Mod of numbers with large exponents [modular order reduction]
Modular exponentiation by hand ($a^b\bmod c$)
NetworkOnMainThreadException on higher API Username and Password not recognized when logging into Minecraft Why isn't Jon executed on sight? So, to get spoilers out of the way -       Jon Snow is too honorable to break his oath and leave the Night's Watch.  However, he is stabbed a bunch, dies, and due to a line in the Night's Watch oath - "It shall not end until my death" - is able to leave without his usual reservation.   Now, this is fine from Jon's perspective.  However, there is a fairly rigid law about the Wall's deserters being punished by death. Which makes me wonder: why isn't Jon having more trouble with this?   He knows what happened, but others don't.  And the explanation that he actually did die doesn't seem like one the lands' lords and authorities would take on faith.  I know I wouldn't.  His story isn't quite like Sam's, who was sent by the Night's Watch to become a maester.  Jon is famous enough that many would know who he is, and that he has taken the black.  But a story like him dying and coming back to life is probably one that takes quite a but of time to stick - if it ever does.  A possible explanation might be that people know Jon is honorable and trust him. Or that they don't care about the law, and think that they can somehow benefit from not executing him - although the law seems to be a strict one, and not everyone seems to be psyched to help Jon out.  Or maybe by that time people coming back to life is a common enough thing that people believe it that easily.  Speculation aside, however, I am curious whether this was directly addressed from the higher-ups - the makers of the show, or the big boss himself.  Why isn't Jon executed on sight? Is it true that $0.999999999\ldots=1$? I'm told by smart people that $$0.999999999\ldots=1$$ and I believe them, but is there a proof that explains why this is? I've been studying the Cox Proportional Hazards model, and  this question is glossed over in most texts.    Cox proposed fitting the coefficients of the Hazard function using a partial likelihood method, but why not just fit the coefficients of a parametric Survival function using the maximum likelihood method and a linear model?    In any cases where you have censored data, you could just find the area under the curve.  For example, if your estimate is 380 with standard deviation of 80, and a sample is censored >300, then there is an 84% probability for that sample in the likelihood calculation assuming normal error. Which facility upgrade unlocks maneuver nodes in KSP Which  unlocks  in career mode in KSP?  The  hints that maneuver nodes are now unlocked with a facility upgrade:     Are there any perks for upgrading?      The building in question   will upgrade visually, both from the outside and the inside. More   gameplay mechanics will be also be unlocked as the player progresses   through the different building tiers. For example, allowing EVAs in   space or being able to use maneuver nodes in the map view. Youtube video lag on 18.04 I just upgrade from Ubuntu 17.10 to Ubuntu 18.04, there is an issue when playing youtube video.The video stops play but audio playing, then I move the cursor &amp; video is playing...... What should I do?? This question is a  of the common question asking for calculus references. It is here to  away the repetition, and give a canonical resource for calculus references.      I'm looking for a resources to learn single-variable calculus. In ArcGIS there is a Erase Point tool how can this be done in R I am looking for a simple way to get a mime type where the file extension is incorrect or not given, something similar to  only in .Net. What is the intuition behind defining completeness in a statistic as being impossible to form an unbiased estimator of $0$ from it? If I wanted to just view, sort, and organize (via tags or folders or both), what programs are geared toward doing this quickly?  I know I could do this in most any photo editor, but it's not ideal for reviewing hundreds of images. I've also seen people use the image previewers built into their computer's OS, but that can't be the best option either.  What program would you suggest instead?  Extra info on the program is appreciated, i.e. OS requirements and cost. Is it possible to activate an iPhone 4 without a SIM? How to calculate stays against 90/180 visa rules? Some destinations have a "90/180 rule" which says you can come and go but you must not spend over 90 days out of any 180 days in the area.  concerns this rule.  At least Schengen and Turkey have this rule, probably depending on where the traveller is from and what kind of visa they apply for.  Maybe I'm a dummy but I've always had a lot of trouble trying to add up how many days I've spent in such places when I've entered and left several times over recent months.  Is there an easy way to do this I'm missing or is it difficult for everybody? I'm guessing something based on counting backwards from the end date might be the trick?  Maybe you know of an app or website that can do this for you. It's taken me almost 10 years of Linux usage to ask this question. It was all trial and error and random late-night internet surfing.  But people shouldn't need 10 years for this. If I were just starting out with Linux, I'd want to know: When to alias, when to script, and when to write a function?  Where aliases are concerned, I use aliases for very simple operations that don't take arguments.   alias houston='cd /home/username/.scripts/'   That seems obvious. But some people do this:  alias command="bash bashscriptname"   (and add it to the .bashrc file)   Is there a good reason to do that? I'm trying really hard, but I genuinely can't think of any circumstances in which I'd want to do that. So, if there is an edge case where that would make a difference, please answer below.  Because that's where I would just put something in my PATH and chmod +x it, which is another thing that came after years of Linux trial-and-error.  Which brings me to the next topic. For instance, I added a hidden folder (.scripts/) in the home directory to my PATH by just adding a line to my .bashrc (PATH=$PATH:/home/username/.scripts/), so anything executable in there automagically autocompletes.  If I needed to.  I don't really need that, though, do I? I would only use that for languages that are not the shell, like Python.  If it's the shell, I can just write a function inside the very same .bashrc:  funcname () {   somecommand -someARGS "$@" }   As I stated, I found a lot of this out through trial and error. And I only truly saw the beauty of functions when my computer died and I was forced to use the computers of the people around me when they weren't using them.   Instead of moving a whole directory of scripts from computer to computer, I ended up just replacing everyone else's .bashrc with my own, since they had never even made a single modification.  But did I miss anything?   So, what would you tell a beginning Linux user about when to alias, when to script, and when to write a function?   If it's not obvious, I'm assuming the people who answer this will make use of all three options. If you only use aliases, or only use scripts, or only use functions—or if you only use aliases and scripts or aliases and functions or scripts and functions—this question isn't really aimed at you. Functions satisfying $f\left( f(x)^2+f(y) \right)=xf(x)+y$ Article "communicated by" What does it mean when it says under a journal article that it has been communicated by "XYZ" where XYZ is not the author but some other scholar with a very strong reputation? What is the relationship to the actual author and/or the content? Is this some sort of seal of approval to get results out and known quickly? (I am specifically wondering in the context of mathematics and mathematical physics.) What is the width of the standard paragraph indent in LaTeX's article class? If no changes has been made to the settings of indentation of an article class LaTeX document, what is the width of the paragraph indent?  texdoc article in the terminal opens the Standard Document Classes for LaTeX version 2e manual. In section 6.2 Paragraphing I find the following line:  ⟨10pt⟩ \setlength\parindent{15\p@}   The  means 1pt ... so I guess this would mean that the standard indent is 15 pt at a 10 pt text size? Is this correct? Compactness of  Multiplication Operator on $L^2$ Either fix edit preview display to render bare links to more than five sites just like the post renderer, or convert all links