Python: Is there a way to us GET like in PHP, when running the script? In PHP I use this for script.php?data=something:  $data = $_GET['data']; echo $data;   Is there a way to do the same in Python when I start the script? Or how can I manage to start a script multiple times with different values?
How are POST and GET variables handled in Python? In PHP you can just use $_POST for POST and $_GET for GET (Query string) variables. What's the equivalent in Python?
How to combine paths in Java? Is there a Java equivalent for  in C#/.NET? Or any code to accomplish this?  This static method combines one or more strings into a path. Derivation of the general forms of partial fractions I'm learning about partial fractions, and I've been told of 3 types or "forms" that they can take  (1) If the denominator of the fraction has linear factors:  $${5 \over {(x - 2)(x + 3)}} \equiv {A \over {x - 2}} + {B \over {x + 3}}$$  (2) If the denominator of the fraction has quadratic factors that don't factorise:  $${{2x + 3} \over {(x - 1)({x^2} + 4)}} \equiv {A \over {x - 1}} + {{Bx + C} \over {{x^2} + 4}}$$  (3) If the denominator has a factor that repeats:  $${{5x + 3} \over {(x - 2){{(x + 3)}^2}}} \equiv {A \over {x - 2}} + {B \over {x + 3}} + {C \over {{{(x + 3)}^2}}}$$    I'd appreciate it if someone could explain to me how these equivalence relationships are derived, essentially how do they take the forms that they do? I sort of understand the first one, but the other two I don't.  Thank you Determining the name of the VMware host of a VM guest - from the guest Is it possible to determine the name of the VMware host (ESX or ESXi) that my guest resides in, from within the guest itself?  I would expect this to be possible via VMware Tools, but am not sure where to look. I am travelling from Panama to Los Angeles and around the States for approx 80 days then flying back to Panama and making my way up Central America for approx 3 months before flying back to LA to fly home to Australia.    Will this be OK with an ESTA?    Does it count as spending too long in the States?    I have been told that Panama is not far enough away. Is there a way to arrange windows within the same application in the taskbar of Windows 7?  Right now we can freely adjust each application's position in the taskbar, but within the app itself the windows can't be reordered, for example multiple windows of firefox or chrome. Entropy and the principle of least action Is there any link between the law of maximum entropy and the principle of least action. Is it possible to derive one from the other ? Using the code below I add text to end of file names which are:  1.mp3 2.mp3   and should be:  1text.mp3 2text.mp3   but it changed to:  1.mp3text 2.mp3text   Code:  @ECHO ON  FOR %%A IN ("C:\Users\user123\Desktop\mp3\*.mp2") DO (     CALL :RenameFiles "%%~A" "%%~NXA" ) GOTO EOF  :RenameFiles  SET fname=%~2 SET renname=%fname=% REN "%~1" "%renname%text%" GOTO E I am given this problem: Suppose you have a complete graph with $n$ edges. How many vertices does your graph have?  I have this math figured out so far: We know that a complete graph has $m$ vertices, with $m-1$ edges connected to each. This makes the sum of the total number of degrees $m(m-1)$. Then, since this sum is twice the number of edges, the number of edges is $\frac{m(m-1)}{2}$.  But I don't think that is the answer. I think I am missing a piece of the math, but I can't figure out what else I need to do. Can anyone help me with what I'm missing or doing wrong? Why is the sum of two random variables a convolution? For long time I did not understand why the "sum" of two random variables is , whereas a mixture density function sum of $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ is $p\,f(x)+(1-p)g(x)$; the arithmetic sum and not their convolution. The exact phrase "the sum of two random variables" appears in google 146,000 times, and is elliptical as follows. If one considers an RV to yield a single value, then that single value can be added to another RV single value, which has nothing to do with convolution, at least not directly, all that is is a sum of two numbers. An RV outcome in statistics is however a collection of values and thus a more exact phrase would be something like "the set of coordinated sums of pairs of associated individual values from two RV's is their discrete convolution"...and can be approximated by the convolution of the density functions corresponding to those RV's. Even simpler language: 2 RV's of $n$-samples are in effect two n-dimensional vectors that add as their vector sum.           Please show the details of how the sum of two random variables are a convolution and a sum. Why do shell script comparisons often use x$VAR = xyes? Why do harmonics occur when you pluck a string? I am using natbib and agsm for harvard-style referencing. My related code is  \usepackage{natbib} \bibliographystyle{agsm}   Then I am using \citep{} for citations. My problem is that in text I am getting     (Author et al. 2012)   but and I want     (Author et al. 2012)   Does anyone know how to change this and get 'et al' in italics in the text?  I am using TexPad and BibDesk and I have not been able to find the .bst files in Terminal.  I know that it is often correct to have the 'et al.' unitalicised but my university regulations requires italics. Getting an error in W3C Markup Validation when trying to get a whole  element as a link in a page What algorithm for a tic-tac-toe game can I use to determine the "best move" for the AI? Selecting features with NULL attributes in QGIS How do I identify which features have NULL attributes in the attribute table of a shapefile?  When i try [field]= 'NULL' it selects the features with value = 0 (see picture) Automatic labeling of enumeration items I don't know if this is appropriate for math.stackexchange, or whether philosophy.stackexchange would have been a better bet, but I'll post it here because the content is somewhat technical.  In ZFC, we can prove that the (second-order) Peano axioms have a model, call it $\mathbb{N} = (N,0,S)$. Furthermore, $\mathbb{N}$ is unique up to isomorphism. Thus, it would seem that we've pinned down $\mathbb{N}$.  However, if ZFC is consistent, then it has some very peculiar models. In particular, it has a model $(V_0,\in_0)$ whose "native" $\mathbb{N}$, let call it $\mathbb{N}_0$, is a model for the sentence "ZFC is consistent," and another model $(V_1,\in_1)$ whose "native" $\mathbb{N}$, lets call it $\mathbb{N}_1$, is a model for the sentence "ZFC is inconsistent."  But in reality, in other words, for the "real" $\mathbb{N}$, only one of these can be sentences can be true. Furthermore, the objects $\mathbb{N}_0$ and $\mathbb{N}_1$ aren't isomorphic, since the set of sentences they satisfy are different.  So it seems to me that $\mathbb{N}$ cannot truly be pinned down. Furthermore, its categoricity is, in some sense, illusory. Is this correct, or am I missing something? how to prove $G_1$ and $G_2$ aren't isomorphic? C++ deleting line of text in a file Boot stuck at logo screen after upgrading to 14.10