Calculating Hubble's constant at earlier times I want to calculate Hubble's constant at some redshift $z$. I have found the following formula:  $$H^2=H_0^2\left(\Omega_m\left(1+z\right)^3+\Omega_{\Lambda}\right)$$  Now it's obvious that at higher redshift $z&gt;0$ (earlier times) the Hubble's constant $H$ increases, which should not be the case. Why can't I use this formula and which formula should I use then?
What is the equation for the scale factor of the universe, a(t), for the best fit of data to the $\Lambda CDM$ Model of Cosmology? Ideally I like a single formula or multiple formulas for different time ranges that would cover the time from the end of inflation through 100+ billion years after the big bang using  the $\Lambda CDM$ Model.  I know that from the end of inflation back to the time of the big bang would be much more speculative, but some wild estimate would be appreciated for that time range also!  The Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric defines the scale factor, a(t), from the metric: $$-c^2d\tau^2 = -c^2dt^2+a(t)^2d\Sigma^2$$ where $d\Sigma^2$ ranges over the 3 dimensional space of the universe and does not depend on time. Usually the scale of the scale factor is set by defining  $a(t_{now}) = a(13.78 B yr) \equiv 1$
Selecting faces on object from UV editor window I can't see this as an option so is there a way to select faces or islands and have them show up as selected faces on the object in 3D view.  In programs such as maya it is possible to work from either view and makes selection and mapping a little more user friendly.  I suspect it isn't possible in Blender but welcome your feed back.  Edited as flag as already answered, although the question was not asked in the other post in a way that showed in my search.  I was looking for face and island selection to show in both views. The other asked about unselected vertices this obviously did not appear in the results. Can you quickly tell me if this pseudocode makes sense or not? How to change default window background color in Windows 10? In Windows 7 and Windows XP it was very easy to change the default background color of all windows to whatever you want. Staring at white window backgrounds all day is hard on the eyes. Once changed, ALL windows of all apps would conform to the custom color as long as the apps allowed the windows bg to be invoked. So for example it worked great in Notepad and many other apps.   Then the geniuses at M$ decided that this feature was no longer needed in Windows 8, and removed it. There were some reg hacks, but nothing standard. I remember reading that the feature would be coming back in Windows 10, but I'm not finding this to be the case. The only [partial/broken] way I have found to be able to do this is to tweak the following registry keys:  [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Colors] "Window"="227 221 191"  [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop\Colors] "Window"="227 221 191"   When I changed those keys to my chosen soothing color and rebooted, it worked ONE TIME. After every reboot thereafter, all the white backgrounds are back AND YET those registry keys still have my custom RGB codes. I really hate Microsoft right now, but that aside, is there any solid way to change windows 10 bg colors and make it stick?  Important: In Settings -> Personalization -> Colors, none of that changes windows backgrounds. Already tried.   I am using Windows 10 Enterprise Version 1511 Build 10586.3.  UPDATE: I rebooted again and the bg colors work correctly...but later in the day all the window bgcolors were back to white again. Windows 8.1 had the exact same bug. My conclusion is that the reg hack "works" but only intermittently. Is this simply a MS bug? Or is there a better answer/solution? Why are vias placed this way on a PCB? I used to check complex commercial PCBs specially those of graphics cards to see how professional PCB designers do their layout and learn from their techniques.  When I checked the card shown below I noticed two things regarding the placement of vias:  (A higher resolution image is ).   The PCB is surrounded by stitching vias all around the edges. What's the role of all of these? I think they're connected to ground to act as a shield, if that's true, I can't understand technically how by this placement they achieve this shield? By looking closer to the mounting holes, I noticed they added vias all around the pad, why? How to make a figure span on two columns in a scientific paper? If I just try to set the figure's size to 0.9\textwidth my figure will just end up on the right column, sized to be two-columns wide.  Has anyone done this before? What's the best way to build a string of delimited items in Java? How do I install Guest Additions in a VirtualBox VM? I've recently installed Ubuntu on Oracle's Virtualbox.  