Do you use the masculine or feminine with "victim"?
Is there a correct gender-neutral singular pronoun ("his" vs. "her" vs. "their")?
How to correctly add a path to PATH? Is it possible in Latex to make a triangular hat? The one that is used in math over three letters representing points to indicate a triangle.  Something like: I want to change my computer's password. Right now my password is abc123. I run this command:  sudo passwd   I entered my current password and then a new one but the change does not take effect. How can I resolve this problem ? "Element is no longer attached to the DOM” StaleElementReferenceException when selecting HTML table row I am using Selenium 2/WebDriver for automation. I have a table and am trying to select a row in it. When the test runs, I can see the row become highlighted as if it is clicked, but then immediately I get the "org.openqa.selenium.StaleElementReferenceException: Element is no longer attached to the DOM" error and the test fails.  The code is the following:  @Test public void rowSelection() throws Exception {     SeleniumHelper helper = new SeleniumHelper();     action = new SeleniumActionHelper(driver);      helper.login();      String testUrl = navigateToUrl("option/listOptions.xhtml");     driver.get(testUrl);      WebElement table = findElementById("tableSection:dataTableWrapped_data");     List&lt;WebElement&gt; allRows = table.findElements(By.tagName("tr"));     for (WebElement row : allRows)         {             List&lt;WebElement&gt; cells = row.findElements(By.tagName("td"));             for (WebElement cell : cells)             {                 WebElement listName = cell.findElement(By.xpath("./* [text()='body_build']"));                 listName.click();             }         } }   I have put a Thread.sleep(2000) in front and after the listName.click() action, but neither has helped. Any help would be greatly appreciated. How do I get the browser to reask me to integrate with a website? I'm using  and I accidentally clicked "No" when asked if I want to integrate with the website.  How can I have Firefox or Chrome reask me to integrate the site with Ubuntu? How to compute $\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty} \{(2+\sqrt{3})^{n}\}$, where $\{x\}$ is the fractional part of $x$? I've stumbled upon the following problem:  $$\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \{(2+\sqrt{3})^{n}\}$$  where "{}" notates the fractional part.  I've never studied this kind of problem, there exists any reference that I could read about this type of problem? I'm planning on selling a USB external hard drive that currently contains an old Ubuntu installation with stored passwords and banking information.  How can I securely erase the drive before selling it? Why is Ubuntu 14.04 so slow on my laptop? Let $E=l^p=\left\{x=\left(x_n\right): x_n\in\mathbb{R}, \sum_{1}^{\infty}\left|x_n\right|^p&lt;\infty\right\}$ with $1\le p&lt;\infty$, $\left\|x\right\|_E=\left(\sum_{1}^{\infty}\left|x_n\right|^p\right)^{1/p}.$ Let $\left(\lambda_n\right)$ is a bounded sequence in $\mathbb{R}$ and consider the operator $T$ defined by $$T(x)=\left(\lambda_1x_x,\ldots,\lambda_nx_n,\ldots\right)$$ where $x\in l^p$. Prove that $T$ is a compact operator from $E$ to $E$ iff $\lambda_n\rightarrow 0$.  Can anyone give me some hints to solve this problem? Thank you! Upgrade SQL Server 2000 database to 2008 R2 and enable new features I have recently upgraded SQL Server 2000 database to 2008 R2.    What I did was:   Shutdown SQL Server 2000 (express) service on old machine, Move datafiles (mydatabase.mdf and mydatabase.ldf) to new machine, Run SQL Server Management Studio 2008, Connect to local database engine, Attach datafiles to database. Change the compatibility level of database to SQL 2008 (100).     Question: What else should I do to make migration complete?  I want to:   use new features like checksumming and full recovery model, make this database to be exactly as it was created in SQL 2008 R2, make this database to be fully compatibile, correct and be perfect suited for new, SQL 2008 R2 database engine.     In other words: I just want to know how to correctly and completly convert old SQL 2000 database to new 2008 R2 database, be calm that everything is done right and be happy with all new features.    I'm asking this question, because I've found a lot of sites on the Internet that says so many different things that makes me confused: some say that it is required to rebuild indexes, another says to do other things... and now I know nothing so I want to hear experienced person opinion and clear, step-by-step instructions. I work for very small company, I'm on my own and I don't want to screw things up.    Sir, I'm really impressed with your answer, I wasn't expecting so much.    So some comments:   The database is now in production. As I said, it was upgraded using deattach-attach method as I desribed in first post and as described on MSDN:  It had to be done quickly, so I was forced to do it that way. Let's forget about how inappropriate could it was and focus on current situation. The users/persmission is not a problem here - there are only few and permissions are simple. The application which use database is compatibile with SQL 2000 till 2012 so this is not a problem either. The database file (MDF) isn't big - only about 1GB.     