where does the energy for capillary action come from? I think capillary action occurs because water molecules have a little magnetic field with poles so they can stack up on each other somewhat. When it happens though, where is the energy derived from to create this kinetic movement?
Capillary action and conservation of energy When I dip a paper towel in a cup of water the water gets drawn up due to . How is this reconciled with conservation of energy, as it would seem on the surface that the potential energy of the system has gone up with no work being done?
Is there any way to include an animated GIF directly in either PDFLaTeX or XeLaTeX? I realize the animate package can include animations in a PDF, but it doesn't support animated GIFs and you have to split them up manually into EPS or PNG files as far as I can tell. Game states & passing data between scenes Access network share from within VBScript eg FileSystemObject How do I transition to SSL without affecting PageRank? Here at Stack Exchange we're working on moving all traffic to SSL. The reason we're not doing logged-in-users only is that one side of the login divide would suffer a redirect from Google every time.  This happens because Google's only going to have http:// or https:// in the results, not both.  Aside from building the SSL infrastructure (), the outstanding question we have is: how do we best transition to SSL?  Here are the relevant bits of our plan (testing on small sites, moving up to stackoverflow.com):   Get SSL ready/enabled (but not linked to) on all domains Start rendering only the &lt;link rel="canonical"&gt; as https:// Start sending a 301 for all http:// requests to https:// (from our domains...of course we can't do anything about all the existing links pointing to us) After a transition period, set all user cookies as secure   So the endgame is having all content delivered over SSL and all HTTP requests redirected.  What we're primarily concerned with is how this will affect PageRank to our sites. We depend a great deal on traffic that comes from Google and want to ensure that doesn't take a dive as we start delivering more security to our users.  The only bits I've found on this that seem to be substantive are  on :     @Frank Yes, I'm certain that Google treats HTTP and HTTPS URLs as separate URLs for crawling, indexing and ranking (I work with the web-search team here at Google). Doing canonicalization with a 301 redirect like you mentioned is a great way to solve this :) –  Oct 23 '10   and the only webmasters video I could find:  The video doesn't have a solid answer, not one I'd base the future of a company on anyway.  Is our transition plan the best way to accomplish an SSL move, at least from an SEO perspective?  If there's other more recent or concrete advice around how a move like this affects Google ranking we'd love to hear about it. Proof that the coefficients in an OLS model follow a t-distribution with (n-k) degrees of freedom Background  Suppose we have an Ordinary Least Squares model where we have $k$ coefficients in our regression model, $$\mathbf{y}=\mathbf{X}\mathbf{\beta} + \mathbf{\epsilon}$$  where $\mathbf{\beta}$ is an $(k\times1)$ vector of coefficients, $\mathbf{X}$ is the design matrix defined by  $$\mathbf{X} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; x_{11} &amp; x_{12} &amp; \dots &amp; x_{1\;(k-1)} \\ 1 &amp; x_{21} &amp; \dots  &amp;       &amp;   \vdots \\ \vdots &amp;   &amp; \ddots &amp;       &amp;   \vdots \\ 1 &amp; x_{n1} &amp; \dots  &amp; \dots &amp;   x_{n\;(k-1)}     \end{pmatrix}$$ and the errors are IID normal,  $$\mathbf{\epsilon} \sim \mathcal{N}\left(\mathbf{0},\sigma^2 \mathbf{I}\right) \;.$$  We minimize the sum-of-squared-errors by setting our estimates for $\mathbf{\beta}$ to be $$\mathbf{\hat{\beta}}= (\mathbf{X^T X})^{-1}\mathbf{X}^T \mathbf{y}\;. $$   An unbiased estimator of $\sigma^2$ is  $$s^2 = \frac{\left\Vert \mathbf{y}-\mathbf{\hat{y}}\right\Vert ^2}{n-p}$$ where $\mathbf{\hat{y}} \equiv \mathbf{X} \mathbf{\hat{\beta}}$ ().   The covariance of $\mathbf{\hat{\beta}}$ is given by $$\operatorname{Cov}\left(\mathbf{\hat{\beta}}\right) = \sigma^2 \mathbf{C}$$ where $\mathbf{C}\equiv(\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X})^{-1}$ () .  Question  How can I prove that for $\hat\beta_i$, $$\frac{\hat{\beta}_i - \beta_i} {s_{\hat{\beta}_i}} \sim t_{n-k}$$ where $t_{n-k}$ is a t-distribution with $(n-k)$ degrees of freedom, and the standard error of $\hat{\beta}_i$ is estimated by $s_{\hat{\beta}_i} = s\sqrt{c_{ii}}$.    My attempts  I know that for $n$ random variables sampled from $x\sim\mathcal{N}\left(\mu, \sigma^2\right)$, you can show that  $$\frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{s/\sqrt{n}} \sim t_{n-1} $$ by rewriting the LHS as $$\frac{ \left(\frac{\bar x - \mu}{\sigma/\sqrt{n}}\right)  }   {\sqrt{s^2/\sigma^2}}$$ and realizing that the numertor is a standard normal distribution, and the denominator is square root of a Chi-square distribution with df=(n-1) and divided by (n-1) ().  