As I am fairly new to making yoghurt at home I would like to understand the effects that temperatures and time have on the end product in both the initial heating/cooling step and the fermentation step.  So far I have made half a dozen 1.5 litre batches with three different cultures (currently using ABY-1 from CHR Hansen that I was able to buy from the Westcombe dairy in Somerset). I have a Luvelle machine that can ferment at 36C, 38C and 40C from 1 hour to 24 hours.   I want to understand what changes if I experiment with the following:-   When I heat the milk to 85C and hold the temperature I have made some batches with a 10 minute hold and others with a 20 minute hold period and see/feel/taste no difference - will holding at 30 minutes produce a difference? I am currently fermenting for 24 hours at 38C and getting a strong tang/sourness to the yoghurt but what would I expect to get if I reduced the fermentation to 12 hours at 38C...or less? I choose 38C for the fermentation process because it was recommended by the manual that came with the Luvelle machine but what happens if I use 36C or 40C and what length of time would I use?   So generally speaking I want to know more about the initial heating process and what options there are and what the different fermentation temperatures and durations can have on the end results.  Thanks in advance!
Making yogurt at home is a fairly straight-forward process.  Heat milk to 180F (82C), cool that milk to at least 110F (43C), add live cultures, usually in the form of yogurt with said cultures, incubate, then chill.   There are several variables in the process, some of which are: The fat content of the milk (I typically use whole), how long to hold the milk during the initial heat step, how long it takes to cool the milk, the temperature of the incubation step, and the length of time for incubation, to name a few.  While length of time for incubation, and temperature at this stage, clearly contribute to sourness, I am trying to nail down the variable that contributes to a creamy texture.  I'm not referring to breaking or clumping, as described in .  My yogurt comes out smooth.    My initial hypothesis is that holding the milk for a length of time at the initial 180F(82C) (rather than immediately removing from heat and/or chilling) has an impact on final texture. Any thoughts or experience that might inform my hypothesis?
In my textbook, a relationship is plotted between the resistance of the material and the temperature, and the temperature coefficient is defined as the slope of that graph divided by an arbitrary resistance $R_1$ on the graph. Does that mean that the coefficient varies depending on the temperature I choose to divide the slope by?  If so, how does it stand as a valid reference to the material’s resistance growth rate with temperature?  If not, then where did I go wrong with this train of thought? There are a number of times in Lord of the Rings where the "east" is mentioned -- the pirate ships, the slave-driven farms. And of course all of the peoples subservient to Sauron who come to fight Gondor and the West. Are there any maps of the East of Middle-earth, and what is out there? I accidentally opened too many menus (or windows) and I want to reset them to default.  It is really annoying, and effecting my animation.  Thanks I know that like is a preposition but why not using it as conjunction?  Examples:        It's as if I'm walking on air   It's like I'm walking on air      What is the difference? $\mathbb{F}_p[X]/(X^2+X+1)$ is a field iff $p \equiv 2 \bmod 3$ $N_1,N_2,N_3 \unlhd G, N_i\cap N_j =\{e\}, G = N_iN_j$. Want to show that $G$ is abelian, $N_i$ are isomorphic. The following is a problem from the Berkeley Problems book.      Let $G$ be a group with three normal subgroups $N_1$ , $N_2$, and   $N_3$. Suppose $N_i \cap N_j = \{ e\}$ and $N_iN_j  = G$ for all   $(i,j )$ with $i \ne j$ . Show that $G$ is abelian and $N_i$, is   isomorphic to $N_j$ for all $i, j$ .   Attempt:   I have not got very far. The only thing that comes to my mind is that as $|HK|=\frac{|H||K|}{|H \cap K|}$, $|N_1|=|N_2|=|N_3|=m$, and order of $|G|=m^2$. I have made other futile attempts of trying to show m prime, finding an isomorphism between the $N's$. I think the fact that the equation $N_i N_j=G$, could be seen as, left coset of $N_j$ with the multiplying elements restricted to only $N_i$ could provide me an answer, but I haven't got anywhere with this.   Thanks in advance. Merging bib files from within LaTeX Let, $X$ be a countable set. Which of the following are true?   There exists metric $d$ on $X$ so that $(X,d)$ is complete. There exists metric $d$ on $X$ so that $(X,d)$ is not complete. There exists metric $d$ on $X$ so that $(X,d)$ is compact. There exists metric $d$ on $X$ so that $(X,d)$ is not compact.   