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Repeat the same reference in footnote on different pages
I am using a linux server which has 128GB of memory and 24 cores. I use top to see how much it is used. Its output is pasted at the end of the post. Here are two questions:  (1) I see that each of the running processes occupies a very small percentage of memory (%MEM no more than 0.2%, and most just 0.0%), but how the total memory is almost used as in the fourth line of output ("Mem:  130766620k total, 130161072k used,   605548k free,   919300k buffers")? The sum of used percentage of memory over all processes seems unlikely to achieve almost 100%, doesn't it?  (2) how to understand the load average on the first line ("load average: 14.04, 14.02, 14.00")?   Thanks and regards!  Edit:  Thanks!  I also really like to hear some rough numbers based on used percentage of memory to determine if a server is heavily loaded, since I once became the one who cramed the server without understanding the current load.  Is swap regarded as almost the same as memory? For example, when memory and swap are almost of same size, if the memory is almost running out but the swap is still largely free, may I just view it as if the used percentage of memory + swap is still not high and run other new processes?  How would you consider together CPU or memory (or memory + swap) usage? Do you become worried if either of them reaches too high or both?  Output of top：  $ top    top - 12:45:33 up 19 days, 23:11, 18 users,  load average: 14.04, 14.02, 14.00 Tasks: 484 total,  12 running, 472 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie Cpu(s): 36.7%us, 19.7%sy,  0.0%ni, 43.6%id,  0.0%wa,  0.0%hi,  0.0%si,  0.0%st Mem:  130766620k total, 130161072k used,   605548k free,   919300k buffers Swap: 63111312k total,   500556k used, 62610756k free, 124437752k cached    PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND  6529 sanchez   18  -2 1075m 219m  13m S  100  0.2  13760:23 MATLAB 13210 timothy   18  -2 48336  37m 1216 R  100  0.0   3:56.75 absurdity 13888 timothy   18  -2 48336  37m 1204 R  100  0.0   2:04.89 absurdity 14542 timothy   18  -2 48336  37m 1196 R  100  0.0   1:08.34 absurdity 14544 timothy   18  -2  2888 2076  400 R  100  0.0   1:06.14 gatherData  6183 sanchez   18  -2 1133m 195m  13m S  100  0.2  13676:04 MATLAB  6795 sanchez   18  -2 1079m 210m  13m S  100  0.2  13734:26 MATLAB 10178 timothy   18  -2 48336  37m 1204 R  100  0.0  11:33.93 absurdity  12438 timothy   18  -2 48336  37m 1216 R  100  0.0   5:38.17 absurdity 13661 timothy   18  -2 48336  37m 1216 R  100  0.0   2:44.13 absurdity 14098 timothy   18  -2 48336  37m 1204 R  100  0.0   1:58.31 absurdity 14335 timothy   18  -2 48336  37m 1196 R  100  0.0   1:08.93 absurdity 14765 timothy   18  -2 48336  37m 1196 R   99  0.0   0:32.57 absurdity 13445 timothy   18  -2 48336  37m 1216 R   99  0.0   3:01.37 absurdity 28990 root      20   0     0    0    0 S    2  0.0  65:50.21 pdflush 12141 tim       18  -2 19380 1660 1024 R    1  0.0   0:04.04 top  1240 root      15  -5     0    0    0 S    0  0.0  16:07.11 kjournald  9019 root      20   0  296m 4460 2616 S    0  0.0  82:19.51 kdm_greet     1 root      20   0  4028  728  592 S    0  0.0   0:03.11 init     2 root      15  -5     0    0    0 S    0  0.0   0:00.00 kthreadd     3 root      RT  -5     0    0    0 S    0  0.0   0:01.01 migration/0     4 root      15  -5     0    0    0 S    0  0.0   0:08.13 ksoftirqd/0     5 root      RT  -5     0    0    0 S    0  0.0   0:00.00 watchdog/0     6 root      RT  -5     0    0    0 S    0  0.0  17:27.31 migration/1     7 root      15  -5     0    0    0 S    0  0.0   0:01.21 ksoftirqd/1     8 root      RT  -5     0    0    0 S    0  0.0   0:00.00 watchdog/1     9 root      RT  -5     0    0    0 S    0  0.0  10:02.56 migration/2    10 root      15  -5     0    0    0 S    0  0.0   0:00.34 ksoftirqd/2    11 root      RT  -5     0    0    0 S    0  0.0   0:00.00 watchdog/2    12 root      RT  -5     0    0    0 S    0  0.0   4:29.53 migration/3    13 root      15  -5     0    0    0 S    0  0.0   0:00.34 ksoftirqd/3 Probability that a quadratic polynomial with random coefficients has real roots The following is a homework question for which I am asking guidance.     Let $A$, $B$, $C$ be independent random variables uniformly distributed between $(0,1)$. What is the probability that the polynomial $Ax^2 + Bx + C$ has real roots?   That means I need $P(B^2 -4AC \geq 0$). I've tried calling $X=B^2 -4AC$ and finding $1-F_X(0)$, where $F$ is the cumulative distribution function.  I have two problems with this approach. First, I'm having trouble determining the product of two uniform random variables. We haven't been taught anything like this in class, and couldn't find anything like it on Sheldon Ross' Introduction to Probability Models.  Second, this strategy just seems wrong, because it involves so many steps and subjects we haven't seen in class. Even if I calculate the product of $A$ and $C$, I'll still have to square $B$, multiply $AC$ by four and then subtract those results. It's too much for a homework question. I'm hoping there might be an easier way. What is the relationship between ISO, aperture, and shutter speed? I know digital cameras have ISO options, and that ISO is the camera's sensitivity to light, but if you set  higher ISO then you can get a noisy image. I also know there are two other camera options, shutter speed and aperture.   