In order to understand the technology in a digital camera, I considered the following question:  How does ISO setting change CCD/CMOS sensor behavior?  For example, does ISO setting affect the amount of charge that each photon generates in the sensor, or does it merely change the amplification of a fixed charge from each photon.  High end cameras allow for ISO in the range from 100 to e.g. 51200, thus a factor from 1 to 512, so it appears that the electronics allows for a pretty large range.  A reference to an article would be appreciated.
If I change the ISO settings on my camera, obviously the gain of the system is increased, amplifying the signal from the sensor. What's not clear to me is where the amplification takes place. I see several possibilities:   In the sensor, by increasing voltage or some other mechanism Via an analog amplifier outside of the sensor Digitally, after the signal has been digitized, but before storing data in the RAW file As a parameter applied solely in creating an image from RAW   If #4 is true, then you could take a 4-stop overexposed RAW picture at ISO 1600, and then in post processing produce a JPEG at ISO 100 that would be the same as if the original photo had been shot at ISO 100.  If #1 or #2 is true, then a RAW file shot at ISO 1600 would actually contain more information about shadows, and an ISO 100 RAW would contain more information about highlights.
Why do Oreo crumbs float to a single glob at the very center in a glass of milk? I had Oreos and milk a while ago and left my half-full cup of milk out on the counter. Afterwards I noticed that the crumbs had surfaced in a circular coin-sized glob, and just now I looked again to see all of the crumbs seem to have compressed into a more dense glob at the very center of the cup.   Why does this happen? How do I transfer iPhone contacts to an Android phone? In several cases I want to add a toolbar to the top of the iPhone keyboard (as in iPhone Safari when you're navigating form elements, for example).    Currently I am specifying the toolbar's rectangle with constants but because other elements of the interface are in flux - toolbars and nav bars at the top of the screen - every time we make a minor interface change, the toolbar goes out of alignment.  Is there a way to programmatically determine the position of the keyboard in relation to the current view? Symbol table for Lightning components to find Dependencies/References Like we do have SymbolTable for apex class, to find their references/dependencies; do we have anything for the Lightning Components(to find dependencies/references of lightning components/application/events).  Please let me know, if there are any other(native to Salesforce) mechanisms. I remember my professor in college challenging me with this question, which I failed to answer satisfactorily: I know there exists a bijection between the rational numbers and the natural numbers, but can anyone produce an explicit formula for such a bijection? How can I make sure that my on-screen colors are consistent? I can seem to run scripts (.sh) with and without them being set as executable. So where exactly this matters? Why $(a+d)(b+c)$ equals $-16$? If $a,b,c$ and $d$ satisfy the equations:$$a+7b+3c+5d=0$$$$8a+4b+6c+2d=-16$$$$2a+6b+4c+8d=16$$$$5a+3b+7c+d=-16$$ then $(a+d)(b+c)$ equals $-16$.   I can't understand why $(a+d)(b+c)$ equals $-16$? Prove a function is constant under certain conditions Let $f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be smooth and such that for every $x$    $$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{|f(x)-f(y)|}{|x-y|^2}dy &lt; \infty$$   Prove that $f$ is constant. Today I found my first ever (to the best of memory) emoji in a post.        Having no idea this was even possible I came here looking for some history. I found there is an  tag. There seems to be consensus that they add little to no value on SE per  &amp;  we also know they don't translate well on all devices    I don't find any history other then this one post  where there is any focused attempt to support them. I don't find any history of discussion on supporting them.    Two questions   Is it possible to disable emojis across Stack Exchange?   If yes   Should we disable emojis across Stack Exchange? Opening a file with std::string Shell Shortcuts in Windows OS In the digital age of photography, we can see a range of digital camera sensors sizes in use, from 1/3.2" in small phones, up to Medium format sensors that are 53.4 x 40.0mm in size or more!  Why has no company endevoured to produce a sensor that can be considered to be large format (50mm X 80mm or larger)? Do such camera sensors exist in non-consumer products? Steps to solve this system of equations: $\sqrt{x}+y=7$, $\sqrt{y}+x=11$ Evaluate $\int_0^1 \frac{\log \left( 1+x^{2+\sqrt{3}}\right)}{1+x}\mathrm dx$ I am trying to find a closed form for  $$\int_0^1 \frac{\log \left( 1+x^{2+\sqrt{3}}\right)}{1+x}\mathrm dx = 0.094561677526995723016 \cdots$$  It seems that the answer is $$\frac{\pi^2}{12}\left( 1-\sqrt{3}\right)+\log(2) \log \left(1+\sqrt{3} \right)$$  Mathematica is unable to give a closed form for the indefinite integral.  How can we prove this result? Please help me.  EDIT  Apart from this result, the following equalities are also known to exist: $$\begin{align*} \int_0^1 \frac{\log \left( 1+x^{4+\sqrt{15}}\right)}{1+x}\mathrm dx &amp;=\frac{\pi^2}{12} \left( 2-\sqrt{15}\right)+\log \left( \frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)\log \left(2+\sqrt{3} \right) \\ &amp;\quad +\log(2)\log\left( \sqrt{3}+\sqrt{5}\right) \\ \int_0^1 \frac{\log \left( 1+x^{6+\sqrt{35}}\right)}{1+x}\mathrm dx &amp;= \frac{\pi^2}{12} \left( 3-\sqrt{35}\right)+\log \left(\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2} \right)\log \left(8+3\sqrt{7} \right) \\ &amp;\quad +\log(2) \log \left( \sqrt{5}+\sqrt{7}\right) \end{align*}$$  Please take a look . I've searched for multiple forums for this questions and have seen different answers but so far, nothing have worked yet even from the ones I've seen here.  I want to extract a single file from a tar to a different directory.  I've tried this:  tar xvf file.tar -C /home/dir/ filename   or this:  tar -x filename -f file.tar -C /home/dir   But got these errors respectively:  x filename, 14826 bytes, 29 media blocks. File -C not present in the archive. File /home/dir not present in the archive.   and:  tar: /dev/rmt0: A file or directory in the path name does not exist.   The first extracted the file but in the same directory, not to the folder I wanted. If $f$ is an entire function where every power series expansion has at least one 0 term, show it is a polynomial Suppose $f$ is entire and that in every power series $f(z)=\sum_{n=0}^\infty c_n(z-a)^n$ at least one coefficient is $0$. Prove that $f$ is a polynomial. Prove $\sin(x)\tan(x) > x^2$ for $x \in ( \,0, \frac{\pi}{2}) \,$ Prove $\sin(x)\tan(x) &gt; x^2$ for $x \in ( \,0, \frac{\pi}{2}) \,$  So I did the following: Let $f(x) = \sin(x)\tan(x) - x^2$.  Then of course $f(0) = 0$ and I want to show that for $x \in ( \,0, \frac{\pi}{2}) \,$ $f'(x) &gt; 0$ but I don't really know where to go from here as I can't get anything reasonable done with the derivative.  I was thinking of approximating it using the following inequality $\sin(x) &lt; x &lt; \tan(x)$.   Is that a good direction? How were the number of rounds for different key sizes of AES selected? The number of AES rounds increases with the key length. Why increase the number of rounds at all, and how were these round counts chosen? Python 3 with QGIS on Mac?