We are trying to deliver a LAS file with NIR values added for each point.  The NIR comes from a raster captured at the same moment as the LiDAR, and is stored as an 8bit number along with RGB in 8bit.  We have brought this into FME and managed to import the RGB and NIR values into a LAS file, though in the transfer the RGB becomes 16bit and the NIR stays at 8bit.  However, when our customer views the LAS file (I think in GlobalMapper) they do not see the NIR values, though they see the field.  We tried bringing the LAS file into ArcMap and there we see RGB fields, but all values are 0 and no NIR field.  Wondering if this maybe has something to do with FME's LAS attribute being called color_red, colour_green, colour_blue and ESRI's attributes being called red, green, blue.  Nonetheless we don't see the NIR field in ArcMap but we know it is there if we look at the same file in either FME (displays all properly) or GlobalMapper (shows field but with 0 values).  Ultimately the client wants a CSV so we are trying to generate one from FME for the LAS file that has all the information we know FME can see, but so far having issues there as well.  Anyone have any advice on what is needed to get NIR values into a LAS file that something other than FME can see?
Is there any tool available for extracting the X, Y and Z coordinates from a .las file and exporting them to a .csv or similar file?
How to configure extra buttons in Logitech Mouse addtocontents not working with certain other packages This is a follow up question on   How do I change the toc dept mid document while using packages (in this case only mathtools).  An example:  \documentclass[a4paper,10pt,oneside]{book}  \usepackage{mathtools}  \begin{document}   \frontmatter             \chapter{hello}  \section{hello}  \subsection{hello}  \subsubsection{hello}   \setcounter{tocdepth}{3}  \tableofcontents   \mainmatter   \chapter{hello}  \section{hello}  \subsection{hello}  \subsubsection{hello}   \chapter{hello}  \section{hello}  \subsection{hello}  \subsubsection{hello}   \appendix   \addtocontents{toc}{\setcounter{tocdepth}{0}}   \chapter{hello}  \section{hello}  \subsection{hello}  \subsubsection{hello}   \chapter{hello}  \section{hello}  \subsection{hello}  \subsubsection{hello}  \end{document}   This example generates an error and very strangely puts an exclamation mark in the ToC as you can see here   however when I comment out the \usepackage{mathtools} it suddenly works again or replacing it with a different package such as \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} also generates no errors.  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I've got the following question:  $A = \{\sqrt{n} - \left\lfloor\sqrt{n}\right\rfloor : n \in \mathbb{N}\}$  Find inf A, sup A    inf A is no big deal, but I have a hard time proving sup A is 1  I've tried to prove that: $\sqrt{n^2 - 1} -\left\lfloor\sqrt{n^2-1}\right\rfloor &gt; \sqrt{n} -\left\lfloor\sqrt{n}\right\rfloor $  but couldn't find a way to do that Presentation $\langle x,y,z\mid xyx^{-1}y^{-2},yzy^{-1}z^{-2},zxz^{-1}x^{-2}\rangle$ of group equal to trivial group Are features that allow −5 to attack to get +10 to damage mathematically sound? Some class features, monster traits, and feats allow you to take a −5 to your attack roll in order to gain a +10 to your damage roll. At first glance this looks really good, but when will it deal more damage than not using it on average?  For instance if you have a total attack bonus of +8 and you deal 1d12 damage. You have to roll a 7 to hit an AC of 15. If you take the −5 that makes it where you have to roll a 12. That's going to reduce your average damage by a lot. How to set timeout for web service call I want to call out my web service after the insert process of a custom object with a delay of 2 minutes. But i am getting that exception FATAL_ERROR|System.CalloutException: Read timed out How can i fix that problem ? Here is my implementation.  Callout class:  public class HttpCallout{     @Future(callout=true)     public static void getContent(String url){         Http h = new Http();          HttpRequest req = new HttpRequest();         req.setEndpoint(url);         req.setMethod('GET');         req.setTimeout(2000);          HttpResponse res = h.send(req);         String response = EncodingUtil.urlDecode(res.getBody(),'UTF-8');         System.debug('***response****'+response);     }      public void serviceCaller(){         getContent(url);     } }   Trigger:  trigger AfterInsertOrUpdate on Sales_Order__c (after insert) {     System.debug('Making future call to update account');     HttpCallout httpCallout = new HttpCallout();     httpCallout.serviceCaller();     System.debug('After Insert'); }   Any help would be appriciated. Dear Academic SE advisers,  I am a college sophomore in US with double majors in mathematics and microbiology. My algorithmic biology research got me passionate about the number theory and analysis, and I have been pursuing a mathematics major starting on this Spring semester. I have been independently self-studying the number theory textbooks written by Niven/Zuckerman/Montgomery, Apostol, and Ireland/Rosen on this semester. As this semester progressed, I discovered that I am more interested in the pure mathematics than applied aspects (computational biology, cryptography, etc.). I want to pursue a career as analytic number theorist and prove the Collatz conjecture and Erdos-Straus conjecture.   