In  several users voted to close the question as a duplicate. I did not agree with this, but I thought the question could use some more clarification (specifically reference images), so I CVed as "unclear what you are asking".  Regardless of who was "right", it now displays me as having voted to close as a duplicate even though I most certainly did not:    I've read  which explains the logic of how the close reason is picked, but not why it's picked (why couldn't the message list all close reasons next the the names of the appropriate close-voters?).  Even if it was displayed more like this:     Closed by user1, user2, user3, user4, user5 some time ago.   This question has been marked as a duplicate of xyz question. If those answers do not fully address your question, please ask a new question.   I feel like it would be an improvement as it wouldn't directly assert that all the users voted for the displayed close reason.  After reading , it appears this feature has been known for a long time. In which case my question is why have there been no plans to change this? By what reasoning is this feature desired behavior?
Even though a question may be closed by receiving 5 close votes, the votes do not necessarily need to agree.  I think this is a good behavior, but  (which it was) and found the question was closed as "not a real question".  This is unfortunate, while I'm happy to display my username and acknowledge that I voted to close, I'd like some additional transparency.  That is, if it was a 4-1 vote for "not a real question" vs "exact duplicate" I'd be interested in seeing that level of information.  The point is to be transparent about why the question was closed, and though 5 users may agree the question needs to be closed they may not agree why.  It's important to recognize all the reasons for closure, not just the majority reason.  I'd suggest displaying this information as something like:     closed on Jun 21 at 4:26 as:         not a real question by foo, bar, baz   exact duplicate by alice, bob      Once a question has been closed I'd argue it's more important to understand the rationale than it is to worry about an extra 2 lines of text. If the votes are 2,1,1,1 perhaps keep just 2 bullets, the first showing the majority vote, the second saying "for other reasons" as a summary of the change.  The point is to aggregate the summary by reason.
Why does energy have to be emitted in quanta? I was reading some popular science book and there was this sentence. It says that energy has to be emitted in discrete portions called quanta. Otherwise the whole energy in the universe would be converted into  high frequency waves.  I'm not a physicist, so this conclusion seems to me like a huge leap.  First, we assume that energy is emitted in a continuous way (not in quanta).  And how do we get to the statement "the whole energy in the universe would be converted into  high frequency waves"? Question Regarding Cardano's Formula In Cardano's derivation of a root of the cubic polynomial $f(X)=X^3+bX+c$ he splits the variable $X$ into two variables $u$ and $v$ together with the relationship that $u+v=X$. From this he finds that $x=u+v$, where  $$u=\sqrt[3]{\frac{-c}{2}+\sqrt{\frac{c^2}{4}+\frac{b^3}{27}}}$$ and $$v=\sqrt[3]{\frac{-c}{2}-\sqrt{\frac{c^2}{4}+\frac{b^3}{27}}}$$  is a root of $f(X)$.      Is there an intuitive explanation for why Cardano splits the variable $X$ into two parts, $u$ and $v$? Does iCloud Drive automatically download all files? I am using OS X 10.10 with iCloud Drive. I am thinking of upgrading to a bigger storage plan (at the moment: 5GB).   I am running this Version on a MacBook Air with 128GB.      If I buy the 500GB package, does it mean that I fill up my local hard   drive automatically when I upload things to the iCloud Drive?   iTunes has the Option of stream the music i didn't download yet.   How does iCloud Drive behave? Is there any Online Document? Tweaking AStar to find closest location to unreachable destination I've implemented AStar in Java and it works ok for an area with obstacles where the chosen destination is reachable.  However, when the destination is unreachable, the calculated "path" is in no way to the closest location (to the unreachable location) but is instead some random path.  Is there a feasible way to tweak AStar into finding the path to the closest location to an unreachable destination? Delete or remove all history, commits, and branches from a remote Git repo? How can I get help on terminal commands? I often see things like     read man xyz   For more information read xyz's man page.   see info xyz    so I wonder:   How can I get help on terminal commands generally? What exactly are these man and info pages?   