Now I want to install the guest additions.  I started up my Ubuntu guest OS, clicked "Devices" and chose "Install Guest Additions". Nothing happened, and I don't see the CD icon on my desktop.  How can I make this work? $\newcommand{\P}{\mathbb{P}}$Is it valid to interpret $\P(B|A)$ as "infinite probability" when $\P(A) = 0$? Any command that starts with $ returns  command not found   How can I fix this?  I am  using 16.10 Ubuntu. How to visualize a value resulted from math node? How to visualize a value resulted from math node,or just to know it. I tried the way of scaling this value to the scene size and then pick the color and get the value but I want more effective way to do this. Prove $\sum_{k = 0}^{n}(-1)^{n - k} \binom{n}{k} \cdot k^n = n!$ and $\sum_{k = 0}^{n}(-1)^{n - k} \binom{n}{k} \cdot k^m = 0$ Prove $$\sum_{k = 0}^{n}(-1)^{n - k} \binom{n}{k} \cdot k^n = n! \qquad\text{and}\qquad \sum_{k = 0}^{n}(-1)^{n - k} \binom{n}{k} \cdot k^m = 0,$$ where $m \in \{0, 1, 2, \cdots, n - 1\}$.  To be honest, I tried to use some combinatorial ideas but was not able to see interconnections. Also, I had an idea to prove it using induction but failed to do that either. Help will be much appreciated! I just got stuck and don't see any continuation of solution for this problem Decorating Python class methods - how do I pass the instance to the decorator? Is $\mathbf{Q}(\sqrt{2}, \sqrt{3}) = \mathbf{Q}(\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3})$? The given differential equation $$\lvert{dy\over{dx}}\rvert\,+\mid{y}\mid+1=0 $$  I don't know how to deal with modulus sign in order to prove the statement  Reference-Different Equations by Shipley L Ross Ch1 Exercise 7(a) Google Drive search for part of a file name Is there any way I can search based on the last three digits of a file name?  I have a file with many invoices that are easy to reference with the last three numbers. Is there any way I can search something like *765 to search for ends with 765  Another example.. sometimes files are prefixed with a 0, sometimes not.. 093241251 vs 93241251 and if I just search 93241251 it will not find the 0 prefix version E: Package 'libpng12-0' has no installation candidate [ubuntu 16.10 Gnome] I tried to install WPS Office on my laptop (ubuntu 16.10 Gnome, 64 bit) with  Gdebi installer but it said   Dependency is not satisfiable: libpng12-0   Then I tried to open this library as follows  sudo apt-get install libpng12-0   But I encountered an error:  Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree        Reading state information... Done Package libpng12-0 is not available, but is referred to by another package. This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or is only available from another source  E: Package 'libpng12-0' has no installation candidate   Can anyone help? Thanks a lot How to query Sharepoint 2010 lists with sql? I think it has to be a common task. We have some applications on sharepoint and we need to prepare reports with data from these applications. It would be great if we could use Reporting Services. We need to query this data with sql because we need to join with some other sources. How can I do this? Are there any 3rd party tools or any built-it mechanisms in sharepoint to use Sharepoint lists data like ms sql tables? When searching for "Skype" I always see these 2 entries.  There is this duplicate blank Skype icon. Both of them seem to run Skype in the same way.    But I've checked both /usr/share/applications, and ~/.local/share/applications, and can't find the extra icon so I can delete it.    Also as described , sometimes similar ghost icons are present even after removing associated applications. Sometimes you see a video of a fan or a propeller spinning very fast, and the apparent rotation is distorted. The fan can appear to be moving in the opposite direction of rotation, or even stationary. This optical illusion is known as the wagon-wheel effect. If I understand correctly, this occurs because the camera framerate is slower than the frequency at which the fan makes one rev, so stroboscopic effects should be expected.   Does the wagon-wheel effect occur only in videos, or can we observe it just with the eye? Tweak showlabels/showkeys - wrap the label Can showlabels wrap the label in the margin? A very similar question is , but the solution of @DavidCarlisle does not solve the more general case. Consider the following MWE:  \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{figure}[ht]   \centering   \rule{1cm}{1cm}   \caption{default}   \label{fig:a very very very long and detailed label} \end{figure} \end{document}   When adding the package showkeys the output is:    Similar problem occurs with the showlabels package (whether the hack of @DavidCarlisle is used or not):   So, is there a way to fix it?