How should I use BibTeX in TeX Live 2013?
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What is the command to minimize the gnome terminal? How can I minimize the Terminal window using a command? For example: I use the clear command to clear the terminal output, which command can I have to use to minimize the terminal window? My code:  a = '2.3'   I wanted to display a as a floating point value.  Since a is a string, I tried:  float(a)   The result I got was :  2.2999999999999998   I want a solution for this problem. Please, kindly help me.  I was following . Capitalize and punctuate "let us continue this discussion in chat" Auto confirm when running bash scripts? Transfer from JFK Terminal 2 to Terminal 4 I have family who does not speak English.  They are changing planes in JFK Airport and will most likely be transferring from Terminal 2 (Delta) to Terminal 4 (China Southern Airlines).  At first I thought that directing them to use the Airtrain would be best.  However, in doing more reading my understanding is that the Airtrain would mean they would need to go through security again.  I found this on Delta's site:   If they use the JITNEY Shuttle to change from Terminal 2 to Terminal 4, does that mean they would not need to re-clear Security?  Edit: They are flying TO China. They are going from Tampa -> NY JFK -> China. How do I connect to a MySQL Database in Python? How do I connect to a MySQL database using a python program? Subscribing to questions and comments that don't belong to you There has been some discussion about getting notified on comments to questions or answers that don't belong to you, and the long-standing wish to be able to keep track of new answers or developments in questions asked by other people.  Previous discussion in regards to subscribing to questions:                  (very similar to this one)      In regards to subscribing to comments:                    The general feeling - at least here on meta - seems to be against broadening the notification rules, out of fears of useless notifications to flood users' inboxes, turning SO into more of a discussion forum than it should be, etc.   Here's a suggestion that would keep the user 100% in control what they get notified about, not generate any notifications by default, and require only minimal modifications to the User Interface.  Each question and each comment area would get an envelope symbol.    it is inactive (=white) by default.  When those envelopes are hovered over, the tooltip says click to subscribe or something.  When clicked on, the envelope lights up in green or some other colour (but different from the actual notification envelope's orange to avoid confusion.) You are then subscribed to any updates to that question or comment thread.    For each subscription, you receive notifications in the "responses" tab, as if you were the owner of the comment or question.     To unsubscribe from a question or comment thread, you open the page, and click the green envelope. It turns back white, and the notifications disappear from your responses tab (if technically possible - otherwise, there just won't be any new ones added.)    No further functionality, like managing subscriptions or anything, is necessary IMO. If the flood of notifications from a subscribed question starts to annoy you, you just open it and unclick the envelope. Done.   It would make it possible to leave a comment to a newbie's question and make sure their answer reaches you even if they don't know they need to address you using @username You could subscribe to those "oh, I'd like to know the answer to that" questions and receive active notification, instead of them getting forgotten in your favourites list You could subscribe to discussions you are interested in the outcome of, but don't want to participate in. It would (in my opinion) sort out a number of woes aired by many users in a good way, without adding annoyances to those who like the system just fine the way it is. It would not require a change in the visible layout. As far as I can see, the space the envelope would need to be is empty everywhere.   I don't know SO under the hood of course, but technically, the system would be doing what it's doing already, notify question owners of updates - just that the circle of internal "owners" would grow. Unable to 'apt-get dist-upgrade' due to appstreamcli database error I have created a USB stick with a persistent Ubuntu 16.04 (release version). I tried a couple of ways, using Startup Disk Creator and MultiSystem, but I get the same end result.  When I boot into the USB and do 'apt-get update', all is well.  When I try 'apt-get dist-upgrade' I get:     ** (appstreamcli:2761): CRITICAL **: Error while moving old database out of the way. AppStream cache update failed.   The only reference to this error message I can find is  but would appear to be fixed, at least fixed by the time the release version of Ubuntu 16.04.  Aside: I want to test Unity8, which includes installing software.  I don't have a spare computer, so I thought a persistent USB would do the trick.  Any takers? Alert on edit after a downvote Given an infinite number of monkeys and an infinite amount of time, would one of them write Hamlet? Of course, we've all heard the colloquialism "If a bunch of monkeys pound on a typewriter, eventually one of them will write Hamlet."  I have a (not very mathematically intelligent) friend who presented it as if it were a mathematical fact, which got me thinking... Is this really true?  Of course, I've learned that dealing with infinity can be tricky, but my intuition says that time is countably infinite while the number of works the monkeys could produce is uncountably infinite.  Therefore, it isn't necessarily given that the monkeys would write Hamlet.  Could someone who's better at this kind of math than me tell me if this is correct?  Or is there more to it than I'm thinking? The Weyl equidistribution theorem states that the sequence of fractional parts ${n \xi}$, $n = 0, 1, 2, \dots$ is uniformly distributed for $\xi$ irrational.   