Light loosing frequency equals to a loss of energy as far as I understood. So where does this energy go, given that the law of conservation of energy is correct?
So I have learned in class that light can get red-shifted as it travels through space. As I understand it, space itself expands and stretches out the wavelength of the light. This results in the light having a lower frequency which equates to lowering its energy.  My question is, where does the energy of the light go? Energy must go somewhere!   Does the energy the light had before go into the mechanism that's expanding the space? I'm imagining that light is being stretched out when its being red-shifted. So would this mean that the energy is still there and that it is just spread out over more space?
Benefits of using QQ-plots over histograms In , Nick Cox wrote:     Binning into classes is an ancient method. While histograms can be useful, modern statistical software makes it easy as well as advisable to fit distributions to the raw data. Binning just throws away detail that is crucial in determining which distributions are plausible.   The context of this comment suggests using QQ-plots as an alternative means to evaluate the fit. The statement sounds very plausible, but I'd like to know about a reliable reference supporting this statement. Is there some paper which does a more thorough investigation of this fact, beyond a simple “well, this sounds obvious”? Any actual systematic comparisons of results or the likes?  I'd also like to see how far this benefit of QQ-plots over histograms can be stretched, to applications other than model fitting. Answers on  agree that “a QQ-plot […] just tells you that "something is wrong"”. I am thinking about using them as a tool to identify structure in observed data as compared to a null model and wonder whether there exist any established procedures to use QQ-plots (or their underlying data) to not only detect but also describe non-random structure in the observed data. References which include this direction would therefore be particularly useful. I want to uninstall and completely remove QGIS installation from my computer(windows vista). I have uninstalled it and when i try to reinstall it says it is already installed on the system. Quoting backslashes in Python string literals I have a string that contains both double-quotes and backslashes that I want to set to a variable in Python. However, whenever I try to set it, the quotes or slashes are either removed or escaped. Here's an example:  &gt;&gt;&gt; foo = 'baz "\"' &gt;&gt;&gt; foo 'baz ""'   So instead of baz "\" like I want I'm getting baz "". If I then try to escape the backslash, it doesn't help either:  &gt;&gt;&gt; foo = 'baz "\\"' &gt;&gt;&gt; foo 'baz "\\"'   Which now matches what I put in but wasn't what I originally wanted. How do you get around this problem? Can I include the completion of Udacity and Coursera classes I have attended in an academic CV? Can I include in my academic CV that I have attended and completed the  and  classes I have been taking? I understand that these are not anything major, but the courses definitely gives a good overview and starting formal study on the subject becomes less cryptic. If I can include them without any negative impacts, then under what section should I include them? I have seen many ways to make a USB an installer for about any Windows OS. But how can I (using grub or something like that) make it bootable to all editions on Windows XP and 7?   I have tried Googling it and researching, I've even tried to do it, But I dont understand much about GRUB or linux at all.  Please keep in mind that I am not very good with linux, so please use as many details as possible. 16.04 new installation gives grub-efi-amd64-signed failed installation /target/ ubuntu 16.04 at the end I am installing Ubuntu 16.04 in an Intel NUC computer with UEFI enabled. I am using an SSD from another computer. During the installation I chose Erase the disk and make a new full install  At the end of the process I see:  grub-efi-amd64-signed failed installation /target/ Ubuntu 16.04    And the system does not boot.  I tried to use boot-repair but apparently it does not solve the problem. Windows says RAM ran out while there is still 4 GB of physical memory available What is the probability that $x_1+x_2+...+x_n \le n$? In Thor: The Dark World, Odin and Loki are discussing Loki's actions during The Avengers.  Loki argues that he would have ruled Earth as &quot;a benevolent god&quot;, and Odin replies:  Odin: We are not gods! We are born, we live, we die, just as humans do.  Now that's pretty definitive.  And Loki's snarky reply (&quot;Give or take five thousand years...&quot;) would seem to confirm that Asgardians have a limited lifespan, and will eventually die of old age.1  And we know that Asgardians can die in battle, because we've seen it happen over and over with supporting characters and Asgardian soldiers. Now, I've always been more of a fan of Thor stories (like Jason Aaron's Thor: God of Thunder arc) in which Thor and the Asgardians are gods.  Straight-up, genuine, higher-level-of-existence gods, not von-Däniken-esque wannabes playing on the tired old notion of magic just being super-advanced science.  BUT, despite my preferences, this exchange would seem to confirm once and for all that in the MCU, the Asgardians are not gods, but rather were mistaken for gods because of their ram-horns full of awesome-sauce and their magnificent bulging pecks. But wait!  