C++ Changing values from text file I am a c++ beginner and I have a (probably simple) question. So far i have defined several variables:  double Start = 0; double End = 1; int Steps = 100;    I want to change these values to a value that I have stated in a text file "paramaters.txt":  x_start = 0 x_end = 10 num_steps = 100   So my c++ needs to read the file and change the double End from 1 to 10. Reading the file can be done with this function:  std::ifstream file("parameters.txt")   I want to define a variable of type std::string, called label. Then i want to read the ’label’ from the file. Using a group of ’if (label == ”value”)’ statements to determine if I'm dealing with the start, end of the number of steps. Within the if-statement, the value of 10 would stand for the end for example.   I hope that someone can help me.  Regards,
What is the easiest way to parse an INI File in C++? I'm trying to parse an INI file using C++. Any tips on what is the best way to achieve this? Should I use the Windows API tools for INI file processing (with which I am totally unfamiliar), an open-source solution or attempt to parse it manually?
If $f'$ is bounded, then $f$ is uniformly continuous Let $f\colon(a,b) \to \mathbb R$ be differentiable and suppose that there exists an $M&gt;0$ such that $|f&#39;(x)| \leq M$ for all $x$ in $(a,b)$. Prove that $f$  is uniformly continuous. How to use Alt+Shift to switch keyboard layouts? I recently upgraded to Ubuntu 13.10, with the new keyboard handling system. The little "switch keyboard" option does not let me set it to Alt+Shift. How can I get this keyboard binding, as I have absolutely no interest in using the Mac-esque Super+Space combo? Cheaper alternative to parmesan cheese? The parmesan cheese in pasta recipe is quite expensive.....do we have cheaper alternative??  Are there are cheddar cheese which can replace parmesan cheese? Debugging a custom-bib bst file that crashes on book items I created my own bibliography file with custom-bib (makebst), but when I run it with a reference to a book I get:  $ bibtex PhD [...normal output] Database file #1: PhD.bib You can't pop an empty literal stack for entry oecd2001brc while executing---line 1504 of file wdsphd.bst   The only thing on that line is a high-level ITERATE call.   The style was created with these options:  %% merlin.mbs  (with options: `head,exlang,annote,seq-no,nm-rvvc,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,tit-qq,qx,bt-qq,vol-bf,volp-sp,num-xser,pub-date,isbn,issn,doi,english,pp,ord,url,url-nl,nfss,,{}') %% english.mbs  (with options: `exlang,annote,seq-no,nm-rvvc,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,tit-qq,qx,bt-qq,vol-bf,volp-sp,num-xser,pub-date,isbn,issn,doi,english,pp,ord,url,url-nl,nfss,,{}') %% merlin.mbs  (with options: `tail,exlang,annote,seq-no,nm-rvvc,dt-beg,yr-par,xmth,tit-qq,qx,bt-qq,vol-bf,volp-sp,num-xser,pub-date,isbn,issn,doi,english,pp,ord,url,url-nl,nfss,,{}')   The code for book items looks like:  FUNCTION {book} { output.bibitem   author empty$     { format.editors "author and editor" output.check     }     { format.authors output.nonnull       crossref missing$         { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }         'skip$       if$     }   if$   format.btitle "title" output.check   crossref missing$     { format.bvolume output       new.block       format.number.series output       new.sentence       format.publisher.address output     }     {       new.block       format.book.crossref output.nonnull     }   if$   format.edition output   format.isbn output   format.doi output   new.block   format.note output   fin.entry   write.url }   And this is the entry:  @book{oecd2001brc,  author = {OECD},  doi = {10.1787/9789264193550-en},  isbn = {9789264186903},  publisher = {OECD Publishing},  title = {{Biological Resource Centres: Underpinning the future of life sciences and biotechnology}},  url = {http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/biological-resource-centres\_9789264193550-en},  year = {2001} }   Is there a way to get a better stacktrace from bibtex? What I have now doesn 't really tell me what is going on. If it can be fixed simply, help would also be appreciated. multiple definition error including c++ header file with inline code from multiple sources I have a c++ header file containing a class. I want to use this class in several projects, bu I don't want to create a separate library for it, so I'm putting both methods declarations and definitions in the header file:     // example.h #ifndef EXAMPLE_H_ #define EXAMPLE_H_ namespace test_ns{  class TestClass{ public:     void testMethod(); };  void TestClass::testMethod(){     // some code here... }  } // end namespace test_ns #endif   If inside the same project I include this header from more than one cpp file, I get an error saying "multiple definition of test_ns::TestClass::testMethod()", while if I put the method definition inside the class body this does not happen:  // example.h #ifndef EXAMPLE_H_ #define EXAMPLE_H_ namespace test_ns{  class TestClass{ public:     void testMethod(){         // some code here...     } };  } // end namespace test_ns #endif   Since the class is defined inside a namespace, shouldn't the two forms be equivalent? Why is the method considered to be defined twice in the first case? Better HTTPS support for Stack Exchange sites So it looks like Stack Exchange now supports HTTPS (to some extent). Which is awesome! But there are a few problems, the main one being that some content is delivered over the CDN, which is plain HTTP. This causes browsers to complain about "unsecured content": find exec '{}' not available after > Exec allows us to either pass all arguments at once with {} + or to pass them one by one with {} \;  Now let's say I want to rename all jpeg, no problem doing this:  find . \( -name '*.jpg' -o -name '*.jpeg' \) -exec mv '{}' '{}'.new \;   But if I need to redirect output, '{}' isn't accessible after redirection.  find . \( -name '*.jpg' -o -name '*.jpeg' \) -exec cjpeg -quality 80 '{}' &gt; optimized_'{}' \;   This wouldn't work. I'd have to use a for loop, storing find's output into a variable before using it. Let's admit it, it's cumbersome.  for f in `find . \( -name '*.jpg' -o -name '*.jpeg' \)`; do cjpeg -quality 80 $f &gt; optimized_$f; done;   So is there a better way? How to acknowledge a deceased advisor’s contributions to a paper? One of my advisors suddenly passed away while I was in graduate school.  We had some discussions and ideas about future publications, but he passed away before any of the work was completed.  When the work was finally completed and published, I and my co-authors were therefore presented with an ethical dilemma about how best to acknowledge his contributions to the ideas behind the paper.  Should we list him as a co-author?  Put him in the acknowledgements?  Listing him as an author would give credit for the original idea, however, we would have no way of knowing if he actually approved of—and would want his name attached to—our methods and writing.  In the end my co-authors and I decided to list him as a co-author with a footnote stating that he passed away before publication.  I’m interested to hear from others who have been in similar situations and/or suggestions on what constitutes “co-authorship” when one of one’s collaborators passes away before the publication or work is complete. launch app, capture stdout and stderr in c++ How do I launch an app and capture the output via stdout and maybe stderr?  I am writing an automated build system and I need to capture the output to analyze. I'd like to update the svn repo and grab the revision number so I can move the files in autobuild/revNumber/ if successful. I also would like to build using make and upload the compile text to my server for everyone to see the warnings and errors on a failed build.  I can't find the system() function, but I found the CreateProcess() function on MSDN. I am able to launch what I need but I have no idea how to capture the stderr and stdout.  I notice the process launches separately unless I set a breakpoint and keep my app exiting which it then will keep all the text in my app console window. I would also want to wait until all processes are finished and then scan the data it produced to do any additional operations I need. How do I do any of this? Differences between ways to express future actions What do you call snow that has collected between a car body and the tire? From reading the rules it would appear there are two kinds of damage and then straight loss of life:     118.3 If an effect causes a player to gain or lose life, that player's life total is adjusted accordingly.   From reading that I would guess that effects like Extort are not sources of damage. You simply lose the life.      119.2a Damage may be dealt as a result of combat. Each attacking and blocking creature deals combat damage equal to its power during the combat damage step.   So damage from creatures during combat is combat damage.     119.2b Damage may be dealt as an effect of a spell or ability. The spell or ability will specify which object deals that damage.   And that is direct damage from an object.  So the arguments are these:  Does loss of life as outlined by rule 118.3 (at top) count as being dealt damage? Do triggered abilities that redirect or reduce damage effect loss of life?  