Did the form of address of female officers and crew of Startrek change over the years? This question is prompted by the latest of a long series of questions on English Language and Usage about gender neutral terms in English.    I seem to remember that Captain Janeway was called "Sir", but I have a broader question than about that particular point: did Startrek change over the years, from the first TGO episodes filmed to the recent films about the alternate universe, in how women officers were addressed when their rank was not the means of address?  (Female officers certainly changed in how they were dressed!)
What's the origin of referring to female superior officers as "sir"? It is well established in Star Trek: The Next Generation that female superior officers are normally referred to as sir.  This is applied to Dr. Crusher, Counselor Troi, Cmdr. Shelby, Maj. Kira, Lt. Dax, and numerous admirals.   This obviously fits in well with the egalitarian ideals of Star Trek. This convention is made explicit in &quot;Thine Own Self&quot;:  DATA: Counsellor, have you been promoted in my absence? TROI: That's right. Which means from now on you can call me sir. DATA: Yes, sir.  In Addition, the first episode of Star Trek: Voyager, &quot;Caretaker&quot; contains this dialog:  KIM: Thank you, sir. JANEWAY: Mister Kim, at ease before you sprain something. Ensign, despite Starfleet protocol, I don't like being addressed as sir. KIM: I'm sorry, ma'am. JANEWAY: Ma'am is acceptable in a crunch, but I prefer Captain. We're getting ready to leave. Let me show you to the bridge.  which again establishes that sir is the norm, although Capt. Janeway doesn't prefer it. Did this usage of the honorific sir start with ST: TNG or does it predate TNG in either sci-fi or the real world?  Related:
Recently I've installed Kubuntu in a newly bought laptop with an Intel WiFi 6 AX200 network card, I can connect to the wifi without apparent problems but when I open the driver manager in the settings I face this weird situation:  Intel Corporation: Wi-Fi 6 AX200 This device is not working.  [ ] Using iwlwifi driver backport in DKMS format from backport-iwlwifi-dkms (open source)  [ ] Continue using a manually installed driver  [x] Do not use the device   Note that "Continue using a manually installed driver" is the only voice selectable in the list.  Here is some additional information:  $ lspci -nnk | grep 0280 -A3 02:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Intel Corporation Wi-Fi 6 AX200 [8086:2723] (rev 1a)         Subsystem: Intel Corporation Wi-Fi 6 AX200 [8086:0084]         Kernel driver in use: iwlwifi         Kernel modules: iwlwifi  $ rfkill list all 0: hci0: Bluetooth         Soft blocked: yes         Hard blocked: no 1: phy0: Wireless LAN         Soft blocked: no         Hard blocked: no  $ dmesg | grep iwl [    2.888227] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: enabling device (0000 -&gt; 0002) [    2.945179] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: Direct firmware load for iwlwifi-cc-a0-50.ucode failed with error -2 [    2.945217] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: Direct firmware load for iwlwifi-cc-a0-49.ucode failed with error -2 [    2.947244] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: TLV_FW_FSEQ_VERSION: FSEQ Version: 43.2.23.17 [    2.947250] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: Found debug destination: EXTERNAL_DRAM [    2.947252] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: Found debug configuration: 0 [    2.947697] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: loaded firmware version 48.4fa0041f.0 op_mode iwlmvm [    3.145585] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: Detected Intel(R) Wi-Fi 6 AX200 160MHz, REV=0x340 [    3.159226] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: Applying debug destination EXTERNAL_DRAM [    3.160060] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: Allocated 0x00400000 bytes for firmware monitor. [    3.336456] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: base HW address: 50:eb:71:d7:0b:40 [    3.353553] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0 wlp2s0: renamed from wlan0 [    4.457920] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: Applying debug destination EXTERNAL_DRAM [    4.621843] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: FW already configured (0) - re-configuring [    4.629999] iwlwifi 0000:02:00.0: BIOS contains WGDS but no WRDS   Someone have idea why this happened? Floor a date in SQL server In SQL Server, how do I "floor" a DATETIME to the second/minute/hour/day/year?  Let's say that I have a date of 2008-09-17 12:56:53.430, then the output of flooring should be:   Year:  2008-01-01 00:00:00.000 Month: 2008-09-01 00:00:00.000 Day: 2008-09-17 00:00:00.000 Hour: 2008-09-17 12:00:00.000 Minute: 2008-09-17 12:56:00.000 Second: 2008-09-17 12:56:53.000 Errors in matrix equation? I'm getting errors in a matrix equation. When I compile it looks fine, but I'd like to fix them so I don't have to press return for every error at compile time. The code for the equation is:  \begin{equation*}  \begin{bmatrix} U(1,t)  &amp; \cdots &amp; U(n,t) \\  \vdots &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots \\ O_{n1} &amp; \cdots &amp; O_{nn}  \end{bmatrix} \times \begin{bmatrix} W(1,1)  &amp; \cdots &amp; W(1,n) \\  \vdots &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots \\  W(n,1) &amp; \cdots &amp; W(n,n)  \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}  D(1,t)  &amp; \cdots &amp; D(n,t) \\ \vdots &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots \\ I_{n1} &amp; \cdots &amp; I_{nn} \end{bmatrix}  \end{equation*}   The errors I'm getting