4 is true as we can take discrete metric. Then $\{\{x\}:x \in X\}$ is an open cover containing no finite subcover.  If there exists a compact metric then it would automatically become complete also. Hence if 3 is true, so is 1.  What about 2? Any other comment? Travel in schengen countries without carrying passport for non EU citizen How can I include the cursor in the screenshots created when PrtScr is pressed? When no model comparison, should I use REML vs ML? I'm running LMM, and I will make no comparison of models. Could I ask which one should I use between REML and ML? incoming mail just sits in the drop folder I want a document library to recieve email and store it so followed the steps outlined here:   I seem to be a bit stuck.  The mail's being delivered to the machine and it's appearing as .eml files in the drop folder, so SMTP and delivery is OK.    I assume Sharepoint's supposed to pick up the file, stick it in a library and delete it, but it doesn't, the mail file just sits there.  Nothing in the logs, obviously.  I haven't set this up before, how often does the timer service come about and pick up the mail? How to disable Ctrl+Shift+U? Ctrl+Shift+U is a combined shortcut in Eclipse. But when I press it, it shows up a u, just like input with an underline. I guess this shortcut has been declared by Ubuntu, so I can't use it. I used to solve this problem by typing Caps Lock first. Is there any better method? Proof that $\suṃ̣_{k=1}^{n}k {n \choose k}$ for $n \in \mathbb N$ is equal to $n2^{n-1}$.  As a hint I got that $k {n \choose k} = n {n-1\choose k-1} $.  I tried solving this by induction but, in the inductive step I'm not arriving to the correct result. Uniform convergence of alternating series Making a 3D map with shapefiles, lidar and aerial image data I want to try to make a simple 3D map for a small area (10 square miles) with some housing, some roads and some vegetation on it. My geodata is as follows:    shapes with houses/roads/vegetation.  LIDAR point cloud data over the area (can easily be built to a dem). georeferenced aerial image.   Any idea where to start to bundle these geodata together and make a neat looking 3D map? Are user accounts on data.stackexchange.com and Stack Exchange two different entities? I tried to search for similar questions, as I always do, but was not able to find one. I just created a new  on Data.Stack Exchange with my existing Google OpenID and it seems to be not associated with my regular Stack Exchange account. Is this by design? and if so, why? I receive the error 'grub-install /dev/sda failed' while attempting to install Ubuntu as the computer's only OS. I am attempting to install Ubuntu on a box which was previously running Windows 7.  I have also experienced the dreaded "Unable to install GRUB" error.  I am not attempting to dual boot. I have previously run a Windows boot disk and removed all existing partitions.  If I run the Ubuntu 12.04 install CD and click install after the config screens, I get the error   Executing 'grub-install /dev/sda' failed. This is a fatal error. (It is the same error as this question: )  All the questions I've read while looking for a solution are related to dual boot.  I'm not interested in dual boot, I'm after a clean out the box Ubuntu install. How can I achieve this?  (For my sanity, please use very simple instructions when responding. I don't claim to have any talent either for linux or as a sysadmin)    Additional details copied from comments dated: 2012-05-29 ~15:19Z  After booting from the CD, clicking Try Ubuntu, and then sudo fdisk /dev/sda I get fdisk: unable to seek on /dev/sda: Invalid argument  sudo fdisk /dev/sdb gives   Device contains neither a valid DOS partiion table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel.  Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x15228d1d.  Changes will remain in memory only until you decide to write them.  After that of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.  Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite).  Command (m for help):   I should add the Live CD desktop is graphically bad. I've got missing parts of programs and the terminal occasionally reflects to the bottom of the screen. But I can't imagine this is related. How do I install the VirtualBox version from Oracle to install an Extension Pack? I downloaded VirtualBox OSE from the Ubuntu Software Center but it seems that that version is limited. I prefer to have the complete version and don't really care if it's closed source or not.  Can I install it via a terminal or do I have to download something from a website?  I don't know how to install software I download from the web. So far I've only used the Software Center. InputStream returning NullPointerException (Java)