My second related question: You put  on a  and tap her to deal one damage to your opponent. Am I right in saying that because the damage was direct damage (not dealt during combat) then the triggered ability of preventing the combat phase of the damaged player is not triggered? I am trying to mimic the interesting proof from  to give a generating set of the ideal correspond to the $d$-uple embedding: We fix the notation $\Delta = \big\{ (\nu_0, \dots, \nu_n) \in {\mathbb{N}}^{n+1}_0 ~:~ \nu_0 + \dots + \nu_n = d \big\}$. The polynomial map is $\theta : k[y_\nu : \nu \in \Delta] \rightarrow k[x_0, \dotsc, x_n]$ given by $$ \theta ( y_\nu ) := x^{\nu_0}_0 \cdots x^{\nu_n}_n $$ and we know that ${\mathrm{ker}}~\theta$ is the ideal of the $d$-uple embedding, i.e., $\rho_d({\mathbb{P}}^n) = Z({\mathrm{ker}}~\theta)$ (cf. Exercise I.2.12 Hartshorne). Now let $W \leq k[y_\nu : \nu \in \Delta]$ denote the ideal $$ W := \Big\langle y_{\tau_1} y_{\tau_2} - y_{\tau^{\prime}_1} y_{\tau^{\prime}_2} ~:~ \tau_1, \tau_2, \tau^{\prime}_1, \tau^{\prime}_2 \in \Delta, \tau_1 + \tau_2 = \tau^{\prime}_1 + \tau^{\prime}_2 \Big\rangle $$ Clearly, $W \subseteq {\mathrm{ker}}~\theta$. Using the lemma in the above link, we need to produce a $k$-subspace $T \subseteq k[y_\nu : \nu \in \Delta]$ with the conditions $$ T + W = k[y_\nu : \nu \in \Delta], \hspace{.2in} \theta \lvert_{T} = {\mathrm{injective}} $$ After a few thoughts it seems reasonable to think of the following subspace as a candidate for $T$: First define the equivalence relation on $\Delta \times \Delta$ given by $(\tau_1, \tau_2) \sim (\tau^{\prime}_1, \tau^{\prime}_2)$ if $\tau_1 + \tau_2 = \tau^{\prime}_1 + \tau^{\prime}_2$. Let $\Omega \subseteq \Delta \times \Delta$ be a subset with a unique representative from each class of $\sim$. Now let $T$ be the $k$-span of the monomials $y^{\alpha_1}_{\tau_1} \dotsc y^{\alpha_r}_{\tau_r}$ (with the distinct elements $\tau_1, \dotsc, \tau_r \in \Delta$ and $\alpha_1, \dotsc, \alpha_r \geq 1$) such that $(\tau_i, \tau_j) \in \Omega$ for each $i \neq j$. Clearly, $\theta$ is injective if restricted to $T$. I got lost in the step : Each monomial $M$ of $k[y_\nu : \nu \in \Delta]$ satisfy $M \equiv b$ mod $W$ for some $b \in T$. Did I do anything wrong? Content of a polynomial Define the content of a polynomial (over an arbitrary commutative ring $A$) to be the ideal generated by its coefficients, denoted $c(f)$. I want to show that   $$c(fg) = c(f)c(g).$$      (I was told this is true.)    What I was able to show was that $c(fg) \subseteq c(f)c(g)$ (this is obvious), and that their radicals are the same. My reasoning for the latter was as follows: let $f = a_0 + \dotsb + a_nx^n,$ $g = b_0 + \cdots + a_mx^m,$ and consider the matrix  $$ \begin{pmatrix}  a_0 b_0 &amp; \cdots &amp; a_0b_m\\ \vdots &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots\\ a_nb_0 &amp; \cdots &amp; a_nb_m \end{pmatrix} .$$  Then $c(f)c(g)$ is generated by the entries of this matrix, while $c(fg)$ is generated by the sums along the diagonals. Let $\mathfrak p$ be a prime ideal of $A$ not containing $c(f)$ or $c(g)$, and let $i,\,j$ be minimal such that $a_i,\, b_j \notin \mathfrak p$.  Then all the terms in the generator of $c(fg)$ corresponding to the coefficient of $x^{i+j}$ are in $\mathfrak p$ except for $a_ib_j$, so that $c(fg) \not\subset\mathfrak p$. It follows that $c(fg) \subseteq \mathfrak p \Longleftrightarrow c(f)c(g) \subseteq\mathfrak p$, and hence $\sqrt{c(fg)} = \sqrt{c(f)c(g)}$.     Can I go all the way and show that in fact $c(fg) = c(f) c(g)$? How do you compare two version Strings in Java? Why are there scenes that will not render on GPU but will render fine on CPU? I've already tried GPU Rendering and it seem to be twice as fast as the CPU. However I have some situation where tried to render on the GPU, but it doesn't do anything. When I switch to CPU it renders.  I have some fur texture/materials using particle systems. I wonder if that causes the GPU not to render, I'm not really sure. Why do I need 50 reputation to comment? What can I do instead? I wonder if this is a bug, or if I missed something... When a light hits tangentially convex surfaces with "smooth shading", the shadow on this surface seems to "partially ignore" the smoothness of the surface. Here is an example with a simple cylinder :    On the left, a cylinder with "flat shading". Everything's ok. On the right, the same with "smooth". We can see an edge, bad shadowed.  With or without the "Edge split" modifier, no matters, the edge is still there. The shader is a simple white diffuse shader with no texture nor displace.  I have to add a subsurf modifier with at least 2 levels, which will insanely increase the vertex count... And I can't do that for my project.  I hope someone already saw it, and have a little tip to share. Or if someone already know it's a bug, or a limit of the current Cycles renderer ? What's usually the effective visual resolution of typical Hollywood Movies? I'm really surprised by the quality of the visuals in some new movies this year (2018). I'm curious to know in what resolution these cameras typically record to experience this quality on a cinema screen? I want to determine the set of natural numbers that can be expressed as the sum of some non-negative number of 3s and 5s.  $$S=\{3k+5j∣k,j∈\mathbb{N}∪\{0\}\}$$  I want to check whether that would be: 0,3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and so on.  Meaning that it would include 0, 3, 5, 8. Then from 9 and on, every Natural Number. But how would I explain it as a set? or prove that these are the numbers in the set?