Correlation between binary and categorical variables what kind of correlation should I use in the case of having one dependent binary variable (has been to the doctor in the past few months) and one independent categorical variable, i.e, education?
Correlations with unordered categorical variables I have a dataframe with many observations and many variables. Some of them are categorical (unordered) and the others are numerical.  I'm looking for associations between these variables. I've been able to compute correlation for numerical variables (Spearman's correlation) but :   I don't know how to measure correlation between unordered categorical variables. I don't know how to measure correlation between unordered categorical variables and numerical variables.   Does anyone know how this could be done? If so, are there R functions implementing these methods?
Counting and rasterizing polygon overlaps in ArcGIS Desktop? How do you take a vector layer with overlapping polygons and turn it into a raster where each cell counts the number of polygons containing that cell?    We are looking at polygons of fire burn areas between 1976 to 2000 and want to see how many fires would be contained in each raster cell. We have our main BU (business unit) at the top of the tree, and one of the other BUs is TEST. In TEST we have created an Installed Package and in that installed package we have added a Server-to-Server API Integration. In the Access tab of that API Integration we've disabled the integration for the Parent BU, and have enabled it for the TEST BU.  When we make Rest API calls to the endpoint created in that API Integration we always get data from the "Main" BU, and not from the TEST BU.  If I create a contact that is available in both the Parent and TEST BU, but if I try to trigger an email based on a Triggered Send definition only the definitions created in the Parent BU are available and not the definitions from the TEST BU.  How can I access the data in the TEST BU from the Rest API? And why aren't the permissions preventing me from taking actions on the Parent BU? Is it appropriate to down-vote posts containing SQL injection vulnerabilities? Blender image output is greyish and not white I already searched the internet but could not find a solution to this. Maybe it is the same question as  but there was no answer.  I want to render a video with tracking, but the output "loses" color information and gets kind of greyish. I first thought that it is related to the renderer, but it happens in Cycles and Eevee. Therefore i made a sample image, added it to the image sequence editor and rendered it as 1 frame. Resulting in the same problem.  I placed the original image beside blenders output so that you can see the difference. The only idea I came up with is that something with the lighting is not correct but I can't find a setting for that.  I am using Blender 2.80 with the default settings. Only set the output resolution to match the input resolution. Number of Pairs of Subsets Find the number of Pairs $(A,B)$ of subsets of $[n]$ such that $A ⊆ B$? I just need clarification in my thought process. My professor's wording at times can through me off. I just want to know if I am on the right track. We will have $3$ regions: 1.Outside $B$ 2.Inside $A$ 3. Inside $B$, Outside $A$ I believe the number of pairs is $3^n$ but I am not sure. Any help would be appreciated. My interest in Blender comes from wanting to use it to model physical structures and produce architectural drawings; what I have so far is really impressive, but there doesn't seem to be too much information about my particular interest.   Are there any (Blender-) resources that would be particularly useful for architects? E.g. packages of standard 'elements' like windows, doors, roofs or whatever, or perhaps a discussion group specifically for architects? I've been informed by those who know much more about Harry Potter than I that Hogwarts is protected with a Disillusionment Charm so all muggles will see is ruins with a "Danger: Keep out!" sign around them.  (Apparently this was in one of the first three books, but I'm not sure where it was.)  My first thought was, "Well, a danger sign would encourage some muggles to investigate!"  Which leads to what I think is an obvious question: Will a disillusionment charm on a place like that still work when a person is real close to the location?  Will it work from inside the location?  For example, if a curious muggle made it to the gates of Hogwarts and started walking around inside, would they still see it as abandon and in ruins, or once they entered, would they see it as it is? PhD without previous academic degree: truth or myth? $H$ is normal subgroup of $G$ iff $gHg^{-1}=H$ for every $g$ of $G$ Given the following definition of normal subgroup     A subgroup $H$ of a group $G$ is said to be normal if, for every $g\in G$: $$gH=Hg$$   I've tried to show that $H\mathrel{\unlhd} G$ if and only if we have $gHg^{-1}=H$ for every $g\in G$:  (if) Let $H\mathrel{\unlhd} G$, $g\in G$; if $l\in gHg^{-1}$, there exists $h\in H$ such that $l=ghg^{-1}$ and since $gh$ = $h'g$ for some $h'\in H$, then $l=ghg^{-1}=h'(gg^{-1}) = h'\in H$. Let $h\in H$; we can write $h$ as $hgg^{-1}$, and since $hg = gh'$ for some $h'\in H$, we obtain $h = hgg^{-1} = gh'g^{-1}\in ghg^{-1}$. So $gHg^{-1}=H$.  (only if) Let $gHg^{-1}=H$, $g\in G$; if we take an $l\in Hg$, $l = hg$ for some $h\in H$, we note immediately that $l=hg=(gh'g^{-1})g=gh'\in gH$. What should I do to show that $gH\subset Hg$?  I'm also wondering if this mess is correct, and if it is possible a more elegant proof of this fact. A shrinking map that is not a contraction no fixed point. Working from Munkres.  Show that $f: \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}$ given by $f(x) = [x+\sqrt{(x^2+1)}]/2$ is a shrinking map that is not a contraction that has no fixed point.   I figured out the fixed point part but have no clue how to show the other part.  For the fixed point part $$f(x) = x \Leftrightarrow x = [x+\sqrt{(x^2+1)}]/2$$  then $$2x = x + \sqrt{(x^2+1)}$$ $$x = \sqrt{(x^2+1)}$$ $$ x^2 = x^2+1$$  Which is a contradiction.   