How does Spell Sniper affect spells that allow ranged spell attacks on subsequent rounds? The spells , , and  all allow you to make ranged attacks on subsequent rounds.  Wall of Light Until the spell ends, you can use an action to launch a beam of radiance from the wall at one creature you can see within 60 feet of it. Make a ranged spell attack. On a hit, the target takes 4d8 radiant damage.   Storm Sphere Until the spell ends, you can use a bonus action on each of your turns to cause a bolt of lightning to leap from the center of the sphere toward one creature you choose within 60 feet of the center. Make a ranged spell attack. You have advantage on the attack roll if the target is in the sphere. On a hit, the target takes 4d6 lightning damage.   Crown of Stars You can use a bonus action to send one of the motes streaking toward one creature or object within 120 feet of you. When you do so, make a ranged spell attack. On a hit, the target takes 4d12 radiant damage.  The spell sniper feat says:  When you cast a spell that requires you to make an attack roll, the spell’s range is doubled.  To use all of the spells effects, you are required to make an attack roll. That is, they have functions that don't work without a attack roll. Is that reading correct, and if so which of the ranges in each spell are effected?
Double Range for Storm Sphere with Spell Sniper Spell Sniper says:     When you cast a spell that requires you to make an attack roll, the    spell’s range is doubled.   Can I apply that to the part of Storm Sphere that says:     Until the spell ends, you can use a bonus action on each of your turns   to cause a bolt of lightning to leap from the center of the sphere   toward one creature you choose within 60 feet of the center. Make a   ranged spell attack. You have advantage on the attack roll if the   target is in the sphere. On a hit, the target takes 4d6 lightning   damage.   The spell itself does not require the caster to make an attack roll. But there is the option to make a spell attack. I'm not sure if the Spell Sniper feat could be applied here.  Would the lightning attacks of the Storm Sphere benefit from the Spell Sniper feat?
Does the force of kinetic friction increase with the relative speed of the objects involved? If not, why not? How do the radian have a unit? In the category $\mathbf{Set}$ is "the product of an empty set of sets a one-element set"? I was reading  on Category Theory and it said (paraphrased to add context):     Exercise 4: Explain why in $\textbf{Set}$ (the Category of Sets), the product of an empty set of sets is a one-element set.   which I think is incorrect. The product of two empty sets (or any number) is empty because we are considering:  $$ \emptyset \times \emptyset = \{ (a,b) : a \in \emptyset, b \in \emptyset \} = \emptyset$$  where $a \in \emptyset , b \in \emptyset$ are false, so the above is the $\emptyset$ which is NOT a one element set (its a zero element set).   This should be trivial so I am assuming I am somewhere mis reading the natural language of the exercise. Someone help me catch where is it and what the answer should be? i.e. whats being asked and the answer? Why is fundamental group insufficient to classify manifolds? I have heard that some issues in group theory prevent classifying all manifolds upto homotopy using the fundamental group invariant. Does anyone know what are those issues?  Thanks, K. Check out the screenshot below, I want to extend my C partition (where Windows is installed) into the unallocated free space shown. This space was cleared up by shrinking the D partition. I can extend the D partition if I want to, but not the C.  Why not? I drew a parallelepiped that is spanned by three vectors, and we know the volume is given by the absolute value of the determinant of the matrix - with the three vectors arranged in rows (or columns, since $detA = detA^T$).  How can I draw the tetrahedron from this parallelepiped to convince myself it is indeed 1/6th of the volume, i.e., 1/6 * |detA|?  Thanks, Typeerror: object.__new__() takes no parameters (help) Can we prevent titles with an unnecessary tag in them? How to render an ASP.NET MVC view as a string? I want to output two different views (one as a string that will be sent as an email), and the other the page displayed to a user.  