I've been editing a landscape image with lightning in the sky, and I've brought up the clarity and contrast in Lightroom to make it stand out more.  However, I end up with a noticeably brighter sky around trees on the horizon, as well as in between branches and such in the trees.  Most of the methods I've found online have messed up because of the trees on the horizon.  How can I make the sky on the horizon and behind the trees blend in?
I process all my photos to black and white. Although I use a polariser where possible, I often find myself wanting to drop the luminance of the sky further which I do using a Black and White adjustment layer (in Photoshop). This usually results in a lighter halo following the line of the horizon, where the blues of the sky meet whatever the colour of the land is.  My current solution to this problem is to run a brush along this margin with a colour set to the same as the sky and the blend-mode set to Darken. This effectively paints in the lighter band with the sky colour while not laying down the colour on top of the darker horizon. Whilst this is effective, it is very time consuming.  Is there a better approach to dealing with these halos?  Here is a video that illustrated the Darken solution that I mention:
Why does LuaTeX plus breqn quadruple output of \text{} when in display-math mode? MWE needs to be compiled with LuaTeX to reproduce the problem:  \documentclass[11pt]{report}% \usepackage{amsmath,mathtools} \usepackage{breqn}                          \begin{document} $J^{\ast} = \text{JFK} \to \text{NO} \to \text{SFO}$ \[ J^{\ast} = \text{JFK} \to \text{NO} \to \text{SFO} \] \end{document}   Gives (no compile error or any warning) the following strange output    I have to use breqn package. If I remove it, then I get the expected output    Is there a way to work around this, so I can use breqn and get correct output?  TL 2015. filelist: (compiled with lualatex)  This is LuaTeX, Version beta-0.80.0.1 (TeX Live 2015) (rev 5863)   *File List*   report.cls    2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class   size11.clo    2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX file (size option)  amsmath.sty    2013/01/14 v2.14 AMS math features  amstext.sty    2000/06/29 v2.01   amsgen.sty    1999/11/30 v2.0   amsbsy.sty    1999/11/29 v1.2d   amsopn.sty    1999/12/14 v2.01 operator names mathtools.sty    2015/11/12 v1.18 mathematical typesetting tools   keyval.sty    2014/10/28 v1.15 key=value parser (DPC)     calc.sty    2014/10/28 v4.3 Infix arithmetic (KKT,FJ)  mhsetup.sty    2010/01/21 v1.2a programming setup (MH)    breqn.sty    2015/08/11 v0.98d Breaking equations    expl3.sty    2015/12/20 v6326 L3 programming layer (loader)  expl3-code.tex    2015/12/20 v6326 L3 programming layer  l3pdfmode.def    2015/11/11 v6250 L3 Experimental driver: PDF mode flexisym.sty    2015/08/11 v0.98d Make math characters macros   cmbase.sym    2007/12/19 v0.92 mathstyle.sty    2015/08/11 v0.98d Tracking mathstyle implicitly graphicx.sty    2014/10/28 v1.0g Enhanced LaTeX Graphics (DPC,SPQR) graphics.sty    2014/10/28 v1.0p Standard LaTeX Graphics (DPC,SPQR)     trig.sty    1999/03/16 v1.09 sin cos tan (DPC) graphics.cfg    2010/04/23 v1.9 graphics configuration of TeX Live   pdftex.def    2011/05/27 v0.06d Graphics/color for pdfTeX infwarerr.sty    2010/04/08 v1.3 Providing info/warning/error messages (HO)  ltxcmds.sty    2011/11/09 v1.22 LaTeX kernel commands for general use (HO) supp-pdf.mkii pdftexcmds.sty    2011/11/29 v0.20 Utility functions of pdfTeX for LuaTeX (HO) ifluatex.sty    2010/03/01 v1.3 Provides the ifluatex switch (HO)    ifpdf.sty    2011/01/30 v2.3 Provides the ifpdf switch (HO) luatex-loader.sty    2010/03/09 v0.4 Lua module loader (HO) epstopdf-base.sty    2010/02/09 v2.5 Base part for package epstopdf   grfext.sty    2010/08/19 v1.1 Manage graphics extensions (HO) kvdefinekeys.sty    2011/04/07 v1.3 Define keys (HO) kvoptions.sty    2011/06/30 v3.11 Key value format for package options (HO) kvsetkeys.sty    2012/04/25 v1.16 Key value parser (HO) etexcmds.sty    2011/02/16 v1.5 Avoid name clashes with e-TeX commands (HO) epstopdf-sys.cfg    2010/07/13 v1.3 Configuration of (r)epstopdf for TeX Live  ***********   Update  I found another case of duplication when using breqn, which does not