Few more questions:   You recommend to use backup/restore method, but I did as written above, so can I encounter any problems now? Everything worked without any problem. About checksumming and full recovery model: it wasn't available/enabled on SQL 2000, so I want to use them now. You said that the only thing I need to do is to enable those options in database properties? I've read somewhere, that it isn't enough and I should also rebuild indexes or something. I really don't know, I just asking. I'm prepairing to migrate this database to SQL 2012 - so first it was from SQL 2000 to 2008 R2, now it will be from 2008 R2 to 2012 (it was impossible to do this directly because of lack of support of SQL 2000 databases in SQL 2012). So I understand that I should follow your guide: backup it in 2008 R2 and restore in 2012, then do the rest of your tips, right? Please explain me the backup/restore method: Is it like a dump of database to SQL queries and then restoring it by executing a bunch of queries? Will this method by the way "defragment" my database? If not, how to defragment/optimize it manually? As we were using SQL 2000 Express for years (no management interface), we were doing backups simply by stopping engine and RAR the DATA directory. For now, as we are on SQL 2008, isn't this still better than using backup function in Management Studio? Full recovery mode with frequent Transaction log backups - Where is the Transaction log stored - is it the LDF file? How sould I backup it properly?     I know that my questions may sound silly, I'm not professional database admin, but I am the only person here who can do such "hard core" task like upgrading the database engine. I'm also sure that your knowleadge will help a lot to other people like me.  Thank you very much for your time and knowleadge, I really appreciate this. Suppose $K/F$ is an extension field, and $E_1$ and $E_2$ are two intermediate subfields of finite degree. Let $E$ be the subfields of $K$ generated by $E_1$ and $E_2$. I'm trying to prove that $$ [E:F]\leq[E_1:F][E_2:F].$$  Since $E_1$ and $E_2$ are finite extensions, I suppose they have bases $\{a_1,\dots,a_n\}$ and $\{b_1,\dots,b_m\}$, respectively. If $E_1=F$ or $E_2=F$, then the inequality is actually equality, so I suppose both are proper extension fields. I think $E=F(a_1,\dots,a_n,b_1,\dots,b_m)$. Since $\{a_1,\dots,a_n,b_1,\dots,b_m\}$ is a spanning set for $E$ over $F$,  $$[E:F]\leq n+m\leq nm=[E_1:F][E_2:F]$$ since $m,n&gt;1$.  Is this sufficient? I'm weirded out since the problem did not ask to show $[E:F]\leq [E_1:F]+[E_2:F]$ which I feel will generally be a better upper bound. How to make hair material different from the plane itself? In Cycles Render, I added hair to a plane (as I was making a grass field) and I don't seem to know how to make the actual flat plane's material different from the hairs themselves, because I'd like to make the plane have an image texture and the hairs have a yellow-like color to them, but of course, if I attempt to make the material yellow-ish, the plane AND the hairs will become yellow. I'm done with the plane, I just want to control the hairs' materials. While studying the problem of determining the orbit of a binary star system, my astronomy notes say: "the projection of an ellipse onto a plane is still an ellipse (except the special case in which it's a segment)". How could I prove this?  EDIT: As suggested i'm adding what I know about ellipses. I know the basics of ellipses in the plane, the equation of an ellipse in a plane in cartesia coordinates, the equation of an ellipse in polar coordinates, the fact that ellipses can be obtained by the intersection of planes with a cone. In my geometry course we defined ellipses as the the points of the plane such that the ratio between the distance from a point and a line is constant and less than 1. I also know that the sum of the distances of the points of the ellipse from the foci is constant. Could we send a man safely to the Moon in a rocket without knowledge of general relativity? Find $\lim\limits_{n \to \infty} \frac{\sqrt 1 + \sqrt 2 + \dots + \sqrt{n}}{n\sqrt{n}}$. $$\lim_{n \to \infty} \dfrac{\sqrt 1 + \sqrt 2 + \dots + \sqrt{n}}{n\sqrt{n}}$$   $$\lim_{n \to \infty} \dfrac{\sqrt 1 + \sqrt 2 + \dots + \sqrt{n}}{n\sqrt{n}} =\lim_{n\to \infty} \dfrac1{n}\sum^{n}_{k = 1} \sqrt{\dfrac k n} $$  While searching this question I found, .   Like in the accepted answer I first compared my series to LRAM,    $$\int_a^b f(x)\,dx=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac 1n\sum_{i=1}^n f\left(a+\frac{b-a}n i \right)$$  I got $a = 0$, $b = 1$ and $f(x) =\sqrt{x}$ so,  $$\int_0^1 \sqrt{x}\ dx = \dfrac2 3$$ should be the answer.  Is there any simpler method to do this sum ? I have not learnt this method to do infinite sums so I can't use it. Single Variable Calculus Reference Recommendations I want to make sure all of the data in my plugins/themes is handled securely  before entering the database and before being output to the browser. My problem is that there are situations where the API handles the sanitization for you -- like when saving post meta fields -- and others where the plugin/theme author is wholly responsible for doing it -- like when saving custom settings.  For the scope of this question, I'm not concerned about validating data at the domain level -- e.g., checking that an Age field on a form is between 0 and 120, or that an e-mail address is valid. I'm only concerned about security -- e.g., escaping SQL queries to avoid SQL injection when saving to the database, or sanitizing data that's output to HTML templates to avoid XSS.  For output sanitization, I know that you always need to use functions like esc_html() and esc_attr() when echo'ing variables into HTML templates. But, what about when using ? Do they all sanitize the output already? If so, for which context (general HTML, tag attributes, etc)? Some functions have variants for different contexts (like the_title_attribute(), but most don't.  