Is this possible in ASP.NET MVC beta?  I've tried multiple examples:  1.      If I use this example, I receive the "Cannot redirect after HTTP   headers have been sent.".   2.      If I use this, I seem to be unable to do a redirectToAction, as it   tries to render a view that may not exist. If I do return the view, it   is completely messed up and doesn't look right at all.   Does anyone have any ideas/solutions to these issues i have, or have any suggestions for better ones?  Many thanks!  Below is an example. What I'm trying to do is create the GetViewForEmail method:  public ActionResult OrderResult(string ref) {     //Get the order     Order order = OrderService.GetOrder(ref);      //The email helper would do the meat and veg by getting the view as a string     //Pass the control name (OrderResultEmail) and the model (order)     string emailView = GetViewForEmail("OrderResultEmail", order);      //Email the order out     EmailHelper(order, emailView);     return View("OrderResult", order); }   Accepted answer from Tim Scott (changed and formatted a little by me):  public virtual string RenderViewToString(     ControllerContext controllerContext,     string viewPath,     string masterPath,     ViewDataDictionary viewData,     TempDataDictionary tempData) {     Stream filter = null;     ViewPage viewPage = new ViewPage();      //Right, create our view     viewPage.ViewContext = new ViewContext(controllerContext, new WebFormView(viewPath, masterPath), viewData, tempData);      //Get the response context, flush it and get the response filter.     var response = viewPage.ViewContext.HttpContext.Response;     response.Flush();     var oldFilter = response.Filter;      try     {         //Put a new filter into the response         filter = new MemoryStream();         response.Filter = filter;          //Now render the view into the memorystream and flush the response         viewPage.ViewContext.View.Render(viewPage.ViewContext, viewPage.ViewContext.HttpContext.Response.Output);         response.Flush();          //Now read the rendered view.         filter.Position = 0;         var reader = new StreamReader(filter, response.ContentEncoding);         return reader.ReadToEnd();     }     finally     {         //Clean up.         if (filter != null)         {             filter.Dispose();         }          //Now replace the response filter         response.Filter = oldFilter;     } }   Example usage  Assuming a call from the controller to get the order confirmation email, passing the Site.Master location.  string myString = RenderViewToString(this.ControllerContext, "~/Views/Order/OrderResultEmail.aspx", "~/Views/Shared/Site.Master", this.ViewData, this.TempData); latexmk: jobname option and clean up incompatibility? I'm using  in a Makefile to compile my document. Since I want my output filename to be different from the input filename, I use latexmk's option jobname.  The problem is: it seems to be incompatible with latexmk -c to clean temporary files.  Here's the specific entry in my Makefile:  these.pdf: header.tex $(OBJS)     latexmk                 \         -pdf                \         -pdflatex="$(TEX)"  \         -jobname="these"    \         -use-make $&lt;   Input files are header.tex containing the latex instruction header and other latex content files. The output files are these.{aux,bbl,bcf,...}. Then latexmk -c does not remove temporary files: .{aux,bbl,bcf,...} files. Is the "live" in "He only lived a few days after the accident" intrasitive or transitive? An example sentence from the :  [I] He only lived a few days after the accident.  [I] means &quot;intransitive verb&quot;. He (subject) + lived (verb) + a few days (noun). What part of speech is a few days? From the :  number 5  way of life[intransitive always + adverb/preposition, transitive] to have a particular type of life, or live in a particular way   used 'transitive verb' like 'She lives a very busy life.' From the ELU question :  She is 16 year old.  '16 years' as acting as an adverb. My questions are:  In &quot;He lived a few days.