What story has someone step on a butterfly in the past and change the future, and what is that effect called? I remember a story or movie from my childhood where the protagonist goes back in time to retrieve some object, and while doing so he inadvertently steps on something small (like a fly or butterfly). When he returns to the present, he finds the future has changed quite a bit.  Does anybody know the story I'm talking about?  Also, does anybody know about the scientific law/paradox which governs this phenomenon?
Time Traveler steps on a butterfly, changes everything I heard of this in high school, but never learned its title or author- supposedly the aforementioned worm butterfly would have played a part in evolution that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs (instead of that meteor most people blame now). This story might even have been parodied on a certain Simpsons Halloween Special (the one where Homer accidentally makes a time machine trying to fix the toaster).
What do the different colours in Ubuntu's ls command mean? For example, when I type the ls command in one of my folders, I get one of the files in light green, the other (which is a folder) in blue with green highlighting.   What do those colours mean, and there is any manual about all the colours? How to *disable* automatic reboots in Windows 10? Windows 10 lets you 'schedule' a reboot for later. I want to disable it.  Evidently Windows scheduled itself for a reboot last night when I wasn't looking and just closed everything I had been working on the night before.  I reboot on the regular; I don't need Windows to do that for me.  Can I disable it completely? I don't mind if it downloads everything, and then says "hey, you should reboot," but it should never reboot itself, ever.  I'm using the "Pro" edition of Windows 10. How do I intercept a method call in C#? For a given class I would like to have tracing functionality i.e. I would like to log every method call (method signature and actual parameter values) and every method exit (just the method signature).      How do I accomplish this assuming that:     I don't want to use any 3rd party AOP libraries for C#, I don't want to add duplicate code to all the methods that I want to trace,   I don't want to change the public API of the class - users of the class should be able to call all the methods in exactly the same way.     To make the question more concrete let's assume there are 3 classes:     public class Caller   {      public static void Call()       {          Traced traced = new Traced();          traced.Method1();          traced.Method2();       }  }   public class Traced   {      public void Method1(String name, Int32 value) { }       public void Method2(Object object) { }  }   public class Logger  {      public static void LogStart(MethodInfo method, Object[] parameterValues);       public static void LogEnd(MethodInfo method);  }   How do I invoke Logger.LogStart and Logger.LogEnd for every call to Method1 and Method2 without modifying the Caller.Call method and without adding the calls explicitly to Traced.Method1 and Traced.Method2?  Edit:  What would be the solution if I'm allowed to slightly change the Call method? "Abusing" bounties for unlimited profit Six days ago I put a +50 bounty on  which wasn't asked by me, but to which I'd previously posted a pretty decent answer. Since then I've earned 130 reputation from upvotes on my answer, netting me +80 reputation and a bronze badge from no work.  It seems possible to slowly generate free reputation by "investing" in your answers like this. I expect I could repeat this perpetually and continue to profit from it.  This strikes me as an abuse of the bounty system. Should anything be done to prevent it?  EDIT: For more concrete questions:   If I put another bounty on this question after this one expired, would that be considered abuse? What if I did it several times? ( the answer was  "yes", but the author was doing so to promote his own project.) What if I didn't do it to the same question, but was constantly promoting questions I'd answered, in order to promote my answers? I am aware that the "Eye of Sauron" in Peter Jackson's movies was not Sauron's actual physical form.  What the answers at '' don't indicate is, despite this, what abilities of vision Sauron may have had.  