Thanks in advance. Profile changes in Q&A are not pushed to Area 51 I just noticed that the info text on  is an older version of the text in .  I found  from April 2016 where Adam Lear says:     Area 51 is a separate codebase. It's also heavily outdated. Currently we can push a profile update from Q&amp;A to Area 51, but not the other way around   I think the pushing isn't working anymore. I just updated my text on SO again and it was changed in all my accounts, except Area 51. can't create a jobs user profile I'm stuck on this page even after linking stackoverflow and github accounts. Your UK visa application has been issued.      PLEASE DO NOT GO TO THE VISA APPLICATION CENTRE BEFORE THEY CONTACT YOU.      You will be contacted by the Visa Application Centre when your documents are ready for collection, or have been dispatched via courier where this is relevant.       You are reminded that you should avoid making travel plans until you have collected your passport, as the outcome of your visa application is not final until you receive your passport.      Please ensure you check the details on your visa when collecting your passport. If you need to contact us you can do so via our International Enquiry Service at www.gov.uk/contact-ukvi-outside-uk      Kind regards,      UK Visas and Immigration   British Embassy Abu Dhabi     Your UK visa application has been issued.   I know words like processed, forwarded, received, refused but never heard anything like that, so I am confused. Answers no longer sorted by score/votes For me at least,  has answers that are not sorted by score:    Is this normal?  I've tried refreshing the page a few times, but the order doesn't change... What is the association bonus, and how does it work? I'm fairly excited for Unity, as it looks like a promising new direction for Ubuntu.  However, I do have a concern - will it be possible to use Unity without the global menu?  I have my window manager set to focus-follows-mouse/sloppy focus, and find the productivity gains to be immense. Sloppy focus is incompatible, however, with global menus, as it is possible for the focus to change while you move from window to menu.  Will Unity support an option to use window menus while still using Unity? Failed to allocate memory: 8 What exactly is the difference between a parametric and non-parametric model? I am confused with the definition of non-parametric model after reading this link  and .   Originally I thought "parametric vs non-parametric" means if we have distribution assumptions on the model (similar to parametric or non-parametric hypothesis testing). But both of the resources claim "parametric vs non-parametric" can be determined by if number of parameters in the model is depending on number of rows in the data matrix.  For kernel density estimation (non-parametric) such a definition can be applied. But under this definition how can a neural network be a non-parametric model, as the number of parameters in the model is depending on the neural network structure and not on the number of rows in the data matrix?  What exactly is the difference between parametric and a non-parametric model? Virtualbox: OS cannot use the new extended disk space (.vdi) I am running Virtualbox. I increased the size of my hard disk (.vdi) from 10G to 15G. Now when I start my Mint vm, the hard disk reports as 7.5g (df) even though i extended it (fdisk -l). I am not sure what is the problem. Can anyone point me the problem?  $ df -h Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1     &gt;&gt;7.5G&lt;&lt; 7.1G   61M 100% / udev            1.5G  4.0K  1.5G   1% /dev tmpfs           581M  888K  581M   1% /run none            5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock none            1.5G   88K  1.5G   1% /run/shm  $ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: &gt;&gt;16.1 GB&lt;&lt;, 16106127360 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1958 cylinders, total 31457280 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000c55a4     Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System /dev/sda1   *        2048    15728639     7863296   83  Linux /dev/sda2        15730686    16775167      522241    5  Extended /dev/sda5        15730688    16775167      522240   82  Linux swap / Solaris  $ vboxmanage showhdinfo mint.vdi UUID:                 a94931b9-673c-440a-ab6b-2c3eedd0cf93 Accessible:           yes Logical size:         15360 MBytes Current size on disk: 7806 MBytes Type:                 normal (base) Storage format:       VDI Format variant:       dynamic default Location:             /opt/virtualization/vm/mint.vdi Does a fighter's Action Surge trigger Extra Attack? Context  A player in my game will play a fighter with a greatsword. At 5th level he has Extra Attack and the option to use Action Surge. PHB p.72 states:     Action Surge. Starting at 2nd level, you can push yourself beyond your normal limits for a moment. On your turn, you can take one   additional action on top of your regular action and a possible bonus   action.      Once you use this feature, you must finish a short or long rest before   you can use it again. Starting at 17th level, you can use it twice   before a rest, but only once on the same turn.        Extra Attack. Beginning at 5th level, you can attack twice, instead of once,   whenever you take the Attack action on your turn.       The number of attacks increases to three when you reach 11th level in   this class and to four when you reach 20th level in this class.   Confusion  The questions and answers that I find on here deal with multi-classing or Two Weapon fighting specifically, which don't really give a clear yes or no on my question.  The way I read these two features is that when a fighter takes an Attack action, he gets the Extra Attack. After using Action Surge he gets the opportunity to take another Attack action, and with that another Extra Attack. This results in four attacks with the greatsword in one turn, which sounds amazing but also rather powerful. Is this correct, or am I missing something?