Normality test with p-value equal to zero I have an array dataset of about 650.000 points. I want to test if the dataset follow a normal distribution or any other distribution. The first thing I did was to split the data in groups, find the frequency of each one and then create a simple chart. Here is the result:  LogY axis:   Normal axis:   Then, I tried to apply a statistic package in Python for Hypothesis null.  The first one:  with result (26576.286833062259, 0.0)  The second one:  with result (1.0, 0.0)  Both of them have p-value equal to zero which means that the data doesn't follow a normal distribution. Do you think that that this is valid or am I doing something wrong?  I tried it also with all the different distributions from this  and here is the results:  anglit (1.0, 0.0) arcsine (1.0, 0.0) cauchy (0.97256179317853242, 0.0) cosine (1.0, 0.0) expon (0.99998329829920973, 0.0) gilbrat (0.99251782771674257, 0.0) gumbel_r (0.99998329843868239, 0.0) gumbel_l (1.0, 0.0) halfcauchy (0.94812454120633505, 0.0) halflogistic (0.99996659715630376, 0.0) halfnorm (1.0, 0.0) hypsecant (0.9999893673670458, 0.0) kstwobign (1.0, 0.0) laplace (0.99999164914960492, 0.0) logistic (0.99998329857815205, 0.0) maxwell (1.0, 0.0) norm (1.0, 0.0) rayleigh (1.0, 0.0) semicircular (1.0, 0.0) uniform (1.0, 0.0) wald (0.99981187008374384, 0.0)
Is normality testing 'essentially useless'? A former colleague once argued to me as follows:      We usually apply normality tests to the results of processes that,   under the null, generate random variables that are only   asymptotically or nearly normal (with the 'asymptotically' part dependent on some quantity which we cannot make large); In the era of   cheap memory, big data, and fast processors, normality tests should   always reject the null of normal distribution for large (though not insanely large) samples. And so, perversely, normality tests should   only be used for small samples, when they presumably have lower power   and less control over type I rate.   Is this a valid argument? Is this a well-known argument? Are there well known tests for a 'fuzzier' null hypothesis than normality?
Which countries require a 24-hour transit visa in China? I'm transiting through China in Kunming, China.  I'm a South African national and do NOT fall under the 72-hour visa free program. However on [their official (travelchina) website][1] it says:     Nationals of most countries are eligible for the 24-hour direct   transit, while a visa is needed for the passengers transiting on   Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia,   Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey,   United Arab Emirates and Yemen passports.   I'm sorry if I'm missing this, but the above is rather badly worded for me does "nationals of most countries" include ALL countries except those mentioned in the list shown?  Also again sorry if I'm missing this but again it is rather badly worded for me. I will fly via Thailand to China and then via China to Canada with an 8-hour layover in China. I see Thailand is mentioned on the list. I have a Thailand residency permit where I currently reside... Would that affect me at all?  Also, any idea if I can exit the airport in China and come back under the 24-hour visa exemption (should I be exempt)?  Many thanks. Why does append() always return None in Python? How can I take a site offline using Drush? Person, Persons, People, Peoples How many RSA keys before a collision? I was wondering how many possible private/public keys exist? If a million people – for whatever reason – would try to generate 5 keys each in the same minute (on the same date and time) is there a high chance of collision? I believe GUID would suffer from that problem as many bits are reversed for date/time (and GUID version) and isn't meant to be used in that way.  Would RSA suffer from collisions if many keys were to be generated in the same moment? Is the amount of possible keys known? I know RSA is based on prime numbers and small numbers are to be rejected. I’m sure values above a certain amount of digits/bits are rejected because software may not be able to support those large values?  So: How many RSA keys before a collision? And if you would try to make many at the same time, would that give you a high chance of collision? Can NDSolve handle discontinuous data? Faster Press and Hold Character Picker Does anyone know how to make the character picker appear more quickly?   I use it enough now in my German language studies that it has become second nature for the critical marks and much faster than using the alt+keypress shortcuts.   Only problem is that it's so second nature that sometimes it doesn't pop up quickly enough so I end up typing the character and the number shortcut sometimes (IE u2 instead of ü). Anyone know how to make it appear with less delay? Ideally, I'd love if I could just hold the character and press the number but it appears that OSX insists on waiting for the menu to pop up. Proving that orthogonal vectors are linearly independent I am trying to prove that $a_1$, $a_2$, $a_3$ are linearly independent.  I am asked to use vector product and prove that if $c_{1}a_{1} + c_{2}a_{2} + c_{3}a_{3} = 0$ then $c_1 = c_2 = c_3 = 0$  I am completely stuck on where to go with this problem. I would think that linearly independent then the null space of the space can only be equal to $0$. Would this prove it? How to change keyboard layout in Lubuntu 15.10? I have recently upgraded my PC from Lubuntu 14.10 to 15.10. Before the upgrade my keyboard layout matched my Danish keyboard. But after the upgrade I probably have a standard English/US layout.   