what is the flow of this code snippet? function makeAdjectifier(adjective) {     return function(string) {         return adjective + "" + string;     }; } var coolifier = makeAdjectifier("COOL"); console.log(coolifier("conference")); //outputs "COOLconference"   So, what I see here is coolifier function is being called and conference string is passed as an argument, and coolifier which taking input from makeAdjectifier, &amp; cool is passed as an argument so adjective becomes cool. Now again adjectifier is returning a function which is taking string as a parameter. how conference is available at the inner function so that string becomes equal to conference.
How do JavaScript closures work? How would you explain JavaScript closures to someone with a knowledge of the concepts they consist of (for example functions, variables and the like), but does not understand closures themselves?  I have seen  given on Wikipedia, but unfortunately it did not help.
The durability of iron tools is really starting to annoy me, but in all my hours of playing I've only stumbled across one deposit of diamond ore that provided around 7 Diamonds. What's the best way to locate more in Survival mode? Where is it most commonly found? Setting the editing style on a UITableViewCell How to handle relative urls correctly with a nginx reverse proxy Sure I'm not the first one that tried to serve a domain example.com from a example.net/bbb, but I haven't found a solution yet.  My NGINX configuration follows the  and looks something like this:  server {     listen 80;     server_name example.net;     root /path/to/aaa;      location /bbb/ {         proxy_pass http://example.com/;         proxy_set_header Host $host;         proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;     }      location / {         try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;     }     location ~ \.(svg|ttf|js|css|svgz|eot|otf|woff|jpg|jpeg|gif|png|ico)$ {         access_log off;         log_not_found off;         expires max;     } }   I can manage to render the root of example.com in example.net/bbb but:  ISSUE 1  example.net/bbb/some/path doesn't work as expected and the index.html of example.net is rendered.  ISSUE 2  Any asset in example.com/assets gives 404 because the browser look for example.net/assets. Be great if I could solve this without placing absolute paths everywhere. I was running a Python script that malfunctioned and used sudo to create a file named &gt;.  How can I get rid of this file?  Of course, when I try sudo rm &gt;, I get the error bash: syntax error near unexpected token 'newline', because it thinks I'm trying to redirect the output of rm.  Its permissions are -rw-r--r--. Finding empty directories recursively Why was the universe in an extraordinarily low-entropy state right after the big bang? Let me start by saying that I have no scientific background whatsoever. I am very interested in science though and I'm currently enjoying Brian Greene's The Fabric of the Cosmos. I'm at chapter 7 and so far I understand most of general ideas he has talked about. Or at least, I think I understand them :-)  There is however one part, at the end of chapter 6 that I can't grasp.  It is about entropy and the state of the universe a few minutes after the big bang.  On page 171 he says:     Our most refined theories of the origin of the universe -our most refined cosmological theories- tell us that by the time the universe was a couple of minutes old, it was filled with a nearly uniform hot gas composed of roughly 75 percent hydrogen, 23 percent helium, and small amounts of deuterium and lithium. The essential point is that this gas filling the universe had extraordinarily low entropy.   And on page 173-174:     We have now come to the place where the buck finally stops. The ultimate source of order, of low entropy, must be the big bang itself. In its earliest moments, rather than being filled with gargantuan containers of entropy such as black holes, as we would expect from probabilistic considerations, for some reason the nascent universe was filled with a hot,   uniform, gaseous mixture of hydrogen and helium. Although this configuration has high entropy when densities are so low that we can ignore gravity, the situation is otherwise when gravity can't be ignored; then, such a uniform gas has extremely low entropy. In comparison with black holes, the diffuse, nearly uniform gas was in an extraordinarily low-entropy state.   In the first part of the chapter Brian Greene explains the concept of entropy with tossing the 693 pages of War and Peace in the air.  At first, the pages are ordered. The specific order they are in make sense and are required to recognize the pages as a readable book called War and Peace. This is low entropy. It is very highly ordered and there is no chaos.  Now, when you throw the pages in the air, let them fall and then pick them up one by one and put them on top of each other, the chances you get the exact same order as the initial state are extremely small. The chance you get another order (no matter what order, just not the one from the beginning) is extremely big. When the pages are in the wrong order, there is high entropy and a high amount of chaos. The pages are not ordered and when they are not ordered you would not notice the difference between one unordered state and another one.  However, should you swap two pages in the ordered, low entropy version, you would notice the difference.  So I understand low entropy as a highly ordered state with low chaos in which a reordering of the elements would be noticeable.  I hope I'm still correct here :-)  Now, what I don't understand is how a uniform mixture of hydrogen and helium can by highly ordered? I'd say you wouldn't notice it if some particles traded places. I'd say that a uniform mixture is actually in a state of high entropy because you wouldn't notice it if you swapped some hydrogen atoms.  