I have downloaded an IMG file of NED data from the USGS National Map elevation products site and I want to create a contour map using QGIS.   The problem is, the NED raster is "oversampled". There are far more pixels in the raster than the spatial resolution of the elevation data they represent. Therefore, when the contour tool in QGIS is used, the contours follow the edge of each block of similar pixels like so:     How can I achieve smooth contour lines?  I assume it's better to somehow resample the raster so that each elevation sample is represented by a single pixel and then rerun the contour tool rather than trying to smooth the jagged contours shown in the image above. Simply resampling the NED raster with a cubic spline is not effective because it only smooths the edges of each pixel group.
I have a DEM that I would like to smooth or generalize to remove topographic extremes (chop off peaks and fill-in valleys). Ideally, I would also like to have control over the radius or level of "blurriness". In the end, I will need a set of rasters that range from slightly blurry to really blurry. (Theoretically, the blurriest would be a constant raster of the arithmetic mean of all values).  Are there any tools or methods I can use (based on Esri, GDAL, GRASS)?   Do I need to home bake my own  routine?   Could I use a low-pass filter (e.g. ArcGIS's ), and if so, would I need to run it a bunch of times to get the effect of a large radius?
The 3 different equals Any software for windows Writing custom (intelligent) microsoft windows firewall extension (C#/C++/C) Writing custom (intelligent) firewall for windows Installing nginx etc. on the same computer and use it as proxy with rules.   "You could not solve all Ddos problems with software" is not answer for this question.I want to reduce Ddos vulnarebility of my server.(It will stop low-level Ddos attacks)  Hosted solutions or cloud services are not related with this question.  Closing some of the ports and protocols via Microsot Windows Firewall is not related with this question.  Any idea?  EDIT After Questions  Low level: sample scenerio: 500 zombie clients and each of them sending 100 Custom Get/Post requests per second)   Web Application is on IIS. I want to stop attacks before they reach to IIS.  EDIT After Helpful Comment  How can the DDOS attack achieve its aim?   Exhausting bandwidth ( Not related with my question) Exhausting network hardware of server (NIC) ( Not related with my question) Exhausting server resources (RAM,CPU)  (Yep, I mean this)   If you stop attacks late, then you lost more resources! (Is this false?)   You can stop attacks on Web Application Level (in Asp.net MVc Code or in Handler) You can stop attacks on IIS (Dynamic Ip Restrictions)  You can stop attacks on lower levels (Firewall ..)   EXTRA INFO ABOUT THE LAST ATTACK (7 Hours ago)  When I connected server during the attack IIS Cpu Utilization was %92-%99. And when I try to connect homepage I got this error:  A connection was successfully established with the server, but then an error occurred during the pre-login handshake. (provider: SSL Provider, error: 0 - The wait operation timed out.) What does if __name__ == "__main__": do? Given the following code, what does the if __name__ == "__main__": do?  # Threading example import time, thread  def myfunction(string, sleeptime, lock, *args):     while True:         lock.acquire()         time.sleep(sleeptime)         lock.release()         time.sleep(sleeptime)  if __name__ == "__main__":     lock = thread.allocate_lock()     thread.start_new_thread(myfunction, ("Thread #: 1", 2, lock))     thread.start_new_thread(myfunction, ("Thread #: 2", 2, lock)) How do I put text over symbols? NewForm.aspx disappeared I am planning a trip to Italy this coming January. My plan is to land by plane in Roma and then go to France by train/bus stopping in some Northern Italian cities on the way, enjoying the architecture, the atmosphere, the art and and the food.   I want to do it at my own pace, without heavy scheduling. Ideally, I would just decide which cities to visit, and take a train whenever I feel it. I often do this here in South Korea where I am living, taking advantage of the "standing seats" as it is called here, that is travelling (for a cheap price and no reservation) standing on the romm between two cars. From my experience, it is also doable in Taiwan (at least in some trains).  In France, regional trains usually does not need any reservation, so you can buy a ticket and take the train whenever you want.  Can I expect a similar system in Italy, that is a way to make short travels between close cities without reservation?   Example of "short travel": Pisa - Firenze. Is there a printf converter to print in binary format? I can print with printf as a hex or octal number.  Is there a format tag to print as binary, or arbitrary base? I am running gcc. printf(&quot;%d %x %o\n&quot;, 10, 10, 10); //prints &quot;10 A 12\n&quot; print(&quot;%b\n&quot;, 10); // prints &quot;%b\n&quot; If you draw two cards, what is the probability that the second card is a queen? We had this question arise in class today and I still don't understand the answer given. We were to assume that drawing cards are independent events. We were asked what the probability that the second card drawn is a queen if we take two from the deck. The answer given was 4/52, which seems counter-intuitive to me. How is the probability still 4/52 if there was a card drawn before it? What if the first card drawn was a queen? An item to break only SPECIFIED blocks? I know that I can make certain blocks only placeable on a specified block, but what is the command to give an item that can only BREAK certain blocks? If I want to investigate how two continuous variables are linked, what is the difference between calculating the correlation coefficient (Pearson's $r$) versus calculating the (simple linear) regression coefficient?  I see people who, if the regression coefficient is significantly different from zero, talk about the two variables as if they are correlated, which is confusing as it suggests that the two coefficients (correlation, regression) are the same thing.  Having said that, isn't $r$ a measure of the (regression line) slope anyway? I'm confused!! Harmonic Motion no Wi-Fi on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Asus notebook with MEDIATEK MT7630e I'm new to Ubuntu. I installed it today, but the first thing I encounter is that I can only connect to the Internet through wifi.  Can someone help me?   iwconfig result :  eth0      no wireless extensions.  lo        no wireless extensions.   