i have a follow up question to a previously answered one regarding commas in citations and references:      it works for me in the reference section, but as a text-citation, there is still a comma missing. according to APA 6th, there should be also a comma in front of the "&amp;" when 3 or more authors are used.   like this:     (Tom, Jerry, &amp; Donald, 2012).   right now it looks like this:     (Tom, Jerry &amp; Donald, 2012).   How can i fix it?
I have been trying to solve this problems for hours, but there is no solution in sight.  Until a few weeks ago, my biblatex-apa style was working like a charm. Although, after installing the updates and Biber, the reference section became a problem. It should display a journal article by two authors with a comma after the first author, but it doesn't:     Weber, M. &amp; Ruch, W. (2012). The role of character strengths in adolescent romantic relationships: An initial study on partner selection and mates’ life satisfaction. Journal of adolescence, 35(6), 1537–1546. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.06.002   it should look like this:     Weber, M., &amp; Ruch, W. (2012). The role of character strengths in adolescent romantic relationships: An initial study on partner selection and mates’ life satisfaction. Journal of adolescence, 35(6), 1537–1546. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.06.002   This is how my document looks like:   \documentclass[12pt, onecolumn]{apa6}   \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage[american]{babel} \usepackage{csquotes} \usepackage[style= apa, backend=biber]{biblatex} \bibliography{testbib} \DeclareLanguageMapping{american}{american-apa}   \begin{document}  Some text \parencite{Weber2012}.  \printbibliography \end{document}   And the BibTeX file:  @article{Weber2012, abstract = {}, author = {Weber, M. and Ruch, W.}, doi = {10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.06.002}, file = {}, issn = {1095-9254}, journal = {Journal of adolescence}, number = {6}, pages = {1537--1546}, pmid = {22749517}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, title = {{The role of character strengths in adolescent romantic relationships: An initial        study on partner selection and mates' life satisfaction.}}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22749517}, volume = {35}, year = {2012} }    I have tried various things so far, but none of it helped: e.g,   \renewcommand*{\finalnamedelim}{ \finalandcomma}   or  \renewcommand\finalandcomma{\addcomma}   Even in the biblatex manual, the reference examples of two authors is without the comma (it works for three or more authors). There should be a comma, according to . Why is that comma not there? And how could I insert that into my references?
I'm working on a map in Bedrock Edition, and I need to have a command block at the end that says "Congratulations [player], you win!" Because it's a map, I cant just have it say a specific player's name, and I've seen maps that do exactly what I want mine to do. How do I format the command to allow this? This is a good news.    This is good news.    Which one is correct? Clarify the difference Sequence converges iff $\limsup = \liminf$ I want to prove that a sequence of real numbers $\{s_n\}$ converges to $s$ if and only if $\limsup_{n \to \infty} s_n = \liminf_{n \to \infty} s_n = s$.  Here are my definitions:  For any sequence of real numbers $\{s_n\}$, let $E$ be the set of all subsequential limits of $\{s_n\}$, including possibly $+\infty$ and/or $-\infty$ if any subsequence of $\{s_n\}$ diverges to infinity.  Then $\limsup_{n \to \infty} s_n = \sup E$, and $\liminf_{n \to \infty} s_n = \inf E$.  I know the theorem that a sequence converges to a point if and only if every one of its subsequences converge to that same point, so one direction of this proof is easy:  If $\{s_n\}$ converges to some point $s \in \mathbb{R}$,  then every subsequence of $\{s_n\}$ converges to $s$.  So the set $E$ of every subsequential limit of $\{s_n\}$ consists of the single point $s$, so $$\limsup_{n \to \infty} s_n = \sup \{s\} = s = \inf \{s\} = \liminf_{n \to \infty} s_n$$  But the other direction seems more tricky...  If $\limsup_{n \to \infty} s_n = \liminf_{n \to \infty} s_n = s$, then every convergent subsequence converges to the same point $s$.  Also, there can be no subsequences which diverge to infinity (otherwise $\limsup_{n \to \infty} s_n$ would be $+\infty$, or $\liminf_{n \to \infty} s_n$ would be $-\infty$).  But can't there be subsequences which diverge otherwise?  And wouldn't that throw off the convergence of $\{s_n\}$?    EDIT:  I'd also be willing to accept a solution which makes use of the "Pinching Theorem" (if $a_n \leq s_n \leq b_n$ for every $n \in \mathbb{N}$, and if $a_n \to s$ and $b_n \to s$, then $s_n \to s$). Problem printing LaTeX from lua in lualatex I am having difficulty printing LaTeX from a lua function in a LaTeX document processed with lualatex (version 0.70.2). I have a sample that works (if I remove all newlines from the code) and a case that fails. I don't know why these get different results. Here is the sample that fails:  \documentclass{report} \usepackage{luacode} \begin{document}  \begin{luacode*} tex.sprint([[ \begin{tabular}{ | l | l | p{4.in} | }  \hline  {\bf File} &amp; {\bf Cards} &amp; {\bf Summary} \\ \hline  \end{tabular} ]]) \end{luacode*}   \end{document}   I get an error saying:  ! Misplaced \noalign. \hline -&gt;\noalign               {\ifnum 0=`}\fi \hrule \@height \arrayrulewidth \futurelet... l.22 \end{luacode*}   When I put all of the LaTeX code printed from lua on one line the code works fine:  \documentclass{report} \usepackage{luacode} \begin{document}  \begin{luacode*} tex.sprint([[ \begin{tabular}{ | l | l | p{4.in} | } \hline {\bf File} &amp;{\bf Cards} &amp; {\bf Summary} \\ \hline \end{tabular} ]]) \end{luacode*}   \end{document}   So I have a few question.  