I'm stumped. When I do the following query exactly as shown, I get an error:      function update_rater($rater_result) {     $pdo = new PDO('mysql:host='.DB_SERVER.'; dbname='.DB_NAME, DB_USER, DB_PASS);     $pdo-&gt;setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);     $pdo-&gt;exec('SET NAMES "utf8"');      foreach ($rater_result as $update)     {         $sample[] = array (                 'name'=&gt;$rater_result['name'],                 'rating'=&gt;$rater_result['rating'],                 'hits'=&gt;$rater_result['hits'],                 'parkid'=&gt;$rater_result['parkid'],                 'logname'=&gt;$rater_result['logname'],                 'uname' =&gt;$rater_result['uname']);     }     $id = $update['parkid'];         $parkid = $update['parkid'];         $rating = $update['rating'];         $hits = 1;         $uname = $update['uname'];      $sql = "INSERT INTO stars (parkid, rating, hits, logname)         VALUES ($parkid, $rating, $hits, $uname)";                    $result = $pdo-&gt;query($sql); }      Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'PDOException' with message   'SQLSTATE[42000]: Syntax error or access violation: 1064 You have an   error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your   MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ')' at line 2'   in /home/ride4w5/public_html/test_site/includes/functions.php:343   Stack trace: #0   /home/ride4w5/public_html/test_site/includes/functions.php(343):   PDO->query('INSERT INTO sta...') #1   /home/ride4w5/public_html/test_site/includes/rater/1.php(62):   update_rater(Array) #2 {main} thrown in   /home/ride4w5/public_html/test_site/includes/functions.php on line 343   However, if I do EXACTLY the same query, but change the final VALUE to either a string or a number, it works just fine. Any variable throws the error. Why is the error being thrown only for a variable and not for a value? The other variables don't cause any problem.  EDIT:   It is not ANY variable, it is just $uname that causes the problem. But if I do an   echo $uname;  exit();    it echos the variable properly. What does it not like?   Edit:  $uname comes from   $user-&gt;session_begin();  $auth-&gt;acl($user-&gt;data);  $user-&gt;setup();  $request-&gt;enable_super_globals();  $username = $user-&gt;data['username'];  $uname = $username;
If user input is inserted without modification into an SQL query, then the application becomes vulnerable to , like in the following example:  $unsafe_variable = $_POST['user_input'];   mysql_query("INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES ('$unsafe_variable')");   That's because the user can input something like value'); DROP TABLE table;--, and the query becomes:  INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES('value'); DROP TABLE table;--')   What can be done to prevent this from happening?
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