lspci:  00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 3rd Gen Core processor DRAM     Controller (rev 09) 00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200 v2/3rd Gen Core processor PCI Express Root Port (rev 09) 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 3rd Gen Core processor Graphics Controller (rev 09) 00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 7 Series/C210 Series Chipset Family USB xHCI Host Controller (rev 04) 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation 7 Series/C210 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #1 (rev 04) 00:1a.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 7 Series/C210 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #2 (rev 04) 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 7 Series/C210 Series Chipset Family High Definition Audio Controller (rev 04) 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 7 Series/C210 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev c4) 00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 7 Series/C210 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 2 (rev c4) 00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 7 Series/C210 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev c4) 00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 7 Series/C210 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #1 (rev 04) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation HM76 Express Chipset LPC Controller (rev 04) 00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation 7 Series Chipset Family 6-port SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev 04) 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 7 Series/C210 Series Chipset Family SMBus Controller (rev 04) 01:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GF117M [GeForce 610M/710M/820M / GT 620M/625M/630M/720M] (rev a1) 03:00.0 Network controller: MEDIATEK Corp. MT7630e 802.11bgn Wireless Network Adapter 04:00.0 Unassigned class [ff00]: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. Device 5289 (rev 01) 04:00.2 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 0a)   lspci -nnk | grep 0280 -A2:  03:00.0 Network controller [0280]: MEDIATEK Corp. MT7630e 802.11bgn Wireless Network Adapter [14c3:7630]     Subsystem: Foxconn International, Inc. Device [105b:e074] 04:00.0 Unassigned class [ff00]: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. Device [10ec:5289] (rev 01) I'm trying to find a discontinuous linear functional into $\mathbb{R}$ as a prep question for a test. I know that I need an infinite-dimensional Vector Space. Since $\ell_2$ is infinite-dimensional, there must exist a linear functional from $\ell_2$ into $\mathbb{R}$. However, I'm having trouble actually coming up with it.   I believe I'm supposed to find an unbounded function (although I'm not sure why an unbounded function is necessarily not continuous; some light in that regard would be appreciated too), so I thought of using the vectors $e^i$, which have all entries equal to zero, except for the $i$-th one. Then, you can define $f(e^i)=i$.  That'd be unbounded, but I'm not sure if it'd be linear, and even if it is, I'm not sure how to define it for all the other vectors in $\ell_2$.   A friend mentioned that at some point the question of whether the set $E=\{e^i:i\in\mathbb{Z}^+\}$ is a basis would come up, but I'm not sure what a basis has to do with continuity of $f$.   I'm just learning this topic for the first time, so bear with me please.   The space of sequences that are eventually zero (suggested by a few people) turned out to be exactly what I needed.  It also helped to cement the notions of Hamel basis, not continuous, etc. How to change row color based on a single cell's value? Possible Duplicate:          I have a spreadsheet where I have cell within a row that will contain specific text via data validation. So for instance a cell could contain the text "Due in 7 Days", "Past Due", or "Closed".  I want the row color to change depending on the text that appears in the cell. So if the text "Past Due" appears in the cell I want that entire row to turn red, if "Due In 7 Days" appears the row should turn yellow, and if "Closed" the row would turn gray.  How can I do that? $(xy + 1)(yz + 1)(zx + 1) $ is a perfect square if and only if each factor is Using nohup to keep a script running indefinitely I am very new to Linux and I've only been using it to SSH to my web server using Putty. The issue I am having is this:  Basically I've got 2 php scripts. One get_tweets.php constantly listens for tweets on twitters Streaming API whilst the other - parse_tweets.php logs these into a db. In order for these to work they've to be kept running continuously.   I've been using the following commands to run them in the background and from what I've seen they run for most of the day, however whenever I log on to my computer in the morning the scripts have stopped and I've to run commands again.  nohup php my_script.php &gt; /dev/null &amp;   I'm just wondering if that is normal based on the commands I am using, should they run indefinitely when using nohup and if not what is the alternative? A CRON job?  Thanks for the help How come SG-1 couldn't get back to Earth? How do I make a bootable USB OS X installer on a Mac? Does anyone have a Terminal command-line recipe for making a new bootable USB flash drive for one of the new MacBook Air's?  Is there a way to dd copy the USB boot device that comes in the box and make the new copy bootable?  I'd like to make a new backup copy of the USB rescue device for my MBA, preferably on a much larger flash drive with room for a backup of some of my working directories.  Added:  And is it possible to make, not just a rescue drive, but a bootable USB drive that will boot a fully updated version of the OS (say 10.6.8 or later)?  If so how on a MacBook Air 11, and how big a USB stick will this require? Let $a$ be an element of a group G. Prove that $a$ commutes with each of its conjugates in $G$ iff $a$ belongs to an abelian normal subgroup of $G$.   My Try:  I proved the backward direction. For forward one, given $g\in G, a(gag^{-1})=(gag^{-1})a$. I was trying to prove that $a\in Z(G)$. In order to prove that, I must show that $ag=ga$. But failed. Am I on the right track? Can anybody please give me a hint? I want to try it myself. Proving that $\mathbb{Z}_m\oplus \mathbb{Z}_n \cong \mathbb{Z}_d\oplus \mathbb{Z}_l $ as groups, where $l=\mathrm{lcm}(m,n)$ and $d=\gcd(m,n)$ How would one go about proving that $\mathbb{Z}_m\oplus \mathbb{Z}_n \cong \mathbb{Z}_d\oplus \mathbb{Z}_l $ as groups, where  $l=\mathrm{lcm}(m,n)$ and $d=\gcd(m,n)$?    I am attempting to use the fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups but am struggling. In the interest of honesty, this is a past exam question that I am attempting for which the solutions are not available. EDIT: As the question was asked in the paper, the Chinese Remainder Theorem would not be permitted since this is only proved in the follow-up course.