Related to file and directory permissions and umask: Why the command umask (shows the octal form) and umask -S (shows the symbolic form) show different (actually the option -S shows the bits negations of the octal form)? I was expecting the umask in symbolic form for umask 024 to be u=---,g=w,o=r but it shows like this: [user1@server-base ~]$ umask 0024 [user1@server-base ~]$ umask -S u=rwx,g=rx,o=wx
I believe that umask is something that controls , but do not fully understand it.  After running umask 0644 in a , I cannot read the files I create with the command-line text editor nano. I noticed that the permissions of that file are set to 0022 instead of the default 0755.  How does umask work? I thought I could just remove the each digit in the umask from 0777, 7 - 6 = 1 and 7 - 4 = 3, so I expect the permissions to be 0133, but apparently, this is not the case.   What is umask exactly? Explain it to me like I was a "Linux noob" How do I calculate with umask? What are use cases for umask?
Join CSV file to shapefile I wanted to join a CSV file to a shapefile.  When I identified a field to facilitate the join, e.g.,   map &lt;- spChFIDs(map, as.character(map$ID))   it returned     Error in spChFIDs(SP, x) : lengths differ   Can anyone advise? Reshape three column data frame to matrix ("long" to "wide" format) How to sync gnome-calendar with an online calendar? I thought it was awesome that Ubuntu 16.04 shipped with gnome-calendar, but I noticed that holidays were not included.  I also noticed that there is an option to sync the calendar with an online one, how do I do this?  I don't know of any online calendars I could use. Break a long command to multiple lines I got a shell script and inside I got the command as below #!/bin/sh sh ../jboss/bin/standalone.sh --server-config=standalone-full.xml -Djboss.node.name=node1 -b 0.0.0.0 -bmanagement 0.0.0.0  How can I break the line to multiple lines for better understanding and management #!/bin/sh sh ../jboss/bin/standalone.sh    --server-config=standalone-full.xml   -Djboss.node.name=node1   -b 0.0.0.0   -bmanagement 0.0.0.0  Tried with backslash at the end of each line and it doesnt work. In a question earlier today () the Op asserts that they would need to change their hub, if they wanted to go from a 10- to 11- speed cassette.  I'm not very clued up on 11-speed systems, was wondering why this is the case? And, presumably, when they say "hub", they mean just the freehub body?    Or do they mean something else/more? Show that a group of order $180$ is not simple. From time to time, I need to typeset Welsh. Sometimes, I need to typeset citations and bibliographies in Welsh. I think that last time I did this, I may still have been using BibTeX although I am honestly not sure. In any case, my entire work-flow now uses biber and biblatex...  I found  on changing the names of things, including the names of things used by biblatex. However, that cannot deal with the case of an unsupported language.  Suppose that I want to typeset a document in Welsh:  \documentclass[a4paper,welsh]{article}  \usepackage{babel} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}% welsh needs utf8x but biblatex doesn't like it \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}% not great for Welsh but the best pdfTeX can do \usepackage{csquotes}% doesn't like Welsh though biblatex likes csquotes on account of babel... \usepackage[backend=biber]{biblatex} \bibliography{biblatex-examples}  \title{Fy Nogfen} \author{Rhywun}  \begin{document}   \maketitle   \tableofcontents   \section{Cyntaf}   \autocite{westfahl:space}    \printbibliography  \end{document}   There are multiple problems in such a case. (One is that I need utf8x but can't use it on account of biblatex. Another is that I need utf8x at all. Another is that biblatex likes csquotes but csquotes doesn't do Welsh. But these are irrelevant to this question.)  The output is as follows:    Note that the use of the English citation is just so this is easy to reproduce. Obviously, the content of the reference might well be in Welsh. (Though it might be in English, too.)  As can be seen, while elements of the document controlled by babel are handled correctly, those under the control of biblatex are not. However, I cannot simply modify the solution offered by lockstep for changing strings to customised English variants. That is, I can't just use a Welsh version of  \DefineBibliographyStrings{english}{%   bibliography = {Works Cited},   references = {Works Cited}, }   because biblatex has never heard of it.  What is the most appropriate way to configure biblatex for use with an unsupported language? Probability that a k digit number does not contain certain digits Is the following word order acceptable? I need your opinion about the word order in the following sentence: “In her garden grows a cherry-tree.“? Is it grammatically acceptable? There are lots of questions tagged  that don't have a  response.  How do we interpret this? Is it because they are declined by default? We just have to wait for a response (the team is very busy)? Is Jeff the only one that reviews this questions?  I suppose the ones that have negative votes may (or may not) be declined by default, but there are quite a few with some to a lot upvotes that should have an official answer. Am I able to use a controller to play the PC version of Minecraft? If so, can I just plug it in and play or do I have to do something else before being able use one? FileReader.js nothing happens in IE9 The problem I am given is finding a solution to the following pair of equations:  $3x + 4y$ $\equiv$ $5$ $mod$ $13$  $2x + 5y$ $\equiv$ $7$ $mod$ $13$  By reading the methodology here:   Since the modulos in my problem are also the same, I am able to use substitution, but this leaves fractions in my expressions.  I then used matrix multiplication as follows:  $\begin{bmatrix} 3 &amp; 4\\ 2 &amp; 5\end{bmatrix}$ $\begin{bmatrix}\ x\\ y\end{bmatrix}$ = $\begin{bmatrix}\ 5\\ 7\end{bmatrix}$   And solving this also gives me a matrix with fractions, so I am a bit lost on how to solve this problem.  Any help is appreciated. Thank you very much. How do I programmatically create a new content type? I dont need this vertices and/or edge. What is the best way to get rid of them? Combining several static libraries into one using CMake Can someone please explain this weird Pygame importing convention? $E(|X-Y|)$ for $X$, $Y$ i.i.d and uniform on $[0,1]$ What is $E|X-Y|$ when $X$, $Y$ are i.i.d and uniform on $[0,1]$?   I want to do something like   $$ E(|X-Y|)=\iint_{x&gt;y}(x-y)\;dxdy+\iint_{y&gt;x}(y-x)\;dxdy=2\iint_{x&gt;y} (x-y)\;dxdy $$  But am not sure how to solve that last double integral or if this setup is right. Suppose that $f$ is continous on $[0,1]$ , differentiable on $(0,1)$ , and $f(0)=0$ and  $f(1)=1$.For every integer $n$ show  that there must exist $n$ distinct points $\alpha_1,\alpha_2\cdots,\alpha_n$ in that interval so that    $\sum \limits_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{f'(\alpha_k)} = n $   Is it theorem or i can show it with basic differentiation knowledge .Please give me hint . How to pronounce $\mathcal{E}$?