How do you design UI automated tests to pick alternative steps randomly in a flow? Background: In cases(mainly in End to End UI tests), where a number of test paths(selection of alternative test steps) can be huge due to combinations however expected results are same and few. In those scenarios, I strongly feel the need to introduce an element of randomness to pick a test path as we are finding more and more issues manually while following a particular random path whereas the standard automated E2E test mostly passes following the primary flow.  Context:  In the end-to-end scenario consisting steps let's say [A-Z] where any of the steps may have alternative sub steps[a- g] can be run either on web/mobile app so if we vary any of the sub-steps in user journey, we are finding issues on some specific sub-steps selection but not in general.Also we cannot afford to run each unique combination of selection due to huge combinations either manually or by automation.  Problem statement: What is the standard/accepted common wisdom to design the randomness in alternative sub steps selection in end to end UI tests?  Edit: Adding more meaningful example  Example: An long user journey, consisting of multiple steps where each step independently can be done on either web or mobile app. And cases were found where doing some step in mobile doesn't reflect back in web app or vice versa.
Random test data: How to do it right? Several months ago I started an experiment in test automation. Each test, before it starts, picks up random test data. For instance, when my test requires a user with administration privileges, I draw a random account and then I from a group of admin users for this account I draw a random admin user.  The reason for using random test data was two-fold:    First, when we were using static, i.e., hard-coded test data, sometimes tests started to fail, because test data no longer existed in DB, e.g., a user has been removed from the database (we're having production dump in our test DB, so I guess the user has been deleted in production). When we started to find such users at runtime, the problem disappeared.  Second problem was that it was not really clear why certain test data were used for a certain test. We have inherited tests from the other team and couldn't understand their intentions behind, for instance, using user "xyz@awesome.com". By writing queries to find data, we started to explicitly state what type of test data we want, e.g., that we want a user with administration privileges.   While my approach solved both problems, it introduced also some new issues:   Tests occasionally fail, because they pick up wrong test data. This is because queries are sometimes incorrect. For instance, once a test drawn a random account that had no administrators at all. Good thing about that is that this way I keep learning new things about the system under tests, e.g., that there must be business reasons to have accounts without administrators. Test setup becomes more and more complex, as queries start to grow and thus tests seems now a bit more complex to understand.   I was also hoping to increase coverage and find more bugs by using random test data just like it is done in fuzz testing. Instead, I mostly found bugs in my test and learned how little I know about the system under test. Finally, ROI doesn't seem big. Before the change there was a cost of maintaining static test data (updating test data if they were outdates). Now I have to maintain complex queries when the test takes "wrong" test data and this tends to occur more often than outdating of static test data previously.  I wonder whether using random test data really makes sense and how to do it right?
Possible Duplicate:          So, in my calculus class (one I'm teaching, not taking), the sum $\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\sin(n)}{n}$ has come up a few times.  Unfortunately, as someone not exactly an expert in the convergence of sums, it seems to resist the few techniques I know.  Certain none of the usual first year calculus tricks (integral test, alternating series test, ratio test, etc.) work, and the only more tricky technique, partial summation, I can think of doesn't seem to work either (one would need that $\sum_{n=1}^N\sin(n)$ is bounded, which I believe is false).  It seems like it should converge, since it switches sign quite often, but on the other hand, the harmonic series can mess with your intuition, so I don't have much trust in that.  So, I ask to you:     Does this series converge? How to create & execute a script file Is there a way to create and execute a script file in Ubuntu 14.04?  Perhaps something like Windows batch files.  Specifically, I mean the default scripting language of the Ubuntu terminal (Bash).  How do you make a text file containing bash commands which will be run by the Ubuntu terminal from the top of the file to the bottom. I got a flat/puncture on my bike tube, how can I fix it myself without going to the nearest bike shop? What kind of equipment would I need? How to mitigate the Spectre and Meltdown vulnerabilities on Linux systems? Is there a benefit to using one over the other? In Python 2, they both seem to return the same results:  &gt;&gt;&gt; 6/3 2 &gt;&gt;&gt; 6//3 2 @future method: Unsupported parameter type How does comment voting and flagging work? Comments can now be upvoted and flagged. How do those features work? Do users get rep for their upvoted comments? Do upvoted comments have any effect on comment sorting? And can users see their own comment upvote number somewhere?  