Why can you not find the probability of a specific value for the normal distribution?
$P[X=x]=0$ when $X$ is continuous variable
Can a multiclass sorcerer/cleric use the Metamagic class ability with non-sorcerer spells? For example, using Twinned Spell when casting cure wounds to heal two creatures instead of just one? Unknown apps/processes with number only are shown in data usage A mysterious app named &quot;10102&quot; shows up in my data usage. It bears only the standard Android app icon (the Bugdroid logo with a cube on its torso). From what the graph tells me, it has used 36 megabytes of data in the background and zero on the foreground. I think I haven't uninstalled anything for months. Is it malware? I haven't sideloaded anything and only authorized my laptop as a USB debugger. If it's malware, how do I remove it? I have no idea how to find its package name and 10102 isn't in the list of downloaded apps in settings. I'm running stock &amp; never-been-rooted Android 4.4.4 on Nexus 4. optimality of the Carnot cycle It is well-known and is stated always and everywhere that the Carnot cycle is the most efficient thermodynamic cycle. Although stated as such it is rarely proven. One proof is in the article &quot;Engine Efficiencies and the Second Law of Thermodynamics&quot;, (AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS VOLUME 37, NUMBER 11 NOVEMBER 1969), Tobin proves that among all engines performing a cycle, so that the engine returns to its starting state, the Carnot cycle is the most efficient where efficiency is defined as $\epsilon= 1-\frac{Q_{rejected}}{Q_{absorbed}}$, and the Carnot cycle is defined as one consisting of an isothermal-adiabatic-isothermal-adiabatic segment. The proof assumes the Clausius equality, that is in a reversible cycle $\oint \frac{\delta Q}{T} = 0$. Then using the geometry of the picture below a simple argument over the areas enclosed in the cycles IABCDJI vs. IAEFGDJI (heat absorbed) or IJDAI vs. GHEAIJDG (heat rejected) will show that any other cycle working between the same temperature limits such as EFGHE will have lower efficiency than the Carnot cycle ABCDA. But this proof assumes tacitly that pieces EFG and GHE are such that $dS&gt;0$ and $dS&lt;0$, respectively. Here I am thinking of a nasty cycle such as shown in the next figure in red where the cycle cannot be neatly separated into two and only two monotonic parts having $dS&gt;0$ or $dS&lt;0$. There is no obvious reason why that restriction should hold in general. Clearly this monotonicity should hold if the engine has only temperature as its independent &quot;force&quot; but if the engine's state needs more than one independent force variable than the situation is more complicated. Instead it is reasonable to assume that any physical cycle should have finite number of monotonic pieces, kind of a &quot;thermodynamic Dirichlet condition&quot; but it could also have self intersections, little loops, and other ugly features when projected on the TS plane. How would then one prove the optimality of a Carnot cycle? Or ugly cycles on the ST plane are non-physical even if there are more than one thermodynamic variables? [] [] What is the plural of the abbreviation of "multiplicity automaton", "MA" or "MAs"? The "multiplicity automaton (MA)" is a model in compute science and its plural is "multiplicity automata". Should the plural of the abbreviation be MA or MAs?      is not a duplicate as it is focused on cases like "ATMs" where the expanded form "automated teller machines" has a regular plural ending in "s." Unlike "machines," the word "automata" has an irregular plural that does not end in "s." It's unclear from the linked answers how abbreviations that end in words like this should be pluralized. A high-ranking  mentions "VIPs," but a high-ranking  says     VIPs' is a strange one. It could be argued that the expanded acronym,   when pluralized, should be 'Very Important People' rather than 'Very   Important Persons'. Using this argument, 'VIP' could be used as a   singular or plural noun. "The VIP has arrived." "The VIP have   arrived." I'm not sure anyone else would agree with my logic, though. How do they express the time, in American and British English? Nginx: Forward all Subdomains My code doesn't work with second level tld's like domain.co.uk Here is my conf:   # add www.   if ($host ~ ^(?!www)) {    rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.$host/$1 permanent;   }    # remove subdomain   if ($host ~ &quot;^www\.(.*)\.(.*\.([a-z]{2,4}|[a-z]{2}\.[a-z]{2}))&quot;) {    set $host_without_sub $2;    rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.$host_without_sub/$1 permanent;   } How do I use sudo to redirect output to a location I don't have permission to write to? Eigenspace of the companion matrix of a monic polynomial How do I prove that the eigenspace of an $n\times n$ companion matrix  $$ C_p=\begin{bmatrix} 0 &amp; 1 &amp; 0 &amp;\cdots &amp; 0\\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 1 &amp;\cdots &amp; 0 \\ \vdots&amp;\vdots &amp;\vdots&amp;\ddots&amp;\vdots\\ 0 &amp; 0 &amp; 0 &amp;\cdots &amp;1 \\ -\alpha_0 &amp;-\alpha_1 &amp;-\alpha_2 &amp;\cdots&amp;-\alpha_{n-1} \end{bmatrix} $$ equals $\operatorname{Span}\{v_{\lambda} \} $ where $v_{\lambda}$ is an eigenvector of the companion matrix w.r.t. the eigenvalue $\lambda$: $$ v_{\lambda} =  \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ \lambda\\ \lambda^{2} \\ \vdots\\ \lambda^{n-1} \end{bmatrix}. $$ What is information? On iPhone it's very easy to clone an app (running multiple copies of the app on the same device); e.g.:    Is it possible to do this on Android? My company has purchased a product that renders an ASP.NET control on the page. This control uses jQuery 1.2.3 and adds a script tag to the page to reference it. The developers of the control will not support use of the control if it modified in any way (including modification to reference a different version of jQuery).  I'm about to start development of my own control and would like to use the features and speed improvements of jQuery 1.3. Both of these controls will need to exist on the same page.  