First, why does the first example shown above fail? It seems like something I am not aware of is being inserted into the generated LaTeX.  Also is there a way for me to see the actual LaTeX that is generated and processed so that I can debug issues like this better?  Is there a way to tell the lualatex to log the actual LaTeX it tries to process?  Any other suggestions for how to debug a problem like this? Prove that$$\overbrace{\binom n 0 + \binom n 1 + \binom n 2 + \cdots + \binom{n}{\frac{n-1} 2}} + \overbrace{\binom n {\frac{n+1} 2} + \cdots + \binom n {n-1} + \binom n n} = 2^n. $$   Background:  This problem came from the following link:    and I didn't understand why that was true in which no one on the page has proved it to be so. and i was wondering what was the proof on that Are taglines & signatures disallowed? I recently had a number of my valid answers voted down because people objected to the fact that I added a tagline to the end. The answers were correct for the questions asked and the downvotes were only due to the tagline regarding hiring, which said:     We're hiring! Developers and QA in Washington, DC area (or looking to relocate) should send resumes to careers@example.com.   Are taglines and signatures disallowed?     For more information, see "" in the . How precise is the frequency of the AC electricity network? If I make a digital clock which first detects the AC frequency roughly (whether it is 50, 60, 100Hz, etc), then uses it as its clock pulse source, how precise would it be? Would it work world wide precisely?  For instance, in USA, what is the mean and standard deviation of the 60Hz AC frequency? Move all files within subfolders to parent folder Firstly, I'm aware there are tons of similar questions, and I know because I must have tried adapting at least 5 of them, but I'm still here asking because my crappy grasp of CMD (which I actually thought I was getting good at up until this point) is frustrating me with generic, unhelpful errors, and I can't understand what part of the syntax is wrong. This is likely due to the fact that other questions deal with the folder/filename structures of their respective OPs, and when I try to adapt the code to my own folder/file structure it refuses to work. Therefore, I'm here asking for a CMD for loop solution that'll actually work for my own file and folder structure.  I have a parent folder which contains many other folders, in which there are files:  Parent Folder      Subfolder            File1            File2      Subfolder            File1            File2      Subfolder            File1            File2   ...and so on.  I'm wanting to use a CMD for loop in combination with the move command to extract all the files in the subfolders to the parent folder, leaving each subfolder empty.  When giving the CMD for loop please break down what each part of the command is doing, as this'll help make sure I understand the code and hopefully minimise the trouble I have getting it to work for myself. I would like my Dock to show only the windows of the current workspace. Especially in the little preview window. I find it very confusing to jump around workspaces when trying to find the right window. Writing a character N times using the printf command I found the following command to repeat a character in Linux:  printf 'H%.0s' {1..5000} &gt; H.txt   I want, for example, H to repeat 5000 times. What does %.0s mean here? Why does a Lipschitz function $f:\mathbb{R}^d\to\mathbb{R}^d$ map measure zero sets to measure zero sets? Why does a Lipschitz function $f:\mathbb{R}^d\to\mathbb{R}^d$ map measure zero sets to measure zero sets?   It is easy to prove this statement if the domain is bounded. Is there any way to extend the argument to unbounded domains? Can anyone give me some hint, or show me a simple proof sketch? Does a family of a distribution have a different definition for statistics than in other disciplines?  In general, a  is a set of curves, each of which is given by a function or parametrization in which one or more of the parameters is varied. Such families are used, for example, to .  For statistics, a family according to  is the result of varying the shape parameter. How then can we understand that the gamma distribution has a shape and scale parameter and only the generalized gamma distribution has, in addition, a location parameter? Does that make the family the result of varying the location parameter? According to @whuber the meaning of a family is implicitly A "parameterization" of a family is a continuous map from a subset of ℝ$^n$, with its usual topology, into the space of distributions, whose image is that family.  What, in simple language, is a family for statistical distributions?  A question about relations among of the statistical properties of distributions from the same family has already generated considerable controversy for a  so it seems worthwhile to explore the meaning.  That this is not necessarily a simple question is born out by its use in the phrase , which has nothing to do with a family of curves, but is related to changing the form of the PDF of a distribution by reparameterization not only of parameters, but also substitution of functions of independent random variables. Setting CSS pseudo-class rules from JavaScript An idiom to describe someone who thinks he/she is wiser than others Why does a mirror split my laser beam? Beamer: Blackboard theme and overlays I am currently preparing my beamer presentation for my PhD defense.  