involve \text at all. But the solution provided below also fixes this issue. I am adding this second case here for reference just in case it might be useful. Here is MWE  \documentclass[11pt]{article} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{amsmath,mathtools} \usepackage{breqn} \begin{document} \[ \underset{\mathbf{S}} {\operatorname{arg\,min}}      \sum_{i=1}^{k} \sum_{\mathbf x \in S_i}       \left\| \mathbf x - \boldsymbol\mu_i \right\|^2  \] \end{document}   The output is    After adding the patch in the answer below the correct output is now given, which is Let $R= \mathbb{Q}[x^2 ,x^3 ]$, the set of all polynomials over $\mathbb{Q}$ with no $x$ term. Show that a gcd of $x^5$ and $x^6$ does not exist in $R$.   I am reasoning for the absurd and I am assuming that $gcd (x ^ 5, x ^ 6) = ax ^ 2 + bx ^ 3\in\mathbb{Q}[x^2 ,x^3 ] $, then, for the Bezout identity there exists $p (x) = cx ^ 2 + dx^3$ and  $q(x)= ex ^ 2 + fx ^ 3$ in $\mathbb{Q}[x^2 ,x^3 ]$ such that $x ^ 5p (x) + x ^ 6q (x) = ax ^ 2 + bx ^ 3$, which is absurd since $$9 = deg (x ^ 5p (x) + x ^ 6q (x)) \neq  deg (ax ^ 2 + bx ^ 3) = 3.$$  Is it okay what I did? Thank you very much. I know the new SPFx will be released for Sharepoint 2016 sometime in the year 2017. But are there any plans to also bring this for Sharepoint 2013?  Are there any possibilities/hacks to add a Sharepoint app created with SPFx in the Sharepoint 2013 app catalog? I do not know how to prove this question: $m^{\phi(n)}+n^{\phi(m)}\equiv 1 \pmod {mn}$ where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime.  Can anyone help? Cannot successfully source .bashrc from a shell script Normally we can source ~/.bashrc file using this command  source ~/.bashrc   but if I write this in a shell script and execute it, nothing happens. Why? Is there any way to do this?  My script:  #!/bin/bash chmod a+x ~/.bashrc source ~/.bashrc   Also tried . (dot) instead of source. Same result. Is it possible to produce a context free grammar for Tikz path? node? Even further, I would be happy to see a definition of the tikz language in the usual manner programming languages such as Java and Pascal are defined.   The reason I ask is that I keep getting mysterious error messages for the tiniest typos. Essentially, incorrect use of the underlying languages leads to a "crash" of the compiler. This crash sometimes gives useful error messages, but sometimes they are hard to decipher. Turning a cipher into a hashing function This is theoretical question. I'd like to know if it's possible (and what are eventually the consequences), not that I'm going to do it in one of my projects. ;)  The first hashing functions created were based on a symmetric cipher (just like the first Unix crypt was based on DES). The idea was simple. Use the password as key to encode a constant.  I'd like to know if it's still possible to convert any modern symmetric cipher into a hashing function (and second question: into a cryptographic hashing function). Is it possible (easier) to guess the key, when you have an encoded and decoded messages? I may have missed it with the 3D, but I could have sworn I saw what I suspect was a lady Dwarf or two running from the Erebor in the beginning of the Hobbit, but they didn't seem bearded.    If dwarf women aren't bearded, then was Aragorn just kidding in the Two Towers (movie) when he intimated that they all had beards?    It's also stated by Tolkien in appendix A to The Lord of the Rings that female dwarves appear identical to males and we can assume they are also born with beards, just like their male counterparts. I want to do something like:  MyObject myObj = GetMyObj(); // Create and fill a new object MyObject newObj = myObj.Clone();   And then make changes to the new object that are not reflected in the original object.  I don't often need this functionality, so when it's been necessary, I've resorted to creating a new object and then copying each property individually, but it always leaves me with the feeling that there is a better or more elegant way of handling the situation.  How can I clone or deep copy an object so that the cloned object can be modified without any changes being reflected in the original object? A cashier wants to work five days a week, but he wants to have at least one of the Saturday and Sunday off.  