What is the word for the words we use to address a person or people to whom we stand in a particular relationship. For example I usually address my friends as &quot;boss&quot;. I greet them with &quot;Hey boss, how are you doing?&quot; Neighbouring words or terms include term of endearment which doesn't fit as endearment seems too affectionate a word for the context to which I'm referring. Similarly pet name is too affectionate and it's also used to tag a specific person rather than a collection of people. NB: Apologies if my wording is unclear. Edit: Emphasised collection of people to clarify why pet name or nickname aren't appropriate in my context.
For example, "dude," "man," "buddy," "pal," etc, when used to stand in for someone's name.  "Hey, pal, how's it going?"  Is there a word for terms like these?  Or is "colloquialism" as close as we can get?
There has been a significant drop (90%) in traffic from Google to one of my well-established sites (6+ years) in the last week. Searches show that the top 3 wide keywords all dropped 4 spots. Searches for other keywords do not show ANY results in the first 10 to 25 pages of results, while previously one 1st or 2nd page at most.  Since there are , the question really is:  What steps are necessary to figure out what caused such a drop?  There have been no major changes during this period or the last month on the site and certainly not in the homepage which has dropped in rank. Over all the years of running this site and plenty of others, I have never experienced this. There are is duplicate content on my site and I have rigorously used canonical links for the last few years to ensure it is not misinterpreted as such. How can I search the bash history and rerun a command? Can I search history in bash and run the result? Display View counts of Questions in Mobile version I often use Stack Exchange sites from my smartphone. It works great, but I always have to switch to full version to see view counts of a question. Can you please add it? There's plenty of space on question page for it to place. I request community to suggest a location. How to learn commutative algebra? I want to learn commutative algebra from scratch. I was wondering, as you are experts in mathematics, what you think is the best way to learn commutative algebra? Is there any video course available for commutative algebra? Will there be some online course for commutative algebra on some website like Coursera, etc?  I know noncommutative algebra up to the Artin-Wedderburn Theorem. Also, I know group theory up to the Sylow theorems and Galois Theory. I also know some basic topology.  I'm new to this site so I don't know what tags I should add for this question. Please feel free to edit my question.  Edit 1: I want to learn commutative algebra for learning Algebraic Geometry. I remember  due to misuse and I wonder if bots have a part of it. If the bot is POSTing something to my site what are ways I can combat it? I was thinking of setting some cookies and having the cookies changed via JavaScript + timestamp and sign (so yesterday's cookies can't be used today and next week).  I'm sure most people/bots would just use another site instead of enabling JavaScript in their bot.  What else can I do? I'm thinking daily POST limit and a honeypot for generic bots who just randomly post spam. Write Python stdout to file immediately When trying to write the stdout from a Python script to a text file (python script.py &gt; log), the text file is created when the command is started, but the actual content isn't written until the Python script finishes. For example:  script.py:  import time for i in range(10):     print('bla')     time.sleep(5)   prints to stdout every 5 seconds when called with python script.py, but when I call python script.py &gt; log, the size of the log file stays zero until the script finishes. Is it possible to directly write to the log file, such that you can follow the progress of the script (e.g. using tail)?   EDIT It turns out that python -u script.py does the trick, I didn't know about the buffering of stdout. How can I move Steam games to another disk? Why do we need to discard one dummy variable? What is the word for when someone is overly nice and actually isn't nice at all? What is the word for when someone is overly nice and actually isn't nice at all because of the unnecessary added information/comments? For example, they will say things like "Your hair looks so good that wayyyy omg you should do it that way ALL the time! Looks way better than how you usually do it." And the word I'm looking for is not passive aggressive and it is not sarcasm. There is a word for these types of people. What is it? These people think they're being kind but actually blunt and rude. Another example would be for someone to say "hey you're beautiful, but maybe if you didn't wear harsh makeup you would look better" and they intend to sound like they're being nice when you know they don't like you and are saying in out of spite. Look at the profile page of , who has just "lost" 100k reputation and all their bronze badges, because of this broken design.  Shouldn't the primary usercard be kept intact no matter how other elements grow?  P.S. So many design bugs these days, did SE do a large CSS refactory?  P.P.S  that squeezes the right pane ( to reproduce) Trying to find a Sci-Fi movie, probably from the 50's or 60's I’m trying to identify a movie I saw when I was very young.  It was a “Saturday Matinee” playing on one of the local stations, and I likely watched it in the late 60’s.  So I expect that the movie is from the 50’s or 60’s.  