Ubuntu server 14.04  I have a Dell Precision T7400 with onboard SAS controller.  After installing Ubuntu from LinuxLive USB USB drive, the machine freezes at the boot screen.  I don't get any splash screens; this is happening well before that.  There is no drive activity at all.  The weird thing is that if I leave the USB key in the USB port, it all boots up fine, and I get to my Ubuntu prompt with no problems.  The BIOS boot order is the USB first and the local drive second.  I have not configured any RAID with the SAS controller.  I had Oracle Enterprise Linux installed (6.4) and it works no problem.
I had Ubuntu 12.04 Beta installed on my computer. When 12.04 was finally released, I made a bootable USB Flash Drive using Startup Disk Creator.  Then I decided to check if this drive works properly and to reinstall the system on my desktop. I must add, my desktop behaves a bit strange when it comes to bootable USB's, it recognizes them as HDD.  In BIOS I changed priority of boot so USB Flash Drive (recognized as HDD) was first. Successfully booted, I installed Ubuntu. Everything worked fine, but...  Now I cannot boot from my real HDD. Every time I want to boot, I put the USB Flash Drive into my computer, boot, safely remove it and everything works.  What do I need to do to repair boot?
Does a MCMC fulfilling detailed balance yields a stationary distribution? I guess I understand the equation of the detailed balance condition, which states that for transition probability $q$ and stationary distribution $\pi$, a Markov Chain satisfies detailed balance if $$q(x|y)\pi(y)=q(y|x)\pi(x),$$  this makes more sense to me if I restate it as:   $$\frac{q(x|y)}{q(y|x)}= \frac{\pi(x)}{\pi(y)}. $$  Basically, the probability of transition from state $x$ to state $y$ should be proportional to the ratio of their probability densities. How do I make log4j clear a log at startup? I have installed Linux Bash on Windows 10 (available from Microsoft), but I've forgotten my password.  I've searched for a solution but I only find suggestions that involve doing something before the system boots, like accessing recovery mode, but that will not work in this case as this Ubuntu is just an application within a Windows system and doesn't have its own boot process.  How can I reset my password? Hypothetical party:  1st level human wizard (PC) 3x guard NPC 1x acolyte NPC    This is the player's first time, and it's a solo campaign. The first mini-adventure involves recovering the cargo of a supply caravan that didn't make it to her magic academy due to bandit hijacking (as a sort of graduate-test). The guards and healer are on contract from the school to assist her. The acolyte is essentially just to hang back and tend to wounds and probably won't engage in combat unless someone goes down or the PC is seriously wounded.  So, with that "party" makeup, how do I determine the XP budget for a "medium" or "hard" encounter since there's no clear CR->level mapping in 5e for those NPCs (who will certainly factor into any combat as meatshields and melee damage)? I was thinking about reverse-engineering them as crumby lvl2 fighters (given the 2 HD worth of HP they have), but they certainly aren't on par with a lvl2 fighter, given the lack of action surge, second wind, etc., so the encounters would end up being too hard compared to PCs or DMPCs.   Could they be lvl1-equivalents, essentially trading any abilities a PC would have for extra HP? How would this work at later levels with higher CR NPCs (veteran, priest, mage, etc.)? I'd rather not have to build a bunch of DMPCs as hirelings, because I want the NPCs to be a bit vanilla compared to the versatility of my player. I'm already introducing 1-2 DMPCs to the game for her to take control over as she gets a feel for the flow of the game (for now, she'll handle them out of combat, and I'll effectively show her how to utilize them until she's ready).     Just to be clear, I'm comfortable with the monster-generation rules for crafting NPCs as enemies to determine their CR, but I'm confused on how to use them in the adventuring party when budgeting encounter difficulty XP. I can't install Rainlendar 2 on my Ubuntu 18.04, I found this solution for 16.04 (), followed it, seems to work, but after install, there's no Rainlendar in my Show Apps, so I'm not sure what went wrong. When I issued sudo dpkg -i rainlendar2-pro_2.12.2.b138-1_amd64.deb, I got this:   Selecting previously unselected package rainlendar2-pro. (Reading database ... 190677 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack rainlendar2-pro_2.12.2.b138-1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking rainlendar2-pro (2.12.2.b138-1) ... dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of rainlendar2-pro:  rainlendar2-pro depends on libpng12-0; however:   Package libpng12-0 is not installed.  