Negative values for AIC in General Mixed Model I'm trying to select the best model by the AIC in the General Mixed Model test. The best model is the model with the lowest AIC, but all my AIC's are negative!   So is the biggest negative AIC the lowest value? Or is the smallest negative AIC the lowest value, because it's closer to 0?   For example is AIC -201,928 or AIC -237,847 the lowest value and thus the best model?
Negative values for AICc (corrected Akaike Information Criterion) I have calculated AIC and AICc to compare two general linear mixed models; The AICs are positive with model 1 having a lower AIC than model 2.  However, the values for AICc are both negative (model 1 is still &lt; model 2).  Is it valid to use and compare negative AICc values?
Installing Ubuntu from a partition on internal drive I am about to install Ubuntu on my new laptop, but I don't have access to a USB drive of any sort and it doesn't have an optical drive. Would it be possible to boot into the Ubuntu installer if I save it to a new partition on my hard drive and boot from there via the BIOS?  In case you need it, , which lists my system specifications.  Thanks in advance for any assistance you may be able to provide. :) ${!FOO} and zsh ${!FOO} performs a double substitution in bash, meaning it takes the (string) value of FOO and uses it as a variable name. zsh doesn’t support this feature.  Is there a way to make this work the same in bash and zsh?  Background:  I’ve got a list of environment variables, like  PATH MAIL EDITOR   and want to first print the variable names and afterwards their values.  This works in bash but not zsh:    for VAR in LIST do         echo $VAR         echo ${!VAR} done   It should be somehow possible “the old way” with eval, but I can’t get it to work:  for VAR in LIST do         echo $VAR         echo `eval \$$VAR` done   I’m never going to understand why I can’t simply do arbitrary deep substitutions like ${${VAR}} or even ${${${VAR}}} if need be, so an explanation for that would be nice, too. Problem with babel and tikz using \draw I'm trying the next code:  \documentclass[pdftex,spanish]{article} \usepackage{babel} \usepackage{tikz}  \begin{document}  Simple arrow:   \begin{tikzpicture}     \draw[-&gt;] (-1.5,0) -- (1.5,0); \end{tikzpicture}  \end{document}   but it doesn't work. It throws the errors:    ! Argument of \language@active@arg&gt; has an extra }. ! Paragraph ended before \language@active@arg&gt; was complete.&lt;to be read again&gt;\par \draw[-&gt;]   What can I do if it works right without the babel package? How can I find the XY coordinates of an HTML element (DIV) from JavaScript if they were not explicitly set? I know that there is a simple way to shutdown the computer in command prompt, but is it possible to do system updates and then shutdown the computer in command prompt?   For example, when Vista needs to install updates, it will let me install them and shut down by clicking the Shut Down button (while relegating the normal shut down button into the menu). So is there a command to do this in command prompt? Can you create an illusion of empty space? I've been thinking of various ways for a crafty Illusionist/Rogue to 'hide in plain sight' by essentially creating the cover that they want to hide behind.  Ideas include things like:   Create a wall that is 2.5ft closer than it really is and hide in said space Create some innocuous barrier or container and hide within it Create a 'sheet' that essentially has what an empty room looks like 'painted' on it, so someone walking past an open door would see an empty room.   From different discussions I've had, these all should work, but the one lingering one I have is, what if my illusion is simply 'empty space'?  If I were to create an illusion of empty space and then place myself in it, would I be essentially invisible?  What if I created an illusion that was partially-empty space, like a 5x5 cube of swiss cheese? Would it seem like there was a swiss cheese cube formed around my person or could my 'fake-empty-space-image' fill the holes?  Would my 'empty space' illusion simply need to work like the aforementioned 'sheet of what I expect you to see' in order to function (and thus most likely only work from limited viewing angles)? I'm using BibLaTeX to handle my bibliography and I want a reference to be placed in a footnote on every page where I cite the same work and have the same number. Also I want to be able to cite the same work on one page several times. The latter could be done by using  from the Joseph Wright's blog. However, it puts a reference in a footnote only once. If $\lim_{x \to +\infty} f'(x) = L$, then $\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac {f(x)}{x} = L$ I'm trying to solve this question:     Let $f:[0,+\infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ be derivable and $\lim_{x \to +\infty} f'(x) = L$, then $\lim_{x\to \infty}\frac {f(x)}{x}=L$.   