Is there any way to make a totally white shadeless material in Blender Cycles? I need to render something as a silhouette being totally white and the background (the background isn't an image or geometry, is just non-existent) completely black. Or make the geometry totally white with not shadows or lights at all, and the background totally black.  I know that in Blender Render you can simply make a Shadeless object texture by pressing the button with the same name and reducing the reflection of the same geometry.
I'm trying to make a material node setup to set final render colors, regardless of lighting conditions. Is such a setup possible?
I've searched websites, written to Mr. Barth and William Safire, scanned bookstore shelves, and buttonholed likely prospects in search of a grammar text that would address matters in the manner of the following, which is from John Barth's "The End of the Road".  If such a text exists, I'd be much obliged to learn of it:  " ... it gives a man a great sense of lucidity and well-being, if not downright formidability, to be able not only to say, but to understand perfectly, that predicate complements of infinitives of copulative verbs without expressed subjects go into the nominative case, whereas predicate complements of infinitives of copulative verbs with expressed subjects go into the objective case.  I made this observation to my assemblage of young scholars and concluded triumphantly, "I was thought to be he, but I thought John to be him."  Thank you. Proper subspaces of $ R^n $ I'm trying to prove that proper subspaces of $ R^n $ are closed and have empty interiors.  To prove that they are closed I'm trying to use the fact that inverse images of closed sets are closed sets by continuous functions. So I'm trying to find a linear map such that a proper subspace of $ R^n $ is its Kernel but I don't know how to express it so that it would work on all dimensions.  Regarding the fact that they have empty interiors, I really don't know what to do.  Thanks in advance. How was Loki not crushed by Mjolnir? $L^p$ spaces and counting measure currently I am working on the following two exercises as a revision for my exam.  Let $\mu$ be the counting measure on $\mathbb N$.   Show that if $1 \le p &lt; s &lt; \infty$ then $f \in L^p$ implies $f \in L^s$ and $\|f\|_s \le \|f\|_p$. Show that if $f \in L^p$ for some $p \ge 1$ then $\lim_{s \to \infty} \|f\|_s = \|f\|_\infty$.   My attempts so far:   It is $f \in L^s$ iff $\sum_{k = 1}^\infty |f(k)|^s$ converges. Since $f \in L^p$ we know that $\sum_{k = 1}^\infty |f(k)|^p$ converges. Thus for any $\varepsilon &gt; 0$ there is $N \in \mathbb N$ s.t. \begin{align*} k \ge N \Longrightarrow |f(k)|^p &lt; \varepsilon \Longrightarrow |f(k)| &lt; \varepsilon^{1/p} \end{align*} We have $\forall k \ge N$ that $|f(k)|^s &lt; \varepsilon^{s/p}$. Originally I wanted to use the comparison test now, showing that \begin{align*} \sum_{k = N}^\infty \varepsilon^{s/p} &lt; \infty, \end{align*} but that does not work since \begin{align*} \sum_{k = N}^\infty \varepsilon^{s/p} = \varepsilon^{s/p} \underbrace{\sum_{k \ge N} 1}_{= \infty},  \end{align*} so I don't know how to go on here. Let $K := \|f\|_\infty$. We need to show that $\forall \varepsilon &gt; 0$ $\exists M \in \mathbb N$ s.t. \begin{align*} s \ge M \Longrightarrow \left|\left(\sum_{k = 1}^\infty |f(k)|^s\right)^{1/s} - K\right| &lt; \varepsilon. \end{align*} Choose $M$ s.t. $M &gt; p$. Then $s &gt; p$ and from part (i) we know that \begin{align*} \left(\sum_{k = 1}^\infty |f(k)|^s\right)^{1/s} \le \left(\sum_{k = 1}^\infty |f(k)|^p\right)^{1/p}. \end{align*} But how can I use this? Remove items from one list in another Are the hoses in toilets in Asia something I should know about? I have noticed random bits of hose without proper fittings before I think for example in India and just assumed they are for use by the cleaners or for filling the water jug in .  But Now I'm travelling in Malaysia and Singapore and there are more western toilets than squat toilets in the places I've been yet proper hoses with proper fittings are very common in toilets:  (Hose next to a Western style toilet in my hostel in Chinatown, Kuala Lumpur.)  At one place in Singapore there were even signs on each cubicle door stating whether it contained a western or squat toilet, but also whether there was a hose! (I didn't take a photo of the sign, unfortunately)  This makes me think there is a use for the hose for clients, not just cleaners. But for what purpose? Should I know how to use it as a tourist? Please tell me it's not a kind of alternative to a bidet!  