I'm trying to create a dynamic number of HTML input text fields, where the number comes posted from another form. But Flask interprets the form number 10 as 1 0, i.e. 2 (string length).  The first form:  &lt;form action="/new_vocals" method="post"&gt;   &lt;input type="text" name="count"&gt;   &lt;input type="submit"&gt;   The Flask app route:  @app.route("/new_vocals", methods=['POST', 'GET']) def new_vocals(): voc_count = request.form['count'] return render_template("new_vocals.html", count=voc_count)   Trying to use voc_count in a for loop, I get 2 input types with the value 10, 3 with 100 and so on.  There has to be a way to get Flask to interpret 10 as a string?
In Python, how can I parse a numeric string like "545.2222" to its corresponding float value, 545.2222? Or parse the string "31" to an integer, 31?  I just want to know how to parse a float str to a float, and (separately) an int str to an int.
How was the torque-force relationship discovered The  that is defined as $Y_{t} = Y_{t-1} + e_t$, where $e_t$ is white noise. Denotes that the current position is the sum of the previous position + an unpredicted term. You can prove that the mean function $\mu_t = 0 $, since $$E(Y_{t}) = E(e_1+ e_2+ ... +e_t) = E(e_1) + E(e_2) +... +E(e_t) = 0 + 0 + \cdots + 0$$ But why is it that the variance increases linearly with time? Does this have something to do with it's not “pure” random, since the new position is very correlated with the previous one? EDIT: Now I have a much better understanding by visualizing a big sample of random walks, and here we can easily observe that the overall variance does increase over time,  and the mean is as expected around zero. Maybe this was trivial after all, since in the very early stages of the time series (compare time = 10 with time = 100) the random walkers have not had yet the time to explore as much. [Firmware Bug]: TSC_DEADLINE disabled due to Errata - what should I do about this? I saw several bugs and error messages when I was looking by chance into the tool called "logs".  Being a newbie in Ubuntu I have no idea how to deal with these bugs, where to report them or how to fix them.  Any help to guide me here?  The bug I have (which is listed under important) reads:  [Firmware Bug]: TSC_DEADLINE disabled due to Errata; please update microcode to version: 0x52 (or later) My question is pretty simple.  Since $n! \gt n!!$, it's clear by the comparison test that $\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {1}{n!!}$ converges.      But what value does the sum converge to? How does one go about determining its value (if possible)? I have a small server which I use for testing and programming. Currently it runs Debian 9.4 stretch with 4.14.0-0.bpo.3-amd64 kernel.  Today I tried to connect through SSH but I couldn't then I tried to ping it and it was unreachable. Therefore I had to hard-restart it by unplugging power cable. Then I went to  /var/log/syslog  and I found a strange line containing exactly 6140 characters like the following  ^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@^@  then nothing else until new log entries of system restart. This is actually the first time it happens.  Does someone know what could it be? Show that the set $\mathbb{Q}[\sqrt{2}] = \{a + b \sqrt{2} \mid a, b \in \mathbb{Q}\}$ is a field with the usual multiplication and addition. Show that the set $\mathbb{Q}[\sqrt{2}] = \{a + b \sqrt{2} \mid a, b \in \mathbb{Q}\}$ is a field with the usual multiplication and addition.  It is easy enough to show that it is closed under addition and multiplication ( $\forall a,b \space)$ we have $a+b \in \mathbb{Q}\sqrt{2}$ and $a * b = ab \sqrt{2} \in \mathbb{Q}\sqrt{2}$.  However, I had trouble proving the other axioms (associativity, commutativity, unique neutral element, unique inverse, and distributivity of multiplication over addition). I would really appreciate it if someone could help me with those. From the third week ( when does it actually begin) This describes a certain natural process that takes 15 weeks  It describes what a certain component looks like at some point in time during a naturallly occurring process  What I don't get is if it means it appears this way starting in the third week or after ?  Here's the full sentence  "The malleus first appears as a cartilage model from the third week"  Thanks again for you support guys Block network access of a process? Is it possible to block the (outgoing) network access of a single process? How to grep a specific line _and_ the first line of a file? Has the speed of light changed over time? Could someone judge my (stoner) hypothesis that the speed of light has changed over time -- i.e. as the universe has expanded in volume light has slowed down, perhaps going so far as back to the big bang when it was infinitely fast and there was no time because everything happened at once etc. Thinking that the speed at which information can propagate through the universe is linked to the size of it seems intuitive to me. My question -- is there an easy disproof of this? Would Einstein have to be wrong? Does it violate anything supposedly more fundamental such as quantum or string theories? Do any current experiments invalidate it? If not can you show me in any case why you think its unlikely.   