I was wondering, whether there are any problems that we already know are difficult to solve for a quantum computer, and that we could potentially use in cryptography, just as we do now with e.g. the factorization of integers?
Quantum computers are known to be able to crack  a broad range of cryptographic algorithms which were previously thought to be solvable only by resources increasing exponentially with the bit size of the key. An example for that is .  But, as far I know, not all problems fall into this category. On , we can read     Researchers have developed a computer algorithm that doesn’t solve problems but instead creates them for the purpose of evaluating quantum computers.   Can we still expect a new cryptographic algorithm which will be hard to crack using even a quantum computer? For clarity: the question refers to specifically to the design of new algorithms.
Apologies for this possibly too vague question, but are there some general guidelines to follow when rendering artificial 3D meshes together with an imported 2D image as the background?  In the attached Blender file (or rendered image), the cube looks so out-of-the-scene. Some reflection from the green background onto the cube should make the cube more realistic in the scene? I don't know how to put it in professional terms -- any suggestions are welcomed! LINK : fatal error LNK1104: cannot open file 'D:\...\MyProj.exe' How do I make my textures show in cycles? I am admittedly new to Blender, and of course cycles. I am working on a scene and I have textures set to my objects that render with internal engine just fine. However, when I go into cycles, everything is greyish. I have two light sources that should be sufficient (I think), I just don't know what I'm doing wrong. This is a screenshot of the cycles result. What is the difference between    a parameter passed by reference a parameter passed by value?   Could you give me some examples, please? Can I force WordPress to use  instead of ? Is there a way to send a thanks message to Stack Overflow or any of the individual Stack Exchange sites, aside from sending an email? I want to thank Stack Overflow for being an awesome live QA site. It helps people a lot. What is the JavaScript version of sleep()? I'm trying to condense the space around examples in gb4e, with the goal of removing unnecessary whitespace around examples in an abstract. Here's what gb4e gives me now:    What I'd like is for the examples to essentially look like part of the running text, as follows:    In sum, I'd like to remove the left indent before the top level item numbers, remove the vertical space between examples, and remove the vertical space above and below the exe environment.  I think \vspace commands might work here, but it would get very tedious to do this every time, and I'd also like to do it the 'right' way.  (I also think linguex might be able to do this without too much fuss, but I'm used to using gb4e so I'd prefer to stick with it if there's a way to do this.)  MWE:  \documentclass{article}  \usepackage{gb4e} \usepackage{lipsum}  \begin{document}     \lipsum[1]     \begin{exe}         \ex Blah \begin{xlist}             \ex Blah             \ex Blah         \end{xlist}         \ex Blah         \ex Blah     \end{exe}     \lipsum[1] \end{document} How to derive the least square estimator for multiple linear regression? Proving a Lipschitz function is continuous A function $f:D\subset \mathbb R \to \mathbb R$  is lipschitz given that there exists a $L\gt0$ such that $|f(x)-f(y)|\le L|x-y|$  I need to prove this function is then continuous. Is there a best definition of continuous functions to use for this proof given the definition of Lipschitz?  Is the epsilon delta way the only way to do it? can someone help me set it up? I really struggle with implementing that definition. Why can't I use Stack Exchange if I'm under 13 years old, or if I'm under 16 years old and from the EU? I was just reading the , and noticed something:  You must be at least 13 years old to access or use the Network or Services, including without limitation to complete a Stack Overflow account registration. By accessing or using the Services or the Network in any manner, you represent and warrant that you are at least 13 years of age. If you are under 13 years old, you may not, under any circumstances or for any reason, access or use the Services or Network in any manner, and may not provide any personal information to or on the Services or Network (including, for example, a name, address, telephone number or email address). If you are located within the European Union, you must be at least 16 years old to access or use the Network or Services, including without limitation to complete a Stack Overflow Account Registration.  I signed up for Stack Overflow when I was around 11 or 12 and I did provide my email address. Are you saying that my use of Stack Overflow was not legal? I'm 16 now (so I'm in the clear), but that just seems a little harsh. Is that possibly related to the age limit for accepting a binding contract/agreement (although I thought that was 18 in the U.S.)? Is there a way for users under the age of 13, or for users from the European Union who are under the age of 16, to use the site legally? Can I disown my heir? Everything was perfect. I have a good and young ruler, who has passed on some good genes to his sons. I also had a lot of spare lands, so I could make my heir a duke and doubly count when he came of age.  My mistake was to marry him off to some scheming wench. I knew it would end like this, but her stats were just too great to resist!  Anyway, a few years down the road, and my trusty spy master lets me know that my beloved son is looking to usurp me. Not cool! I demand that he end the plot, and decide to see how this develops.  