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How are Anonymous inner classes used in Java? Square root of an inverse gamma distributed random variable I work on the grouped t copula and try to replicate part of the following paper: &quot;The t copula with Multiple Parameters of Degrees of Freedom: Bivariate Characteristics and Application to Risk Management&quot;, Luo &amp; Shevchenko (2010). My Question: I need the distribution of the following random variable: $$ Y = \sqrt{\frac\nu X} $$ where X is Chi square distributed with v degrees of freedom. I found out that the following random variabe Z is inverse gamma distributed with alpha = v/2 and beta = v/2, $$ Z = {\frac\nu X} $$ So, basically I am looking for the distribution of the square root of an inverse gamma distributed random variable. Do you have any ideas? Meridian convergence. True north, magnetic north and grid north I'm having difficulty wrapping my mind around meridian convergence, the horizontal angular distance between true north and grid north.   Say I want to determine if a feature lies to the east or west of the central meridian (CM) by using true north and grid north designations on a topo map.   I realize grid north is parallel to the CM, while true north points to the poles, and magnetic north is the direction a compass points and constantly changing.   Looking at the figure below, I see grid north points to the east of true north. So does this fact alone mean everything on the grid is to the east of the true north, and therefore the CM? Does this simple fact mean that features in this grid lie to the east of the CM, or am I missing something.   Also, I realize I can just look at the tick marks and and see that this this grid in particular covers -80°22’ to -80°15, and the CM for zone 17R lies at 81°. But had I not known that and wanted to use the north arrows. Please explain. Can I ask a postdoc who has closely supervised my research to write me a letter of recommendation? "Reflexive only" verbs English can use a lot of verbs in a reflexive context. Even ones that usually are used intransitively.     I laugh myself silly.   However, it seems like there are very few – perhaps no – verbs that ONLY work in a reflexive context.  Are there any? 32-Bit UEFI Boot Support I recently purchased a Dell Venue 8 Pro.  I have read online about what it needs in order to boot into Ubuntu or any other Linux distro.  From what I have gathered, what really needs to happen is 32-bit UEFI support.  I got information from several sites, but where it was really summed up was in this previous post:    "Ubuntu has no 32-Bit Uefi installer, ask them to add support, they may listen."  That thread was specifically about getting the Dell Venue 8/11 Pro to boot Linux.  However, there are a slew of new tablets coming out running 32-bit UEFI, and I think this is a trend that is going to continue to grow:  mjg59.dreamwidth.org/26734.html  "UEFI on IA32 isn't going away. It will show up on more embedded systems as time goes on."  Others have tried this before with mixed success, but haven't gotten things to work quite right:    "It doesn’t really work. But it’s interestingly close."  I'm trying to start a thread dedicated thread on 32-Bit UEFI support, because that is the piece that is missing (from what I understand).  I don't really know how to work with this stuff, but I'm hoping that some people who do will read this and either contact canonical or somehow patch Ubuntu (or any other distro, really) to work this way.  Again, I don't really know how to do any of this...I'm just hoping someone can help!  Dell Venue 8, 11 Pro, Toshiba Encore, Acer w3, w4, Lenovo miix, and the asus transformer a100 are all tablets that will be affected by this...I think these are going to be incredibly popular tablets once their prices go down, and I think people are really going to get interested in putting linux on these.  Any help is appreciated, and thank you all so much!  EDIT 4/1/14:  Just booted into Ubuntu on my DV8Pro!  All you have to do is follow the instructions here:    To summarize, what you need to do is download the latest Ubuntu 14 daily build (AMD 64 is what worked for me) and put that on a USB drive via Rufus.  