Did he have the ability to see from afar? If so, what are his limitations or details of this power? Is it some kind of Elvish-sight like Legolas but stronger? Was it a magical power? Or perhaps with the help of the Palantir (I'm not sure of this last one because I dont remember if the Palantir could only see what other Palantíri were seeing or anything he wanted)? R raster: masking a raster by polygon also remove cells partially covered? I want to mask out a raster based on the values of a polygon: i.e., set to NA all values of the raster that are not covered by the polygons. However, it seems that raster::mask() masks out cells (i.e. set them to NA) even if they are partially covered?  This is similar to the question: , but unlike crop(), mask() does not have the snap="out" option.   Check: here the right point of the triangle touches a cell, yet that cells is masked out.   library(raster) library(sp)  r &lt;- raster(xmn=1, xmx=5, ymn=1, ymx=5, nrows=4, ncols=4) r[] &lt;- 1:length(r)  Sr1 = Polygon(cbind(c(2,4,4,1,2),c(2,3,5,4,2))) Sr2 = Polygon(cbind(c(4.1,4,2),c(2,3,2)))  SpP = SpatialPolygons(list(Polygons(list(Sr1), "s1"), Polygons(list(Sr2), "s2")), 1:2)  plot(mask(r, SpP)) plot(SpP,  add=TRUE) Lipschitz Condition and Optimization I am reading paper on . I am trying to understand the following statement:     I would like to ask how the Ball doesnot contain the minimum of f? I would appreciate if this could be graphically shown something like following taken from Bayesian Optimization and Data Science Injecting beans into a class outside the Spring managed context I'm an end-user of one of my company's products. It is not very suitable for integration into Spring, however I am able to get a handle on the context and retrieve the required bean by name.  However, I would still like to know if it was possible to inject a bean into this class, even though the class is not managed by Spring itself.  Clarification: The same application which is managing the lifecycle of some class MyClass, is also managing the lifecycle of the Spring context. Spring does not have any knowledge of the instance of MyClass, and I would like to some how provide the instance to the context, but cannot create the instance in the context itself. What is the lowest level of mathematics required in order to understand how encryption algorithms work? How do I change the GRUB boot order? I have both Windows 7 and Ubuntu installed on a shared machine. Because a lot of the non-developers use Windows, I'd like to change the boot order to make it easier for them.  Currently the boot order looks like the following:   Ubuntu 11.10 kernelgeneric *86 Ubuntu 11.10 kernelgeneric *86 (safe boot)  Memory test Memory test Windows 7 on /dev/sda6   How do I change the default order so that Windows 7 is at the top of the list?   Windows 7 on /dev/sda6 Ubuntu 11.10 kernelgeneric *86 Ubuntu 11.10 kernelgeneric *86 (safe boot)  Memory test Memory test I want my Java code to be typeset in a monospaced font, so I am using the verbatim environment. LaTeX commands are highlighted in Eclipse, but as soon as I use the verbatim environment everything inside and the color of the environment itself becomes gray.  \begin{verbatim}   public class main {  public static void main (string[] args){      for(int i = 0; i &lt; arg.length; i ++){          System.out.println(args[i]);      }    }  };  \end{verbatim}   I'm using the verbatim and alltt packages.  Update 1.  MWE.  \documentclass[xcolor=dvipsnames]{beamer}  \mode&lt;presentation&gt; { \usetheme{CambridgeUS} \setbeamercovered{transparent} }  % Поддержка русского языка \RequirePackage[utf8]{inputenc} \RequirePackage[T2A]{fontenc} \RequirePackage[russian]{babel}  \RequirePackage{amsfonts}  \usepackage{algorithmic} \usepackage{mathptmx} \usepackage[scaled=.90]{helvet} \usepackage{courier} \usepackage{pst-node} \usepackage{pst-tree} \usepackage{auto-pst-pdf} \usepackage{color} \usepackage{colortbl} \usepackage{pstricks} \usepackage{verbatim} \usepackage{alltt} \usepackage{listings} \usepackage{animate} \usepackage{multimedia}  \title{Title}  \author{Name}  \institute{}  \date{\today}  \begin{document}  \begin{frame} \titlepage \end{frame}  \begin{frame} \frametitle{Outline} \tableofcontents \end{frame}  \section{Introduction}  \begin{frame}{Классификация по поколениям}  \begin{itemize}  \item Третьего поколения (высокоуровневые языки) - последовательность высокоуровневых конструкций (циклы, условные выражения, классы, интерфейсы, методы, процедуры, \ldots) \pause  \begin{exampleblock}{Пример}  \begin{centering}  Fortran, C, C++, C\#, Java, Lisp.  \begin{verbatim}  public class main { public statiс void main (string[] args){ for(int i = 0; i &lt; arg.length; i ++){ System.out.println(args[i]); } } };  \end{verbatim}  \end{centering}  \end{exampleblock}\pause  \item Четвертого поколения (для конкретного применения) - последовательность инструкций конкретной предметной области \pause  \begin{exampleblock}{Пример} SQL, Postscript, XML, Mathlab. \end{exampleblock} \pause  \end{itemize}  \end{frame}  \end{document} Modelling the number of apples an orchard yields with diminishing returns per tree This is   in the University of Washington's precal book.  Sylvia has an apple orchard. One season, her 100 trees yielded 140 apples per tree. She wants to increase her production by adding more trees to the orchard. However, she knows that for every 10 additional trees she plants, she will lose 4 apples per tree (i.e., the yield per tree will decrease by 4 apples). How many trees should she have in the orchard to maximize her production of apples?  Instructing a precal class, I walked through my approach to answering this in class (without preparing) and ended up doing something strange that may have confused the students. How would you clearly explain a way to get the function for the number of apples that we are trying to maximize? More generally, how would approach answering this question? It'd be nice to collect a some different approaches to demonstrate to my students that there is not a single rigid correct way to solve a problem. CSS to make HTML page footer stay at bottom of the page with a minimum height, but not overlap the page Indentation shortcuts in Visual Studio I am unit testing a .NET application (.exe) that uses an app.config file to load configuration properties.  The unit test application itself does not have an app.config file.    When I try to unit test a method that utilizes any of the configuration properties, they return null.  I'm assuming this is because the unit test application is not going to load in the target application's app.config.  Is there a way to override this or do I have to write a script to copy the contents of the target app.config to a local app.config?     post kind-of asks this question but the author is really looking at it from a different angle than I am.  EDIT: I should mention that I'm using VS08 Team System for my unit tests. A story about a whole crew of aliens who visit Earth, befriend a child It was a book I read when I was a kid, so I am assuming it was a book aimed at kids/young adults. A whole crew of aliens of different species meet an Earth kid. He befriends them. One of the aliens comes from a planet with dozens/hundreds of different sexes/genders. At one point, the Earth kid is talking about a swamp:  Alien: &quot;I live in/near a swamp on my home planet&quot; Kid: &quot;Oh, do you come from a swamp planet?&quot;  The alien points out that just because there is a swamp on his planet doesn't make it a swamp planet, there are dozens of biomes on his planet, just like Earth. Earth isn't just a swamp planet. Sum of digits of repunits Let's say we have $2$ particles facing each other and each traveling (almost) at speed of light.    Let's say I'm sitting on #$1$ particle so in my point of view #$2$ particle's speed is (almost) $c+c=2c$, double light speed? Please say why I am incorrect :)    EDIT: About sitting me is just example, so in point of view of #1 particle, the second one moves at (almost) $c+c=2c$ speed? Snap face to grid I need to move an entire object, so that one of the faces is exactly at Z=0. What is the best way to do this? Basically, if I could select Grid or 3D Cursor in the Snap To menu, that would be perfect:    My current workaround is to select the face, copy its Z coordinate, select all, move it all down by that same amount. Is there a faster way? Regular expression to match a line that doesn't contain a word I know it's possible to match a word and then reverse the matches using other tools (e.g. grep -v). However, is it possible to match lines that do not contain a specific word, e.g. hede, using a regular expression?   Input:  hoho hihi haha hede   Code:  grep "&lt;Regex for 'doesn't contain hede'&gt;" input   Desired output:  hoho hihi haha