I know my question maybe too broad, but as someone who's planning to stay in academia, I want to ask anyone who is supervising PhD students about how you contribute to their papers in order to be included as authors.  Do you just need to discuss the problem (e.g what is it? Is it feasible or worth to be solved), point them to potential directions and review the drafts? You can also help writing other sections which don't directly involve in solving the problem such as: introduction, motivation or conclusion. This is the approach that my supervisor and most lecturers in my department are taking.  Or, do you have to directly take part in solving the problem such as analysing it, designing system, performing experiments and evaluating results?
I understand that in a lot of big-lab fields it is common for the principal investigator to append their name to a paper even if they did not write the paper, design the experiment, or collect data since they spend energy securing funding, and managing the whole lab. What about for small labs?  What are the requirements for a supervisor to be included as an author on a paper, as opposed to just appearing in the acknowledgements? If you are working on your own projects independently of your supervisor, but using funding provided by your supervisor (how does this change when the funding provides resources versus just your salary), are you suppose to add them as authors or just acknowledge the source of funding?
The following code works as expected in both Python 2.5 and 3.0:  a, b, c = (1, 2, 3)  print(a, b, c)  def test():     print(a)     print(b)     print(c)    # (A)     #c+=1       # (B) test()   However, when I uncomment line (B), I get an UnboundLocalError: 'c' not assigned at line (A). The values of a and b are printed correctly. This has me completely baffled for two reasons:   Why is there a runtime error thrown at line (A) because of a later statement on line (B)? Why are variables a and b printed as expected, while c raises an error?   The only explanation I can come up with is that a local variable c is created by the assignment c+=1, which takes precedent over the "global" variable c even before the local variable is created. Of course, it doesn't make sense for a variable to "steal" scope before it exists.  Could someone please explain this behavior? How can I reliably and accurately identify the passive voice in writing or speech? I'm not interested in advice about whether or not to use it yet... I just want to know for sure what it is, so that I don't look as stupid as . force long text inside \item[{\texttt{}] to wrap How to define a bijection between $(0,1)$ and $(0,1]$? How to define a bijection between $(0,1)$ and $(0,1]$?   Or any other open and closed intervals?   If the intervals are both open like $(-1,2)\text{ and }(-5,4)$ I do a cheap trick (don't know if that's how you're supposed to do it): I make a function $f : (-1, 2)\rightarrow (-5, 4)$ of the form $f(x)=mx+b$ by \begin{align*} -5 = f(-1) &amp;= m(-1)+b \\ 4 = f(2) &amp;= m(2) + b \end{align*} Solving for $m$ and $b$ I find $m=3\text{ and }b=-2$ so then $f(x)=3x-2.$  Then I show that $f$ is a bijection by showing that it is injective and surjective. What hash is concatenating with the data to be signed in TLS 1.3 CertificateVerify message? According to specification, to create data that will be signed with server private key for CertificateVerify message, we need to concatenate 64 space characters, the string &quot;TLS 1.3, server CertificateVerify&quot;, null and the hash of all handshake messages to this point. During the handshake process, we choosing the cipher suite and signature scheme... So, if the cipher suite is, for example, TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 and the signature scheme is rsa_pss_rsae_sha256 (different hash algorithms), hash of which algorithm should be used as handshake hash in data to sign, SHA-384 or SHA-256? The work done against gravity is $mgh$, well at least that's what my textbook says. I have a question: I can apply a force say 50N, so total work done = $mgh + mah$. Where $ma$ = Force. But the truth is irrespective of the force applied, the work done against gravity is always $mgh$. Why?  For example, when I move an object with a force, the work done is more, so work depends on the Force. But in case of gravity it always depends upon the weight This is really two questions.   