I have a few Java tests that I'd like to run by doing java &lt;test-name&gt;.  But, all of the files are either .class or .java.    How do I trim off the end in a Bash script or in the terminal so that the command reads java &lt;test-name&gt;?
Given a string file path such as /foo/fizzbuzz.bar, how would I use bash to extract just the fizzbuzz portion of said string?
Need to prove that $(S,\cdot)$ defined by the binary operation $a\cdot b = a+b+ab$ is an abelian group on $S = \Bbb R \setminus \{-1\}$. So basically this proof centers around proving that (S,*) is a group, as it's quite easy to see that it's abelian as both addition and multiplication are commutative. My issue is finding an identity element, other than 0. Because if 0 is the identity element, then this group won't have inverses.  The set explicitly excludes -1, which I found to be its identity element, which makes going about proving that this is a group mighty difficult. What is an example of Gâteaux differentiable but not Fréchet differentiable at a point in a finite-dimensional space? Let $V,W$ be nonzero normed spaces over $\mathbb{K}$ such that $V$ is finite-dimensional.  Let $E$ open in $\mathbb{K}$ and $p\in E$.  Let $f:E\rightarrow W$ be Gâteaux-differentiable at $p$.  Is $f$ necessarily Fréchet-differentiable at $p$ in this case?  I think this is not true in general, but cannot find a counterexample. What would be a counterexample? "Dark L" is "L" at the end of the word or after a vowel sound. Example: ball, pull.  "Light L" is "L" at the beginning or before a vowel sound. Example: light, love.  There are 4 explanations of how to pronounce "dark L":   1st explanation: the tongue tip must contact the ridge right behind the upper teeth. 2nd explanation: before the tongue tip must contact the ridge right behind the upper teeth, you must curl the tongue and make sound like /r/ before make the /l/ as in the 1st explanation. 3rd explanation: just put the tongue between upper and lower teeth is enough to make the dark L 4th explanation: the tongue tip must contact the ridge right behind the upper teeth &amp; the back of the tongue raises up (a British teacher teaches that).   see this vid:  and  for more info  So what is the correct way to make the "dark L"? What do I need to get photos with a unifom black background (not with post)? Often i see portraits such as the one below and like the way they look. I wanted to know can I get this look in my shots.  I am sure there are professional materials you can get to outfit a studio that will deliver such results. I have no clue what these items would be, can i get clued in?  Also, I was wondering if there is a DIY way to achieve this as well. Maybe with a black bed sheet or something?  I want to set something up in a room in my house for studio type shots. I am looking to get an idea of what items I need to get this done and how the setup should go. I have created 50 spreadsheets for 50 students. Each spreadsheet contains 33 sheets, numbered 1 to 33, along with a couple of other sheets.  Within each of these 33 sheets, there are many protected ranges.  I accidentally protected a range that ought not to have been protected. So, with 50 students each having 33 sheets, I have over 1800 sheets to unprotected.  I want to loop through each sheet, 1 to 33, and remove protection from cell F15. Right now, I (the owner) am the only editor.  Since I'm not an actual programmer, I've clearly not done this properly.  Can someone offer a suggestion of how I can change my Google Script to make this work?  var ss = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet(); var sheets = ss.getSheets();  for (var i=2; i  &lt;sheets.length; i++) {   var sheet = ss.getSheets()[i];   sheet.activate();   SpreadsheetApp.flush();   var range = sheet.getRange('F15');        var protection = range.protect().setDescription('Protected range');        var me = Session.getEffectiveUser();        protection.addEditor(me);        protection.removeEditors(protection.getEditors());        if (protection.canDomainEdit()) {          protection.remove();          } //end of if statement  } Associates in Integral Domain Let $x$ and $y$ be nonzero elements of an integral domain $D$. Then $x$ and $y$ are associates if and only if $x = yd$ for some unit $d \in D$.    I am done proving the $\Leftarrow$ part. For $\Rightarrow$ what I did was: If $x$ and $y$ are associates then $x \mid y$ and $y \mid x$, so $x \mid y$ implies that $xs = y$ for some $s \in D$ and $y \mid x$ implies that $yt = x$ for some $t \in D$. That is, $yts=y$ which implies $ts=1$. Therefore $s$ is a unit and $t$ is a unit.    Am I on the right track? Can I say that the proof is complete? I have a unique problem with an older Toshiba satellite laptop that happens to be a LegacyFree laptop meaning you can't access the bios via the normal F2, Del, Esc, etc.  I can only select a boot option in the beginning such as HDD, Removeable, CD, Floppy, etc.  The problem I ran into is the bootable USB I created is appearing as a bootable HDD not as a removable device and thus it is booting from the HDD in the computer because I can't change the HDD device priority.  Is there anyway when making the bootable USB to make it appear as a USB instead of HDD?  I've been using unetbootin and LinuxLive to create these bootable USBs.  