'For “Partition scheme and target system type”, choose “GPT partition scheme for UEFI computer.”' You can get the latest daily build here:   You will need to put the file found below into your EFI/Boot directory:   Disable Secureboot and such--follow the original instructions link if you don't know how.  Then set the USB to boot first in BIOS.  This should get you to GRUB.  The rest I'll quote the original author, it's real straightforward:  In the GRUB menu, highlight “Try Ubuntu”, and press “e” to edit it. In the editing screen, scroll down to the command line options, where it says “quiet splash”. Delete “splash” and replace it with: video=VGA-1:1368x768e reboot=pci,force [EDIT: For those of us using the Dell Venue 8 Pro, you need to use this line instead: video=VGA-1:800x1280e reboot=pci,force That accounts for the different resolution of screen.]  Then press F10 to boot. You should get all the way to the Desktop.  There you have it!  This got me to the Unity Desktop.  Problems:  Wifi is not working, but I used an Ethernet adapter and that seems to work.  I tried rotating the screen, but it throws your touch input off to one side, so I left it.    Make sure to read the tutorial mentioned earlier, it is more comprehensive, even though it is made for the ASUS T100.  If nothing else, the instructions I have provided should be enough just to get you to the Unity Desktop, which for me was amazing!  Hope you too can have the same success and keep building on it!  For what it's worth, someone else did this and posted a youtube video here: I made up some integrals to do for fun, and I had a real problem with this one. I've since found out that there's no solution in terms of elementary functions, but when I attempt to integrate it, I end up with infinite values. Could somebody point out where I go wrong?  So, I'm trying to determine: $$ \int{\frac{e^x}{x}} \, dx $$  Integrate by parts, where $u = 1/x$, and $v \, ' = e^x$. Then $u \, ' = - 1/x^2$, and $v=e^x$. So,  $$\int{\frac{e^x}{x}} \, dx = \frac{e^x}{x} + \int{\frac{e^x}{x^2}} \, dx$$  Integrate by parts again, $u = 1/x^2$, $v \, ' = e^x$, so that $u \, ' = -2/x^3$ and $v=e^x$. So,  $$\int{\frac{e^x}{x}} \, dx = \frac{e^x}{x} + \frac{e^x}{x^2} + 2\int{\frac{e^x}{x^3}} \, dx$$  Repeat this process ad infinitum to get,  $$\int{\frac{e^x}{x}} \, dx = \frac{e^x}{x} + \frac{e^x}{x^2} + 2 \left( \frac{e^x}{x^3} + 3 \left( \frac{e^x}{x^4} + 4 \left( \frac{e^x}{x^5} + \, \cdots \right) \right) \right) $$  Expanding this gives,  $$\int{\frac{e^x}{x}} \, dx = \frac{e^x}{x} + \frac{e^x}{x^2} + \frac{2e^x}{x^3} + \frac{6 e^x}{x^4} + \frac{24 e^x}{x^5} + \cdots $$  And factoring that gives,  $$\int{\frac{e^x}{x}} \, dx = \frac{e^x}{x} \left(  1 + \frac{1}{x} + \frac{2}{x^2} + \frac{6}{x^3} + \frac{24}{x^4} + \cdots \right) $$  Now, considering the series itself, the ratio between the $n^{th}$ term and the $(n-1)^{th}$ term = $\Large \frac{n}{x}$. Eventually, $n$ will be larger than $x$, so the ratio between successive terms will be positive, so (assuming $x$ is positive), the series diverges, meaning (and I'm sure everybody will cringe upon seeing notation used like this), that:  $$\int{\frac{e^x}{x}} \, dx = \frac{e^x}{x} \left( \infty \right) = \infty $$ Clearing Flag Bits By Writing 1 Use second argument for optional first argument if not provided in macro I'm trying to construct a command with one optional and one mandatory argument and I'd like the default if the optional argument is not provided to be #2.   Why does this not work?  (error: Illegal parameter number ...)  \documentclass{article}  \newcommand{\mycommand}[2][#2]{\label{#1}#2} \begin{document} \mycommand{mytext} \end{document}   And what would be a way around it?   EDIT: For clarification of my specific use case: I'm trying to define a command that passes a variable on as an option to an environment along those lines, where myenv can have options like optionone=X or optiontwo=Y so the default for the optional #1 should be optionone=#2 (not literally #2).   \newcommand{\mycommand}[2][optionone=#2]{\begin{myenv}[#1]\input{#2}\end{myenv}}   Maybe there's generally a better approach?   (The environment definition I'm using is from .) Performance difference between dot notation versus method call in Objective-C I remember a story I have read buy could not remember the author the name or anything apart from the basic plot. The story is about some future where humanity has to fight with some aliens (not 100% sure). The story tells about a guy who was some kind of activist and who was in a prison two or more times and somehow helped humanity by being held in a prison (can't remember details). I think the story starts by saying that there is a statue in his honor that is not very well known but he did more to help humanity than famous politicians.   The story is most likely written by some famous English-speaking author, though I read it in a translation. How to get address of cell which calls a VBA Functions in a Excel sheet Old usernames stick to Community Wiki posts On a whim the other day, I changed my meta name from Lord Torgamus to Popular Demand.  I just noticed that the old name has "stuck" to the author tag of ; everywhere else on meta, my new name displays as expected.  Is this a feature?  Is it a bug?  Mostly I'm just curious, as I can't think of a strong reason in favor of keeping this behavior or a strong reason for changing it.  A question somewhat like this has been raised before as , but the previous poster implied that the issue had something to do with migration, which my situation shows is not the case. Forbid links to open new tabs in Google Chrome Space before chapters and contents I am using LaTeX to write my dissertation, and I have realised that on the table of contents and on every chapter page, LaTeX leaves a lot of empty space.  What I mean is that lets say in the page where chapter 1 begins, from the top of the page until the chapter title there is much more vertical space than on any other page. The same goes with chapter 2 etc... and for contents page as well.   Can anybody help me to remove that space? Is there any mistake in my code or something like that? Is this a default of LaTeX?  the preamble is  \documentclass[12pt,twoside]{report} \pagestyle{plain} \usepackage{a4paper} \usepackage{setspace} \doublespacing  \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsmath}    I've tried the methods below, but none of them work properly. What is the white smoke-like fog called? Batch renaming files I have a directory full of images:  image0001.png image0002.png image0003.png ...   And I would like a one-liner to rename them to (say).  0001.png 0002.png 0003.png ...   How do I do this? Hello native English speakers!  I want to ask you about either and both. I tried to find similar questions in this site but I think they were not same with these ones.  My questions are;   I was invited to two parties, but I couldn't go to ------- of them.  I took two books with me on holidays, but I didn't read ------- of     them.   I choose both for questions 1 and 2. But the right answers were either. But I think both and either are correct either. Am I right?   Thank you in advance! What's the fastest and easiest to read implementation of calculating the sum of digits?  I.e. Given the number: 17463 = 1 + 7 + 4 + 6 + 3 = 21 How did Lucius Malfoy know Sirius's Animagus form? In Order of the Phoenix, Snape eggs on Sirius at Grimmauld Place:  ‘Tell me, how is Lucius Malfoy these days? I expect he’s delighted his lapdog’s working at Hogwarts, isn’t he?’ [Sirius] ‘Speaking of dogs,’ said Snape softly, ‘did you know that Lucius Malfoy recognised you last time you risked a little jaunt outside? Clever idea, Black, getting yourself seen on a safe station platform ... gave you a cast-iron excuse not to leave your hidey-hole in future, didn’t it?’ Order of the Phoenix - Chapter twenty-four, Occlumency - Page 460 - Bloomsbury  How did Lucius Malfoy know that Sirius was a dog Animagus? How did he know it was Sirius in the train station? Some facts to consider: According to the 's timeline, the characters who are considered to be of the Marauders era (born 1959) were only five years younger than Lucius Malfoy (born 1954), so Sirius and Snape, and the other Marauders-era students, and Lucius Malfoy, would have been at Hogwarts together for two years. Prisoner of Azkaban demonstrates it took Sirius, James, and Peter four to five years to master the Animagus transformation, which would have been at least two years after Lucius Malfoy would have left Hogwarts (Although we don't know when Lucius became a school governor.). A canon-based answer would be great; barring one, a speculative answer in the spirit of canon is welcome.