Is there a definition of the principal $n$th root of a complex number? I can't find it anywhere. Presumably, the usual definition is $[r\exp(i\theta)]^{1/n} = r^{1/n}\exp(i\theta/n)$ for $\theta \in [0,2\pi)$, but I have yet to see this anywhere. Is this because it has bad properties? For instance, according to this definition is it true that for all complex $z$ it holds that $(z^{1/a})^b = (z^b)^{1/a}$? As you can see, objects are falling down when I run the game. Ground is unable to stop those obstacles. Obstacles are rapidly traveling through y axis. I tried by freezing y axis. And, unchecked Use Gravity. I tried by checking Is Kinematic also. But, if I freeze y axis. Than, obstacles completely freeze through y. If there was no ground than the objects don't fall. Same thing happen when I unchecked Use Gravity. I want those obstacles to move if Player hit them. How to stop those obstacles from falling down?   Info : What's the difference between a Long Term Support Release and a Normal Release? How do we get Community Promotion Ads on beta sites? All the launched sites get Community Promotion Ads meta posts posted every year by a SE mod.  Previously, I thought that beta sites simply weren't allowed them. However,  is still in beta, and they had community promotions meta posts in  and  (I guess they haven't made one for 2015 yet).  So what happens? Do you just have to ask for one? Can the moderators of that site just create one as they like? Can anyone on that site just create one as they like? How can I add "Show desktop" to the GNOME dash or Ubuntu Dock? How can I convert raster (stream segments result of a watershed analysis) to vector polylines, preferably shapefile. In ArcGIS this is easily acomplished with the Raster to Polyline tool.  I only see Polygonize (Raster to Vector) tool under the Raster -> Conversion menu. The following are two methods of building a link that has the sole purpose of running JavaScript code. Which is better, in terms of functionality, page load speed, validation purposes, etc.?    function myJsFunc() {     alert("myJsFunc"); } &lt;a href="#" onclick="myJsFunc();"&gt;Run JavaScript Code&lt;/a&gt;     or    function myJsFunc() {     alert("myJsFunc"); }  &lt;a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="myJsFunc();"&gt;Run JavaScript Code&lt;/a&gt; I'm trying to insert a figure into my LaTeX file using the following syntax:  \begin{figure}   \centering   \includegraphics [width=3in]{fig1.png}   \caption{Calculation of shortest path betweenness}   \label{Fig.3:Shortest path betweenness} \end{figure}   It worked for me before but this time I'm getting the following error:   LaTeX Error: \begin{figure} on input line xxx ended by \end{document}   Also, hovering over the red cross symbol indicating error in Eclipse, I see this message    paragraph ended before Gin@iii was completed.   It's obvious that I have the \end{figure} to end my \begin{figure} so I don't understand how I still get that error.  Can someone please tell me what the problem is?  Edit: Add more details for debugging. The problem went away if I remove '[width=3in]'. Here is the detail error:  pdflatex&gt; Runaway argument? pdflatex&gt; width=3in]{fig1.png} \caption {Caption} \label {Fig.1}  pdflatex&gt; ! Paragraph ended before \Gin@iii was complete. pdflatex&gt; &lt;to be read again&gt;  pdflatex&gt;                    \par  pdflatex&gt; l.40  pdflatex&gt;        pdflatex&gt;  pdflatex&gt; Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active pdflatex&gt; (./document.bbl pdflatex&gt;  pdflatex&gt; Package natbib Warning: Empty `thebibliography' environment on input line 3.   Added sample code:  \documentclass[10pt,psfig,letterpaper,twocolumn]{article} \usepackage{geometry} \usepackage{graphics} \usepackage{setspace} \usepackage{natbib} \usepackage{verbatim} \usepackage[scaled=0.9]{helvet} \singlespacing \paperwidth 8.5in \paperheight 11in \oddsidemargin 0in \headsep 1.3cm  \geometry{left=0.75in,top=0.75in,right=0.75in,bottom=1in} \textwidth 7in  \textheight 9.25in \columnsep 0.4in \footskip 0in  \renewcommand{\bibname}{REFERENCE} \pagestyle{empty}  \begin{document} \bibliographystyle{acm}   \title{\fontfamily{phv}\selectfont{\huge{\bfseries{Title here}}}} \author{ {\fontfamily{ptm}\selectfont{\large{\bfseries{author name}}}}\thanks{contact info }}  \maketitle \thispagestyle{empty}  \section*{\fontfamily{phv}\selectfont{\normalsize{\bfseries{Section name}}}}  \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=3in]{fig1.png} \caption{Caption} \label{Fig.1} \end{figure}  \pagebreak[4] \vspace*{5.52in} \bibliography{ref} \end{document} I read here at  that holding Shift during boot can bring up the GRUB menu. However I try holding one or the other Shift keys, tapping, tapping then holding, nothing works. Am I missing something? How does one access the GRUB menu during boot time?   