I watched it in black and white, but it could have been a color movie on a black and white set. I clearly recall a scene where scientists enter a lab and some see something move past them in a blur.  Later in the movie, they come upon themselves in the same lab where they appear to be frozen and not moving.  Then they notice that their “other selves” are moving, just almost inperceptibly slowly.  They are encountering themselves but at a completely different time scale. Unfortunately, I don’t recall much else about the movie, just the idea that they encounter themselves once with the others flashing past, and again seemingly not moving at all.  If this rings any bells with anyone, I’d love some pointers to try to track this movie down. Looking around for rim brake pads, I have noticed a wide variety:   low end-ish: cheap, rubber pad with metal stem, unknown brand high end-ish: expensive, rubber pad with metal stem, known brand cool end-ish: dedicate pad sections (1 for dry, 1 for mud, 1 for rain)   Is there any good reason to go for an high end-ish or for the cool end-ish, or is it just plain old marketing tricks? Why can't I use the Delete key to delete in Photoshop CS6? The previous version of Photoshop I used was CS4 and whenever I selected a portion of an image with the magic wand and hit Delete, it simply deleted that portion of the image (rendering it transparent). Easy!  In CS6, this is not the case. Now when I select a portion of an image and hit Delete, it brings up the Fill dialogue.  For example I have this picture (it's a Vauxhall Corsa). I want to use the Magic Wand to render anything that isn't part of the car transparent, so I start by highlighting some clouds with the Magic Wand like so:     Click on images to see larger versions  Now when I hit Delete, instead of that area of the picture being deleted as I would expect based on my experience with CS4, I get this dialogue:    My questions are:   Can this dialogue be used to achieve the functionality I want? If so, how? If not, how do I delete the background in CS6? Intersection of powers of an ideal in a Noetherian ring Given a Noetherian ring $R$ and a proper ideal $I$ of it.  Is it true that $$\bigcap_{n\ge 1} I^n=0$$ as $n$ varies over all natural numbers? If not, is it true if $I$ is a maximal ideal? If not, is it true if $I$ is the maximal ideal of a local ring $R$? If not, is it true under additional assumptions on $R$ (like $R$ is regular)? There is a command l available on my machine which appears to do nothing.  which l also produces no output. Is this a real command, and does it actually do anything? How do I merge 2 VMware disks in to a single one? I have installed an Ubuntu server on a VMWare workstation with a space of 20GB storage as seen below:    After the installation I've attached another 40GB worth storage to the existing Ubuntu server installation (seen below):    Now I want to add this 40GB to my / (root) directory it mean's  I want that my / directory became to 60G , like it will be resize from 20G to 60G (20G + 40G), i don't know what should i do, can any body help me ?  , my df -h result shows;  root@Userver:~# df -h Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1        18G  900M   16G   6% / udev            990M  4.0K  990M   1% /dev tmpfs           400M  308K  399M   1% /run none            5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock none            999M     0  999M   0% /run/shm none            100M     0  100M   0% /run/user root@Userver:~#   it must be 60G !  i have no graphic mode, then i can't use Gparted tools, i'm just have ssh access ! Is there any relation between the chromatic number of a graph $G$ and its complement $G'$ that are always true?  I saw these ones: $\chi(G)\chi(G')\geq n$ and $\chi(G)+\chi(G')\geq 2n$,  but I'm not pretty sure about them. Wolfram alpha says there are no solutions. Is this because of the following?  $$\tan(z)=i \Rightarrow \frac{e^{iz}-e^{-iz}}{i(e^{iz}+e^{-iz})}=i \Rightarrow \frac{e^{iz}-e^{-iz}}{(e^{iz}+e^{-iz})}=-1$$ Let $x=e^{iz}$. Then,  $$\frac{x-1/x}{x+1/x}=-1 \Rightarrow x-1/x=-x-1/x \Rightarrow 2x=0$$  Then, $$x=e^{iz} \Rightarrow \ln(0)=iz$$ but $\ln(0)$ does not exist so we have no solutions? Let $p, q \in \mathbb{R}^n$ such that $\|p\| = \|q\| = 1$ and define $$A = pq^T + qp^T$$ Find the null space of $A$.    I am not having very much luck. I have managed to show that $p + q$ and $p - q$ are eigenvectors, but I can't seem to connect those two. I know that since $A$ is generated by an outer product, it is of rank one. That implies that the rank of the null space is $n - 1$, but I can't seem to get any further. Can anyone help? Is there a robust command line tool for processing csv files? I work with CSV files and sometimes need to quickly check the contents of a row or column from the command line.  In many cases cut, head, tail, and friends will do the job; however, cut cannot easily deal with situations such as  "this, is the first entry", this is the second, 34.5   Here, the first comma is part of the first field, but cut -d, -f1 disagrees. Before I write a solution myself, I was wondering if anyone knew of a good tool that already exists for this job.  It would have to, at the very least, be able to handle the example above and return a column from a CSV formatted file.  Other desirable features include the ability to select columns based on the column names given in the first row, support for other quoting styles and support for tab-separated files.  If you don't know of such a tool but have suggestions regarding implementing such a program in Bash, Perl, or Python, or other common scripting languages, I wouldn't mind such suggestions.