Shortly thereafter, he suddenly dies (not by my hand — likely the wife is the culprit). My second eldest son becomes my new heir and favourite, however all the titles are inherited by my clubfooted grand daughter aged two. Curses!  Now, what I really wanted, was to imprison and disown my traitorous son followed by swift justice of the axe. Not sure what my other vassals would think of that idea, but I had a just reason for imprisonment at least.  Option number two, is to start plotting for my dearly beloved grand daughters untimely demise, but I'm not sure how that would work out either.  The situation is this. I'm young (40ish) and well-liked. I have a new heir, but I'd prefer to keep my lands for myself and give him the ones of the previous heir — one duchy and two counties currently held by my grand daughter. The duchy can be revoked free of charge, as I hold a claim to it. She has no siblings. I am da King. I have limited crown authority, but can bump it up to medium if it suits me.    So my questions to you are as follows:   Is it possible to disown a son, considering I have just cause for imprisonment? An execution would of course settle the deal, but my other vassals would probably find me "cruel". Is it possible to plot against a character which is not yet of age? What would happen if she suddenly died with no heir? Would all her titles be returned to the king or duke (i.e. me)?   EPILOGUE I had savegames before and after, so I decided to test a few things.   I could imprison my quisling of a son. I could also seize all his titles and banish him from my lands, but he would remain an heir, even if he wasn't officially a prince. I guess I could have let him rot in jail, as it seems prisoners often die in custody, but it would be a risky bet. After the unfortunate death of my old heir, it seems some strange rules apply regarding the remaining titles. The dukal title I could simply revoke for free (although at a opinion penalty from the duchess). Should she die today, one of the counties would be inherited by her younger sister, and the other would be inherited by me.   I found this to be an interesting development: Turns out my new heirs wife suddenly died. Who did he marry, other than the same scheming hag who presumably killed off his brother, and made an attempt at me? By a suspicious coincidence, I died not very long after. Such is the effects of the deceitful and ambitious traits combined with a really dope intrigue stat. ;) What is the most straightforward way to pad empty dates in sql results (on either mysql or perl end)? I'm building a quick csv from a mysql table with a query like:  select DATE(date),count(date) from table group by DATE(date) order by date asc;   and just dumping them to a file in perl over a:  while(my($date,$sum) = $sth-&gt;fetchrow) {     print CSV "$date,$sum\n" }   There are date gaps in the data, though:  | 2008-08-05 |           4 |  | 2008-08-07 |          23 |    I would like to pad the data to fill in the missing days with zero-count entries to end up with:  | 2008-08-05 |           4 |  | 2008-08-06 |           0 |  | 2008-08-07 |          23 |    I slapped together a really awkward (and almost certainly buggy) workaround with an array of days-per-month and some math, but there has to be something more straightforward either on the mysql or perl side.   Any genius ideas/slaps in the face for why me am being so dumb?    I ended up going with a stored procedure which generated a temp table for the date range in question for a couple of reasons:   I know the date range I'll be looking for every time The server in question unfortunately was not one that I can install perl modules on atm, and the state of it was decrepit enough that it didn't have anything remotely Date::-y installed   The perl Date/DateTime-iterating answers were also very good, I wish I could select multiple answers! How do I submit .jar file to the ubuntu software center I am writing an app using JAVA Swing for all platforms. After that I want to add this app to Ubuntu Software Center for free Is it possible?   My app is just one *.jar file, its helping to play card games.  I dont know Python language and saying the truth - dont want to learn it now.  What should I do to be able to submit my app? Let $f \in C [a,b]$ such that $\forall x\exists y$ such that $|f(y)| \leq \frac{1}{2}|f(x)|$. Prove that $\exists c\in [a,b]$ such that $f(c) = 0$. Combining two sorted lists in Python I have two lists of objects. Each list is already sorted by a property of the object that is of the datetime type. I would like to combine the two lists into one sorted list. Is the best way just to do a sort or is there a smarter way to do this in Python? ActiveResource timeout not functioning I have a Storex eZee Tab 702 tablet. My Google Play Store was working very well until a few weeks ago, when it started saying,     Error while retrieving information from server [DF-DFERH-01]   I tried to clear the cache, clear the data, force stop, and downloading another Google Play Store, but I'm still having the same problem.  How can I fix this issue? Render semi-transparent volume with cycles I want to render an image of a fire in cycles, but as a png with a transparent background. Without a transparent background, the output image looks like this:    But as soon as I tick the "Transparent" checkbox under Render->Film, all the semi-transparent parts of the image are not rendered and it looks like this    which is clearly not what I want. I've tried to add a holdout shader or a transparent shader to my smoke domain material nodes, but it didn't help. I've only found answered questions for semi-transparent glass, but none for volumes. My node setup looks like this:    but the transparent shader doesn't do anything.  Has anyone an idea how to fix this?  Thanks  Edit: I've just changed the flow type to "Fire and Smoke" instead of "Fire" and now the semi-transparent parts render too, but I don't want the smoke. Possessive of a word that is already possessive