As far as I understand, the phrase "per se" comes from Latin. Yet, it has become to accepted in English and is used so commonly, that I was wondering if the phrase is still considered of foreign origin and requires italicization or it is already considered everyday English and should not be in italics.
In which cases is a word, or a group of words written in italics? Is italics used in specific contexts, or it is quite normal to write words in italics?
Plotting Population Regression Function with pgfplot I want the make the following population regression function with pgfplot.     My attempted code is  \documentclass[border=5mm]{standalone} \usepackage{pgfplots}   \begin{document}  \begin{tikzpicture}[ % Define Normal Probability Function declare function={             normal(\m,\s)=1/(2*\s*sqrt(pi))*exp(-(x-\m)^2/(2*\s^2));         }        ] \begin{axis}[     no markers   , domain=-3.2:3.2   , samples=100   , ymin=0   , axis lines*=left   , xlabel=     , every axis y label/.style={at=(current axis.above origin),anchor=south}   , every axis x label/.style={at=(current axis.right of origin),anchor=west}   , height=5cm   , width=12cm   , xtick=\empty   , ytick=\empty   , enlargelimits=false   , clip=false   , axis on top   , grid = major   , hide x axis   , hide y axis   ]    \addplot[cyan!50!black, rotate=-45] (x, {normal(0, 1)});  \end{axis}   \end{tikzpicture}  \end{document}     Any help to get this graph will be highly appreciated. Thanks Backtrack, Wi-Fi not working I've installed Backtrack 5R3 KDE, and I realized that my wireless is not working, but wired is working fine.  Here's the lshw output:     *-network         description: Ethernet interface         product: RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller         vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.         physical id: 0         bus info: pci@0000:02:00.0         logical name: eth0         version: 05         serial: 04:7d:7b:b7:46:f8         size: 100MB/s         capacity: 100MB/s         width: 64 bits         clock: 33MHz         capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd autonegotiation         configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=full firmware=rtl_nic/rtl8105e-1.fw ip=192.168.2.2 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=MII speed=100MB/s         resources: irq:42 ioport:2000(size=256) memory:f0404000-f0404fff memory:f0400000-f0403fff   lspci output:      00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family DRAM Controller (rev 09) 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 09) 00:14.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB xHCI Host Controller (rev 04) 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point MEI Controller #1 (rev 04) 00:1a.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB Enhanced Host Controller #2 (rev 04) 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Panther Point High Definition Audio Controller (rev 04) 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev c4) 00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point PCI Express Root Port 2 (rev c4) 00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB Enhanced Host Controller #1 (rev 04) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point LPC Controller (rev 04) 00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point 6 port SATA AHCI Controller (rev 04) 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Panther Point SMBus Controller (rev 04) 02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller (rev 05) How do I calculate the voltage needed to heat up a wire to a certain temperature? The wire I am using is standard temp. nitinol wire which needs to be heated up to 45 degrees Celsius in order to be effective (move). What voltage do I need to achieve this? Writing to NTFS drive in Linux What sort of waves are produced by tuning forks? Is it transverse, longitudinal or both? We often know tuning forks are used to to produce wave in various experiments that we do in lab. But the matter of concern is what sort of waves are produced by it? Is it transverse, longitudinal or both? Cannot change lock screen background on Ubuntu 18.04 What is a good replacement for a cable end cap? I was adjusting the tension of my front derailleur cable and managed to pop off the cable end cap. The cable is now quite frayed at the end and I think it would be difficult to attach another cap.  What would work as a suitable replacement for a cap? I've read that perhaps superglue or duct tape could work? Prove that a finite union of closed sets is also closed How do I edit PDF files produced by LaTeX in Illustrator? Fonts are not found When I try to use Adobe Illustrator (CS4) to edit a PDF file produced by LaTeX with several equations in it, Illustrator complains that it can't find the fonts:  The font CMBX10 is missing.  Affected text will be displayed using a substitute font. The font CMMI10 is missing.  Affected text will be displayed using a substitute font. The font CMMI6 is missing.  Affected text will be displayed using a substitute font. The font CMMI7 is missing.  Affected text will be displayed using a substitute font. The font CMMI8 is missing.  Affected text will be displayed using a substitute font. The font CMMIB10 is missing.  Affected text will be displayed using a substitute font. The font CMR10 is missing.  Affected text will be displayed using a substitute font. The font CMR7 is missing.  Affected text will be displayed using a substitute font. The font CMSY10 is missing.  Affected text will be displayed using a substitute font. The font CMSY6 is missing.  Affected text will be displayed using a substitute font. The font CMSY7 is missing.  Affected text will be displayed using a substitute font. The font MSBM10 is missing.  Affected text will be displayed using a substitute font. To preserve appearance, some text has been outlined.   