I want to upgrade from ubuntu 12.10 to 13.10 but i had question when upgrading does the data get removed or should we make backup of it or can we install just like that
I am currently using Ubuntu 10.04. I know there is a 10.10 release, but can I upgrade directly to 11.04? Could you walk me through the steps please?
Page number position I am working on a long document in LaTeX with documentclass book. I need the page number to always be in the upper right corner of each page, even if that page is the first page of a chapter (right now on 1st pages of chapters, the page number is bottom-centered, on all other pages it's top-right).  I control the position of the page number with fancyhdr:  \usepackage{fancyhdr} \pagestyle{fancy} \lhead{} \chead{} \rhead{\thepage} \lfoot{} \cfoot{} \rfoot{} \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}   Also, I don't know if the problem is related but my chapters do not start from the top of the page. There is a white area, then comes chapter X, then a newline with the chapter line. What I also want is the chapter to start from the top of the page.  The main question here is how I can get the page number to always appear in the upper right corner, I mention the thing with the chapter title position only in case that might be related. Prove that for any infinite poset there is an infinite subset which is either linearly ordered or antichain. reason for exec in wrapper scripts I have seen wrapper script examples which in a nutshell are following:  #!/bin/bash  myprog=sleep echo "This is the wrapper script, it will exec "$myprog""  exec "$myprog" "$@"   As seen above, they use exec to replace the newly created shell almost immediately with the $myprog. One could achieve the same without exec:  #!/bin/bash  myprog=sleep echo "This is the wrapper script, it will exec "$myprog""  "$myprog" "$@"   In this last example, a new bash instance is started and then $myprog is started as a child process of the bash instance.  What are the benefits of the first approach? Is there really no English equivalent to German's “Fachidiot”? There was the following paragraph in the article that came under the title, “GOP and the rise of Anti-knowledge” written by  (October 29, 2015):     “English unfortunately doesn’t have a precise word for the German   “Fachidiot,” a narrowly specialized person accomplished in his own   field but a blithering idiot outside it. In any case, a surgeon is   basically a skilled auto mechanic who is not bothered by the sight of   blood and palpitating organs. We need the surgeon’s skills on pain of   agonizing death, and reward him commensurately but that does not make   him a Voltaire.”    In Japanese we have a word, 専門バカ, of which literal translation is “specialist idiot” meaning exactly same as defined the above - a narrowly specialized person accomplished in his own field but a blithering idiot outside it.  I’m really curious about the absence of short descriptions of the specialist who knows nothing more than his specialty area in English like German “Fachidiot,” and Japanese "専門バカ."  Isn’t there really any short word counterpart to “Fachidiot,” specialist’s ignorance, for instance, in English?  P.S.  I found "narrow-minded specialisit" as a German-to-English translation of "fachidiot" in the web site, Interglot translation dictionary. Why do electrons not fully fill up all the orbitals sequentially? How do I Deserialize this XML document:  &lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?&gt; &lt;Cars&gt;   &lt;Car&gt;     &lt;StockNumber&gt;1020&lt;/StockNumber&gt;     &lt;Make&gt;Nissan&lt;/Make&gt;     &lt;Model&gt;Sentra&lt;/Model&gt;   &lt;/Car&gt;   &lt;Car&gt;     &lt;StockNumber&gt;1010&lt;/StockNumber&gt;     &lt;Make&gt;Toyota&lt;/Make&gt;     &lt;Model&gt;Corolla&lt;/Model&gt;   &lt;/Car&gt;   &lt;Car&gt;     &lt;StockNumber&gt;1111&lt;/StockNumber&gt;     &lt;Make&gt;Honda&lt;/Make&gt;     &lt;Model&gt;Accord&lt;/Model&gt;   &lt;/Car&gt; &lt;/Cars&gt;   I have this:  [Serializable()] public class Car {     [System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute("StockNumber")]     public string StockNumber{ get; set; }      [System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute("Make")]     public string Make{ get; set; }      [System.Xml.Serialization.XmlElementAttribute("Model")]     public string Model{ get; set; } }   .  [System.Xml.Serialization.XmlRootAttribute("Cars", Namespace = "", IsNullable = false)] public class Cars {     [XmlArrayItem(typeof(Car))]     public Car[] Car { get; set; }  }   .  public class CarSerializer {     public Cars Deserialize()     {         Cars[] cars = null;         string path = HttpContext.Current.ApplicationInstance.Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/") + "cars.xml";          XmlSerializer serializer = new XmlSerializer(typeof(Cars[]));          StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(path);         reader.ReadToEnd();         cars = (Cars[])serializer.Deserialize(reader);         reader.Close();          return cars;     } }   that don't seem to work :-( LaTeX on Stack Overflow? in questions, answers, and comments. Can we get something like this going on Stack Overflow?  I think it’d be appropriate as I at least pretty often want to write something like n^2 and would benefit greatly from prettier markup. How can I remove duplicate rows? What is the best way to remove duplicate rows from a fairly large SQL Server table (i.e. 300,000+ rows)?  The rows, of course, will not be perfect duplicates because of the existence of the RowID identity field.  