No dual boot here, just standard Lubuntu 14.04 install. Chinese Passport Holder Transit in South Korea A Chinese passport holder with a US visa has a flight scheduled from Beijing to Los Angeles in mid-November.  This person wants to go to South Korea for a 3 day conference; the conference is one week prior to the PEK-LAX flight.  If this person buys a round-trip ticket from China to Korea, will the transit visa be sufficient? Or will they need a regular visa?    Extra info:  What if the original ticket were modified to make it ICN-PEK-LAX?  . It says "Holding a confirmed onward flight ticket for departure within 30 days." Would a return ticket to China than a flight to LAX a week later be sufficiently "onward"? How to mount and unmount hard drives under Windows (the unix way) Can't access global variable inside function I want to make Morrocan-stye pickled lemons, but I was only able to find , and it says:  In On Food and Cooking, Harold McGee suggests that a solution of five to 10% salt is needed to achieve a good North African-style preserved lemon  I make sauerkraut with 20 grams of salt per kilogram of cabbage, so 2%. So lemons taking much more salt than cabbage is surprising and confusing; since they start out acidic, I would expect them if anything to require less salt. I'm not worried about harmful microbes growing; I'm worried about the fermentation microbes not being able to grow. It's my understanding that higher salt concentrations with cabbage not only slow down fermentation, but actually .  had the same issues:  I've never quite understood the need for such excessive salting when making preserved lemons. They still ferment great at normal levels of salt, and you then need to worry less about them being overly salty to use in future recipes. As far as I can tell it's solely from tradition. Also, from checking out On Food and Cooking, it seems that McGee only points out that originally they are done with 5 to 10% salt content. I'm curious where you read/saw that he recommended such?  Does anyone have any text- and/or experience-based opinion agreeing or disagreeing with the &quot;5 to 10%&quot; figure? Imported 3D scan displays texture in editor, but renders without texture I am new to blender and I have a 3D scan of a stone tablet (which I am unfortunately not able to share, so I will try to be as detailed as possible) which was imported as OBJ and MTL files.  The editor displays the texture and mesh perfectly, but when I render the scene (pressing F12) the texture is not there.  I am trying to use blender to reduce the file size of the tablet for use in a three.js visualizer for a website.  I have tried exporting the file as a JSON file (as well as several other file formats to the same effect) for use in my three.js webapp and thought it was an issue with three.js, but after seeing that blender did not render the tablet with the texture I now believe it is an issue with my blender configuration. I am unable to find within blender or online any way to check what current resources I have displayed and what options I have with them.  I have not applied a mesh or texture to the object, but when I do so it renders with the generated texture applied in the default pink.  I am confused as to where the disconnect is between the editor and the renderer. I am still figuring out what is important and where to find all the relevant information, so any help on that regard would be very much appreciated.  Here is what blender looks like for me with the sensitive parts censored (can't be too careful these days):   I have looked at this question:  And there is no material overwriting the texture - I have not assigned a material to the tablet at all. EDIT: In regards to the duplicate answer, I looked at that one as well and the issue I have is that it doesn't have an actual texture file that I can just put on it.  The OBJ MTL files come with their own file that can't be applied directly to the model.  Blender read the OBJ MTL files and recreated the object inside blender algorithmically - and now I need to know how to get blender to tell me where that texture is and how I can get it to show up in the render.  The texture is not on my hard drive, but entirely within blender which is the issue I am having.