This can be proved using a bit of ergodic theory, specifically the fact that an irrational rotation is uniquely ergodic with respect to Lebesgue measure. It can also be proved by simply playing with trigonometric polynomials (i.e., polynomials in $e^{2\pi i k x}$ for $k$ an integer) and using the fact they are dense in the space of all continuous functions with period 1.  In particular, one shows that if $f(x)$ is a continuous function with period 1, then for any $t$,  $\int_0^1 f(x) dx = \lim \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} f(t+i \xi)$. One shows this by checking this (directly) for trigonometric polynomials via the geometric series.  This is a very elementary and nice proof.  The general form of Weyl's theorem states that if $p$ is a monic integer-valued polynomial, then the sequence ${p(n \xi)}$ for $\xi$ irrational is uniformly distributed modulo 1.  I believe this can be proved using extensions of these ergodic theory techniques -- it's an exercise in Katok and Hasselblatt.  I'd like to see an elementary proof.  Can the general form of Weyl's theorem be proved using the same elementary techniques as in the basic version? Can a continuous function from the reals to the reals assume each value an even number of times? Is $\mathbb{Z} \left[ \frac{1+i \sqrt{7}}{2} \right]$ euclidean? How do I prove that a graph is a topological manifold How to redirect output of an entire shell script within the script itself? Is it possible to redirect all of the output of a Bourne shell script to somewhere, but with shell commands inside the script itself? Redirecting the output of a single command is easy, but I want something more like this: #!/bin/sh if [ ! -t 0 ]; then     # redirect all of my output to a file here fi  # rest of script...  Meaning: if the script is run non-interactively (for example, cron), save off the output of everything to a file.  If run interactively from a shell, let the output go to stdout as usual. I want to do this for a script normally run by the FreeBSD periodic utility.  It's part of the daily run, which I don't normally care to see every day in email, so I don't have it sent.  However, if something inside this one particular script fails, that's important to me and I'd like to be able to capture and email the output of this one part of the daily jobs. Update: Joshua's answer is spot-on, but I also wanted to save and restore stdout and stderr around the entire script, which is done like this: # save stdout and stderr to file  # descriptors 3 and 4,  # then redirect them to &quot;foo&quot; exec 3&gt;&amp;1 4&gt;&amp;2 &gt;foo 2&gt;&amp;1  # ...  # restore stdout and stderr exec 1&gt;&amp;3 2&gt;&amp;4 When to use IComparable Vs. IComparer I'm trying to figure out which of these interfaces I need to implement. They both essentially do the same thing. When would I use one over the other? I'm not quite sure how this happened, but somehow a completely empty hierarchy of directories has ended up in my repository:  com/ com/companyname/ com/companyname/blah/ com/sun/ com/sun/java/ com/sun/java/jax_rpc_ri/   I think what happened was that these directories did have files in them, but then a developer realized he/she shouldn't have checked them in in the first place since these are by-products of the build process, so he/she removed the files but somehow the empty directories are left in the repository as ancient relics.  How can I remove this from CVS? The only results I seem to be able to find on google say that there shouldn't be a need to remove empty directories as CVS won't keep them around in the first place, and that the -P (prune) options to cvs update should remove them from the working directory  - which is zero help if you actually have empty directories in your repository.  A cvs remove and cvs commit doesn't seem to take care of this situation:  $ cvs remove -Rf com cvs remove: Removing com cvs remove: Removing com/companyname cvs remove: Removing com/companyname/blah cvs remove: Removing com/sun cvs remove: Removing com/sun/java cvs remove: Removing com/sun/java/jax_rpc_ri $ cvs commit com cvs commit: Examining com cvs commit: Examining com/companyname cvs commit: Examining com/companyname/blah cvs commit: Examining com/sun cvs commit: Examining com/sun/java cvs commit: Examining com/sun/java/jax_rpc_ri $ ls -l com total 24 drwxrwxr-x  2 matt matt 4096 Oct 15 14:38 CVS drwxrwxr-x  9 matt matt 4096 Oct 15 14:38 companyname drwxrwxr-x  4 matt matt 4096 Oct 15 14:38 sun   It's still there!  Does SVN have this weird behavior too? Why didn't Dumbledore remove Quirrell from DADA teaching when he realized something was wrong with him? In "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", from Snape's memory that Harry views, we learn that Dumbledore had misgivings about Quirrell, when he said to Snape:     Keep an eye on Quirrell, won't you?   If he knew something was off, why not remove him from a very sensitive position of teaching DADA to kids? Is it possible to install Ubuntu on my Windows 8 computer without any CD or USB drive? Nested sequence of non-empty compact subsets - intersection differs from empty set I have the following proposition:  "If $(S_n)$ is a sequence of compact subsets of a metric space such that  $S_1 \supseteq S_2 \supseteq ... \supseteq S_n$  Then $\bigcap^\infty_{i=1} S_i$ $\neq$ $\emptyset$"  My lecture notes provide the following proof, whose last step I don't understand:    Proof: Assume by way of contradiction that $\bigcap^\infty_{i=1} S_i$ = $\emptyset$. Let $V_n := (S_n)^c$ for each $n$. The class $\mathbb{C} :=\{V_n: n \in \mathbb{N} \}$ is an open covering of $S_1$. Since $S_1$ is compact, $\exists I$ finite, $I \subset \mathbb{N}$, s.t $\{V_i: i \in I \}$ covers $S_1$. Let $n:=max(I)$. The class $\{V_1, ..., V_n \}$ also covers $S_1$ and we get the following contradiction   $\emptyset = \bigcap^n_{i=1} S_i = S_n$    So, I don't get the part from "Let $n:=max(I)$..." onwards, especially the contradiction. I have tried applying DeMorgan's Law and the only way the last equalities makes sense is if the union of $\{V_1, ..., V_n \}$ equals the whole metric space, a property I haven't been able to understand from the steps of the proof. This is a corollary to the finite intersection property, so it must have a connection but again I can't quite get it.  Thanks in advance