How do I find &amp; install the necessary fonts? At what time will the upcoming Ubuntu release be made available? Where is the New Oxford American Dictionary stored? Do particles in a sound wave ever move transversally? I'm trying to visualize how sound waves work and I was curious about something.   So sound moves in longitudinal waves, which I think I understand.  There is a really good  explaining this.  In the video the air particles are depicted as moving from left to right (longitudinally). But do they ever move up and down even a little bit? Are they on some kind of fixed axis where they can only move longitudinally and never move even the slightest bit in a vertical direction? Homeomorphism that maps given points to given points Why don't we have a theory of everything? What is currently stopping us from having a theory of everything? i.e. what mathematical barriers, or others, are stopping us from unifying GR and QM? I have read that string theory is a means to unify both, so in this case, is it a lack of evidence stopping us, but is the theory mathematically sound? What are the drawbacks with using UUID or GUID as a primary key? I would like to build a distributed system. I need to store data in databases and it would be helpful to use an  or a  as a primary key on some tables. I assume it's a drawbacks with this design since the UUID/GUID is quite large and they are almost random. The alternative is to use an auto-incremented INT or LONG.  What are the drawbacks with using UUID or GUID as a primary key for my tables?  I will probably use Derby/JavaDB (on the clients) and PostgreSQL (on the server) as DBMS. Why does "Size on disk" vary when "Size" does not with the same set of files? Most efficient way to check for DBNull and then assign to a variable? This question comes up occasionally, but I haven't seen a satisfactory answer.  A typical pattern is (row is a DataRow):   if (row["value"] != DBNull.Value)  {       someObject.Member = row["value"];  }   My first question is which is more efficient (I've flipped the condition):    row["value"] == DBNull.Value; // Or   row["value"] is DBNull; // Or   row["value"].GetType() == typeof(DBNull) // Or... any suggestions?    indicates that .GetType() should be faster, but maybe the compiler knows a few tricks I don't?  Second question, is it worth caching the value of row["value"] or does the compiler optimize the indexer away anyway?  For example:    object valueHolder;   if (DBNull.Value == (valueHolder = row["value"])) {}   Notes:   row["value"] exists. I don't know the column index of the column (hence the column name lookup). I'm asking specifically about checking for DBNull and then assignment (not about premature optimization, etc.).   I benchmarked a few scenarios (time in seconds, 10,000,000 trials):  row["value"] == DBNull.Value: 00:00:01.5478995 row["value"] is DBNull: 00:00:01.6306578 row["value"].GetType() == typeof(DBNull): 00:00:02.0138757   Object.ReferenceEquals has the same performance as "=="  The most interesting result? If you mismatch the name of the column by case (for example, "Value" instead of "value", it takes roughly ten times longer (for a string):  row["Value"] == DBNull.Value: 00:00:12.2792374   The moral of the story seems to be that if you can't look up a column by its index, then ensure that the column name you feed to the indexer matches the DataColumn's name exactly.  Caching the value also appears to be nearly twice as fast:  No Caching: 00:00:03.0996622 With Caching: 00:00:01.5659920   So the most efficient method seems to be:   object temp;  string variable;  if (DBNull.Value != (temp = row["value"]))  {       variable = temp.ToString();  } How do you prove a number is prime? I am a software engineer but try to keep up with maths as I really enjoyed the subject at school. I just saw a great TED talk:   The talk states that the current largest known prime is $2^{57885161}-1$  This got me thinking - how does one actually prove whether a number this large is prime or not?  Is it just done by brute force via a computer algorithm or are there any well known mathematical techniques for doing so?  I would be really grateful for any pointers as I am eager to learn about these techniques (if they exist). List of blogs to learn more about Ubuntu Add blogs and websites that are useful in the quest to know/learn more about Ubuntu.  One blog per answer, please - you can vote answers up/down as you feel appropriate. If you feel the blog is biased towards or is good for particular tasks, please mention them. I am running on a dual core AMD E450 CPU. When I tried to run a 64-bit OS that requires hardware virtualization using VirtualBox, it showed me an error message that "AMD-V is not enabled".    My AMD processor is supposed provide AMD-V support, but I can find no option for enabling AMD-V in BIOS.    How can I solve this problem? How can I enable AMD-V for my CPU?  Thanks in advance  lscpu :-  Architecture:          x86_64 CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order:            Little Endian CPU(s):                2 On-line CPU(s) list:   0,1 Thread(s) per core:    1 Core(s) per socket:    2 Socket(s):             1 NUMA node(s):          1 Vendor ID:             AuthenticAMD CPU family:            20 Model:                 2 Stepping:              0 CPU MHz:               1650.000 BogoMIPS:              3291.72 Virtualization:        AMD-V L1d cache:             32K L1i cache:             32K L2 cache:              512K NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0,1   EDITED:-  Error message from VirtualBox:-  Failed to open a session for the virtual machine XXX.  AMD-V is disabled in the BIOS. (VERR_SVM_DISABLED).  Result Code: NS_ERROR_FAILURE (0x80004005) Component: Console Interface: IConsole {1968b7d3-e3bf-4ceb-99e0-cb7c913317bb}