I have a CentOS VM to which I log in using SSH. I appended the following line to .bashrc  echo "from ~/.bashrc: (pid $$)"   and the following line to .bash_profile  echo "from ~/.bash_profile"   When I log into the VM and run ps I get the following output  user@laptop:~ $ ssh vmcentos Last login: Sun May 17 04:48:24 2020 from 192.168.122.1 from ~/.bashrc: (pid 1821) from ~/.bash_profile [admin@localhost ~]$ ps -H -o pid,command   PID COMMAND  1821 -bash  1844   ps -H -o pid,command [admin@localhost ~]$   This output is what I expect since the shell I log into is an interactive login shell and thus the .bash_profile file is sourced which in turn sources the .bashrc file.  Now I log out from the VM and execute the following command  user@laptop:~ $ ssh vmcentos 'sleep 60; echo $-' from ~/.bashrc: (pid 1901) hBc user@laptop:~ $   then I log into another ssh session on the VM and inspect the process table  [admin@localhost ~]$ ps -eH -o pid,command   PID COMMAND (... more output here...)  1900       sshd: admin@notty  1901         bash -c sleep 60; echo $-  1914           sleep 60 (... more output here...)   As far as I understand the shell that ssh executes (process 1901) is non-interactive (because of the -c option and also because the $- variable contains no i character) and non-login (because ARGV0 is not -bash and no --login option is provided). Thus neither .bashrc nor .bash_profile should be sourced. Yet the output of the command clearly shows that .bashrc was sourced. Why?  I used a standard CentOS installation with the standard openssh configuration.
says:  Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell daemon, usually rshd, or the secure shell daemon sshd. If Bash determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, if that file exists and is readable.  This Bash sources ~/.bashrc: ssh user@host :  But this Bash sources ~/.bash_profile: ssh user@host  I don't see a difference in these two commands according to the spec. Isn't stdin connected to a network connection in both cases?
Suppose $G$ is a finite group and I know for every $k \leq |G|$ that exactly $n_k$ elements in $G$ have order $k$. Do I know what the group is? Is there a counterexample where two groups $G$ and $H$ have the same number of elements for each order, but $G$ is not isomorphic to $H$? I suspect that there is, but I haven't thought of one. "This site is all about getting answers. It's not a discussion forum. There's no chit-chat." easy_install: command not found Set the maximum character length of a UITextField Is it wasteful to use a heating element, instead of doing useful work? Consider a computer CPU consuming electrical energy to perform calculations and consequently emitting heat.  Assumption: That a CPU consuming x Watts of power, emits the same amount of heat as an incandescent heating element which consumes the same amount of power.  The rest of the question assumes that this is true: the energy has to go somewhere, and I can't see that the outcome of the calculations counts as "somewhere".  I've long repeated the claim that "wasteful" appliances such as incandescent lightbulbs, over-full kettles, computers left running, etc. are not wasting power if we make the assumptions:   the appliance is in a room which we aim to maintain at above a certain temperature, warmer than the external temperature (cf a home in winter) the room leaks heat to the outside faster than the "wasteful" appliances emit heat. the room contains an electric heater the electric heater is regulated by a thermostat   In these circumstances, I think (?), if a light bulb produces excess heat, its only effect is to cause the thermostat to switch off sooner, so what energy you've "wasted" in the light bulb, is "saved" at the heater.  I don't think that's controversial.  But my question is:   If a CPU does useful work, and emits all the input energy as heat as a side effect But a heating element emits the same heat, without doing useful work Is it therefore wasteful to use heating elements? Is it more efficient to (for example) run  on a CPU, to get "free" computation as a side-effect of heating?   One reason to heat a room with a heating element, rather than with CPUs, is that the heating element is much cheaper to produce. But ignoring the initial cost of the hardware, would a "heater" made out of 20 CPUs, each running at full capacity and consuming 50W each, output less thermal heat than a 1KW element that does nothing else useful?  To be useful, of course, the CPUs would need to output the result of their computations, which would account for a tiny amount of energy. Let's assume that's negligible.  I'm sure there's a flaw in there somewhere; probably that the assumption above is false. What have I missed? Is there an efficient way to enumerate the unique subgroups of the symmetric group? Naïvely, for the symmetric group $S_n$ of order $\left | S_n \right | = n!$, there are $2^{n!}$ subsets of the group members that could potentially form a subgroup. In addition, many of these subgroups are going to be isomorphic to each other. I feel that the question has an easy answer in terms of the conjugacy classes, but I don't see how. If the answer generalizes to all finite groups, please elaborate! Firefox 37.0.2 not opening (removing firefox did not help) runing ubuntu 14.04 LTS As our users regularly upload ~6MB images to use on the website (and aren't too familiar with how to resize them first), WordPress stores the originals as well as resizing them to several different sizes.  I'd like a function or plugin that takes the uploaded image, resizes it down to something more manageable and then replaces the original.  