I was watching a Mythbusters episode (the Superhero Special) and one of them mentioned kryptonite as a metal.  And I was wondering what exactly it was—a metal, a gas, as is shown in Batman vs. Superman, a rock or mineral?  I am not asking what kryptonite is made of; rather, I am aksing what form (metal, rock, gas, liquid) it takes.
According to the official sources, is the radioactive green crystal that serves as Superman's Achilles' heel actually composed of the noble gas krypton, or is it supposed to be made out of some other substance? If so, what is that substance?
I've always wondered about this and never found a good solution.  But  reminded me of it.  When I have a URL on my website it can be displayed and accessed any of the following ways:  http://www.somesite.com/subdirectory http://www.somesite.com/subdirectory/ http://www.somesite.com/subdirectory/index.htm http://www.somesite.com/subdirectory/index.html http://www.somesite.com/subdirectory/index.php http://www.somesite.com/subdirectory/index.asp http://www.somesite.com/subdirectory/some-relevant-keywords http://www.somesite.com/subdirectory/some-relevant-keywords.htm http://www.somesite.com/subdirectory/index.php?page=some-relevant-keywords http://www.somesite.com/subdirectory/?page=some-relevant-keywords http://www.somesite.com/subdirectory/?page=some-relevant-keywords&amp;even=more-keywords   etc...   Now, I can understand the merits of adding keywords in the URL. Even the most basic SEO guide will mention to do just that. ... but for the sake of sanity, clarity, ease of reading, ease of use, and so on, including web compliance ...  Is it preferred to have a file-extension or not?  Really, deep down my logic tells me: yes, it should. The reason being is this stems back to the days of the past when the internet was mostly USENET, FIDONET, FTP and GOPHER.   See, if a URL has no filename, then it normally is considered a directory. This is where index.htm came about, because this by default lists the directory if no index file is found. However, soon enough, web programmers started overriding this and using index.htm to actually serve the content of that web directory as a page. The main difference, was markup language was added in, and this was parsed in the browser. With this markup language, the Content-Type:text/html; tag in the response header became the indicator to what filetype it was for any file. HTML seems to be the only "filetype" that just doesn't have consistently named extensions, except for when they are saved.  Unfortunately, once web pages became the main thing, it became a security error to actually display the directory contents, so everything stayed hidden with only the actual URL content being displayed.   Not to mention the cross-platform file-naming wars.. windows based require a 3 or less digit extension, and unix/mac can have more. So should it be .HTM or .HTML or NONE and let the platform decide?  So in essence, I guess what I am trying to figure out is beyond SEO and dealing more with aesthetics and web compliance. What are the benefits of nickel-plated chains? Bicycle chains with higher model numbers (and slightly higher prices) are often nickel-plated or half-nickel-plated. What are the benefits of nickel-plated chains over non-nickel-plated chains?  How durable is the plating--does it wear off, or do its benefits last for the life of the chain? After I add a user using adduser, I can't see it via System > Administration > Users and Groups unless I log out and then log in again. Is that normal?  Also, can I set a newly added user as a sudoer or do I have to change that only after adding it? How can I do that via the shell?  Finally, can I delete the original user that was created upon initial installation of Ubuntu, or is this user somehow 'special'? Anime about a boy and a girl who ride ostrich-like creatures through a valley I can not remember much but I have had this film in my head for years I searched everything I can remember on every website I can think of.  