n$ $$T(n) = \sqrt{n} T \left(\sqrt n \right) + n$$  Master method does not apply here. Recursion tree goes a long way. Iteration method would be preferable.  The answer is $Θ (n \log \log n)$.  Can anyone arrive at the solution.