For input sanitization, I know that I need to use $wpdb-&gt;prepare() when making manual queries, but what about when using the Settings API to create a plugin settings page, or saving post meta fields for a custom post type?  Right now I've just been digging through Core and reading tutorials every time I use a function to find out if it sanitizes or not, but that's error-prone and time consuming. I'm hoping to find some kind of comprehensive list of all the possible situations and whether or not the API handles it. e.g.,  API validates/sanitizes   Saving post meta with update_postmeta() Saving user meta with update_user_meta() Outputting a post title - use the contextually appropriate variant of the_title() etc   You have to manually validate/sanitize   Saving plugin options with the Settings API. Pass a callback as the 3rd parameter of register_setting(). Direct database queries: Wrap the query in $wpdb-&gt;prepare(). Outputting variables in HTML. Use esc_attr(), esc_html(), etc etc   I'd also be interested to understand why the API provides it in certain situations, but not others. I'm assuming it has something to do with the unknown nature of the data, but would love to hear a thorough explanation. Optimizing a "black box" function: Linear Regression or Bayesian Optimization... what's the difference? Goal: I have a function $f(x,y)=z$ (two variables for illustration only) which I know almost nothing about--it has a compact domain which I can determine, it is non-negative, and bounded above.  My goal is to find the maximum value $f(x,y)$ takes on its domain.  I can query the function and I know the values at a few points: $f(x_1, y_1)=z_1, f(x_2, y_2)=z_2,..., f(x_n, y_n)=z_n$.  Optimization via Linear Regression:  I have used linear regression (and related methods like the lasso) to model functions like this in the past; this is the method that I am very comfortable with.  Typically, I might try to find a polynomial (of degree $k$) which relatively accurately models the data. The end result would be to say that:   $$f(x,y)\approx \beta_1 + \beta_2 x + \beta_3 y + \beta_4 x^2 + \beta_5 xy + \beta_6 y^2 + ... + \beta_{m}y^{k}.$$  Determining the coefficients is done by solving the .  The "best degree" for the polynomial might be determined using $k$-fold cross validation.  Once the "best" polynomial has been determined, one can choose any of a number of methods to optimize it (Newton's method, gradient descent, hill climbing, etc).  Then, if all goes well, the optimal value on the polynomial corresponds to an optimal value of $f(x,y)$.  Bayesian Optimization:  Recently, I was describing this technique (linear regression) to a colleague who asked: "What is the difference between that and Bayesian Optimization?"  I've been attempting to answer this question for the last couple days, and so far I don't have anything really conclusive.  After reading , trying to read  and getting stuck reading  I think I understand the following about BO:   Start with a prior (a guess as to what family of functions the black box belongs to... or at least some family of functions which you believe might be able to describe $f$ well).  It looks using a  as a prior is popular. Specify whatever is needed to build your prior (for GP this is a covariance function). As you go along, you maintain two evolving functions, a "mean" function $m(x,y)$ and a "confidence interval" function $c(x,y)$.  Basically, you can predict the value at any point by evaluating $m(x,y)$ and you are confident that $f(x,y)\in [m(x,y)-c(x,y), m(x,y)+c(x,y)]$. Bayesian optimization provides a systematic way of updating/exploiting the model by alternatively selecting points where the confidence interval is wide (you are very uncertain about the value) or at optimal points on the model $m(x,y)$.   My Question: Is it fair/correct to say that the major difference between Bayesian Optimization and simply optimizing the linear regression model is that Bayesian Optimization provides the systematic way of sampling with the goal of optimizing the model and reducing uncertainty whereas the linear regression model ignores the idea of uncertainty and doesn't explicitly provide a means of updating the model?  Said another way, is the linear regression model an example of what might be a "mean" function $m(x,y)$ in Bayesian Optimization?  If I stick with linear regression, specify how to compute the uncertainty, and provide a means of updating/improving the model (exploit/explore) am I just doing Bayesian Optimization (without calling it that)?  Background: My background is in pure mathematics (graph theory) but my new job has me working with a lot of data (so I'm self learning statistics).  With that in mind, my statistics vocabulary is somewhat limited (so I appreciate answers that either avoid technical terminology or briefly explain any technical terminology used)--for example, Monday was the first time I heard/read the word "prior" used in a stats sense and I'm still not 100% sure I understand that correctly. Formal proof for $q \land \neg q \vdash r \land \neg r$ I am flying from Orange County, California to San Francisco, California and then on to Seoul, South Korea. If I check a bag will I have to pick it up in San Francisco and re-check it and go through security or customs for the international flight?  Everything I am reading leads me to believe that it's only necessary to re-check baggage and go through security and/or customs when you are first arriving into a country. However, since my first leg is staying within the United States I assume the airline will transfer my bag to the next flight and I can just go straight to the gate for my international flight?  Both legs of the flight are through the same airline (United Airlines) and there are only the two legs: OC -> SF, then SF -> Seoul.