In some close vote reviews (e.g. ) there are proposed duplicates.  However, in the close view, there appear to be zero votes for duplicate.  Are duplicates based on actual proposals or are they just selected randomly?
I was reviewing  for , and noticed that nobody voted to close it, even though the page reports a duplicate.      Why does this happen?
In setting up dual Boot with Windows and Ubuntu, which OS do I install first? I'd like to install both Ubuntu 12.04 and Windows XP on a Dell laptop, and I was thinking about using a dual boot structure, and using the bulk of my hard drive as empty hard drive space to share files between the two operating systems (so choice of file system type is very important in this set-up).     The kind of partitioning structure I would like to use is  Partition 1 - Ubuntu 12.04 (root) (20GB)  Partition 2 - Ubuntu /home        (20GB)  Partition 3 : Free Space          (560GB)  Partition 4 : Windows XP          (35GB)  Partition 5 : SWAP                (3GB)  (Total Hardrive Capacity is ~640GB)    My question is; what is the best way to go about setting up this kind this system?   Should I install Windows XP first and setup the partitions, and then install Ubuntu which I believe will install the GRUB bootloader for OS booting choice   or   Do I install Ubuntu first, setting up the available partitions and then perform a WIndows install?  Please let me know if there is anything in this setup that I have left out and should know about, including things related to setting particular partitions as logical or primary, and whether the boot partition and the filesystem partition should actually be two separate partitions. Why do polarized sunglasses remove (most) reflections on car windows?  I know that both lenses of polarized sunglasses are polarized in the same direction and I can see that reflections in my own windshield and the windows of other cars appear, disappear, or change depending on how I tilt my head, but why?  Why is the light in those reflections polarized?  edit: And why is most of the light in the various reflections on the interior of my own windshield and various windows/windshields at what seem like a variety of angles all polarized in a sufficiently narrow set of ways as to make polarized sunglasses work? I'm using Python, and would like to insert a string into a text file without deleting or copying the file. How can I do that? Chain skip happening seemingly at random with a new chain Send mail without MFMailComposeViewController Let $n$ be a positive integer. Show that the matrix  $$\begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 1/2 &amp; 1/3 &amp; \cdots &amp; 1/n \\ 1/2 &amp; 1/3 &amp; 1/4 &amp; \cdots &amp; 1/(n+1) \\ \vdots &amp; \vdots &amp;  \vdots &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots\\ 1/n &amp; 1/(n+1) &amp; 1/(n+2) &amp; \cdots &amp; 1/(2n-1) \end{pmatrix}$$  is invertible and all the entries of its inverse are integers. This is an exercise in Hoffman and Kunze's linear algebra book. Any hints will be appreciated! Where is Jon going? After I factory reset my Nokia 6, this icon appeared. I've never seen it before. What is this icon in the highlighted part? Are there any disadvantages to using your companions for transporting Power Armor After I read that companions don't drain the fusion core of a Power Armor when wearing it, I decided to try giving my armor to Nick so I'll always have it close by if I need it.  But I was wondering if there are any other drawbacks to that. For example, does the Armor get damaged or destroyed when the companion is under fire? Cannot access to (or find out) main Settings program If $f \in L_p \cap L_q$, $1 \leq p < r < q < \infty$ then $f \in L_r$. If $f \in L_p \cap L_q$ and $1 \leq p &lt; r &lt; q &lt; \infty$ then $f \in L_r$.   Proof: Let $E = \{ x \in X: \left\lvert f \right\rvert \leq 1 \}$. Then, $$\int \left\lvert f \right\rvert^r \mathrm{d}\mu = \int_E \left\lvert f \right\rvert^r \mathrm{d}\mu+\int_{E^C} \left\lvert f \right\rvert^r \mathrm{d}\mu \leq \int_E \left\lvert f \right\rvert^p \mathrm{d}\mu+\int_{E^C} \left\lvert f \right\rvert^q \mathrm{d}\mu$$ $$\leq \int \left\lvert f \right\rvert^p \mathrm{d}\mu+\int \left\lvert f \right\rvert^q \mathrm{d}\mu &lt; \infty.$$ Thus, $f \in L_r$.  I just want to make sure I am somehow not missing anything. Thanks Splitting all polygon features in a shapefile into smaller equal width polygons I have a shapefile of thousands of polygon features, that i would like to break up into smaller pieces (i.e. break a square into 8 equal pieces). I have read all over these boards for the right solution and haven't found one yet unfortunately. I've tried parcel editor but that only allows you to manually edit one feature at a time, and I've tried fishnet but that doesn't run through each individual feature it just processes across the entire extent of the shapefile. I have the full license for ArcGIS so all options are game. Ultimately I would like to be able to split this initial shapefile of features into a specified amount of equal width slots that each would be their own feature in the resulting shapefile.  Any thoughts? Let $C$ be a finitely generated $R$-algebra where $R$ is unital commutative ring. Let $S$ be a simple $C$-module. Show that the annihilator of $S$ in $R$ is a maximal ideal. What I have tried is: When $C=R$ then it is a direct consequence of the simplicity of $S$ as an $R$-module. Further, since $S$ is simple then $S$ is cyclic (i.e. $S=Cy$ for nonzero $y\in S$). Consider the map $$f: C \to S$$ $$c \mapsto cy$$ Then $\ker(f)$ is the annihilator of $S$ in $C$ and $\ker(f) \cap R$ is the annihilator of $S$ in $R$. I have shown that it is an ideal of $R$ but I have no idea to continue showing the maximality. Is it a true direction or is there anything else I should consider to show the maximality? Prove that all cyclic groups of the same order are isomorphic I want to prove that 2 cyclic groups of the same order are always isomorph. So, let $G,H$ be cyclic groups with $|G| = |H|$. Then: I suspect the isomorphism would be the one that maps a generator g to a generator h. Thus, consider this function:  $f: G \rightarrow H$ defined by $f(g^k) = h^k$. I already showed that this mapping is surjective and a homomorphism, but I get stuck at the injectivity part. Can someone give a hint (my attempts: I tried to deduce whether the kernel is $e_G$ and I also used the definition of injectivity but I got stuck in both approaches)? Is ¬¬(¬¬P → P) provable in intuitionistic logic? Can Cycles physically mix colours? How to unzip a zip file from the Terminal? Just downloaded a .zip file from the internet. I want to use the terminal to unzip the file. What is the correct way to do this? What is the "Install this third-party software" box in the installer and what third-party software is installed? Is there a "win64" identifier in Qmake project files?  documentation does not mention other than unix / macx / win32.  So far I've tried using:  win32:message("using win32") win64:message("using win64") amd64:message("using amd64")   The result is always "using win32".  Must I use a separate project-file for x32 and x64 projects, so they would compile against correct libraries? Is there any other way to identify between 32-bit and 64-bit environments? Debugging scripts, what is the difference between -x to set -euxo pipefail? The main way I know to debug scripts is adding -x to the shabang (#!/bin/bash -x).  I recently came across a new way, adding set -euxo pipefail right under the shabang, as in:  #!/bin/bash set -euxo pipefail   What is the main difference between the two ways of debugging? Are there times you would prefer one above the other?  As a freshman, , I couldn't extract such conclusion.