I don't remember the exact story but I'll list everything about it can   Apocalyptic future possibly Two main characters: a boy and a girl riding ostrich-like creatures through a valley An old blind lady that senses things Crashed spaceship looking like a submarine Giant creatures looks like yaks with blue eyes, whose eyes turn red when something is about to happen The old lady says "Some say they went to the stars" while looking at the spaceship The two main characters do something and their eyes turn blue in the distance and the village cheers   This film is at least ten years old and I would appreciate it so much if you knew anything about it, or could help me find the title. Convert bytes to a string I'm using this code to get standard output from an external program:  &gt;&gt;&gt; from subprocess import * &gt;&gt;&gt; command_stdout = Popen(['ls', '-l'], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0]   The communicate() method returns an array of bytes:  &gt;&gt;&gt; command_stdout b'total 0\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 thomas thomas 0 Mar  3 07:03 file1\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 thomas thomas 0 Mar  3 07:03 file2\n'   However, I'd like to work with the output as a normal Python string. So that I could print it like this:  &gt;&gt;&gt; print(command_stdout) -rw-rw-r-- 1 thomas thomas 0 Mar  3 07:03 file1 -rw-rw-r-- 1 thomas thomas 0 Mar  3 07:03 file2   I thought that's what the  method is for, but when I tried it, I got the same byte array again:  &gt;&gt;&gt; binascii.b2a_qp(command_stdout) b'total 0\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 thomas thomas 0 Mar  3 07:03 file1\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 thomas thomas 0 Mar  3 07:03 file2\n'   How do I convert the bytes value back to string? I mean, using the "batteries" instead of doing it manually. And I'd like it to be OK with Python&nbsp;3. React on global hotkey in a Java program on Windows/Linux/Mac? A Java6 application sits in the system tray. It needs to be activated using a hotkey (e.g. Super-G or Ctrl-Shift-L etc) and do something (e.g. showing an input box).  How do I do that on:   Windows (XP or Vista) OS/X Linux (Gnome or KDE) Would depositing large cash amounts cause problems? I saw  recently where a man withdrew $600,000 USD in cash from his bank.  I'm sure many folks here would advise against this move for obvious (and perhaps not-so-obvious) reasons.   My question: suppose you did this and then, some months later, changed your mind and wanted to re-deposit with a bank.  I assume the gent cannot simply walk into a bank with $600,000 USD and deposit it, right?  Wouldn't money-laundering alarms be raised?  Wouldn't the IRS like to know where the money came from? Why can charges outside be ignored in Gauss's Law? In MIT's 8.02 course, it is shown in lecture 3 that we can derive Gauss's Law from Coulomb's to get  $ \phi = \oint \vec{E} \cdot \vec{dA} = \frac{Q_{enc}}{\epsilon_{0}} $  However, in the lecture, it was assumed that there were no charges outside the surface. Later, Gauss's Law was used and the charges outside the sphere were ignored.  I've been thinking about it and came across .  The first answer by user levitopher helped a bit. I think that the lecture's argument still holds when there are charges outside because $ \vec{E} $ is added vectorially.  Suppose we have $ Q_{enc} $ in a sphere and $ Q_{out} $ outside the sphere. Then,  By definition, $ \phi = \oint (\vec{E_{Q_{enc}}} + \vec{E_{Q_{out}}}) \cdot \vec{dA} $ $ = \oint \vec{E_{Q_{enc}}} \cdot \vec{dA} + \oint \vec{E_{Q_{out}}} \cdot \vec{dA}$ $ = \oint \vec{E_{Q_{enc}}} \cdot \vec{dA} + 0 $ $ = \frac{Q_{enc}}{\epsilon_{0}} $  This assumes that $ \oint \vec{E_{Q_{out}}} \cdot \vec{dA} = 0 $ because any field lines that go in must come out (hand wavy but I'm just going to accept it for now).  I'd just like to know if this argument is sound. Splitting all polygon features in a shapefile into smaller equal width polygons I have a shapefile of thousands of polygon features, that i would like to break up into smaller pieces (i.e. break a square into 8 equal pieces). I have read all over these boards for the right solution and haven't found one yet unfortunately. I've tried parcel editor but that only allows you to manually edit one feature at a time, and I've tried fishnet but that doesn't run through each individual feature it just processes across the entire extent of the shapefile. I have the full license for ArcGIS so all options are game. Ultimately I would like to be able to split this initial shapefile of features into a specified amount of equal width slots that each would be their own feature in the resulting shapefile.  Any thoughts? Is Unit Testing worth the effort? I am working to integrate unit testing into the development process on the team I work on and there are some sceptics. What are some good ways to convince the sceptical developers on the team of the value of Unit Testing? In my specific case we would be adding Unit Tests as we add functionality or fixed bugs. Unfortunately our code base does not lend itself to easy testing. /ɪ/ sound when not stressed I've seen that some words in English are pronounced with the /ɪ/ sound when the vowel is not stressed.  Some examples include: pocket /ˈpɒkɪt/, comet /ˈkɒmɪt/. But hundred /ˈhʌndrəd/.  