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According to the documentation, they're pretty much interchangeable.  Is there a stylistic reason to use one over the other? How to format date and time in Android? Limit memory usage for a single Linux process I'm running pdftoppm to convert a user-provided PDF into a 300DPI image.  This works great, except if the user provides an PDF with a very large page size.  pdftoppm will allocate enough memory to hold a 300DPI image of that size in memory, which for a 100 inch square page is 100*300 * 100*300 * 4 bytes per pixel = 3.5GB.  A malicious user could just give me a silly-large PDF and cause all kinds of problems.  So what I'd like to do is put some kind of hard limit on memory usage for a child process I'm about to run--just have the process die if it tries to allocate more than, say, 500MB of memory.  Is that possible?  I don't think ulimit can be used for this, but is there a one-process equivalent? How to skip validation when a specific button is clicked? New users who have less than 125 reputation are subject to a , network-wide.  Today, however,  was able to post two questions within 8 minutes of each other, bypassing this rate limit: , and  today. (Both links are 10k-only.)  How was this user able to bypass the network-wide question asking rate limit? (I'd imagine one easy hack would be to exploit a race condition, but if that were the case, the two questions would be posted at exactly the same time, not 8 minutes later.)  Is it because the rate limit only considers the IP address, and not the account, so if the same account makes the post from a different IP address, it's allowed?  This is not a duplicate of , as back when that was asked, the rate limit worked quite differently, and wasn't even enabled on some sites; today, according to the very first link, it is now enabled network-wide. Can a git submodule be created retroactively? Using principal component analysis (PCA) for feature selection The verbs dare and need do not require auxiliaries when used in the interrogative; for example, “need I?” is as acceptable as “do I need?”  Excluding the auxiliaries themselves (like be, do, have), are there any other such verbs that work that way? There are two Java Web Start tags:  : x 239 : x 320   Both tags refer to the same technology  refers to  both wiki point to  all questions tagged with  clearly relate to Java Web Start   I suggest they be merged into  (which appears in the auto-complete list if one types "webstart" in the Tags box when asking a new question). Subrings of integral domains have the same identity element. If $R$ is an integral domain and a subring $S$ has identity $1_S$, how would you show that $1_S=1_R$ (here $1_R$ is the identity of the ring $R$)? I am unsure about what an integral domain really is and how the subring comes into play here. How can I disable the "no backup in x days" from TimeMachine? (Updated answer choice for High Sierra. See the old answer if you are still on Yosemite)  I'm running OS X Yosemite, and I want to disable the notifications from Time Machine. I rarely do a hard-drive backup because all of my essential files are in the cloud. I don't need to run timemachine as often as it suggests/warns/annoys me about.  How do I disable the notifications? Time Machine is not in the Notifications preferences, and I don't want to stop using it entirely. Omitting the Milliseconds in a Date Software Tester Skill Matrix with Levels I would like to know if there's a standard Skill set for Skill Matrix for a Software Tester of different levels, like for example, what are the skills needed for an Entry level tester as well as what technologies and responsibilities he needs. And for the Mid Level tester and Senior Level as well.  Note that I am working in a company who designs and develops websites. Empty vector menu in QGIS on PC with French as default language I installed QGIS 3.0.0 on a PC with French as default language. After changing the language of QGIS to English, the 'Vector' menu is empty and there is a French 'Vecteur' menu. Any ideas how to fix this? I cannot change the system language. Prove that if $V$ is an inner product space, then $|\langle x,y\rangle| = \Vert x \Vert\Vert y\Vert$ if and only if one of the vectors $x$ or $y$ is a multiple of the other.  I am given a hint to let $a= \frac{\langle x,y\rangle}{\|y\|^2}$, and let $z = x - ay$, then prove $y$ and $z$ are orthogonal and $|a|= \frac{\|x\|}{\|y\|}$. I don't know how they come up with this, what was the original idea? Prove that $n$ is a sum of two squares? Problem   Let $n = p_1.p_2.p_3 \cdots p_k.m^2$, where $p_1, p_2, p_3 \cdots p_k$ are distinct primes. Prove that n is sum of two squares if and only if $p_i$ is either 2 or $p_i \equiv 1 \pmod{4}$   For $p_i = 2$ , this is trivial case since $2m^2 = m^2 + m^2$. For $p_i \equiv 1 \pmod{4}$, I tried to use the fact that the product of a number of the form $4k + 1$ is also in this form. So I come up with: $$n = (4k + 1) \cdot m^2 = 4km^2 + m^2$$ Apparently, $m^2$ is a square, but I could not figure out how to prove $4km^2$ is a square, since k is in unknown form. Any idea?    Thanks, Where To start Learning With Salesforce Development Where should I start learning? There are various topics to learn like Objects, Classes, Apex, Visualforce, SOSL, SOQL, Triggers, etc. There are so many options out there to start learning. I couldn't decide what topic to learn first, and then step by step get proficiency in all aspects of Saleforce. Are threads implemented as processes on Linux? I'm going through , Advanced Linux Programming by Mark Mitchell, Jeffrey Oldham, and Alex Samuel. It's from 2001, so a bit old. But I find it quite good anyhow.  However, I got to a point when it diverges from what my Linux produces in the shell output. On page 92 (116 in the viewer), the chapter 4.5 GNU/Linux Thread Implementation begins with the paragraph containing this statement:     The implementation of POSIX threads on GNU/Linux differs from the   thread implementation on many other UNIX-like systems in an important   way: on GNU/Linux, threads are implemented as processes.   This seems like a key point and is later illustrated with a C code. The output in the book is:  main thread pid is 14608 child thread pid is 14610   And in my Ubuntu 16.04 it is:  main thread pid is 3615 child thread pid is 3615   ps output supports this.  I guess something must have changed between 2001 and now.  The next subchapter on the next page, 4.5.1 Signal Handling, builds up on the previous statement:     The behavior of the interaction between signals and threads varies   from one UNIX-like system to another. In GNU/Linux, the behavior is   dictated by the fact that threads are implemented as processes.   And it looks like this will be even more important later on in the book. Could someone explain what's going on here?  I've seen this one , but it doesn't help much. I'm confused.  This is the C code:  #include &lt;pthread.h&gt; #include &lt;stdio.h&gt; #include &lt;unistd.h&gt;  void* thread_function (void* arg) {     fprintf (stderr, "child thread pid is %d\n", (int) getpid ());     /* Spin forever. */     while (1);     return NULL; }  int main () {     pthread_t thread;     fprintf (stderr, "main thread pid is %d\n", (int) getpid ());     pthread_create (&amp;thread, NULL, &amp;thread_function, NULL);     /* Spin forever. */     while (1);     return 0; } How do I remove all specific characters at the end of a string in PHP? "I think him to be about 50" or "I think he is about 50"?