rainlendar2-pro depends on tofrodos; however:   Package tofrodos is not installed.  rainlendar2-pro depends on libjpeg62; however:   Package libjpeg62 is not installed.  rainlendar2-pro depends on libwebkitgtk-1.0-0; however:   Package libwebkitgtk-1.0-0 is not installed.  dpkg: error processing package rainlendar2-pro (--install):  dependency problems - leaving unconfigured Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-11ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.23-1ubuntu3.18.04.1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60ubuntu1) ... Errors were encountered while processing:  rainlendar2-pro   I got this after issuing this command in terminal sudo apt-get -f install  Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree        Reading state information... Done Correcting dependencies... Done The following packages will be REMOVED:   rainlendar2-pro 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 35 not upgraded. 1 not fully installed or removed. After this operation, 20.5 MB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y (Reading database ... 191316 files and directories currently installed.) Removing rainlendar2-pro (2.12.2.b138-1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.23-1ubuntu3.18.04.1) ... Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-11ubuntu1) ...   What I'm doing wrong? After the last command it just removed Rainlendar and not installing dependencies as stated in the original post? TIA every eigenvalue of $T$ has only one corresponding eigenvector up to a scalar multiplication For a linear transformation $T$ on a vector space $V$ of dimension $n .$ Suppose it is given that for some vector $\mathbf{v},$ the vectors $\mathbf{v}, T(\mathbf{v}), T^{2}(\mathbf{v}), \ldots, T^{n-1}(\mathbf{v})$ are linearly independent, then is it true that every eigenvalue of $T$ has only one corresponding eigenvector up to a scalar multiplication. Origin of the term "fun fact" Where does the term "fun fact" originate?-- namely, not with the compositional meaning but rather with the idiomatic usage to introduce some sort of unusual, esoteric, absurd or otherwise "controversial" fact? If a black body is a perfect absorber, why does it emit anything? I'm trying to start understanding quantum mechanics, and the first thing I've come across that needs to be understood are black bodies. But I've hit a roadblock at the very first paragraphs. :( According to :     A black body (also, blackbody) is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence.   OK, that's nice. It's an object that absorbs (takes in itself and stores/annihilates forever) any electromagnetic radiation that happens to hit it. An object that always looks totally black, no matter under what light you view it. Good. But then it follows with:     A black body in thermal equilibrium (that is, at a constant temperature) emits electromagnetic radiation called black-body radiation.   Say what? Which part of "absorbs" does this go with? How can it absorb anything if it just spits it right back out, even if modified? That's not a black body, that's a pretty white body if you ask me. Or a colored one, depending on how it transforms the incoming waves.  What am I missing here? What's interesting in latus rectum? I'm a maths teacher in Italian secondary school and I've been spending some time trying to construct "meaningful" problems about conic sections. I particularly like problems which focus on practical applications of the curves (in engineering, physics, finance, etc.), on their geometric properties, or both.  I know there's this really easy formula to find the latus rectum of a conic from its key parameters. It's quite nice and straightforward to derive it, but...  ... What's its use? Why should anyone be interested in knowing the latus rectum of a curve? Is there any physical phenomenon, any architectural trick, or anything else where its position and/or length plays a key role?   I know just the relation between angular momentum, standard gravitational parameter and latus rectum in an astronomical orbit ($l=\frac{h^2}{GM}$, where $l$ is half the latus rectum, and $h$ is the ratio between the angular momentum associated to the orbiting body and its mass). It's cool, but a bit tricky, and probably too far-fetched for secondary school students... Is there anything simpler? Or just anything else, at any difficulty level?  Many thanks! How to install Skype 4.3? Note: The legacy Skype for Linux application (v4.*) is now discontinued and was removed from Canonical’s partner repositories, so this question and its answers are obsolete. Please refer to  of our .  