Is there any pronunciation rule here when the words end in /t/? Is there an ideal PWM frequency for DC brush motors? Testing Classification on Oversampled Imbalance Data I am working on severely imbalanced data. In literature, several methods are used to re-balance the data using re-sampling (over- or under-sampling). Two good approaches are:   SMOTE: Synthetic Minority Over-sampling TEchnique () ADASYN: Adaptive Synthetic Sampling Approach for Imbalanced Learning ()   I have implemented ADASYN because its adaptive nature and ease to extension to multi-class problems.  My question is how to test the oversampled data produced by ADASYN (or any other oversampling methods). It is not clear in the mentioned two paper how they performed their experiments. There are two scenarios:  1- Oversample the whole dataset, then split it to training and testing sets (or cross validation).  2- After splitting the original dataset, perform oversampling on the training set only and test on the original data test set (could be performed with cross validation).  In the first case the results are much better than without oversampling, but I am concerned if there is overfitting. While in the second case the results are slightly better than without oversampling and much worse than the first case. But the concern with the second case is if all minority class samples goes to the testing set, then no benefit will be achieved with oversampling.  I am not sure if there are any other settings to test such data. This is a little bit off topic as it is not exactly related to TeX.  I saw recently that  was updated to 1.020 which comes with math table support.  Does any one had a chance to play with this font and use it with unicode-math, and in particular with the LuaTeX engine?  I am very interested in purchasing a complete set of this nice fonts family. However I am concerned about its usability with the unicode-math package. Unlike Cambria Math or XITS Math, Minion Math does not come with a single font, instead it has 20 (4 weights 5 optical sizes) fonts. So it will be better to know how it works before spending 700 euro.  In particular, say the following minimal document, will it use correct optical size of the fonts for each of the three formulas? I had trouble with using correct optical size of Minion Pro fonts with fontspec. I worked it out with the SizeFeatures and OpticalSize. However, I am not so sure if the same strategy will work for Minion Math with unicode-math. In addition, in Cambria Math, etc., the bold symbols and alphabets are chosen directly from the unicode math enabled fonts. But in Minion Math, from the glyph tables on their websites, there seems no bold alphabets in each font. So will the mathbf in the document below work out of box?  \documentclass{article} \usepackage{fontspec} \setmainfont{Minion Pro} \usepackage{unicode-math} \setmathfont{Minion Math} % or what ever fonts name actually is  \begin{document} \fontsize{5}{5}\selectfont \[ \mathbf{E} = mc^2 \] \fontsize{10}{10}\selectfont \[ \mathbf{E} = mc^2 \] \fontsize{36}{36}\selectfont \[ \mathbf{E} = mc^2 \] \end{document} Center-align the verbatim environment Custom entity datetime field in calendar Weird future tense usage I am now reading  book and have noticed a couple of cases of weird (for non-native speaker) future tense usages.   The point of the kata is to train your fingers and your brain. I'll do a kata or two every day, often as part of settling to work. I might do it in Java, or in Ruby, or in Clojure, or in some other language for which I want to maintain my skills.`   The phrase about doing a kata or two every day looks perfect for Present Simple. Why does the authoer use Future Simple instead?   However, a professional also knows that there will be times when he will fail, his risk calculations will be wrong, his abilities will fall short; he'll look in the mirror and see an arrogant fool smiling back at him.   Shouldn't we use Present Simple after when/if in this kind of cases? I am especially curious about this case as sometimes I forget to switch to Present Simple after if/when and I thought it is a critical error (which I didn't expect to see in a book). I am looking at the circuit diagram from   The gnucap description for it is given as C1 0 2 1UF R1 1 2 1K R2 0 2 1K Vin 0 1 AC 1 .OPTIONS PHASE=RADIANS .PRINT OP V(Vin) .OP 0.00 100.00 BY 10.00 BASIC .END  I can run the simulation on this using gnucap fine, see output. But is there a way to generate the schematic visually from just the textual description above using a simple command line tool? The rank of Jacobian matrix at a point of affine variety is independent of choice of generators How can I get this symbol without using bbold?