What is the relationship of between them? Is there any equation, or something like that?  For example, if I set the ISO to 640, then how should I set the shutter speed and aperture? how to prove $G_1$ and $G_2$ aren't isomorphic? What happens when identical overlapping effects have their end-condition met? iptables port redirect not working for localhost I want to redirect all traffic from port 443 to the internal port 8080. I'm using this config for iptables:  iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING --source 0/0 --destination 0/0 -p tcp \          --dport 443 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 8080   This works for all external clients. But if I'm trying to access the port 443 from the same maschine I'll get a connection refused error.  wget https://localhost   How can I extend the iptables rule to redirect local traffic too? How do I tell Maven to use the latest version of a dependency? Error: class X is public should be declared in a file named X.java Short story that takes place off planet, involving sun and rain I read this short story about 20 years ago, and I'd love to find the title and author. This is what I can recall about the story:   It takes place in a classroom full of kids (around 10 years old?) The planet always gets rain The kids lock the main character (a girl, I think) in the closet during the very rare occurrence of sunlight and she misses the entire event.    I know it's not much to go on, but I hope it rings a bell for someone! Why is looping over find's output bad practice? I keep running into areas where I see a chest in a section of the room that seems completely walled-off. Is there any way to get to these, or is that just the randomly generated dungeon being a tease?  I had to splice two screenshots together to show an example of what I'm talking about:   Is there any way to get in there? Can I insert an image into an equation? I would like to use a small image in an equation, where a symbol like \alpha might otherwise be. Is there a nice way to do this? mkdir -p will create a directory; it will also make parent directories as needed.  Does a similar command exist for files, that will create a file and parent directories as needed? You start flipping cards over one at a time and holding them in one hand. When you have two cards of the same suit that are separated by two other cards (e.g. 4♣ 2♦ 7♥ 10♣), you discard the middle two. When two cards of the same value are separated by two other cards (e.g. 4♣ 2♦ 7♥ 4♥), you discard all four.  This game is neither Accordion nor Royal Marriage, but bears similarities to both. Somebody else  on Yahoo Answers five years ago and the response was unsatisfactory.  If someone can identify this game, I would also like to know what happens when you finish with two cards left: do you win, as in Royal Marriage, or not? Inner product on $C(\mathbb R)$ With axiom of choice it is possible to construct an inner product on $C(\mathbb R)$. My question is, is it possible to explicitly construct an inner product on $C(\mathbb R)$? I.e. to give a closed formula to calculate the inner product? I know it is straight-forward to write down a scalar product using a Hamel basis. This is not the answer I am looking for. This question came to me, when a student asked me in the lecture today 'whether there are vector spaces without inner products'. So I tried to find scalar produces for function spaces. I think I managed to write one down for $L^1((0,1))$. But I failed to construct one for $C(\mathbb R)$. How does this JavaScript/jQuery syntax work: (function( window, undefined ) { })(window)? System.Exception: Too many SOQL queries: 101 I am getting a Too many SOQL queries: 101 error on a trigger when I am trying to deploy another trigger.  I am posting the trigger which is causing the error.  trigger rollupAccountShowings on Account (before insert, before update) {    if (trigger.isinsert) {       for (Account a:Trigger.new){           a.No_of_Viewings__c = 0;        }    } else {      for (account a : [select                   id,                  (select id from pb__Showings__r)                  from account                   where id in:trigger.new LIMIT 1]) {           trigger.newMap.get(a.id).No_of_Viewings__c = a.pb__Showings__r.size();      } }   Can anyone correct me where I have gone wrong and suggest me the changes.  Thanks I have seen people showing one slide progressively by pressing Enter. Could anyone tell me how to realize that in Beamer? Do you really answer "How do you do?" with "How do you do?" Recovering Crashed Flash drive? So my friend has a USB flash drive that isn't working. I don't know a whole lot about "recovery" software so I figured I'd ask you guys.  What steps can I try (I have access to a Linux machine as well) to see....if I can get ANYTHING off the flash drive?  I've google'd around, but most of the stuff seems for windows.