Skype 4.3 is just released with considerable improvements. As a regular Skype user I want to use the latest Skype on my Ubuntu 14.04, but there is no updates from Update Manager. Even in Skype website only Skype 4.3 is available only for Ubuntu 12.04. Is there anyway to use this latest Skype on Ubuntu 14.04 or how much we have to wait for the update? I've built a current sense differential amplifier that measures the voltage across a 1 Ohm resistor, to give me a reading for the current through it.  I've connected it as follows, all resistors are matched 10k to give a gain of 1:    (Image source: )  I am powering it from a single rail 12 volt source. The problem is even though this is a rail to rail opamp (Output Low swing from 5-20mV) I'm getting a constant error of 0.62V and it seems the opamp is not able to go below this value.   I have tried to resolve this by connected Vout to ground using a 10k resistor, but that makes no difference whatsoever.  I tried it with dual supply configuration (+8V, -8V) and that seems to resolve the issue. However I want to run this off a single supply rail, so this is not a viable option.  How can I resolve this? I'm trying to measure the voltage drop across a 1 ohm resistor to give me a reading for current through the circuit (0-1V represents 0-1 A) so I can set up a current limit. A better way (or practice) to doing this is also welcomed. The initial (but not ideal) fix I can think of, is to offset the readings by a few volts?  Edit:  Changed R1-R4 from 10k to 100k and I'm down to about 30-50mV! How can I check if an application is running from a batch (well cmd) file?  I need to not launch another instance if a program is already running. (I can't change the app to make it single instance only.)  Also the application could be running as any user. Finding information on German soldiers from World War I and World War II? Where can I find information on German soldiers from World War I and World War II?   I am curious to find out about my ancestors' role in the wars, i.e. what rank they had, where they where fighting, with whom and anything else. Is it possible to copy text from image? Is there any tools to copy text from video's or images? For example, in a novel, if someone is so powerful that no one can stop him, something like this would be said:     He [insert word] in the continent [or some other location].   "Moved unhinderedly" somewhat fits it, but it doesn't really seem like the right term.  The word I'm looking for describes a few things:   Should have an implication that the person himself is powerful That person can go wherever he wishes to, and cannot be stopped because of his strength That person can do whatever he wishes to, and like above, cannot be stopped because of his strength   The other word I have is "swept", i.e.:     He swept through the continent.   I used "swept" because when you sweep the floor, nothing stops you and everything is swept away, similar to the example. However, the dictionary definitions don't match up, so that isn't the word either.  Any suggestions? Let $X_1,...,X_n$ be mutually independent RVs. Suppose $X_i \perp \mathcal F $ for $1\ \leq \forall i \leq n$.    How can I show that:  $$\sigma (X_1,...,X_n) \perp \mathcal F$$ ?  What I have tried:  $\sigma (X_1...X_n) = \sigma(\cup_{i=1} ^n \sigma(X_i))$ holds. I think I need some Dynkin's lemma-ish argument but can't see how. Adding table of certain attributes to map layout? I am using ArcMap 10.2 and I'm looking for a way to add  a table containing certain fields from select elements from a featureclass to my map. Ive tried the add table option from the attribute table, but it doesn't quite give what I want (the table must be editable to look a certain way).   Are there any options out there for 10.2 like arcpy.mapping.tableview or will upgrading to 10.3 so I can get access to the "graphic table element" function be best? The world I've been playing crashed recently and took the level.dat with it, so I've recreated it, however I have no idea what my seed used to be, and I really don't want to end up with another corrupted game world from exploring with the wrong seed.  How can I recover the seed which was used to generate my world? Remnants of previously closed file displayed in terminal Remove space before punctuation I need to remove locally spaces arround (especially before) punctuation signs. This spaces are added by french polyglossia.  \documentclass{article} \usepackage{fontspec} \usepackage{polyglossia} \setmainlanguage{french}  \newcommand{\nospace}[1]{\texttt{#1}}  \begin{document} \nospace{a:b} \end{document}     Thanks for help.