How can I find and view them? I would like to change the caption in the List of Tables in a way it is different from the caption in the corresponding table. How can I do that? Does there exist a command to do that? Did you know that :  Map&lt;Object,Object&gt; m1 = new HashMap&lt;Object, Object&gt;(); Map&lt;Object,Object&gt; m2 = new HashMap&lt;Object, Object&gt;(); System.out.println("m1.equals(m2) = "+m1.equals(m2)); System.out.println("m1.keySet().equals(m2.keySet()) = "             +m1.keySet().equals(m2.keySet())); System.out.println("m1.entrySet().equals(m2.entrySet()) = "             +m1.entrySet().equals(m2.entrySet())); System.out.println("m1.values().equals(m2.values()) = "             +m1.values().equals(m2.values()));   would output :  m1.equals(m2) = true m1.keySet().equals(m2.keySet()) = true m1.entrySet().equals(m2.entrySet()) = true m1.values().equals(m2.values()) = false   This is caused by the fact that AbstractCollection (which HashMap$Values inherits from) does not overrides #equals().  Do you have an idea why this is so ? I'm having a really, really hard time figuring out how to install mods on Minecraft. I've looked everywhere I can think of for help but the information is almost always outdated or unhelpful.  I've seen on several sites about the use of something called Forge. The Mod I want to use requires 1.6.4 Forge and I have both Forge and the Mod folders sitting in my downloads folder.  I haven't installed any kind of mods for any game prior to this and I have little clue to the technical side of Minecraft, so please keep this in mind when you give me an answer please!  Things that might help you figure out how to help me:   I want to play this mod  and am using the 1.6.4 Forge given on a link that website gives Is there a name for this database schema of key values? In unix server grep -r option is not working. OS is HP-UX.  If grep -r is not working any alternative way to do recursive search without -r option? Is it better to difference a series (assuming it needs it) before using an Arima OR better to use the d parameter within Arima?  I was surprised how different the fitted values are depending on which route is taken with the same model and data. Or am I doing something incorrectly?  install.packages("forecast") library(forecast)  wineindT&lt;-window(wineind, start=c(1987,1), end=c(1994,8)) wineindT_diff &lt;-diff(wineindT)  #coefficients and other measures are similar modA&lt;-Arima(wineindT,order=c(1,1,0)) summary(modA) modB&lt;-Arima(wineindT_diff,order=c(1,0,0)) summary(modB)  #fitted values from modA A&lt;-forecast.Arima(modA,1)$fitted  #fitted from modB, setting initial value to the first value in the original series B&lt;-diffinv(forecast.Arima(modB,1)$fitted,xi=wineindT[1])   plot(A, col="red") lines(B, col="blue")   ADD:  Please note I am differencing the series once and fitting arima (1,0,0) then I am fitting arima (1,1,0) to the original series. I am (I think) reversing the differencing on the fitted values for the arima(1,0,0) on the differenced file.   I am comparing the fitted values - not the predictions.  Here is the plot (red is arima(1,1,0) and blue is the arima (1,0,0) on the differenced series after changing back to the original scale)  :    Response to Dr. Hyndman's Answer:  1) Can you illustrate in R code what I would need to do in order to get the two fitted values (and presumably forecasts) to match (allowing for small difference due to your first point in your answer) between Arima (1,1,0) and Arima(1,0,0) on the manually differenced series? I assume this has to do with the mean not being included in modA, but I am not entirely sure how to proceed.  2) Regarding your #3. I know I am missing the obvious, but are not $\hat{X}_t = X_{t-1} + \phi(X_{t-1}-X_{t-2}) $ and $\hat{Y}_t = \phi (X_{t-1}-X_{t-2})$ the same when $\hat{Y}_t$ is defined as $\hat{X}_t - X_{t-1}$? Are you saying I am "undifferencing" incorrectly? I have just installed 12.04 LTS on my laptop and I'm kinda new in this. I am required to write some program in Fortran 77 and I need a Fortran 77 compiler. I have tried installing g77 as described in the Ubuntu website but was unable to do so. I have typed in the following in terminal:  sudo apt-get install g77   and get the following:  Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree        Reading state information... Done Package g77 is not available, but is referred to by another package. This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or is only available from another source  E: Package 'g77' has no installation candidate   May I know what is the problem? I have tried searching g77 in the software center but apparently it is not there. Does this mean it is not available for 12.04?  