are related to missing $'s inserted. What is the $n$ times iterate of $f(x)=\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}$? Is it correct to use Bernoulli's theorem to explain that a disk floats in the air? Should the correct explanation be based on Boyle's law? In this video, a device is introduced from 1 minute to 18 seconds. After entering the air, the disc at the bottom of the device will be suspended in the air. The video explains that this is because of the Bernoulli effect, but I think this explanation is incorrect, because the disc gap, the radial volume is increasing. Therefore, the reason why the disk is suspended is that the air volume becomes larger, so the pressure decreases (according to Boyle's law). If the air moves along the radial direction at a constant speed, the volume of the air must be constantly increasing, right? So the pressure is decreasing, right? This question led to a new package:      I'm giving my students an old exam and barely remembered to change the date at the top. A colleague and I joked about how long we could reuse the same exam, and it made me wonder if I could use LaTeX to create an exam that looked like it was written in 1963 on a typewriter.  Here's what I'd like to see:   Typewriter font even in math mode. (Several ways to accomplish this; is there a "best" way?) Slight inconsistencies in the printing of each letter. I attempt this below adapting code taken from . Each word has a random vertical shift, though I'd like to see it reduced to each letter having its own vertical shift. Other typewriter-like irregularities would be great. It would be great if math-mode delimeters \left(, \right}, etc., can be created in a piece-meal fashion as they did in days of old. Fraction bars, tops of square-root symbols -- any horizontal line, really -- is made up of a series of en-dashes that don't quite match up.   Here is what I've come up with so far:  \documentclass[10pt]{article}% This is a document class providing more font size options \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{ifthen} \usepackage[textwidth=7.5in,textheight=9.5in]{geometry} \pagestyle{empty}  % thanks to Bruno Le Floch: https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/9331/4012 % and in his comments to https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/29458/4012 \usepackage[first=-1,last=1]{lcg}% you can play around with these values \makeatletter \newcommand{\globalrand}{\rand\global\cr@nd\cr@nd} \makeatother  \newcommand{\randomvshift}[1]{\globalrand\raisebox{\value{rand}pt}{#1}}  %%% thanks to Martin Scharrer: https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/11598/4012 \makeatletter \def\typewriter#1{%     \@typewriter#1 \@empty } \def\@typewriter#1 #2{%    \randomvshift{#1}\space    \ifx #2\@empty\else     \expandafter\@typewriter    \fi    #2% } \makeatother \begin{document}\tt  \typewriter{Math 101 Fall 1963}  \begin{enumerate} \item   \typewriter{$\frac{\texttt{d}}{\texttt{dx}}\texttt{(x)}^2$}  \item \typewriter{State the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.}  \end{enumerate}  \end{document} "Whether or not" vs. "whether" This will depend on whether he's suitable for the job.    This will depend on whether he's suitable for the job or not.   This will depend on whether or not he's suitable for the job.         It is still not defined whether we're following that approach.   It is still not defined whether we're following that approach or not.   It is still not defined whether or not we're following that approach.         "Or not" doesn't really seem to be needed to complement "whether". Why do people use it then? Is it redundancy and nothing more? Or is it for emphasis? Or are there cases when "or not" is required for the sentence to be grammatical? don't really understand how to log on with your SE account in the new logon screen.  And although it might be obvious to most of us, some people find the new dialog hard to understand.        Can we add a logo and some text to make clear users can log on with their SE account? Something like:     [SE LOGO] Log on using your StackExchange account   Followed by the two boxes for email and password. Can a Rogue (D&D 3.5) use sneak attack on both the first and second attack? I know this seems like a question you can simply Google but the answers vary and my clan is under the impression that I can only use it on my first attack (once per round) and not on my second attack.  From Googling, I've understood that as long as the monster / enemy is flat-footed, flanked or caught off-guard, I can apply sneak attack on both my first and second attack in a round.  Is this correct?  Is it normal if the clan simply decides that that gives me an unfair advantage in combat and gives me only one sneak attack per round? Is there a proper way to handle large combat engagements with party members involved? For instance, a party of four player characters raise a force of 30 militia men to go take a bandit camp. When they get there the bandit camp has 40 men, and none of them notable.  For the sake of simplicity, both the 30 men and the 40 bandits are armed with long swords, and wearing leather armor.   Is there a proper way to handle combat between the 30 man militia and the 40 bandits while also incorporating our four player characters? If no "proper" way exists, is there a generally accepted "best" way? Prove: $\lim\limits_{n \to \infty} \int_{0}^{\sqrt n}(1-\frac{x^2}{n})^ndx=\int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-x^2}dx$ I'd like your help with the following claim to prove:  $$\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_{0}^{\sqrt n}\left(1-\frac{x^2}{n}\right)^ndx=\int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-x^2}dx.