&quot;, is a few days an object (noun) or an adverb? How is it different from &quot;He lived for a few days.&quot;? &quot;I walked ten miles.&quot; Number + measurement — how can I deal with 'part of speech'? Find the value of $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{-x^2}}{1+x^2} dx$ . Find the value of $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{-x^2}}{1+x^2} dx$     My attempt  First, I know the existence of this integral since $$ \mid \int_{-a}^{a} \frac{e^{-x^2}}{1+x^2} dx \mid \;\; \leq\;\;  \mid \int_{-a}^{a} \frac{1}{1+x^2} dx \mid$$  Next, let $R &gt;0 $ be an arbitrary and $\gamma_1(t) = -R(1-t) + Rt , \;\; 0 \leq t \leq1$ and $\gamma_2(t)= Re^{i\pi (t-1)}, \;\; 1 \leq t \leq 2 $.  So, take $f(z) = \frac{e^{-z^2}}{1+z^2}$.   I tried to find the value or upper bound of norm of $$\int_{\gamma_2} \frac{e^{-z^2}}{1+z^2} dz$$.  However, $$ \lvert\int_{\gamma_2} \frac{e^{-z^2}}{1+z^2} dz\rvert \leq  \frac{\text{max}\lvert e^{-z^2}\rvert}{R^2-1}\pi R = \frac{e^{R^2}}{R^2-1}\pi R $$ So, I can't proceed this.  May I ask you how to solve this? Reflection to Identify Extension Methods I tried to add a new repository to software sources, but "add source" button is unavailable. I can't click on it.  I also tried to add a new software source from the terminal, but it didn't work.  sudo‬‬ ‫‪add-apt-repository‬‬ ‫‪ppa:n-muench/burg‬‬   s‫‪udo‬‬: command not found     I also tried these commands:  ‫‪sudo‬‬ ‫‪add-apt-repository‬‬ ‫‪deb‬‬ ‫‪http://ppa.launchpad.net/n-muench/burg/ubuntu‬‬ natty‬‬ ‫‪main‬‬   sudo‬‬: command not found amsmath align environment: row spacing How can I stretch the spacing between consecutive lines in an align* environment? I have a few lines with \fracs in which both the numerator and the denominator consist of textual phrases, not math symbols, and the result looks too cluttered.  \begin{align*} X &amp;= \frac{\textit{Some text here}}{\textit{And some text here}}\\ Y &amp;= \frac{\textit{Will make everything}}{\textit{Look too close together}} \end{align*} Each time I changed and saved .config/user-dirs.dirs, and after restarted the system, the XDG_DOWNLOAD_DIR are reverted:  diff --git a/.config/user-dirs.dirs b/.config/user-dirs.dirs index 8f6e2db..dcff34e 100644 --- a/.config/user-dirs.dirs +++ b/.config/user-dirs.dirs @@ -7,11 +7,9 @@  #   XDG_PUBLICSHARE_DIR="$HOME/public"  XDG_TEMPLATES_DIR="$HOME/public/template" -  XDG_DESKTOP_DIR="$HOME/private/desktop"  XDG_DOCUMENTS_DIR="$HOME/private/doc"  XDG_PICTURES_DIR="$HOME/private/picture"  XDG_MUSIC_DIR="$HOME/private/music"  XDG_VIDEOS_DIR="$HOME/private/video" - -XDG_DOWNLOAD_DIR="$HOME/var/downloads" +XDG_DOWNLOAD_DIR="$HOME/"   How to make my changes permanent? How should duplicate questions be handled? What should I do when I see a question that is a duplicate of another one?   Should I answer it? Should I downvote it? Should I comment? Should I edit the question to indicate it's a duplicate? If I can, should I (vote to) close the question? What happens when I vote to close as duplicate? Or: Why did a comment with my name on it just appear? Should I flag it for moderator attention? What about similar or related questions? If I read the sentence     Find ten apples and oranges.   Do I need to find ten or twenty pieces of fruit? How to use stars and bars for solving number of integral solutions to an equality? I need to make my (BibTeX) references section appear in the table of contents of my LaTeX document (documentclass: article), with section numbering too.  My approach until now has been making a new section and including the bibliography (references.bib) at that point:  \section{References} \bibliography{references}   However, the final document shows both the section title that I have written and the section title that BibTeX writes, which is quite redundant and I definitely dislike.  How can I either remove BibTeX's section title, or make the BibTeX bibliography appear in the table of contents without making a new section?  If I were to make the BibTeX bibliography appear in the table of contents without making a new section, how could I assure that the section title that BibTeX writes looks exactly like sections typeset with \section?