And therefore it follows a t-distribution with df=(n-1) ().  I was unable to extend this proof to my question...  Any ideas?  I'm aware of , but they don't explicitly prove it, they just give a rule of thumb, saying "each predictor costs you a degree of freedom". How do I downgrade Firefox v. 57 to v. 56? What is the most straight forward way to downgrade Firefox 57 to Firefox 56?   This is to have more time to wait for working replacements for legacy extensions. Is CAT5 cable good enough for RS-485 vs "true" RS-485 cable Is there any way of making a snow golem survive in hot biomes? Snow golems won't survive in the Nether (neither spawned in nor built ones). Is there a way to make a snow golem survive in the Nether and other hot biomes in vanilla Minecraft (i.e., without using mods)? Why doesn't "cd" work in a shell script? I just want to write a script which changes my directory.  I put the below commands in the file /home/alex/pathABC  #!/bin/sh cd /home/alex/Documents/A/B/C echo HelloWorld   I did   chmod +x pathABC   In the Terminal, while in /home/alex, I ran ./pathABC, but the output is just HelloWorld and the current directory is not changed.  So what is wrong? I have a character playing a multiclass Barbarian/Monk. Does the resistance from rage combine with Deflect Missiles to negate the damage and make the reaction attack? When does the 'Lost City' become Atlantis in Stargate In Stargate SG-1 they are searching for the Lost City in season 8, however in the Stargate Atlantis pilot it is referred to as Atlantis. When is the name found? Or the connection between the Lost City and Atlantis made? Closure of a certain subset in a compact topological group I have seen some hypotheses that the recent series corporate actions and statements are a sign of SO/SE being in the process of being, or about to be, sold. Arguments cited include the corp statements being made in paywalled areas and addressed to an audience that seems very distinct from the community, the choice of CEO, the push for a 'service sector' flavour of tensely smiling hospitality, and surely some more I can't recall in a coherent form.   Just how plausible and implausible, and how founded or unfounded, is such a hypothesis? Is it, as far as people more knowledgeable either about business in general or about the specific case of SE/SO, strategically consistent or even outright connected with the corp's behaviour (and a likely cause thereof)? setfacl incorrectly changes group permissions What can I use to typeset MATLAB code in my document? I have a list of integers, List&lt;Integer&gt; and I'd like to convert all the integer objects into Strings, thus finishing up with a new List&lt;String&gt;.  Naturally, I could create a new List&lt;String&gt; and loop through the list calling String.valueOf() for each integer, but I was wondering if there was a better (read: more automatic) way of doing it? How do I run a 'sudo' command inside a script? To do a patch manually I must type this command   sudo ./playback_delete_data_patch.sh 09_delete_old_data_p.sql     There is a space just before the 09:   sudo ./playback_delete_data_patch.sh [space] 09_delete_old_data_p.sql   How can I run this inside a script?  There are also several other commands but this one is giving trouble. It seems like to deleted too much files by rm -r and now I have the error of "the system is running a low-graphic mode" in Ubuntu and I have to work in Windows because of that.  However I can load it in recovery mode. I need to copy the files from Downloads folder to a flash drive. Downloads folder has them as I can see by ls command.   When I plug in a flash drive, there will be some messages saying that everything is ok (as I understood) and it's plugged. But when I go to /media/my_name and do ls then I don't see anything. I don't see anything in /run/media/my_name either(I'm not sure if should though).  I can't connect to the Internet for some reason. Ubuntu was installed by wubi.exe file.  How do I save the content of my Downloads folder to a flash drive? Remove Punctuation When Checking for Duplicate Titled Questions I recently saw a question titled "" (10k+ users only). I thought, "surely someone has asked this question before", and began looking for a duplicate.  is a question with the exact same title, just with a little different punctuation and casing. It was "Jquery vs Javascript" and "jQuery vs. Javascript?". The only difference being the ., ?, and the casing.  Since we now , I propose that when checking for questions with duplicate names, certain punctuation be striped out to prevent the duplicate from occurring in the first place.  As pointed out in the comments, if isn't already, white-space and non-printable characters may want to be removed for duplicate detection as well. how many distinct values does it have?