$$  I think I should use the claim:     Let $a,b$ two real numbers and $\{f_n\}$ a sequence of continuous functions on $\left[a,b\right]$  which converges uniformly to $f$ on $[a,b]$. Then    $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\int_a^bf_n(t)dt=\int_a^bf(t)dt.$$   But for this, I must prove that $(1-\frac{x^2}{n})^n$ uniformly converges to $e^{-x^2}$.  How do I do that? One of the hardest and trickiest things to do is to prove this uniformly converges.. every function has its own way. I believe that the more examples I'll see the easiest it will be. Thanks again! Why do we need both the Suffrage and Vox Populi badges? The Suffrage badge is awarded for using 30 votes in the day, and the Vox Populi for using 40.  I understand from  that the idea of Vox Populi is to incentivise voting on questions, but is there any evidence that having two badges does so better than just having Vox Populi? Literature with Biber generates strange citations: firstnames appear erratically I had been using bibtex and then biblatex for quite some time. For the newest edition of my book I moved to biber. I happened t notice that firstnames are sometimes generated and sometimes not. Has this been observed by others?   I have tried to make a minimal example but without success. Using the following code, which shows all the commands related to biblatex I have in my preamble I could not get the firstnames to be shown. Even with the stylefile I made for this book (second line) the error did not occur.  I have a dropbox with the latex files for the book available. I can give access to these.   What do you propose?  \documentclass[fontsize=10pt,twoside]{scrbook} \usepackage{hormonbuch} \usepackage[%   style=authoryear%   ,natbib=true%   ,sorting=nyt,backend=biber,doi=false,isbn=false,url=false]{biblatex} \addbibresource{../Literatur/EndokrinologieKundeNourl.bib}  \renewcommand*{\bibpagespunct}{\addcolon} \DeclareFieldFormat{pages}{#1}  \renewrobustcmd*{\enquote}{}  \renewbibmacro{in:}{%       Herbert Voss auf http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/10682/suppress-in-biblatex   \ifentrytype{article}{}{%   \printtext{\bibstring{in}\intitlepunct}}}  \renewbibmacro*{journal+issuetitle}{%   \usebibmacro{journal}%   \setunit*{\addspace}%   \iffieldundef{series}     {}     {\newunit      \printfield{series}%      \setunit{\addspace}}%   \usebibmacro{volume+number+eid}% %  \setunit{\addspace}%   \newunit}  \renewbibmacro*{volume+number+eid}{%   \printfield{volume}% %  \setunit{\addcolon\space}%   }% % \renewbibmacro*{note+pages}{%   \printfield{pages}%   \newunit} % \begin{document}  \citet{CRT+88,FDe+85} \citep{CRT+88,FDe+85} \cite{CRT+88,FDe+85}  \printbibliography  \end{document} Geometric random variables $X_1:G(p_1)$ $X_2:G(p_2)$ $X_3:G(p_3)$ are independent, prove the following : Terminology of the sequences of promoters in relation to DNA strands I'm studying molecular biology and I'm trying to understand an experiment which shows the importance of promoters in the relative transcription level (RT). The image below comes from Rolf Knippers' book "Molekulare Genetik" (8th edition).    The legend says (among other things):     Die erste Zeile gibt die normale "Wildtyp"-Sequenz der 5'-flankierenden Region wieder.   Which, in english, means something like:     The first line repeats the normal wild-type sequence of the 5' flanking region.   The column on the right gives the relative transcription (RT) level, 1.0 being the highest possible level of transcription. As we can see, the lines where some parts of the "5' region" have been deleted give quite low RT levels, since some regions of the promoter are missing.  My questions are the following:  1) According to  and , I understand that RNA polymerase reads and uses both coding and non-coding strands in order to synthesize RNA. Therefore, how did they manage to use the sequences strands regions had been deleted to make a polymerase "read them" and perform transcription?  2) If the polymerase reads the template strand in the 3' -> 5' sense, shouldn't we talk of "ATAT box" or "TAAC box" instead of "TATA" or "CAAT" boxes? Does it mean that the "promoter" regions they are using on the graphic above are actually on the coding strand?  Thanks a lot for your help. Pumpkin Noodles is a thing or are a thing? Which of the following is correct?  How come pumpkin noodles is not a thing?  or  How come pumpkin noodles are not a thing?  I want to post one of the above statements to Twitter with a picture of a bowl of pumpkin noodles i.e. the stuff that comes out of a hollowed out pumpkin. Easy way to disable a UITextField? Is there an easy way to disable a UITextField in code?  My app has 12 UITextField that are all turned on by default, but when a change is detected in my Segment Control I want to disable some of the UITextField depending on what Segment the user picks.  Just need to know how to disable it or make it non-editable?  Thanks How is the electostatic field propagated by the vacuum? How does a charge feel the presence of another charge when there is NOTHING between them? Is the word "vacuum" equal to "nothing"? Imagine two charges of opposite sign, far from one another in vacuum, and moving with constant velocity - s.t. none radiates energy, none emits photons. At some time though, the course of their movement brings them closer. They begin to accelerate toward one another. How do they feel the presence of one another? During their constant movement no photons are emitted, no "information" spreads in the universe about their presence. We write all postive whole integers after the comma, how do we prove that this is an irrational number? ($0.1234567891011121314...$) How do you disable anonymous login?