gdal_polygonize converts whatever rasters values into vector integers as it is based on the GDALPolygonize() function ().  It is suggested that the GDALFPolygonize() function () should be employed in case floating points are to be transferred.  However, it is absolutely obscure to me how to implement or call such function instead of the standard one. No clue is available anywhere.  I'm calling gdal using both OSGeo4W shell as well as QGIS2.6 python interface (I'm on Windows 7 and 8.1).
I have float raster and now I want to convert it to vector. How is it possible with the Python GDAL library?  I have tried with gdal_polygonize.py of GDAL utilities on the command line and it worked excellently. But this utility is based on GDALPolygonize() of C++ library and I want to C++ method GDALFPolygonize() to be used instead, which manipulates float raster data as far as I know.
Replacing NAs with latest non-NA value I would like to understand a couple of fact on maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) for logistic regressions.   Is it true that, in general, the MLE for logistic regression is biased? I would say "yes". I know, for example, that sample dimension is related to the asymptotic bias of MLEs.   Do you know any elementary examples of this phenomenon? If the MLE is biased, is it true that the covariance matrix of the MLEs is the inverse of the Hessian of the maximum likelihood function?   edit: I have met this formula quite often and without any proof; it seems a quite arbitrary choice to me. I tried installing VLC Player yesterday, and I got the Requires installation of untrusted packages error.  I searched for hours for a solution to this problem, and finally came upon a suggestion that said to change servers for downloading updates from.  I did this, and it gave me a 404 error when I clicked on "Check" in the Update Manager.  I tried switching my server back to the main one (and after that, several other ones), but I am now still getting a 404 error:   And the other error I get when downloading or updating:   Edit: Output of cat /etc/apt/sources.list:  deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted #Added by software-properties  # See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to # newer versions of the distribution. deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted multiverse deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse universe #Added by software-properties  ## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the ## distribution. deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted multiverse deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates restricted main multiverse universe #Added by software-properties  ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any ## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe  ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu  ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to  ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in  ## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu ## security team.  ## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as ## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes ## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features. ## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review ## or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse #Added by software-properties  deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted multiverse deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security restricted main multiverse universe #Added by software-properties deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security universe  ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's ## 'partner' repository. ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the ## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users. deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner  ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by third-party ## developers who want to ship their latest software. Marketing Cloud Mobile Push SDK - Switching app user I'm currently building a clienteling app that integrated the Mobile Push SDK on both iOS and Android and encountered some issue on switching the account.  I found that when I login to user A, and set contact key to A, the Inbox Messages will be send to this device. However, I logout user A and switch to a user B, I should set the contact key to B. But seems the inbox messages are associated with the Device instead of Contact, I can still see the inbox messages that were sent to contact A previously.  My question is, how should we deal with this situation, to prevent from seeing the previous inbox messages if the contact key has been changed? Let be the next equivalence relation on $B= \{R \subseteq \mathbb{N}\times\mathbb{N} \ | \ R \ is \ a \ well-order \ on \  \mathbb{N}\}$ : $$"R \equiv R' \leftrightarrow \ (\mathbb{N},R) \cong (\mathbb{N},R') \ are \ well-ordering \ sets \  isomorphic" $$  Which is the cardinality of $B/\equiv$?  Firstly, we can notice that each well-ordering set is isomorphic to an ordinal $\alpha \ $such that $\alpha &lt; \aleph_{1}$, and so it is enough to count how many ordinals are isomorphic to a subset of $\mathbb{N}$. For example, if we consider $A$ the set of the even numbers and $B$ the set of odd numbers with the usual order relation, $A \oplus B$ is isomorphic to $\omega + \omega$. Another example could be: if we consider the order of $\mathbb{N}$ that we use in Sharkowski Theorem, that order is isomorphic to $ \omega^{2} + \omega$. Working with prime numbers we could build also $\omega^{n} \ \forall n \in \mathbb{N}$, and so $\omega^{\omega}$ and maybe something bigger. However, we know that each countable ordinal is isomorphic to a subset of $\mathbb{Q}$, but I bet that the same result is not true for $\mathbb{N}$ because it is "too small".  