I cd to my '~' directory, then I made a bash_profile with nano ~/.bash_profile with an alias alias test = 'mkdir test' then when i type source ~/.bash_profile it says   -bash: alias: mk: not found  -bash: alias: =: not found  -bash: alias: mkdir test: not found`   Why is that?
I recently installed the apache2 package using the Software Centre, I want to create an alias apacheres which will replace the more cumbersome command /etc/init.d/apache2 restart.  I opened the .bashrc file in my home directory, and it contains the following lines:  # Alias definitions. # You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like # ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly. # See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.  if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then     . ~/.bash_aliases fi   So I created a .bash_aliases file in my home directory, and added only this line:  alias apacheres ='/etc/init.d/apache2 restart'  When I started my terminal, I get this error message:  bash: alias: apacheres: not found bash: alias: =/etc/init.d/apache2 restart: not found   The shell has obviously read the file, otherwise it wouldn't know of its existence. I have checked the directory path and I can find the file apache2 there. What do I need to do to make this alias work?
When I launch certain programs from the command line like eclipse and document viewer in 11.10 it spews a load of information that seems inconsequential.   Also when they are run in the background they sometimes continue to produce output to the terminal which I am currently working on, which is irritating.  I would like them just launch and keep the background stuff in the background. My reasoning is that if you launch these programs through the GUI (eg double clicking on an icon) these messages are never shown to me, so I don't need them in the command line. Derivative of the product of operators and Derivative of exponential I'm asked to show that  $$\frac{d(\hat{A}\hat{B})}{d\lambda} ~=~ \frac{d\hat{A}}{d\lambda}\hat{B} + \hat{A}\frac{d\hat{b}}{d\lambda}$$ With $\lambda$ a continuous parameter. Should I use the definition $$\frac{d\hat{A}}{d\lambda} ~=~ \lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \frac{\hat{A}(\lambda + \epsilon) - \hat{A}(\lambda)}{\epsilon}$$ applied to $\hat{A}\hat{B}$ like $$\frac{d(\hat{A}\hat{B})}{d\lambda} ~=~ \lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \frac{\hat{A}(\lambda + \epsilon)\hat{B}(\lambda + \epsilon) - \hat{A}(\lambda)\hat{B}(\lambda)}{\epsilon}$$ and do some algebra to get the RHS of the first equation, or I'm missing something? Another interesting derivative to pay attention to is: $$\frac{d}{d\lambda}\exp(\hat{A}(\lambda) )~?$$ One click to site meta? Right now from a main site, it takes TWO CLICKS to get to http://meta.SITE.stackexchange.com/ - ONE!  TWO!    Why not ONE click on the &quot;Hot Meta Posts&quot; &amp; &quot;Featured On Meta&quot; - What does limit actually mean? I have been in a deep confusion for about a month over the topic of limits! According to our book, the limit at $a$ is the value being approached by a function $f(x)$ as $x$ approaches $a$.  I have a doubt that in real number line we can never ever reach the closest value to $a$ because always a more closer value will exist.  Now when talking about our methods for calculating limit, what method comes in our mind when we have to calculate where the value approaches? Let's say we have to find what value $f(x)$ approaches when $x$ moves from $[0,a)$.  So we calculate the value of $f(x)$ at $x=0$, say $4$, and then at $x\to a$.   But the problem is that we don't know the value $x\to a$, so we say the value is $a-h$ where $h\to 0$ and calculate the value of $f(a-h)$, say $5-h$.  Now here is where my doubt starts! In the final step we put the value of $h=0$ say in that it is an infinitesimal quantity.  My doubt is that $h$ was tending to $0$ means that it was never equal to zero  maybe it is infinitesimally small, not a stationary value, not an imaginable value, but we know for sure that it is not  equal to $0$. Maybe it is the point closest to zero, but it is not equal to zero and when we use the result $5-h=5$ we are actually making an error which is tending to zero. Maybe the error is very small, but still, there is some error in that we cannot calculate it but we can see that there is this infinitesimal error present.  That means we don't get the exact limiting value or last value of $f(x)$.  $x$ belongs to $[0,a)$ but a value approximate to infinitesimal? Isn't it right! We get an approximated value? How to install Ubuntu on a laptop with Windows 10 I want to install Ubuntu and remove Windows 10 , but when you restart the PC does not read the Ubuntu installer that is on a bootable USB. Counting number of vertices of polygons and lines in QGIS? In QGIS, is there a way to count the number of vertices of polygons and lines in a given layer, and create a separate field containing these values?   I suspect it's a function somewhere in the field calculator but I can't find it. Process management and high technology weapon. Novel name and author? Per   I did the following:  ec2run ami-3c994355 --region us-east-1 -n 1 -t m1.large -z us-east-1d   On the machine:  sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get -y -o Dpkg::Options::="--force-confdef" -o Dpkg::Options::="--force-confold" dist-upgrade   I still get a prompt asking me which config file I want to use. These are the lines that come before the prompt:  Setting up grub-pc (1.99-21ubuntu3.1) ...   then:                           ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ Configuring grub-pc ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐                                                        │ A new version of configuration file /etc/default/grub is available, but the version installed currently has been locally modified.  │                                                        │                                                                                                                                     │                                                        │ What do you want to do about modified configuration file grub?                                                                      │                                                        │                                                                                                                                     │                                                        │                                     install the package maintainer's version                                                        │ Consider the following code:  foo () {     echo $* }  bar () {     echo $@ }  foo 1 2 3 4 bar 1 2 3 4   It outputs:     1 2 3 4       1 2 3 4   I am using Ksh88, but I am interested in other common shells as well. If you happen to know any particularity for specific shells, please do mention them.  I found the follwing in the Ksh man page on Solaris:     The meaning of $* and  $@  is   identical  when  not  quoted  or  when  used  as a parameter   assignment value or as a file name. However, when used as  a   command argument, $* is equivalent to ``$1d$2d...'', where d   is the first character of the IFS variable,  whereas  $@  is   equivalent  to  $1 $2 ....   I tried modifying the IFS variable, but it doesn't modify the output. Maybe I'm doing something wrong? Restored database missing views, stored procs and foreign keys UTF-8 -> ASCII in C language Biblatex: submitting to a journal Why is my document pdf generated by pdflatex looks different from the one generated by latex+dvips+ps2pdf ? From the code below, i have tow different papers switch to the tow cited commands above :  \documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage[francais]{babel} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{lipsum} \author{M ROUAN SERIK} \title{Article with \LaTeXe} \fontfamily{cmr} \begin{document} \maketitle \section{Titled section} \lipsum \end{document}   Here's my pdffonts for the tow pdfs : Pdflatex:    name                   type     encoding  emb sub uni object ID   ------------------------------- ---------------- --- --- --- ---------   AMTRHA+SFRM1728        Type 1    Custom   yes yes no       4  0   DPTCLU+SFRM1200        Type 1    Custom   yes yes no       5  0   JVZRKA+CMMI12          Type 1    Builtin  yes yes no       6  0   UEWNID+SFBX1440        Type 1    Custom   yes yes no       7  0   FOVERL+SFRM1000        Type 1    Custom   yes yes no       8  0     latex+dvips+ps2pdf      name                                 type              encoding         emb sub uni object ID   ------------------------------------ ----------------- ---------------- --- --- --- ---------   WVMUEH+SFRM1000                      Type 1C           WinAnsi          yes yes no        16  0   ZHRBNN+SFBX1440                      Type 1C           WinAnsi          yes yes no      14  0   IMJWCD+CMMI12                        Type 1C           Custom           yes yes no      12  0   MDMSVR+SFRM1200                      Type 1C           WinAnsi          yes yes no      10  0   TWHNMT+SFRM1728                      Type 1C           WinAnsi          yes yes no       8  0 Where to find cross section data for $e^{-}$ + $p$ $\longrightarrow$  $p$ + $e^{-}$ ?  does not include it. MySQL search in comma list How to change default user in WSL Ubuntu bash on Windows 10 I installed the WSL Bash on Windows 10 and set my user to e.g. 'abc' but now I want to change it to something else.  How can I change the user name of the user I'm logged in as?  When I open bash it automatically logs me in with my current user. Evalute $ \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\sum^{n}_{k=0}\frac{\binom{n}{k}}{n^k(k+3)} $ Evaluate $\displaystyle \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\sum^{n}_{k=0}\frac{\binom{n}{k}}{n^k(k+3)}$.   $\bf{My\; Try::}$ Although we can solve it by converting into definite Integration.  But I want to solve it without Using Integration.  So $\displaystyle \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\sum^{n}_{k=0}\frac{\binom{n}{k}}{n^k(k+3)} = \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\sum^{n}_{k=0}\frac{(n-1)(n-2).......(n-k+1)}{k!\cdot n^{k}\cdot (k+3)}$  Now How can i solve after that, Help required, Thanks The Chinese government has a really specific list of requirements for visa photos:    I had an old unused photo from last time I applied for a visa or passport, and compared it to the requirements (decided not to use it because it was damaged). It seemed to match most of the requirements, except that it seems that they want a photo which isn't square: The required width is less than the required height.  Assuming most drugstores are still providing square passport photos, the question becomes: Should I cut the photo to match the specified width?   What adds to the confusion is if you look at the  the box for the photo is nearly square, not the oblong shape in the requirements. And I have seen other advice that you need to make sure it fully fits the box.  Any advice about what to do here? itoa() is a really handy function to convert a number to a string. Linux does not seem to have itoa(), is there an equivalent function or do I have to use sprintf(str, "%d", num)? Why didn't Iron Man make Vibranium armor in Iron Man 2? In the movie Iron Man 2, Tony Stark figured out how to synthesize Vibranium. Why didn't he use it to make a new Iron Man armor?