I used scipy.stats.linregress function for my dataset. It returns 5 output variables.  Slope = 0.0453 Intercept = 14.905 r-value = 0.91 p-value = 0 standard error of estimate = 0.00015  This is the documentation link if anybody would like to see  Can somebody help in understanding the output? Questions I would like to ask are the two variables highly correlated. The r-value is something that I think points to the correlation, but since it is not 1.0, what would be ways to find out which ones do not satisfy this constraint, can I use any of the parameters here? In general when you see such values how to grasp them?
The help pages in R assume I know what those numbers mean, but I don't. I'm trying to really intuitively understand every number here. I will just post the output and comment on what I found out. There might (will) be mistakes, as I'll just write what I assume. Mainly I'd like to know what the t-value in the coefficients mean, and why they print the residual standard error.   Call: lm(formula = iris$Sepal.Width ~ iris$Petal.Width)  Residuals:      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max  -1.09907 -0.23626 -0.01064  0.23345  1.17532    This is a 5-point-summary of the residuals (their mean is always 0, right?). The numbers can be used (I'm guessing here) to quickly see if there are any big outliers. Also you can already see it here if the residuals are far from normally distributed (they should be normally distributed).  Coefficients:                  Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt;|t|)     (Intercept)       3.30843    0.06210  53.278  &lt; 2e-16 *** iris$Petal.Width -0.20936    0.04374  -4.786 4.07e-06 *** --- Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1    Estimates $\hat{\beta_i}$, computed by least squares regression. Also, the standard error is $\sigma_{\beta_i}$. I'd like to know how this is calculated.  I have no idea where the t-value and the corresponding p-value come from. I know $\hat{\beta}$ should be normal distributed, but how is the t-value calculated?  Residual standard error: 0.407 on 148 degrees of freedom   $\sqrt{ \frac{1}{n-p} \epsilon^T\epsilon }$, I guess. But why do we calculate that, and what does it tell us?  Multiple R-squared: 0.134,  Adjusted R-squared: 0.1282    $ R^2 = \frac{s_\hat{y}^2}{s_y^2} $, which is $ \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n (\hat{y_i}-\bar{y})^2}{\sum_{i=1}^n (y_i-\bar{y})^2} $. The ratio is close to 1 if the points lie on a straight line, and 0 if they are random.  What is the adjusted R-squared?  F-statistic: 22.91 on 1 and 148 DF,  p-value: 4.073e-06    F and p for the whole model, not only for single $\beta_i$s as previous. The F value is $ \frac{s^2_{\hat{y}}}{\sum\epsilon_i} $. The bigger it grows, the more unlikely it is that the $\beta$'s do not have any effect at all.
How to complain about a user? I  and a user was rude to me in a comment and in an answer. Even though I can't downvote, that answer got -5 and it was automatically deleted. I want to complain about that user. How can I do that? How to space columns evenly in a table with multicolumns? What would be a good term for continuous testing post-deployment? I'm using Windows 7 as the host machine with VMWare Workstation 9. I created a virtual machine Ubuntu Desktop 12.04 LTS 64 bit version. There are two options for log in, Ubuntu and Ubuntu 2D. Whenever I log in to Ubuntu, the task bar will not show up, is like having a black margin all around the desktop background and only the center is visible.  I wish I could attached a pic, but I need at least 10 reputation.  When I move my mouse over the left side of the desktop I can see that something is there but it is shown only as a black square. I tried deleting the virtual machine I created for Ubuntu and re-installed it, but it keeps appearing like that.  When I switched to log in with the Ubuntu 2D version everything worked alright. I could see the task bar, the icons, the clock etc. What might be causing this problem? I get this error in the deployment step of a share-point farm based project. Most of the suggested solutions on the net are a simple Visual Studio re-start, however, a simple VS restart won't fix this.   