What can I do? Javascript multiple replace Decompose vector fields on product manifolds So, I know that tangent bundle of a product manifold $M \times N$ splits in a sum $$ T_{(x,y)}(M \times N) = T_xM \oplus T_yN, $$ so that is obvious that the sum $X \oplus Y$ of smooth vector fields $X \in \mathcal{T}(M)$ and $Y \in \mathcal{T}(N)$ is a smooth vector field of $M \times N$. I've been told that, though not every vector field in $\mathcal{T}(M \times N)$ is a sum, locally one can always find one such decomposition, which will in turn be unique due the fact the sum is a direct one.   How can I show that this decomposition exists locally? More than that, if $X = X_1 + X_2$ is the decomposition, is there a way the express the coordinate functions of $X_1$ and $X_2$ in terms of those of $X$?   First I thought about taking two frames that locally spam $TM$ and $TN$ and write down $X$ using them, but then the coordinate functions are of the form $X^i: M \times N \to \mathbb R$, and the vector field components in each subspace are not exactly fields of $M$ and $N$ because their coordinate functions don't have the right domains. Is there another better way to see this decomposition holds locally? Is it possible to backup individual files with Deja Dup? In the Deja Dup preferences, it is possible to select certain folders to backup and certain folders to exclude.  I would like to be able to backup individual files in my Home folder (Such as .vimrc and .bashrc), but I don't see any way to do this.   So my question is, is it possible to either     Select individual files (instead of whole folders) to backup, or backup my Home folder, but exclude all subfolders? I have found the command to delete files older than 5 days in a folder  find /path/to/files* -mtime +5 -exec rm {} \;   But how do I also do this for subdirectories in that folder? How do I edit the boot order in the GRUB menu to have Windows first? I have a dual boot on my computer of Windows 7 and Xubuntu 12.10. The Linux boot is 1st and the Windows 2nd. I would like to reverse the boot order in the GRUB menu. I need to know the steps to go about editing GRUB. I do most of my work on Windows and need it to be 1st so I can boot up and not watch it. What function satisfies $F'(x) = F(2x)$? Is it possible to exit the airport without going through the customs? (Ubuntu 13.04 with GNOME Shell, upgraded, GNOME version 3.8) Recently, I upgraded Ubuntu to 13.04. the default desktop is gnome-shell. Except Nautilus, other software border doesn't disappear when I make them to be maximized. I checked the problem for these software:  LibreOffice Firefox Rhythmbox thunderbird GNOME-Terminal  On the other hand there are three bars on maximized mode:  GNOME Shell panel  Title-bar for software which contains - + x (minimise, maximise, close) buttons.  Software menu-bar  Number &quot;2&quot; is extra. Is a package missing? Granting access only to standby database One of the physical standby databases in my environment is open in read-only mode and used for reporting purposes . I want to give users access only to this particular standby, not to primary db.   The best approach I found so far is to create AFTER LOGON ON DATABASE trigger which checks v$instance (or maybe v$database), and throws error for depends on  values of host_name/instance_role columns  .   I wonder if there is a better way to do it. Dealing with multiple private DNS servers Where are the key wardens and where are my Infernal Machines to create a Hellfire Ring/Hellfire Amulet? In order to obtain a Hellfire Ring or Amulet, one has to work their way through the Uber Boss system of harvesting machines and organs to produce a legendary ring or amulet ().  To create the infernal machine required to open the portals to the Ubers, the keys are drops from mobs nick named Key Wardens.  Where are the various key wardens?  Are there any requirements for making the machines drop? What's the drop rate on different difficulty settings? I'm having a really, really hard time figuring out how to install mods on Minecraft. I've looked everywhere I can think of for help but the information is almost always outdated or unhelpful.  I've seen on several sites about the use of something called Forge. The Mod I want to use requires 1.6.4 Forge and I have both Forge and the Mod folders sitting in my downloads folder.  I haven't installed any kind of mods for any game prior to this and I have little clue to the technical side of Minecraft, so please keep this in mind when you give me an answer please!  Things that might help you figure out how to help me:   I want to play this mod  and am using the 1.6.4 Forge given on a link that website gives Prove that even + odd is odd. Prove that a even number + odd number = odd number  Let $x$ be the even number, let $y$ be the odd number.   From the definition of odd numbers, $y + 1$ is even.   Let:  $$x + y = z$$  Suppose $z$ is even.   $$x + y = z$$  It follows that:  $$x = x + y - y = z - y$$  But I cant think of any other contradiction here. The issue is with the assumption I suppose. Any help is appreciated! When should I start an LLC for my side work? I am doing quite a bit of sidework this year and wondering at what point would it be a good idea to "start a business" and bill through that. I noticed a peculiar behavior of my Ubuntu 13.04 (although possibly it's also present in previous versions): when my system freezes completely (I do not ask for troubleshooting this) so that even X does not respond to Ctrl+Alt+FX keys, the CapsLock toggle diode on my keyboard blinks (with frequency of ~1Hz), although the system is completely unresponsive.   What is the cause of this phenomena? Is it caused by some internal kernel mechanisms? Is this specific to Ubuntu (is it caused some custom Ubuntu additional software)? Does it has anything to do with HAL? What is the purpose of it? Can I customize this behavior on Ubuntu?