Edit 8/24  I'm accepting Mark M.'s answer but will post this here because there is a character limit on comments  @Mark M thanks, good answer but as someone who has only read some popular physics, and should leave this to the experts, I'm still muddled in my personal theory. I don't see why you should need two units to measure the speed of light. The thing I have a hard time wrapping my head around is the relation of time and distance. They seem like they could fundamentally be the same thing. If you say time is measured fundamentally by the vibration of so and so quantum object in space... why can't we just measure that vibration distance as the constant... I'll repeat myself to try to be clear... there is a certain minimum distance that particles have to go to interact with each other... if it wasn't vibrating there wouldn't be time,its what creates the illusion of time...so instead of talking about speed or c as distance/time.... can't we simply talk about that distance a quantum object vibrates....I'll lead up to my point.....perhaps there can need be only one constant here, and that is the physical size of the universe. a tiny metal tuning fork doesn't appear to be vibrating at all but if you blew it up to the size of the empire state building the metal rods would move from window to window. perhaps as our universe expanded in size the length of that minimum vibration (perhaps infinite at point zero) would have expanded, and therefore created the illusion of time and the speed of light, which, as the universe expands, will continue slowing down. perhaps we are like a big balloon and we have been blown up and all the fields/particles-without-size are vibrating more and more in that space.. am i missing something obvious here? Everytime I sudo apt-get update it always not complete and will say in the end  E: Read error - read (5: Input/output error) E: The package lists or status file could not be parsed or opened.   Same goes, when I try to install something and do sudo apt-get install &lt;some app&gt;  What should I do ? I admit, that my drive has bad sectors, could that be the reason? Is there anything else I can do? How to run .sh script with keybind If a topology contains all infinite subsets, then it is the discrete topology I am solving question $8$ of exercises in section 1.1. of chapter 1 in "Topology without tears". The question reads as follows.     Let $X$ be an infinite set and $\tau$ be a topology on $X$. If every infinite subset of $X$ is in $\tau$, prove that $\tau$ is the discrete topology   My idea was to show that every singleton set is in the topology and thereby the topology is discrete.  Choose an infinite set $A$ from $X$ such that $A^c$ is also infinite. $A$ and $A^c$ belong to $\tau$ since they are infinite sets. Now consider any $x \in X$. Note that $A \cup \{x\}$ and $A^c \cup \{x\}$ belong to $\tau$ since they are infinite sets. Hence, their intersection which is nothing but $\{x\} \in \tau$ for every $x \in X$.  The problem I have is I don't know how to prove the first sentence in the previous paragraph. These are my line of thoughts to prove them.   If $X$ is a countably infinite set, then I can list the elements are let the odd numbered elements fall into $A$. This guarantees $A$ and $A^c$ are both infinite. If $X$ is uncountable, then I can choose a countably infinite subset and call it $A$.   Are the above arguments rigorous? I am not especially happy with my second argument of choosing a countably infinite subset from an uncountable set since I do not give an explicit procedure of constructing the set $A$.  Also, is there any other simpler way of answering the original question? The energy of an electromagnetic wave The intensity of an electromagnetic wave is only related to its amplitude $E^2$ and not its frequency. A photon has the same wavelength as the wave that's carrying it, and its energy is $h  f$.   So if a laser wave is kept at the same amplitude and the wave length is reduced, why does its intensity remain the same even though its photons now carry less energy?  Why are the intensities of electromagnetic waves so different to sound waves (and other waves travelling through a medium) which are related to $f^2  E^2$? Is there an Extended Backus–Naur form (EBNF) that covers all of English? Cartoon with a young unicorn and a demon In the late 80s or early 90s I remember watching an animated series that followed a young unicorn and a demon.   In one episode the unicorn gave the demon his horn, and the unicorn almost died.   In another episode there was a man who was able to turn people into human shaped building blocks and built a huge tower from them.   Those are the two scenes I remember with any clarity.   Does anyone have any idea? How do we solve (i.e. get the closed form of) $\int \sqrt{1 + t^2} dt$ ?   shows the closed form of it but not the steps in solving it.  I think I need some algebraic trick..   I thought of some hyperbolic functions and their derivatives and equalities:  If I make $ t = \sinh x$, then I can reduce the integral to  $$ \int \cosh ^2 x dx $$ though I'm not sure if this is valid. But from here, I cannot go on evaluating the integral... Is there a grammatical term for moving a word to the front or back of a sentence? There is a function in Arabic grammar where you may bring forward in sentence order a word - as well as deferring it.  For example: if the sentence order is Subject - Verb - Object, you can bring the object forward to be before the subject,  yielding Object - Verb - Subject or Object - Subject - Verb.  Similarly, if you have Noun Phrase - Verb Phrase, you can move the verb phrase forward so you get Verb Phrase - Noun Phrase.  This is used to add emphasis to the item brought forward. The same applies to moving the item to the end of the sentence.  Is there a grammatical term in English that represents this function or functions? Why didn't mastery of the Elder Wand move on from Harry? There's a lot of emphasis on Harry becoming the master of the Elder Wand after he defeats Draco. But what constitutes a “defeat”?  It seems that Harry wins a wrestling match with Draco, so now he’s the master of the Elder Wand.  But lots of other stuff happens to Harry: Nagini almost kills him, and he escapes just in time, but his wand breaks. The Snatchers chase him through the forest. He and his friends practically surrender (and Hermione even tries to disguise Harry). Voldemort almost kills Harry in the Forbidden Forest (or actually does, depending on how you look at it).  Why are none of these considered to be “defeats”? What do "." and ".." mean when in a folder? when I used ls -a to view hidden files in folder there were 2 hidden files created by default what is the significance of this two files . and ..?  ls -a   Produces  .  ..