How did photographers touch up photographs before the invention of Adobe Photoshop?
How did they post process before Photoshop?
Why doesn't **sort** sort the same on every machine? Using the same sort command with the same input produces different results on different machines.  How do I fix that? I'm trying to prove that ${n \choose r}$ is equal to ${{n-1} \choose {r-1}}+{{n-1} \choose r}$ when $1\leq r\leq n$.  I suppose I could use the counting rules in probability, perhaps combination= ${{n} \choose {r}}=\frac{n!}{r!(n-r!)}$.  I want to see an actual proof behind this equation.  Does anyone have any ideas? TeXStudio : Disable auto-completion of parentheses I cannot stand the auto-completion of TeXStudio (formerly TexMakerX) regarding parentheses, braces, etc. I agree auto-completion is useful sometimes, but here it does just not work as I would like. How can I remove it completely?  Under configuration -&gt; completion nothing is checked. From where do I remove the auto-completion of these? 1.35 V RAM in a 1.5 V system - Will it fry or overclock? The general question is: When installing low voltage RAM in a board that outputs a higher voltage to the memory module, will this fry the RAM or will it be like overclocking it?  My specific case is: I have the Alienware m17xR3 laptop with a 2630QM Sandy Bridge board. Currently, I have the stock 1.5 V modules and when I check the overclocking options in my bios, the RAM voltage option ranges from 1.5 - 1.65 V. Is this simply because the bios recognizes that these are the values which my current RAM support and thus they will change when I install 1.35 V RAM or will I have to run the 1.35 V sticks at minimum 1.5 V?  If the case is the latter, would I fry my 1.35 V sticks? Or would they become automatically overclocked and get tighter timings with a higher voltage? Or both? Or neither? I'm a bit lost :p I have a question that is highly similar to this one:  However, I'm not sure how to do this when fractional powers are involved. I understand that the answer involving the binomial theorem shows this for fractions too, but I'm not sure how to go through the mechanics of it all. For example, when trying to differentiate $\sqrt{ax+b}$, I get to   $$ \lim_{h \rightarrow 0}  \frac{\sqrt{a(x+h)+b} - \sqrt{ax+b}}{h} $$  then can't get the $h$ to cancel out. I think this involves algebraic manipulation of some sort, but can't figure it out.  Thanks I read that     A typical stream cipher encrypts plaintext one byte at a time, although a stream cipher may be designed to operate on one bit at a time or on units larger than a byte at a time.   (Source: , William Stallings.)  A block cipher encrypts one block at a time. The block may be of size one byte or more or less. That means we can also encrypt a block of one byte by help of a stream cipher as a stream.  So, what exactly is the difference between a stream cipher and a block cipher? Which is the biggest object which can interfere with itself? Getting JavaScript object key list I have 3 tables and I have to inner join Table A with Table B but a left outer between Table A and Table C.   Can I combine outer and inner join in the same query? I can nest queries and attain the desired result but I am unable to do both the joins in the same query. It appears that in other SQL languages, the order of joining is important. Is this the case in SQL Server as well?    Ok, here's the scenario.  Consider 3 tables. Table A, Table F, Table D.  I will need the recordset to contain all rows in D irrespective of whether it exists in F (after it's inner joined with A). So, a outer join comes to mind. What I would need is:   First do a inner join between A and F to get a set (this may be a null set) Then do a outer join with the recordset in (1) with D Show there exists $g:(0,1)\to\mathbb{R}^2$ such that $h\circ g$ constant, $g$ continuously differentiable and $g$ injective Evaluate $\int_0^{\infty}\frac{\log x}{1+e^x}\,dx$ Best File Management Practices when you have thousands of Files I don't understand philosophy very well, and so I am wondering whether you can "prove" anything in philosophy. It always seems you can go a layer down, and find another question, almost endlessly until you get to the question of "why/how/are we here?"  Can you prove, absolutely, and 100% that something is true, in the field of philosophy? What is the correct way to use infinitive after the verb "help": with or without "to"? What statistical test can I use to compare two ratios from two independent samples. The ratios are after to before results. I need to compare the after/before ratios for two independent models and show whether they are have significant difference or not. Please help! What are 'closures' in .NET? What is a closure? Do we have them in .NET?  If they do exist in .NET, could you please provide a code snippet (preferably in C#) explaining it? How to run some code only when the rails console starts, kind of like an rc file? Which Distribution Does the Data Point Belong to? Commuting: How to carry office clothing so it doesn't get crushed? I have the bike, I have the best route; but now I want to know, how do I transport my clothing in each day? I typically wear suit pants and a business shirt, but not a suit jacket.   Am I better off leaving my clothes at work, or is there a special bag that would let me carry in shirt/pants without them getting crushed? When is it ok to remove the intercept in a linear regression model?