Brian Greene explains this would indeed be the case when gravity plays no important role, but that things change when gravity does play a role; and in the universe right after the big bang, gravity plays a big role.  Is that because a reordering of the particles would change the effects of gravity? Or is there something else that I'm missing here? What does a leading zero do for a php int? How do I make groups in 2.8? In the Blender Guru Donut tutorial he made a sprinkle for a donut. He copied that sprinkle and made a smaller version of it. He Shift selected both and made a group with the shortcut Ctrl+G. When I do the same it assigns both sprinkles into a collection. I have read that the layer system is redone completely. So when I make a group out of the two objects, is it the same as a group and where can I see that group? Can I legally downgrade from Win 7 64 bits to Win 7 32 bits? Possible Duplicate:          Tired of the unstable Win 7 64bit I got when I purchased my laptop (it was impossible to find a powerful laptop with Win 7 32 bits).  Can I legally downgrade from Win 7 64 bits to Win 7 32 bits? The key/activation will work?    Details: Everybody comments about the stability of Win 64.  Well, I made a mistake. Is not that Win 64 is unstable (it never crashed). It just works very poor. It feels choppy. Compiling a large program (on an old AMD desktop PC) takes 1.5 seconds on Win 32. The same program compiles on Win 64 in 4-5 seconds in this new and "powerful" laptop. All programs are less responsive. missing $ inserted error for equation I get the missing $ inserted error for the following code:  \begin{equation}  C = $ \frac{2}{\omega^2N^2\mu\pia} $  \end{equation}   I have tried out different changes based on Googling for this error, but nothing seems to help. Any suggestions would be appreciated. Rough Smart objects problem in Photoshop I am using Adobe CC(2015) latest version and the behaviour of the smart objects isn't normal. When I paste a vector from Illustrator to Photoshop, the vector looks low quality or rough.   ORIGINAL  IN PHOTOSHOP   However, if I click over the smart object layer(in Photoshop)and this is opened in Illustrator, the vectors looks as the original one.   VECTOR OPENED IN ILLUSTRATOR FROM PHOTOSHOP SMART OBJECT   How can I solve this? What to do with an Ubuntu disk image that appears as a WinRAR file? $\sum \cos$ when angles are in arithmetic progression Possible Duplicate:          Prove $$\cos(\alpha) + \cos(\alpha + \beta) + \cos(\alpha + 2\beta) + \dots + \cos[\alpha + (n-1)\beta] = \frac{\cos(\alpha + \frac{n-1}{2}\beta) \cdot \sin\frac{n\beta}{2}}{\sin\frac{\beta}{2}} $$ Prove that if $ f\mathrm{(}z\mathrm{)} $ is analytic at the infinity  ,then :  $ {\lim}_{{z}\mathrm{\rightarrow}\mathrm{\infty}}{f}\prime{\mathrm{(}}{z}{\mathrm{)}}\mathrm{{=}}{0} $ Calculating the average of variably sized blocks of numbers within a column? Fantasy book, YA, Girl with magical powers & tattoos I read this book series in middle school. I believe that it would be classified as young adult fiction/fantasy. A girl has magical powers, and with her growing powers comes runes/tattoos in her arms. This is shown on every book cover. I know that one cover is blue. This one shows the girl in a black tank top and black pants. One is a yellow cover, with her in a dress (I think).  The girl has a friend/mentor, who she develops feelings for. The girl is the key to stopping a war between multiple factions/people. Each side is trying to use her to their advantage. I think the series was written in the early 2000s. PhD in Europe without scholarship from non-European homeland I earned my bachelors in Computer Engineering from my home country. I am now enrolled in a Physics masters program in the same university. Next year I plan to find a different university in Europe in which to enroll in a Computer Engineering PhD program.  However I doubt that I'll receive any scholarships from my homeland's government when studying abroad. Can I survive if I start to live out of my own my pocket? Is that enough to live in Europe just for a half year. Are there any available funds that can supplement my income such as a TA/RA's salary?  My main question is:   How to survive if I want to study PhD in Europe without any scholarship from my home country? Which country might provide sufficient support for a foreigner to study at graduate level?   I am interested to Germany and Finland but any European country would be acceptable! Changing Network Interfaces name Ubuntu 16.04 I tried to change network interfaces name on this new Ubuntu 16.04 LTS version but doesn't have the /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules.  So, I tried to use /lib/udev/write_net_rules but it not exist.  Why do I need this modification? Because I'm using a tool to Simulate virtual platforms that use flex licensing and the authentication need to be in eth0 interface name.  Any suggestion?  The command ip link returns:  user@laptop:~$ ip link  1: lo: &lt;LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 2: enp6s0: &lt;NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 link/ether b8:2a:xx:yy:xx:yy brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 3: wlp7s0: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT group default qlen 1000 link/ether 5c:e0:xx:yy:xx:yy brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff  user@laptop:~$ ifconfig  enp6s0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr b8:2a:xx:yy:xx:yy   lo        Link encap:Local Loopback   wlp7s0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 5c:e0:xx:yy:xx:yy     (Some information were ignored and suppressed)  I already tried some links: Where is Ubuntu terminal located? I am trying to add terminal as external tool to compile javascript with node.js. I am following this  which is based on windows , and i am stuck at figuring out location of terminal application.  Where is the terminal located in Ubuntu? I compile my project with VIsual Studio 2005 Express Edition, and get this linking error. Can anyone suggest how to solve that?