Possibly related is the fact that many toilet floors are awash with water. This can be a big problem if you're not wearing waterproof shoes or have to lower your trousers and keep them dry. Other than this toilets are pretty clean and I've seen both the hoses and the wetness in what I would regard as somewhat "fancy" places. What does the '!' really do when it's added to an ex command (:wq! | :w! | :q! )? I understand that it means force to do something.  When doing $ vim -R file I enter in read-only mode, but this works as preventive mode only   -R  Readonly mode.  The 'readonly' option will be set for all the     files being edited.  You can still edit the buffer, but will     be prevented from accidentally overwriting a file.  If you     forgot that you are in View mode and did make some changes,     you can overwrite a file by adding an exclamation mark to     the Ex command, as in ":w!".  The 'readonly' option can be     reset with ":set noro" (see the options chapter, |options|).     Subsequent edits will not be done in readonly mode.  Calling     the executable "view" has the same effect as the -R argument.     The 'updatecount' option will be set to 10000, meaning that     the swap file will not be updated automatically very often.   But what I can't get yet is why it makes the instruction to skip permissions even if the file's owner is root user, besides it also change owner &amp; group. I can type:  dirname ~/home/blah/file.zip   for instance, and this works fine alone, but when I use this syntax as the parameter for some command it always reads 'dirname' as the desired directory. i.e.:  cd dirname ~/home/blah/file.zip bash: cd: dirname: No such file or directory   Basically, how do I get 'dirname file' to be read as one entity? Invalid SSL certificate when pushing to Git server Is it possible to have multiple bevel objects along a curve? I'm wondering if it's possible to define multiple bevel objects along a curve and have Blender interpolate between the bevels like keyframes. Storing the original document class page layout with geometry How to Make This Block Diagram with LaTeX I understand that there are some questions here regarding the block diagrams. However, I am strongly interested in one particular style shown as below:    This is a picture from a paper. As can be seen, the text can be selected there. So it is not an attached picture. I suppose it is done by LaTeX.  Could anyone point me to the right direction to achieve this?  (I specially LOVE the colored "thin grid"! It is much more beautiful than the fully filled color!) How do I tell what gauge wire I need? I've been working on providing power for high current applications for my project. I'm working on a project with high current (or at least compared to what I'm used to...)  What a lot of people point to online is tables that you can look up the resistance for AWG per foot, and then you can calculate the current drop of your wire. However, with that current drop, how much of  a voltage drop will make my wire "too hot" and risk a fire? Am I looking at this the wrong way? How do I calculate the temperature of the wire and decide when it'll be too hot, and I should use a thicker wire? Does Power Word Kill kill druids in wild-shape? Are +1/+1 counters different from +1/+1 effects? Is a +1/+1 counter I get from, say Unleash or Undying different than +1/+1 from something like  or ? How to differentiate a given inner product (CSIR DEC(2018) Let $A$ be a $n \times n$  invertible  matrix.Define a function $F:\mathbb{R}^{n} \times \mathbb{R}^{n} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ by $F(x,y)=\langle Ax,y\rangle$. Let $DF(x,y)$ denotes the derivative of $F$ at $(x,y)$ which is a linear transformation from $\mathbb{R}^{n} \times \mathbb{R}^{n} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} $. Then      1) if $x\neq 0$,then  $DF(x,0)\neq 0$      2) if $y\neq 0$,then  $DF(0,y)\neq 0$      3)  if $(x,y)\neq (0,0)$,then $DF(x,y)\neq 0$      4) if $x=0 \; or \;y=0$,then $DF(x,y)= 0$   I don't even know how to start the solution and also how to take derivative in higher dimensions.  Please help!  Thank you. What's the process to change a site logo? Who is responsible for defining a site logo? I mean, there are moderators of the site that define it, or stackexchange defines it? In Windows, you can run android application using BlueStack.   I was wondering, is there any way these apps can be run on Ubuntu 12.04? I have found a strange behavior in TikZ. When using the \draw ... to ... syntax and trying to place nodes along the line with the node[...]{...} syntax, the nodes do not turn up at the expected location.  \documentclass{standalone} \usepackage{tikz} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture}   \draw(0,0) to[out=60,in=120] (1,0) node[midway]{x}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{document}     How is this done properly? Is it possible to simulate key press events programmatically in JavaScript?