MyTable  RowID int not null identity(1,1) primary key, Col1 varchar(20) not null, Col2 varchar(2048) not null, Col3 tinyint not null Lie algebra and tangent space at the identity are isomorphic Define the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ of a Lie group G to be the set of all left-invariant vector fields of $G$. I want to prove that   $$          f: \mathfrak{g} \rightarrow T_eG \\              X \mapsto X(e) $$ is a linear isomorphism.  The only thing that I have left to prove is surjectivity.Letting $v\in T_eG$, we set $X\in \mathcal{X}(G)$ such that $\forall x\in G,\,X(x)=L_{x_{*,e}}(v)$ (I still have to show that such an $X$ is indeed a vector field on $G$). We get that  $$ f(X)=X(e)=L_{e_{*,e}}(v)=v $$  where the last equality holds because  $$       L_{e_{*,e}}(v)f = v(f \circ L_e) = v(f \circ id_G) = v(f) $$ for any $f\in C^\infty(G)$. (I am thinking of the tangent vectors as derivations).  Now all we have left to do is prove that such an $X$ is left-invariant, and it is therefore an element of $\mathfrak{g}$, but I do not know how. I tried to prove that  $$            \forall f\in C^\infty(G),\, L_{{x}_*,y}(X(y))f=X(L_x(y))f $$ but with no success. How can a CPU deliver more than one instruction per cycle? Cut points and connected space How to apply CSS to iframe? I have a simple page that has some iframe sections (to display RSS links). How can I apply the same CSS format from the main page to the page displayed in the iframe? CLIPBRD_E_CANT_OPEN error when setting the Clipboard from .NET Why does the following code sometimes causes an Exception with the contents "CLIPBRD_E_CANT_OPEN":  Clipboard.SetText(str);   This usually occurs the first time the Clipboard is used in the application and not after that. How can I use commercial at sign in Objective-C macro? XPath - Get node with no child of specific type .NET obfuscation tools/strategy How well-known is the theology of Middle-earth, in Middle-earth? One thing that is notably absent in Middle-earth is any mention of temples, churches, priests or religious rites.  There are passing mentions of Men who would "worship" Sauron, but generally the world of Middle-earth seems much less religious than medieval Europe, or even classical antiquity.  One never hears about "the cult of Aule" or "the cult of Yavanna," although historically there were many "cults of Athena" or "cults of Poseidon."  Aragorn doesn't (to my memory) make an offering to Tulkas before battle, nor does he pray to Eru Ilúvatar for victory, and all the holidays and solemnities seem to commemorate historical figures, not religious ones.  This is especially strange in a world where there are still living witnesses, like Galadriel, to the actions of the Valar and other "divine" beings, and where there are still Maiar wandering around talking to people and putting on flashy firework shows.  Now, a lot of people talk about how Tolkien didn't want the Valar to be considered "gods," but at the same time he did use phrases like "the gods of old" numerous times.  Clearly, these beings would have qualified for worship in most cultures.  And even without the Valar being considered a true pantheon, there is still Eru, a closer analogue to the Christian God of Tolkien's beliefs, and we know the denizens of Middle-earth knew of him (Him?) because of the line "Eru, who in Arda is called Ilúvatar."  And yet, Ilúvatar seems not to be terribly important to anyone on a daily basis.  So my question is this: how familiar with the "theology" of Middle-earth were the citizens of Middle-earth?  Would the average merchant in Rohan know about the Valar and the Maiar and Iluvatar and the Music of the Ainur?  The average noble in Minas Tirith?  The younger Elves, like Legolas?  The Dwarf Lords?  Were the theological truths about the formation of the world, the Valar and the Maiar just so well known that they weren't worth commenting on, or had they been forgotten by most?  And if they had been forgotten, why wasn't the knowledge (whether through deliberate teachings or casual conversation) re-invigorated by witnesses like Gandalf or Galadriel? Why do I get blurry pictures when I take a lens attachment off? The literature defines multinomial coefficients (or extended bnomial coefficients) as   $$ \binom{n}{r_1,r_2,\cdots,r_l} = \frac{n!}{r_1!r_2!\cdots r_l!}$$ where $$ r_1+r_2+\cdots+r_l = n$$  Which is the coefficient of $x_1^{r_1}x_2^{r_2}\cdots x_l^{r_l}$ in expansion of $(x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_l)^n$.  Question: How do we call the coefficients of $x^r$ in expansion of $(x+x^2+\cdots+x^l)^n$. Is it bad to name them multinomial coefficients?  In case of binomial coefficients the two are same in expansion of $(x_1+x_2)^n$ and the expansion of $(x+x^2)^n$. Obviously the two are different for multinomial expansion.   Example: As $(x_1+x_2+x_3)^2= x_1^2+2 x_2 x_1+2 x_3 x_1+x_2^2+x_3^2+2 x_2 x_3$. The coefficients are $\{ 1,2,2,1,1,2 \}$. Are these MULTI-NOMIAL?  $ As (x+x^2+x^3)^2=x^2 + 2 x^3 + 3 x^4 + 2 x^5 + x^6$. The coefficients are $\{1,2,3,2,1\}$. Are these too the MULTI-NOMIAL?  I prefer different terminologies to avoid confusion. Therefore want to know how these are distinguished in existing literature. Adding curved features to map with ArcGIS API for JavaScript? I've tried without much success to add a curved line feature to the ArcGIS JavaScript map.    I created a polygon with a curved edge in ArcMap:   However, when I load this same feature in the web API, it becomes segmented:   The problem started when I tried to create a curved feature from the JavaScript API itself, which only seems to allow full circle features (not circular arcs).  This makes me think that curves are still unsupported in the JavaScript API. Do you know any way around this? Do you have any other ideas on alternatives I can use to create and correctly view curved features?