I have been thinking about doing the number-theory research on my university (research university; huge mathematics department). I have been self-studying the NT by myself and also regularly attending the professional and graduate seminars on number theory but I did not do any pure mathematics research as an undergraduate. Should I visit NT professors in my university and ask them about if I can do undergraduate research under them? If research is not possible (perhaps due to my lacking maturity), should I request of doing independent reading under them and later proceed with the research? How should I ask them? What should I address? If even independent reading is not desirable to them, what should I ask to them or do in my own?   As for my mathematical background, I have been taking Calculus II (computational) and discrete mathematics. I will be taking calculus III (vector calc.) on Summer, followed by Analysis I, Probability, Theoretical Linear Algebra on Fall 2015. As for my self-studying on this semester, I have been studying NT textbooks (mentioned above), proof methodologies, and basic linear algebra.   Thank you very much for your time, and I look forward to your advice!  Sincerely,  PK If I have a double (234.004223), etc., I would like to round this to x significant digits in C#.  So far I can only find ways to round to x decimal places, but this simply removes the precision if there are any 0s in the number.  For example, 0.086 to one decimal place becomes 0.1, but I would like it to stay at 0.08. Simplest way to send one-line mail out via command line using gmail? Using Raspbian and Ubunntu 16.04 LTS so need a generic Linux solution.  Requirement is simple:  I need a way to send one-line email messages from the command line.  I have set up a gmail account just for this particular Rpi3, with the address of rpi3abc@gmail.com - with no 2FA  So now I need to be able to send one-line mail messages from anywhere (including cron) without user intervention.    I also would like it to be able to send text files; basically, anything from stdin. Proving that two vector spaces of equal dimension are isomorphic Given the following problem     Let $U$ and $V$ be finite dimensional vector spaces, such that $\dim(U) = \dim(V)$. Prove that $U$ and $V$ are isomorphic.   I was just wondering if somebody could critique and validate my proof.  Proof  Two vector spaces $U$ and $V$ are isomorphic if and only if there exists a bijection $\phi: U \to V$. That is, an invertible linear map between the two. Let $\dim(U) = \dim(V) = n$ and let $\left\{u_1, \dots, u_n\right\}$ and $\left\{v_1, \dots, v_n\right\}$ be bases for $U$ and $V$, respectively. It follows that any vector $u \in U$ can be written as  $$ u = c_1u_1 + \cdots + c_nu_n $$  We define $\phi: U \to V$ as  $$ \phi(c_1u_1 + \cdots + c_nu_n) = c_1v_1 + \cdots + c_nv_n $$  Observe that $\phi$ is invertible. That is, given a vector  $$ v = d_1v_1 + \cdots + d_nv_n $$  in $V$, we define $\phi^{-1}: V \to U$ as  $$ \phi^{-1}(d_1v_1 + \cdots + d_nv_n) = d_1u_1 + \cdots + d_nu_n $$  Since there exists a bijection between $U$ and $V$, they are isomorphic. cron.hourly sendmail errors even though my scripts do not involve sending mail How can I get a reference to a method? Is it possible in Ruby to get a reference to methods of an object ( I would like to know if this can be done without procs/lambdas ) , for example , consider the following code :   class X   def initialize     @map = {}     setup_map   end    private   def setup_map     # @map["a"] = get reference to a method     # @map["b"] = get reference to b method     # @map["c"] = get referebce to c method   end    public   def call(a)     @map["a"](a) if a > 10     @map["b"](a) if a > 20     @map["c"](a) if a > 30   end    def a(arg)      puts "a was called with #{arg}"   end    def b(arg)      puts "b was called with #{arg}"   end    def c(arg)     puts "c was called with #{arg}"   end end   Is it possible to do such thing ? I would like to avoid procs/lambdas because I want to be able to change the behaviour of A,B,C by subclassing . Show that every monotonic increasing and bounded sequence is Cauchy. A square matrix $n \times n$ is an invertible matrix iff the rank of the matrix is $n$.