Watch that movie for about 30 seconds longer and we come across this exchange:  Thor: She is ill. Odin: She is mortal. Illness is their defining trait.  Wait, what?  I thought Asgardians weren't immortal?  They can die in battle, and they naturally die of old age.  In my book, that makes them long-lived, but entirely &quot;mortal&quot;.  Surely Odin isn't splitting a hair so fine as to say that resistance to disease alone makes one &quot;immortal&quot;? So, if the Asgardians of the MCU aren't actually gods (grumblegrumblegrumble...), and they can't live forever (or even particularly long in a cosmic sense), and they can be killed in battle, in what sense are they &quot;immortal&quot; at all?  1 Fun fact: adjusted for a roughly 5,000 year lifespan, 1,048-year-old Loki is currently in the tail-end of his rebellious teenage phase. Derivation of the Partial Derangement (Rencontres numbers) formula I'm looking for the method by which the partial derangement formula $D_{n,k}$ was derived. I can determine the values for small values of N empirically, but how the general case formula arose still alludes me.  Any links/books or an explanation will be appreciated.  The formula is:  $D_{n,k} = {n \choose k}!(n-k)$  Links: I think I'm being the victim of a bug here. Sometimes while I'm working (I still don't know why), my network traffic goes up to 200 KB/s and stays that way, even tough I'm not doing anything internet-related.   This sometimes happens to me with the CPU usage. When it does, I just run a top command to find out which process is responsible and then kill it. Problem is: I have no way of knowing which process is responsible for my high network usage. Both the resource monitor and the top command only tell me my total network usage, neither of them tells me process specific network info.  I've found questions here about monitoring total bandwidth usage, but, as I mentioned, that's not what I need. Is there another command I can use to find out which process is getting out of hand?  The command iftop gives results that disagree entirely with the information reported by System Monitor. While the latter claims there's high network traffic, the former claims there's barely 1 KB/s.  I've already tried killing all the obvious ones (Firefox, update-manager, Pidgin, etc) with no luck. So far, restarting the machine is the only way I found of getting rid of the issue. As the title asks, why didn't the basilisk bite received in the Chamber of Secrets destroy the Horcrux inside the bitten person?   Yes, I know Fawkes quite quickly healed the bite wound with his phoenix tears, but when Harry used the basilisk fang to destroy Tom Riddle's diary the destruction of that Horcrux was immediate. When Ron hit the locket with the Sword of Gryffindor, it was destroyed immediately. Although the destruction of the ring occurred off-page, Dumbledore used the Sword of Gryffindor to destroy it, so presumably, like the locket, it was gone right away. Nagini died straightaway when Neville decapitated her. The destruction of the Hufflepuff cup happens off-page. The diadem seems to have been destroyed by Fiendfyre immediately as well, as when Harry examined it outside the Room of Requirement it was already leaking a blood-like substance, and then it cracked in half. When Voldemort hit Harry with Avada Kedavra in the forest, Harry woke up in limbo with the last fragment of Voldemort's soul - that awful flayed baby-like being - separated from him immediately.   Is there a logical/canon-based explanation for why the fragment of Voldemort's soul residing in Harry wasn't destroyed upon Harry being bitten by the basilisk?  NOTE: I've read the HP Wiki's entry on Horcruxes; however, I find the HP Wiki to be inconsistent in its accuracy, so I'm hesitant to accept the Wiki's explanation on the matter. I'd prefer an explanation constructed from information in the books or a statement by JKR, or the like. Spanning volume disk usage I have two SSD disks of 256GB and I want to create a single spanning volume of 512GB. I am using Windows 10. What I want to know is how will Windows handle this under the hood.  Will the first disk fill up before the second one starts being used, or will Windows use both disks. For example, if I have 256GB of data on the spanning volume, will it be divided to 128GB on first and 128GB on second physical disk or will it all be on the first disk with the second disk empty? Would this behavior be any different if I were using two HDDs? What is the name of a squircle with three, five, six or more corners? I know that the second shape is a squircle, but what are the other shapes called? Is there an actual name for them?    The shapes do not simply have rounded corners, but the sides have a "circularity". Here is a triangle with rounded corners next to the shape that I do not know the name of:    "Trircle", "Triarcle", and "Pentircle" do not seem to be used for them, at least Google's image search does not provide any results. Please show changed titles separately in edit diffs In an edit diff, when the revision changes the title, removed words are shown struck out in red and added words are shown with a green background. This is fine when there are only removed words, or only added words, but when there are both, the result is difficult to read.        