Preferences/Language Support, doesn't let me configure the keyboard layout. Preferences/Keyboard and Mouse, only let me configure stroking delay and similar.    I don't know about iBus and fcitx, as far as the tooltip infomation tells me, its for more complex languages such as Chinese.  I don't have a US icon in the taskbar, no keyboard and/or language icon at all.  Things I have tried:   Running the following in a terminal works, but only until the next reboot:  setxkbmap -layout dk  I got the following parameter in the file /etc/default/keyboard:  XKBLAYOUT="dk"  Installing and running the app Lxkeymap changes the keyboard to Danish when I run it, but rebooting will change the layout back to US.   I don't want anything fancy, I just want to set my keyboard layout to Danish. How can I do that? Does the condition $\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}=1$ imply that $a_n$ convergent?  When I say convergent I mean to $L\in \mathbb{R}$ or to $\infty$ or to $-\infty$  I have a gut feeling this statement is false, just can't find a series which contradicts it.  Thanks a lot How to write a simple jQuery plugin C: pointer to struct in the struct definition Institute Name in @masterthesis Citations I need to cite master thesis and the lecture notes into a document. But the problem with @masterthesis and @unpublished citations is they don't print an institution name in the pdflatex output of bibliography.   `\documentclass{article}   \usepackage{filecontents}  \usepackage[ backend=biber, style=numeric, sortlocale=de_DE, natbib=true, url=true,  doi=true, eprint=false ]{biblatex} \addbibresource{bibliography.bib}  \begin{filecontents}{bibliography.bib} @masterthesis{bhgt, title={Bike Model}, author={Fris}, year={2016}, school={University A}, address={XXX} } @unpublished{Map, title = {Electrical Engineering Book}, author={Koch}, howpublished = {Lecture Notes}, Institution= {University B}, year = {2015} } } \end{filecontents}  \begin{document}  Citation Test:  \cite{bhgt} and \cite{Map} \printbibliography  \end{document}`   I get this bibliography output:         [1] Fris. Bike Model. XXX, 2016.   [2] Koch. “Electrical Engineering Book”. Lecture Notes. 2015.       Any suggestions, how we can also print an institute name? Hat duplicates when info is expanded It seems like there is a bug that is causing a duplicate hat to appear when I expand info, like pressing &quot;(more)&quot; on a suggested edit. This bug does not seem to be specific to the suggested edits review queue though, as others have reported seeing this bug in other places, like code snippet expansion. Steps to repro:  Put on a hat. Navigate to one of your own suggested edits. (You can just also open the Suggested Edits review queue and go to a random suggestion, but there is no guarantee any of those users will be wearing a hat.) Click the &quot;(more)&quot; button to expand the top box.  What should happen: Hat should shift down with the rest of the content. What happens: All the content shifts down, but a duplicate hat remains in the initial place. Before expansion:  After expansion with duplicate hat: I'm self-studying Guillemin and Pollack, but I'm stuck on Problem 3 of section 2. It says that if $V$ is a vector subspace of $\mathbb{R}^N$, then $T_x(V)=V$ if $x\in V$.  If $x\in V$, then since $V$ is a manifold, there is a local parametrization $\phi: U\to V$ where $U$ is open in $\mathbb{R}^k$. Without loss of generality, we can require $\phi(0)=x$. Then $T_x(V)$ is defined to be the image of $d\phi_0$ on $\mathbb{R}^k$.   An arbitrary element of $T_x(V)$ looks like $$ d\phi_0(v)=\lim_{t\to 0}\frac{\phi(0+tv)-\phi(0)}{t}=\lim_{t\to 0}\frac{\phi(tv)-x}{t} $$  but this doesn't seem very useful to show $T_x(V)=V$. What is the right approach? Is there a reason why the pin diagram of an RJ-45 looks like this?    I understand that the orange pair is used for Tx and the green pair for Rx. Why is it that the orange pair are kept together while the green pair are separated?  What are the consequences of messing around with this order as long as it is the same at both the ends? I don't know if this is a well-known fact, but I have observed that every number, no matter how large, that is equally divided by $9$, will equal $9$ if you add all the numbers it is made from until there is $1$ digit. A quick example of what I mean:  $9*99 = 891$ $8+9+1 = 18$ $1+8 = 9$  This works even with really long numbers like $4376331$ Why is that? This doesn't work with any other number. Similarly for $11$ and alternating digits sums. Which commands to convert a Ubuntu BIOS install to EFI/UEFI without boot-repair on single boot hardware? I am going to start a phd at the US with an F1 visa. University told me that I could enter the US only 30 days before the date on I-20. Since English is not my first language (and this would be a big change in my life) I would like to go there by June.  The thing is that I have an European passport with a valid ESTA. My plan would be to arrive with this passport, stay 4-6 weeks , go to Canada for a short vacation (maybe flight maybe by land) and come back to the USA with F1 visa.  I have two questions about this:  1) is this possible?   2) If yes, how could I justify knowing I will lose my come-back flight during my first entry? (I would purchase round trip because one-way are too expensive, probably with less than 90 days difference) My name includes space - How do I enter my username when typing command? My username in Minecraft is sun solar arrow. This name includes spaces. Situation - When I want to get OP privilege, a user who has OP privilege will enter: /op sun solar arrow  But my username includes spaces. So it shows an error message:  Invaild syntax  How do I enter my username?