NOTE: I am aware you can access LegacyFree Bios is through a program called Tsetup or HwSetup through windowsXP problem is that The laptop doesn't have any OS currently installed. Assume the standard situation, that is, let $X_1, \ldots , X_n$ be independent and identically distributed with $X_k ∼ P_\theta(x; \theta)$ , where $P_\theta(x; \theta) = 2x/\theta^2$  if $0\le x \le\theta$ and $0$ otherwise. It is required to estimate $\theta$. Show that the maximum likelihood estimator for $\theta$ is $\hat{\theta} = \max{[X_1, \ldots , X_n]}$ and then show that the cumulative distribution function of $\hat{\theta}$ is $F_\theta(z) = z^{2n}/\theta^{2n}$. Here's what i did so far: Maximum Likehood estimator: $L_x(θ) = \prod_{i = 1}^{n} P_θ(x_k)$ Here we have $P_θ(x_1,...,x_n;θ) = P_θ(x_1,θ).P_θ(x_2,θ)...P_θ(x_n,θ)$ Likehood = $L_{x,θ}(θ) =P_θ(x_1,θ).P_θ(x_2,θ)...P_θ(x_n,θ)= 2x_1/θ^2. 2x_2/θ^2.. 2x_n/θ^2 = [2^n.\prod_{i = 1}^{n}x_i]/θ^{2n}$ Log-likehood: $\sum_{i = 1}^{n}log(P_θ(x_1,...x_n;θ))= \sum_{i = 1}^{n}log(2x_i/θ^2)$ Is this correct so far? Im still not sure how to get to $\hat{θ} = max{[X_1, . . . , X_n]}$ As for the the cumulative distribution part to show $F_θ(z) = z^{2n}/θ^{2n}$: $F(z) = P(max({x_k})&lt;z) = P(x_1&lt;z).P(x_2&lt;z)..P(x_n&lt;z) = 2x_1/θ^2.2x_2/θ^2...2x_n/θ^n = 2^n.\prod_{i = 1}^{n}x_i/θ^2n$ Not sure if this is correct. Would really appreciate some help. Edit: From the answers below, we can deduce the the estimator is biased. What estimator would be unbiased? How can i find it? I've been building my own emacs because I want to fix some issues in it and get the bug fixes upstream. However, Ubuntu keeps automatically removing my own built emacs and I have to keep rebuilding and reinstalling it.  Here's my output of apt-cache policy emacs when I went to bed last night:  ~/emacs$ sudo apt-cache policy emacs emacs:   Installed: 26.0.50.aaron-1   Candidate: 46.1   Version table:      46.1 500         500 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 Packages         500 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main i386 Packages  *** 26.0.50.aaron-1 100         100 /var/lib/dpkg/status   Here it is when I wake up:  ~/emacs$ sudo apt-cache policy emacs [sudo] password for excelsiora: emacs:   Installed: 46.1   Candidate: 46.1   Version table:  *** 46.1 500         500 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 Packages         500 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main i386 Packages         100 /var/lib/dpkg/status   Why is this package being versioned at 46 instead of 24 or 25? 26 is the currently the highest major emacs version you can get.   I can see that this is a meta-package:   Why is Ubuntu updating software without asking?  Main Question: What am I supposed to do - assign my package version a number higher than 46 just to make it stick?   That seems like a horrible hack, or maybe that's how it's supposed to work? Can a jar that has had botulinum food in it be cleaned If a home canned jar has botulinum in it can the jar be cleaned and saved? If so what is the correct way to clean the jar? Where do I put item tags on items inside a chest or your inventory? Functions that are their Own nth Derivatives for Real $n$ I will have a 10 hour layover in Seoul (ICN) and I want to go out and do some shopping. Is it possible to check in a bag during my layover?  I will be traveling on Korean Air.  I will only have 1 checked bag, and international flights allow 2 bags free. A text says:     The surface tension of a liquid results from an imbalance of intermolecular attractive forces, the cohesive forces between molecules:   A molecule in the bulk liquid experiences cohesive forces with other molecules in all directions.   A molecule at the surface of a liquid experiences only net inward cohesive forces   If this is the case: Why is surface tension considered or experienced as a force parallel to the interface while it is so obvious that it must be perpendicular to it? Is There Any Way to get the template Name By full URL for example  If the full url is  www.example.com/hello-world   I need a function that return the template name (page.php)  I know that WordPress matches every url with regular expression to determine the query and decide which template to include.  That's exactly what I need, a built in or (custom made) function that takes the URL and returns back the corresponding template How can I prevent data theft from a company?  Are there any solutions to this problem?  Is there any software that encrypts important data (.doc, .xls, etc.) and prevents it from copying?  I need a solution where employees can read/write documents but can not copy then to a USB drive or e-mail them. Terminal limits scrolling I have a running log, it outputs a lot to the terminal. Unfortunately, when I try to scroll up and view older output, it appears there is a limit. And I am unable to scroll past a certain point. On the Mac, the terminal allows you to scroll up to the start of the session. Is there a way to do this in ubuntu terminal? Does the derivative of a continuous function goes to zero if the function converges to it? How can we make First letter Capital while using trigonometric functions. eg: \cos (60^\circ) gives simple cos (all in small). What is needed is 'Cos' (with initial capital). For italics in mactex i used \it but it didn't italicized 'cos' only the number '60'. So how to do that? I want to mount the device /dev/sda3 to the directory /foo/bar/baz. After mounting the directory should have the uid of user johndoe. So I did:  sudo -u johndoe mkdir /foo/bar/baz stat -c %U /foo/bar/baz johndoe   and added the following line to my /etc/fstab:  /dev/sda3 /foo/bar/baz ext4 noexec,noatime,auto,owner,nodev,nosuid,user 0 1   When I do now sudo -u johndoe mount /dev/sda3 the command stat -c %U /foo/bar/baz results in root rather than johndoe. What is the best way to mount this ext4-filesystem with uid johndoe set?