Getting default accessible fields of… No. Getting accessible fields of an object in a Salesforce object… No. Getting accessible fields of a Salesforce object using REST API. Phew. Yeah, ok.        Program causes run. Time error? Oh, Program causes run-time error … when run on specific machine. Yeah, sounds sensible. What was the old title? Oh dear…  Please show both the old title and the new title, one below the other. Difference in output between SAS's proc genmod and R's glm I'm trying to replicate a model fitted in SAS in R but the fit I'm getting gives me slightly different coefficients and standard errors.  Data:  testdata &lt;- data.frame(matrix(c("f","Test", 1.75,   16, 0,  16, 0,  1,  1, "m",    "Test", 1.75,   15, 1,  16, 6.25,   1,  0, "f",    "Test", 2.75,   4,  12, 16, 75, 1,  1, "m",    "Test", 2.75,   9,  6,  15, 40, 1,  0, "f",    "WHO",  1.75,   15, 1,  16, 6.25,   0,  1, "m",    "WHO",  1.75,   14, 2,  16, 12.5,   0,  0, "f",    "WHO",  2.75,   2,  13, 15, 86.6667,    0,  1, "m",    "WHO",  2.75,   3,  13, 16, 81.25,  0,  0 ), ncol=9, byrow=TRUE)) names(testdata) &lt;- c("sex", "vaccine", "dose", "not_p", "para", "n", "pct",                       "vacnum", "sexno")   SAS:  proc genmod data=model_data; class sex; model para/n  = dose sex vacnum    /dist=bin    link=logit   type3; run;  Analysis Of Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimates  Parameter   DF Estimate Std Error Wald 95% Conf Lim Wald Chi-Square Pr &gt; ChiSq  Intercept   1 -9.4020   1.6220    -12.5810  -6.2230  33.60           &lt;.0001  dose        1  3.9208   0.6460      2.6546   5.1870  36.83           &lt;.0001  sex f       1  0.5574   0.5184     -0.4587   1.5735   1.16           0.2823  sex m       0  0.0000   0.0000      0.0000   0.0000    .              .  vacnum      1 -1.3221   0.5483     -2.3967  -0.2475   5.81           0.0159  Scale       0  1.0000   0.0000      1.0000   1.0000        R:  testdata$sexno &lt;- as.factor(testdata$sexno)     a &lt;- contr.treatment(2, base = 1, contrasts = TRUE)  contrasts(testdata$sexno) &lt;- a  fitreduced &lt;- glm(para/n ~ dose + as.factor(sex) + vacnum,                    family=quasibinomial(link="logit"), data=testdata)  coef(summary(fitreduced))                    Estimate Std. Error   t value    Pr(&gt;|t|) (Intercept)     -9.4013750  1.7613982 -5.337450 0.005935450 dose             3.9173794  0.7001133  5.595351 0.005007179 as.factor(sex)1  0.5704671  0.5568436  1.024466 0.363525300 vacnum          -1.3336100  0.5887552 -2.265135 0.086189704   I believe I have the right contrasts to give me a type III SS but there is a small discrepency in values, have a missed something here? Cross-referencing problem if counter of theorem-like environments is shared The problem is when i share numbering the \cref can't show name, even by \crefname and \autoref show all name Equation.  Here is an MWE:  %&amp;latex \documentclass{amsart}  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % If you want to insert other packages. Insert them here \usepackage{amsthm} \usepackage{hyperref} \usepackage[nameinlink]{cleveref} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  \begin{document}  \numberwithin{equation}{section}  \newtheorem{The}[equation]{Theorem} \crefname{The}{Theorem}{Theorems}  \newtheorem{Dfn}[equation]{Definition} \newtheorem{Lem}[equation]{Lemma} \newtheorem{Prs}[equation]{Proposition} \newtheorem{Crl}[equation]{Corollary} \newtheorem{Rmk}[equation]{Remark}  \begin{The}\label{T1}    Assume ... \end{The}  ... \begin{Dfn}\label{D1}    Assume ... \end{Dfn}  ... \begin{Lem}\label{L1}    Assume ... \end{Lem}  ... \begin{Prs}\label{P1}    Assume ... \end{Prs}  ... \begin{Crl}\label{C1}    Assume ... \end{Crl}  ... \begin{Rmk}\label{R1}    Assume ... \end{Rmk}  \begin{equation}\label{E1}    Assume ... \bigskip \end{equation}  \noindent \cref{T1} \\ \cref{D1} \\ \cref{L1} \\ \cref{P1} \\ \cref{C1} \\ \cref{R1} \\ \cref{E1} \\  \noindent \autoref{T1} \\ \autoref{D1} \\ \autoref{L1} \\ \autoref{P1} \\ \autoref{C1} \\ \autoref{R1} \\ \autoref{E1} \\  \end{document}     How can I solve it? SQL Servers has Traces and XEvents. These are used to capture and analyze what is going on with our SQL Server Instances. Events are stored in the stack for later analysis. For example,  If I decide to monitor any dead lock in the database, I just query the trace file to see the history of deadlock for a period of time. Here is my question:  While events occur, in our example deadlock event, is there a way to get an email notification using msdb.dbo.xp_send_dbmail? HTTP webpage is showing "Not Secure" in Chrome I've called GoDaddy a few different times and they said that it looks like it is a problem with my HTML file.  Except, my HTML file is the basic outline of a webpage, nothing fancy at all.    Chrome still says that the webpage is, "Not Secure" with the big red x over it.    I'm not sure what to do to fix it, I don't have any personal information on the site nor am I collecting any information from visitors (it's sort of an information site).  I shouldn't need an SSL certificate because I am not hosting anything privately. Scenario: My friend John has a personality disorder, intensely paranoid for example.  Can I say:     There were three events last year that told me John had a problem.   or can I say:     There were threee events last year that told me John has a problem.