In how many ways can he choose the days he will work?  So, in this case, what should I count first?  How do I start?  I know how to solve this if the cashier doesn't want a weekend off, but what do I do if the cashier do?  Thanks! I have two exchange accounts on my iPhone 4. One that connects to my gmail, the other connects to my work's Lotus Notes. There are no overlapping contacts in the two accounts. There are also no contacts saved locally on my phone.   When I enable contacts in both accounts, I get two identical entries for each of the contacts in my gmail. If I disable the Notes exchange account, then there are no more duplicates. If I have Notes contacts enabled, and gmail contacts disabled then I have no contacts at all.  Does anyone know what is going on? Is this a problem with having multiple exchange accounts or is it a Lotus Traveler problem? (I tend to blame Notes for all the trouble in the world, but that is just my bias)  Thanks all. Prove Or Disprove: tr(AB)=tr(A)*tr(B) $\mathrm{tr}(AB)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^n \sum\limits_{j=1}^n a_{ij}*b_{ji}$  $\mathrm{tr}(A)*\mathrm{tr}(B)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^n a_{ii}*\sum\limits_{i=1}^n b_{ii}$  Therefore $\mathrm{tr}(AB) \neq \mathrm{tr}(A)*\mathrm{tr}(B)$  Is the proof valid? I'm writing code to do Xml serialization. With below function.  public static string SerializeToXml(object obj) {     XmlSerializer serializer = new XmlSerializer(obj.GetType());     using (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter())     {         serializer.Serialize(writer, obj);         return writer.ToString();     } }   If the argument is a instance of class without parameterless constructor, it will throw a exception.     Unhandled Exception:   System.InvalidOperationException:   CSharpConsole.Foo cannot be serialized   because it does not have a   parameterless constructor.    at   System.Xml.Serialization.TypeDesc.CheckSupported()   at   System.Xml.Serialization.TypeScope.GetTypeDesc(Type   type, MemberInfo sourc e, Boolean   directReference, Boolean throwOnError)   at   System.Xml.Serialization.ModelScope.GetTypeModel(Type   type, Boolean direct Reference)    at   System.Xml.Serialization.XmlReflectionImporter.ImportTypeMapping(Type   type , XmlRootAttribute root, String   defaultNamespace)    at   System.Xml.Serialization.XmlSerializer..ctor(Type   type, String defaultName space)    at   System.Xml.Serialization.XmlSerializer..ctor(Type   type)   Why must there be a parameterless constructor in order to allow xml serialization to succeed?  EDIT: thanks for cfeduke's answer. The parameterless constructor can be private or internal. Is there a performance difference between i++ and ++i in C++? We have the question   What's the answer for C++? How to prove that there exists a prime number between $n$ and $ n!$, for all $ n&gt; 2$?    ( gives a much better bound, but this question is about obtaining a self-contained proof.) pronoun agreement in neither nor Which one is correct?   Neither my friend nor I feel my best in the morning. Neither my friend nor I feel her best in the morning. Neither my friend nor I feel our best in the morning.    I already know that the verb agrees with the subject closer to the verb:   Neither my friends nor my brother understands me. (correct) Neither my friends nor my brother understand me. (wrong)   AND   Neither my brother nor my friends understand me. (correct) Neither my brother nor my friends understands me. (wrong) Apt/Synaptic needs to reinstall package but can't find the archive for it Running Synaptic I get the following error message:  E: The package hl1440lpr needs to be reinstalled, but I can't find an archive for it. E: Internal error opening cache (1). Please report.   Upon accepting the message, Synaptic quits. How to configure a firewall that only allows a few webpages and dropbox and U1 services? Pointer vs. Reference What would be better practice when giving a function the original variable to work with:  unsigned long x = 4;  void func1(unsigned long&amp; val) {      val = 5;             } func1(x);   or:  void func2(unsigned long* val) {      *val = 5; } func2(&amp;x);   IOW: Is there any reason to pick one over another? The pronunciation of words which begins 'con' and 'com'