How can I allow the purchased control to use jQuery 1.2.3 and new custom development to use jQuery 1.3? Also out of curiosity, what if we were to use an additional control that needed to reference yet another version of jQuery? Does Overhand Chop override the damage bonus from wielding a two handed weapon? I was showing a GM friend of mine a build I was making that uses the Two-Handed Fighter Archetype and we are both unsure of how it interacts with the damage bonus you get from two-handed weapons (which is 1-1/2 times your STR.) It reads:     Overhand Chop (Ex): At 3rd level, when a two-handed fighter makes a single attack (with the attack action or a charge) with a two-handed weapon, he adds double his Strength bonus on damage rolls. This ability replaces armor training 1.   So, does Overhand Chop turn the 1-1/2 times multiplier from two-handed weapons into a 2 times multiplier, or do the two add up? Or, do they interact in some other way?   This assumes a Medium sized character with 20 STR and a greatsword with 3 levels. Do downvotes on Meta truly mean something different? It is often said that voting on Meta means something different than voting on regular sites. Upvotes mean "I agree", and downvotes mean "I disagree".  However, I submit that this is not the case. Downvoting of a question has one effect in particular: censorship.  Once a question reaches -8 votes, it disappears from the front page. It can still be found; it isn't deleted. But all it takes is a net 8 downvotes for a question to be more or less lost without a direct link.  You might say that a net 8 downvotes obviously means that the community doesn't agree or want that. Well... does it? Particularly on polarizing issues, a question can temporarily get -8 votes as different people come online and see it. Maybe certain people with a certain belief all see it at once and downvote it a lot.  The front page is how most people find stuff they want to talk about, vote on, or answer. Removal from the front page means that most people will not find it without being pointed directly to it. Once a question hits -8, it is unlikely to be upvoted again. Edits will be irrelevant, new answers won't matter. The question is basically exiled.  The problem is that, on polarized topics, fast mass downvoting can quash any idea that is not popular with the most active members. After all, the most active members are the ones who are most likely to be online and see it. If a bunch of MSO regulars see it and downvote it, it goes away. Someone who checks MSO maybe once a day is less likely to be able to catch the question before it is exiled. This gives undue power to members who are most active on MSO, simply because they have more free time to spend on MSO.  I think this is a significant problem for polarized topics. It becomes very difficult to adequately discuss something that a significant number of active members dislike, even if the community at large doesn't mind.  Consider . It currently stands at +9/-8. Initially, in the first few hours, the question was heavily downvoted and even closed. However, after a day, it was upvoted and reopened.  This shows that a question can initially have a negative response, but later get a positive one. And you can check; any edits I did to the question were relatively minor. The question posted as is was initially negative, but ultimately positive.   If that -8 happened to all come first, odds are good that the +9 and the reopen would never have happened. Those 9 people would never have had the chance to weigh in on the subject. And that's wrong.  It is wrong for someone's potential vote to not matter just because they don't visit MSO multiple times in a day. It is wrong for someone's potential vote to not matter just because they have a different sleep schedule from many of MSO's members.  The problem is one of timing. Heavy dislike from active members who quickly see the question and downvote it can kill a question before someone who might upvote it ever even sees it.  I suppose the best suggestion would be to either lower the -8 threshold (or remove it altogether) or keep it from kicking in until 1-2 days has passed. If the question isn't active, it'll already be off the front page. And if it is active, then enough people will have seen it to know if the threshold represents a real consensus or just the fast-acting few. strange character replacement on SO I added a comment to  but something strange is happening. The end code reads "); but SO decided to change that to ";);.    I did not add a ; in front of the ).  To further explain what's happening here, the following:  "http://example.com/." http://example.com/. "http://example.com." http://example.com. "http://example.com" http://example.com   renders as: DOS commands for Epson dot matrix not working Our Epson dot matrix printer is not printing on the following DOS command.:  Type text.txt&gt;prn   But it does print perfectly on:  open TEXT.txt&gt;File&gt;Print    What is the issue here? I am having some issues when rendering an image, my rendering screen is turning into grey even when making a full render. What am I doing wrong? Ruby can add methods to the Number class and other core types to get effects like this:  1.should_equal(1)   But it seems like Python cannot do this. Is this true? And if so, why? Does it have something to do with the fact that type can't be modified?  Update: Rather than talking about different definitions of monkey patching, I would like to just focus on the example above. I have already concluded that it cannot be done as a few of you have answered. But I would like a more detailed explanation of why it cannot be done, and maybe what feature, if available in Python, would allow this.  To answer some of you: The reason I might want to do this is simply aesthetics/readability.    item.price.should_equal(19.99)   This reads more like English and clearly indicates which is the tested value and which is the expected value, as supposed to:  should_equal(item.price, 19.99)   This concept is what  and some other Ruby frameworks are based on. my 4 week old daughter will not stop crying. We've tried everything from sucking, both on pacifiers and fingers to breastfeeding, white noise, movement, diaper is clean she doesn't seem to have a fever.   We've tried everything we can read about and think of.  We are both a little bit ill, the common cold and the baby may have gotten it and be upset but we are just at the end of our nerves when nothing helps our poor little one!   Does anyone know anything we can do to help? Non numbered chapter* header issue Generating list of manually installed packages and querying individual packages