Any ideas on what might be causing this? How to print colored text to the terminal? How can I output colored text to the terminal in Python? Currently I had built a file upload functionality in Lightning component which accepts the CSV file, read it as text(Each row in CSV is split using \n and each column in the row is split using ,). Then each columns in each row are validated in Javascript and if everything is fine,the data is saved in the backend. While uploading the data, if the file contains , in its data then it is taken as another column. Eg: X-36936,SS-341487,11-WT,414081,"LENDERS, THE HACK",2-Manage,,,,,,,,,,,,12/1/2013,3150,,0,,Dealing,2018,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,  Here "LENDERS, THE HACK" is a single column but it is taken as 2 columns (LENDERS --> 1st column and THE HACK --> 2nd column).Could anyone please help me how to resolve this issue? Prove the following in $S_n$:  Let $\alpha = (a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_s)$ be a cycle and let $\pi$ be a permutation in $S_n$. Then $\pi\alpha\pi^{-1}$ is the cycle $(\pi(a_1),\ldots,\pi(a_s)).$     I'm not sure where to even start. Is it coherent to extend $\mathbb{R}$ with a reciprocal of $0$? I'm sure this is an obvious question, but I'm having trouble finding the right words to type into Google.  I know that the definition of a ring allows that the additive identity not have a multiplicative inverse, but is this a requirement?  Specifically, is something like $\mathbb{R}\!\left[\frac{1}{0}\right]$ such that $\frac{1}{0} \cdot 0 = 1$ a ring, or does some contradiction arise from allowing the additive identity to have a multiplicative inverse? Expected number of games played in a game with 'win by two' rule. Calvin and Hobbes play a match consisting of a series of games, where Calvin has probability p of winning each game (independently). They play with a “win by two”” rule: the first player to win two games more than his opponent wins the match. What is the expected number of games played? My attempt: I use Markov chains. Let $S$ denote that starting state, $W$ and $L$ denote the states where Calvin and Hobbes win respectively. Then, I have $$\mu_S = 1+ p\mu_W+q\mu_L $$ $$\mu_W = 1+ q\mu_S $$ $$\mu_L = 1+ p\mu_S $$ where $\mu_j$ denote the expected number of games from state $j$. Solving the system, I get the solution $\mu_S = \frac{2}{1-2pq}$ which I think is correct. I however would like to know how to approach it with geometric distribution instead of Markov chains. I read one solution where the number of games is given as $1+\text{Geom}(p^2+q^2)$ but I do not understand it. My understanding is that for the game to stop, the required probability is $p^2 + q^2$ since this is the probability that either Calvin or Hobbes win two games in a row. How to use this information in a Geometric random variable? Thanks. Setting git default flags on commands I got quite some trouble trying to prove this.  $$\sum_{k=m}^{n}(-1)^k\binom{n}{k}\binom{k}{m}=0, n&gt;m\geq 0$$  I tried using $$\binom{n}{m}\binom{m}{k}=\binom{n}{k}\binom{n-k}{m-k}$$ and then changing the summation boundaries as $k=0, n=n-m$, but that took me nowhere... I would really appreciate help. Thank you. How to move boot and root partitions to another drive I have two drives on my computer that have the following configuration:  Drive 1: 160GB, /home Drive 2: 40GB, /boot and /   Unfortunately, drive 2 seems to be dying, because trying to write to it is giving me errors, and checking out the SMART settings shows a sad state of affairs.  I have plenty of space on Drive 1, so what I'd like to do is move the / and /boot partitions to it, remove Drive 2 from the system, replace Drive 2 with a new drive, then reverse the process.  I imagine I need to do some updating to grub, and I need to move some things around, but I'm pretty baffled how to exactly go about this. Since this is my main computer, I want to be careful not to mess things up so I can't boot. Can I fetch the value of a non-standard CSS property via Javascript? Damage reduction and damage resistance: how to calculate? Assume a character has both damage reduction and damage resistance vs an incoming attack.  One example of damage reduction is the Heavy Armor Master feat:     While you are wearing heavy armor, bludgeoning, piercing, and slashing damage that you take from non magical weapons is reduced by 3.   One example of damage resistance is the blade ward cantrip:     You extend your hand and trace a sigil of warding in the air. Until the end of your next turn, you have resistance against bludgeoning, piercing, and slashing damage dealt by weapon attacks.    Let's assume a character with both effects above is hit by a nonmagical weapon attack dealing slashing damage. The attack deals 10 damage. What happens:   Damage reduction applies reducing damage to 7, then damage resistance (rounds down). Character takes 3 damage. Damage resistance applies, halving to 5, then damage reduction takes it to 2 damage. Why do same/opposite electric charges repel/attract each other, respectively? Could not load file or assembly 'System.Web.Mvc' My new ASP.NET MVC Web Application works on my development workstation, but does not run on my web server...    