I've seen some functions that delete the original but do not replace it, meaning it is impossible to regenerate the thumbnails at a later date. I need this to be replaced so the user can upload a large image and it is automatically resized down and stored for future resizing if needed. Names of some months don't make sense I'm not a native English speaker but I'm always trying to do my best. Unfortunately I have a real problem with dates for some odd reason, I couldn't learn when was my birthday until I was 12 years old.  Anyway, as I was learning names of the months on English, and since I know some Latin from high school I noticed that English months don't match up with their Latin numeral counterparts. For example:  September - 9. month October - 10. month November - 11. month December - 12. month  While on latin septem, octo, novem and decem are words for 7, 8, 9 and 10.  So, does anyone know why is that. At first I thought it had something to do with switch from Julian to Gregorian calendar but I figured it's too small of a difference.  Anyone? :) Prove $n\mid \phi(2^n-1)$ If $2^p-1$ is a prime, (thus $p$ is a prime, too) then $p\mid 2^p-2=\phi(2^p-1).$  But I find $n\mid \phi(2^n-1)$ is always hold, no matter what $n$ is. Such as $4\mid \phi(2^4-1)=8.$  If we denote $a_n=\dfrac{\phi(2^n-1)}{n}$, then $a_n$ is , but how to prove it is always integer?  Thanks in advance! I would like site specific magic links. Currently you can write [so] in a comment, and it links like this: . I would like to be able to have site specific ones, so for example: English Language &amp; Usage  [dictionary] would go to http://dictionary.com and shows as   Ubuntu  [launchpad] would go to https://launchpad.net/ubuntu and shows as   [launchpad#bugnum] would go to https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/bugnum and shows as   [forums] would go to http://ubuntuforums.org/ and sows as   [discourse] would go to http://discourse.ubuntu.com and shows as   [paste] or [pastebinit] would go to http://paste.ubuntu.com and shows as   [install-d] would go to http://ubuntu.com/download/desktop/install-ubuntu-desktop and shows as   [install-s] would go to http://ubuntu.com/download/server/install-ubuntu-server and shows as   ppa:peterlevi/ppa would go to https://launchpad.net/~peterlevi and shows as   There is    Ask Different  [applesup] would go to http://www.apple.com/support and shows as   Christianity  [bible] would go to http://biblegateway.com and shows as   Currently, they are all the same, for all sites. I would like devs (mods maybe) to be able to add them on a per site basis. This is just a selection of examples. People can comment or answer with ones they would like and I'll edit them into this question. I asked this because  on Ask Ubuntu Meta wasn't possible right now - because it wasn't a feature.  [The devs] said right now it isn't possible because magic links are network wide, and they weren't sure it was high enough priority to really get done anytime soon, but if you want you can post a feature-request on Meta Stack Exchange requesting site specific magic links and see if you can garner more support for the feature and maybe get a dev to champion it.  So that's what I've done! Launch apps full screen I block everything Google, including Google APIs, as I don't like to to have Google tracking all of my usage on the Internet. Is there any way to use Stack Exchange without Google APIs?  I usually am browsing with Windows 7 and Firefox, but of course not Firefox with StackExchange. Are there instances where citing Wikipedia is allowed? For example, suppose you're writing an article about triangles, and you want to include a short proof of Pythagoras' theorem, but you can't quite remember how to derive it, so you pop over to:  and check the proof there. It works mathematically, makes sense and is as far as you can tell, correct, so you include it. Now the proof on Wikipedia doesn't have a citation because probably someone has been taught it and copied it over to Wikipedia, but it's still correct. The only thing you could cite for the proof would be Wikipedia, would a citation be ok or should it just be copied down without a citation?  Edit: Ok, there have been many responses. Most with a firm "no", but some giving the reason: "Just get the proof from a book" since it's so common, but suppose then it wasn't a common proof of something. Maybe it's not very well known or something but suppose there is a small Wikipedia page with the correct mathematical proof. How much effort are people going to go to to find a proof in a book when there's a (correct (which we know, becuase it's maths and we can check it)) proof on Wikipedia? Why is it so bad to say: "I found this proof on Wikipedia, and the maths checks out so it doesn't matter who wrote it, it is correct, but that's where I found it." Or if you do find it somewhere else why not say: "Proof taken from Wikipedia and verified by the proof shown in "Triangles and their properties, Nature, 2014, p113 etc..." Why won't SparseArray let me store values with the head List? How is the popularity of "recent tags" calculated? How are these calculated? I see them going up and down all the time, and there are obviously way more than 48 questions about C# so how are these calculated? Start TOC from chapter 1 and also page numbering Custom setting Setting type not visible Is it okay to say "Yes you're." instead of "Yes you are."? Possible Duplicate:    I was having an SMS conversation with a friend and somehow &quot;Yes you're&quot; came into play in retaliation to a comment. Example:  Person 1: &quot;You are bad at English&quot;. Person 2: &quot;No I are not.&quot;. Person 1: &quot;Yes you're&quot;.  Is that acceptable? I would assume that it is. Think of &quot;don't&quot;. You can say:  &quot;No, don't.&quot;  or  &quot;I don't.&quot;  and it is a contraction like &quot;you're&quot;. So, is it okay? Do "twice as high xxxxx as" , "twice as high" and "twice higher" mean the same thing?