I took the example at the url  to get a black board style presentation.  This template includes a short script which uses a random-generator to randomly scatter dust-trails on the black background to mimic chalk traces (see MWE below).  The thing is that parallel to that, I am also using overlays to uncover my slide layout by layout. The script is executed each time I am using a layout command which slows down the compilation quite substantially. I am not so familiar with control statements in latex, so here is my question:  How can-I modify this script for the background to be refreshed only when the slide is over, and not after each layout command?  Remarks:  1) I am using the Augie font, but I didn't included it in the MWE so that it can be compiled more easily  2) In case, it should make a difference I am also using the \begin{textblock*} \end{textblock*} environment from the textpos package to position text on the slide.  Here is my MWE:   \documentclass[10pt,mathserif]{beamer}  \usepackage[francais,english]{babel} \usepackage[utf8] {inputenc} %for ISOlatin1 (8859-1) sources \usepackage[T1] {fontenc}      %for polices DC 8bits   %%%Fancy fonts %\usepackage{emerald} %\usepackage{eulervm} %%%  %%Extra packages \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{arrows,shapes} \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}    %set text colors for different objects \setbeamercolor{frametitle}{fg=white} \setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=white} \setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=white} \setbeamercolor{alerted text}{fg=white} \setbeamercolor{example text}{fg=white}   %%Black background \setbeamercolor{background canvas}{bg=black}    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%Script: Random Dust Trails%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \pgfmathsetseed{\number\pdfrandomseed} % seed for random generator \setbeamertemplate{background}{     \begin{tikzpicture}         \useasboundingbox (0,0) rectangle (\the\paperwidth, \the\paperheight);        \foreach \i in {1,...,30} {             \pgfmathsetmacro{\x}{random(0,10000)/5000-1}%             \pgfmathsetmacro{\y}{random(0,10000)/10000-0.1}%             \pgfmathsetmacro{\r}{random(0,10000)/1000-5}%             \rotatebox{\r}{                 \pgftext[at=\pgfpoint{\x\paperwidth}{\y\paperheight}, left, base]{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{paintstroke.png}}             }         };      \end{tikzpicture} } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  %%No navigation bar \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}  \begin{document}      \begin{frame}          \begin{itemize}             \item&lt;1-&gt; bla slide 1             \item&lt;2-&gt; blu slide 1             \item&lt;3-&gt; blub slide 1         \end{itemize}      \end{frame}  %%I want the background to be refreshed with the Dust Trails script only at the end of the frame          \begin{frame}          \begin{itemize}             \item&lt;1-&gt; bla slide 2             \item&lt;2-&gt; blu slide 2             \item&lt;3-&gt; blub slide 2         \end{itemize}      \end{frame}  \end{document}   This is my first post, so please be kind if I did something illegal on the formatting of the message ;-).  Thanks in advance,  Yannick QM and Renormalization (layman) I was reading Michio Kaku's Beyond Einstein. In it, I think, he explains that when physicsts treat a particle as a geometric point they end up with infinity when calculating the strength of the particle's field as you approach the particle.  First, did I get that part right?  Second, how does (in very simple terms) renormalization try to fix this in Quantum Mechanics? If you can include some type of word picture that would be great. Accepted answer will go to the clearest explanation.  Update  I got a little further in the book (lol) and Kaku talks about using symmetry to remove the divergences in the math. I'd appreciate an answer that incorporates this also. Thanks guys! Transforms moving around the 3D cursor? I think I accidentally pressed something to make it like this:    See how the XYZ arrows are at the 3D cursor instead of those vertexes I've selected?  How do I fix that? Whenever I select on a vertex or something, those blue, red, green arrows would always be where I selected, now it just keeps going to the 3D cursor. Why there's a finite $\Gamma '$ such that $\Gamma ' \vDash \varphi$? Suppose $\Gamma$ is an infinite set of formulas in FOL. It is given that for a structure, $M$: If $\Gamma$ is satisfiable in $M$ then $\varphi$ is valid in $M$.  Why is it true that there's some finite $\Gamma ' \subset \Gamma$, such that $\Gamma ' \vDash \varphi$?   It reminds the compactness theorem in a way, but it's not quite the same. Where to place 'only' relative to prepositions? I know that questions about the placement of 'only', are often asked here; accordingly, I searched for an answer to my question before posting it.  Question  Where are focusing adverbs placed relative to prepositions?  For example,   For his presentation, he needed to talk only about tomatoes. For his presentation, he needed to talk about only tomatoes.   My Attempt to Answer the Question  In both examples, it seems to me that 'only' is placed close enough to what it is intended to modify (the topic of the subject's discourse: tomatoes) that I cannot see any justifiable misinterpretations.  One of the examples sounds better to me, but at this point in my studies, I am more interested in what the traditional rules of grammar require, than in how the wordings sound.