Logic of Hypothesis Testing I know that there is something wrong in the following reasoning but I cannot explain it, can you say what is wrong with the following reasoning:   Null Hypothesis: The coin is fair (that is, the probability of a head is 0.5). The coin is thrown 100 times and 55 times it comes up heads. The probability of getting 55 heads with a fair coin is 0.048  Since 0.048 &lt; 0.05 we can reject the null hypothesis.   I know that we should find P(X>=55) which is 0.18 but I really don't understand why are we finding P(X>=55).  Thanks
What is the meaning of p values and t values in statistical tests? After taking a statistics course and then trying to help fellow students, I noticed one subject that inspires much head-desk banging is interpreting the results of statistical hypothesis tests.  It seems that students easily learn how to perform the calculations required by a given test but get hung up on interpreting the results.  Many computerized tools report test results in terms of "p values" or "t values".  How would you explain the following points to college students taking their first course in statistics:   What does a "p-value" mean in relation to the hypothesis being tested?  Are there cases when one should be looking for a high p-value or a low p-value? What is the relationship between a p-value and a t-value?
Reference - What does this regex mean? Which word to use when we ask for help?  Some conditions:     We know that the person asked is able to do it. We don't know if the person asked is able to do it. How to Translate Content type name using i18n module? I am developing a multilingual site that supports English and Norsk bokmal. I have set English as my default language. I wanted to translate the contents and the other things in the site.  My real problem started when I found that I was unable to see the translation of the content type's name. I went to admin/config/regional/translate/translate and translated everything, but still my content type's name is not translated.  I have attached a screenshot of the translation page. Still I don't find a way to translate the content type's name. $ \int_1^2\int_1^2 \int_1^2 \int_1^2 \frac{x_1+x_2+x_3-x_4}{x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4}dx_1dx_2dx_3dx_4 $ Show the post's comments on the "Suggested Edits" review interface Statistics and causal inference? What is a complete book for introductory quantum field theory? There's a fairly standard two or three-semester curriculum for introductory quantum field theory, which covers topics such as:   classical field theory background canonical quantization, path integrals the Dirac field quantum electrodynamics computing $S$-matrix elements in perturbation theory, decay rates, cross sections renormalization at one loop Yang-Mills theory spontaneous symmetry breaking the Standard Model   What is a good, complete and comprehensive book that covers topics such as these? How can I force a line break in the table of contents? Can I use one of my attacks to cast a cantrip? In the D&amp;D campaign I am currently participating in, I am playing as a level 5 high elf champion (I actually just reached level 5 at the end of the last session).  As a High Elf, I got a free cantrip at first level, and chose the firebolt cantrip.  Here's what I'm wondering now: for the purposes of the extra attack feature, does firebolt (and similar cantrips) count as an attack? "X Department" versus "Department of X" I would like to know whether these phrases "English Department" and "Department of English" have the same meaning. Thanks! How can I create a progress bar with bash?  This is my script :  #!/bin/bash  pass='number1 number12 number13 number14 number15 number16'  chk='number14'  for i in $pass ; do    if [ "$i" == "$chk" ]; then      echo ' Found ^_^'    else      echo 'loading 50%'    fi  done   I want to replace echo 'loading 50%' with anything to create an progress bar. Prepend phone numbers with a calling card dial in number Viewed, deleted comments staying in inbox Lets start with a life-like scenario.  User A receives an offensive comment in his inbox from the OP of a question. A then clicks on the notification in order to flag the offending comment. A mod sees the flag and deletes the comment. Shortly after, the question is also deleted. Because A clicked on the notification in the inbox, that notification is still in A's inbox, with the offensive part of the comment still visible. Edit: The flag was marked helpful because the post was deleted, not because the comment was deleted by a mod.  Please note that although the behaviour of the notifications is as it is supposed to be, this does not fix the possible problem of such notifications &quot;hanging around&quot;. User A can't get rid of that comment in any way, and it may be a long time before it is flushed out by new messages. This issue is mentioned in  but it is supposed to be that comments on a post that you own can hang around, not on someone else's post.  is speaking about comments which have not been read and this . To me this seem like an important issue. To have to see an offensive message every time you open your inbox is not a good thing. I can think of two ways in which this problem can be avoided:  Make sure notifications for deleted comments don't hang around (this I'm sure is the easier option) Allow users to delete unwanted notifications (this could be useful, as this would also allow users to remove notifications that they are not interested in, or even just to keep their inbox uncluttered. It would most likely be hard to implement, though.)  What are your thoughts on this? Academic papers using Stack Exchange data Algebraic closure of $\mathbb F_p$ Absolute path & Relative Path What's the difference between absolute path &amp; relative path when using any web server or Tomcat? Add leading zeroes to number in Java? How to install Epson Perfection V600 Photo Scanner drivers Triangle Inequality of the Cartesian product with Max function Let $(X,d)$ be a metric space.  Define $$d'((x,y),(z,w))=max\{d(x,z),d(y,w)\}.$$   I'm trying to prove the triangle inequality for this, but really don't have a clue how.  Any tips or suggestions would be greatly appreciated! help you learn vs. help you to learn Source:  by Douglas Crockford (2008) Example:  My goal here is to help you to learn to think in JavaScript. I will show you the components of the language and start you on the process of discovering the ways those components can be put together.  Although it is usually the case that you mostly hear people say something like &quot;this will help you become a better person&quot;, is there any particular reason as to why he chose not to leave out the to and say help you to learn instead? If you've got something interesting to say, could you please elaborate on it as well? I would very much like to receive some coherent explanation and get this thing finally straight. The only time I know of, though, that you would use the to is when you say it like this:  It helps a lot to think of the rather difficult concept of classes used in modern software development as mere blueprints that architects and builders use to build houses. In life, it really helps to know your times tables by heart because not all the time do you have a calculator on you.  Because the aspect of the verb &quot;help&quot; is a little bit different here. But in all other cases, help do or help you do something is by far more common.