I'm currently using an Asus K43S laptop with Intel Core i5-2450M processor and my Ubuntu is installed alongside Windows. Mock vs MagicMock Find a function value given 2 points Given $f(x)$, which is differentiable at every point such that: $f'(x) \ge -5$ for every $ x \in R$   $f(2) = -13$, $f(9) = -48$  Prove that:$ f(3) = -18$  Now it's quite obvious that $ f(3) = -18$ since that if we know that the lowest value of the derivative is -5, the difference between $f(2)$ and $f(9)$ is $-48-(-13)=-35$  that means that that in the area $[2,9]$, $f'(x)=-5$ right? that's why I told that $f(3) = -18$, but I feel that my proof is insufficient, probably because I'm missing some theorems or such. can someone help me structure this proof into something RIGHT :)?  Thanks a lot! I am looking at  (dual low-voltage power amplifier). On the fourth page, there is a sample circuit; right at the V+ input there is a symbol that looks like a capacitor. However, it looks like it is shaded in. What is that? Difference of Gamma random variables What is a Windows Handle? How to fix Permission Denied (Public key) error? While trying to communicate between my desktop Ubuntu 12.10 and Fedora 19 desktop, I am facing the error of Permission Denied (Public key). I am able to login through ssh from fedora to Ubuntu, but not vice-versa. I even performed telnet on both machines via port 22 and both machines are listening, but not through ssh. What to do? Any idea?  My sshd_config file is as follows:  # Package generated configuration file # See the sshd_config(5) manpage for details  # What ports, IPs and protocols we listen for Port 22 # Use these options to restrict which interfaces/protocols sshd will bind to #ListenAddress :: #ListenAddress 0.0.0.0 Protocol 2 # HostKeys for protocol version 2 HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key #Privilege Separation is turned on for security UsePrivilegeSeparation yes  # Lifetime and size of ephemeral version 1 server key KeyRegenerationInterval 3600 ServerKeyBits 768  # Logging SyslogFacility AUTH LogLevel INFO  # Authentication: LoginGraceTime 120 PermitRootLogin yes StrictModes yes  RSAAuthentication yes PubkeyAuthentication yes #AuthorizedKeysFile    %h/.ssh/authorized_keys  # Don't read the user's ~/.rhosts and ~/.shosts files IgnoreRhosts yes # For this to work you will also need host keys in /etc/ssh_known_hosts RhostsRSAAuthentication no # similar for protocol version 2 HostbasedAuthentication no # Uncomment if you don't trust ~/.ssh/known_hosts for RhostsRSAAuthentication #IgnoreUserKnownHosts yes  # To enable empty passwords, change to yes (NOT RECOMMENDED) PermitEmptyPasswords no  # Change to yes to enable challenge-response passwords (beware issues with # some PAM modules and threads) ChallengeResponseAuthentication no  # Change to no to disable tunnelled clear text passwords PasswordAuthentication yes  # Kerberos options #KerberosAuthentication no #KerberosGetAFSToken no #KerberosOrLocalPasswd yes #KerberosTicketCleanup yes  # GSSAPI options GSSAPIAuthentication no GSSAPICleanupCredentials yes  X11Forwarding yes X11DisplayOffset 10 PrintMotd no PrintLastLog yes TCPKeepAlive yes #UseLogin no  #MaxStartups 10:30:60 #Banner /etc/issue.net  # Allow client to pass locale environment variables AcceptEnv LANG LC_*  Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server  # Set this to 'yes' to enable PAM authentication, account processing, # and session processing. If this is enabled, PAM authentication will # be allowed through the ChallengeResponseAuthentication and # PasswordAuthentication.  Depending on your PAM configuration, # PAM authentication via ChallengeResponseAuthentication may bypass # the setting of "PermitRootLogin without-password". # If you just want the PAM account and session checks to run without # PAM authentication, then enable this but set PasswordAuthentication # and ChallengeResponseAuthentication to 'no'. UsePAM yes   This is sshd_config of ubuntu system. How do you prove the  from statistical mechanics? To prove entropy will only increase with time? How to prove? Please guide.