I'm trying to solve this question using l'Hôpital rule, but I couldn't use it, because I don't know if $\lim_{x\to +\infty} f(x)=+\infty$.  I need help.  Thanks a lot. Why can't I buy the Windhelm house (Hjerim)? I've finished the Stormcloak storyline, and now cannot become a Thane of Windhelm without buying Hjerim. The Steward keeps saying something has happened and he can't sell it right now.  What the heck am I missing? I've been doing every random little quest from people in town I can find, hoping to unlock the house. I'm well over the 5/5 requirement of helping people.  Any ideas? I have a material assigned to a few test objects with an image sequence as a texture. If I view the scene in render preview, and scrub the timeline, (or render a sequence,) the texture behaves as expected.  However, with the viewport set to 'texture' or 'material' I only see the first frame of the sequence, wherever I am on the timeline. 'Auto Refresh' is set in the cycles texture node. Is this the expected behaviour? Why are z-values replaced with zero after in_memory use in Python? We have a view for a type of node that includes a Private File.  We cannot see a way to add an exposed filter, such as "Contains any word", and have it filter based on the file's name.  Are we missing something obvious? How to create a .deb file with dependency? I have a game made with the LÖVE framework and I want to package it into a .deb file so it can be easily installed by others and be easily findable through the Unity dash for example.   I also have the LÖVE framework love_0.7.2.deb which I want to be in the deb file also somehow.  Files that I have:  game_icon.png game .desktop the_game.love love_0.7.2.deb   Could someone explain to me how to do this? sed substitution with Bash variables Kernels and reduced row echelon form - explanation The following text is written in my textbook and I don't really understand it:     If $A = (a_{ij}) \in$ Mat$(m x N, F)$ is a matrix in reduced row echelon form with $r$ nonzero rows and pivots in the columns numbered $j_1 &lt; ... &lt; j_r$, then the kernel ker$(A)$ is generated by the $n-r$ elements $ w_k = e_k - \sum\limits_{1 \le i \le r, j_i \le k} a_{ik}e_{j_i}$ for $k \in {1, \cdots , n} \ {j_1, \cdots, j_r}$, where $e_1, \cdots, e_n$ are the standard generators of $F^n$.    There are no computational examples and the notation is a bit overwhelming so I don't know how I can use it. Can somebody give an example of this in practice? If $S$ is a nonempty subset of group $G$, then $S^{|G|}$ is a subgroup of $G$. Let $G$ be a group with $|G| = n$ and let $ \emptyset \ne S \subseteq G$.   I want to show that $S^n$ is a subgroup of $G$ where by $S^n$ I mean the set $\lbrace s_1\cdots s_n \; | \; s_i \in S\rbrace$. What are recommended, general strategies to start block-cipher design and/or analysis? I (and many others for that matter) have always been fascinated by the inner workings of the modern building block of cryptography: block ciphers.  Now, the ressources on the "black art" of design and analysis of these ciphers are sparse; especially for the entry level. Available information like  seems to be somewhat outdated (due to its age).  What's the general consensus of the “best” (read: recommended) strategy to start designing and/or analyzing modern cryptographical block ciphers?    Nota bene: Think of this as a general, wiki-alike question – for learning purposes only. (Besides that, this Q&amp;A would represent a place we can point people to when alike algorithm design questions arise.) I've been going through  and have a question on the inductive proof for the . Recurrent relation:  $J(1) = 1$ $J(2n) = 2J(n) - 1$ $J(2n+1) = 2J(n) + 1$  Closed form hypothesis:  $J(2^m + l) = 2l + 1$, for $m \ge 0$ and $0\le l&lt;2^m$  Inductive Proof (for the even case):  $J(1)=1$ $J(2^m+l)= 2J(2^{m-1}+l/2)-1=2(2l/2+1)-1=2l+1$  How do the authors get from $2J(2^{m-1}+l/2)-1$ to $2(2l/2+1)-1$? Why is this markdown for a link not showing properly? The Stack Exchange (Personal Productivity) markdown  is showing literally rather than as a named link. Don't know why. How do I use sudo to redirect output to a location I don't have permission to write to? I've been given sudo access on one of our development RedHat linux boxes, and I seem to find myself quite often needing to redirect output to a location I don't normally have write access to.  The trouble is, this contrived example doesn't work:  sudo ls -hal /root/ &gt; /root/test.out   I just receive the response:  -bash: /root/test.out: Permission denied   How can I get this to work?