Server Error in '/' Application.    Configuration Error  Description: An error occurred during the processing of a configuration file required to service this request. Please review the specific error details below and modify your configuration file appropriately.     Parser Error Message: Could not load file or assembly 'System.Web.Mvc, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35' or one of its dependencies. The system cannot find the file specified.    Source Error:    Line 44:         &lt;add assembly="System.Web.Abstractions, Version=3.5.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35"/&gt; Line 45:         &lt;add assembly="System.Web.Routing, Version=3.5.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35"/&gt; Line 46:         &lt;add assembly="System.Web.Mvc, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35"/&gt; Line 47:         &lt;add assembly="System.Data.DataSetExtensions, Version=3.5.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=B77A5C561934E089"/&gt; Line 48:         &lt;add assembly="System.Xml.Linq, Version=3.5.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=B77A5C561934E089"/&gt;   Source File: C:\inetpub\www.example.org\web.config    Line: 46    Assembly Load Trace: The following information can be helpful to determine why the assembly 'System.Web.Mvc, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35' could not be loaded.     WRN: Assembly binding logging is turned OFF. To enable assembly bind failure logging, set the registry value [HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Fusion!EnableLog] (DWORD) to 1. Note: There is some performance penalty associated with assembly bind failure logging. To turn this feature off, remove the registry value [HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Fusion!EnableLog].     Version Information: Microsoft .NET Framework Version:2.0.50727.3053; ASP.NET Version:2.0.50727.3053    Do I need to install the AspNetMVCBeta-setup.msi on the server?  Or is there a different installer for servers? Unemployed person applying for UK visa Set theory: difference between belong/contained and includes/subset? This is a total noob question.  I am reading , and I'm having difficulty to understand something which seems to be trivial.  In the first chapter he writes:     If $x$ belongs to $A$ ($x$ is an element of $A$, $x$ is contained in $A$), we shall write      $x\in A$   I understand this.  Then, he write:     If $A$ and $B$ are sets and if every element of $A$ is an element of $B$, we say that $A$ is a subset of $B$, or $B$ includes $A$, and we write:      $A \subset B$   I understand this too.  Then he says:     The working of the definition implies that each set must be considered to be included in itself ($A \subset A$); this fact is described by saying that set inclusion is reflexive.   I understand this too.  But then:     Observe that belonging ($\in$) and inclusion ($\subset$) are conceptually very different things indeed. One important difference has already manifested itself above: inclusion is always reflexive, whereas it is not at all clear that belonging is ever reflexive. That is: $A \subset A$ is always true;  is $A\in A$ ever true? It is certainly not true of any reasonable set that anyone has ever seen.   And this is where I don't think I understand anything.  There is not more elaboration on this point in the text.  I tried to skip this but it seems it is quite fundamental for understanding what follows in the book.  Could someone explain what is meant here? The Problem  Currently if I flag a post, I cannot check the status of the flag unless I have prior helpful flags. This means, for example, that a new user who wants to check the status of his first flag cannot do so while it is pending (active).  This feature request is based on my experience on MSO, where I wanted to check the status of my flag but could not get to the summary page without cheating (tweaking my SO link to work with MSO). It also stems from this question, where the OP indicates he had the same issue:   My Proposal  If I have flagged any post, then show me a "flags" link (red arrow in image below). If I have any helpful flags, then the number of helpful flags should be displayed (blue arrow). If I have not flagged anything, then neither should be displayed (as with current site functionality).