Related:  The  about comments What is a virtual terminal for? How can I really disable the Cmd to Win key mapping in Parallels Desktop 5? Removed it from System Preferences &gt; Keyboard. No go. Remapped ⌘ Cmd to be Ctrl. No go. Ripping out the ⌘ Cmd key shouldn't be the solution. Anyone?... How to make a declaration from a command? There are two forms of setting the type style: the declarative method e.g, \itshape and the command form, e.g, \textit. The command form takes an argument whereas the declarative form does not --- it just applies itself to whatever comes afterwards.  I would like to develop a declarative form, say \UppercaseIt, of the command form \MakeUppercase{&lt;text&gt;}. I have read, in source2e.pdf on CTAN the code for implementing \textit, \itshape and \MakeUppercase and can't claim that I understand any of them. I am after something like {\UppercaseIt some text} instead of \MakeUppercase{some text}.  I only have a code outline of what I'm after, since I don't know how to do it:  \documentclass{article}  \newcommand{\UppercaseIt}{%   %... magic }  \begin{document}  \MakeUppercase{some text}% Yields SOME TEXT  {\UppercaseIt some text}% Should yield SOME TEXT  \end{document} What do you recommend as an optimal point and orientation for mounting a rear-view mirror? I'm open to handlebar-, glasses-, or helmet-mounted.  Some of the considerations, as I understand it, are:   Ease of mounting. View provided. Vibration. Likelihood of breaking. Robustness for repeated off and on (for glasses-mounted).   I've got a hybrid bike with flat handlebars.  I'd also welcome specific product recommendations and recommendations about other aspects to look for in a mirror. What are Extension Methods? What are extension methods in .NET?    EDIT: I have posted a follow up question at How to avoid nested With[]? I am aware that the "Eye of Sauron" in Peter Jackson's movies was not Sauron's actual physical form.  What the answers at '' don't indicate is, despite this, what abilities of vision Sauron may have had.  Did he have the ability to see from afar? If so, what are his limitations or details of this power? Is it some kind of Elvish-sight like Legolas but stronger? Was it a magical power? Or perhaps with the help of the Palantir (I'm not sure of this last one because I dont remember if the Palantir could only see what other Palantíri were seeing or anything he wanted)? I have opened a new blender file and deleted the default cube, then imported an obj file . I did not see any thing so i selected it and i zoomed ,nothing appears.In the outliner i saw the object name ,But in the info panel i see that there isn't any verts/faces/edges.  When i opened the obj file in a text editor i found Mesh data in it. I tired this in all blender versions (2.78c/2.78.5/7.9). Can any one help how to view the mesh? Deleting files from Remote FTP-Server older than x days Basically, I want the header fonts to use a different (smaller) font size than the size I set using \documentclass. What should be the option I'd be using ?  \documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage[margin=1in, headsep=10pt]{geometry} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \pagestyle{fancy}  \fancyhead[L]{Personal Statement} % What other option should I use to get a custom font size ? I'm trying to understand the UMP of the product functor as right adjoint to the diagonal functor but I'm having difficulties understanding the notation in Steve Awodey's . On page 210 he uses $(f_1, f_2)$, $\langle f_1, f_2 \rangle$ and $(f_1 \times f_2)$ all within one paragraph. What are those? How are these defined and how do they differ? Can't find boot-repair package for the newest version of Ubuntu Oneboxing is a handy feature in chat for quickly previewing links, but the list of supported sites is very small, and occasionally boxes for sites such as Wikipedia can break and fetch any image/text.  Instead of having to request additional sites to be added to the onebox list (, , , , , and of course ), we could let the sites themselves handle the oneboxing with some &lt;meta&gt; tags, such as:  &lt;meta name="onebox-title" content="The Onebox Title"/&gt; &lt;meta name="onebox-image" content="/image.png"/&gt; &lt;meta name="onebox-summary" content="This is the summary for a site's onebox"/&gt;   Then when a link is placed on its own in chat, the oneboxing spider would look for these tags and, if they are found, show the appropriate data.  Support for these tags would certainly be bad (for lack of any real better term) at first, though most users of SO chat could easily add it to their personal / company's sites (should they be in such a position) and writing friendly suggestions to other sites to implement them isn't exactly a gargantuan effort.  This would also present an opportunity for currently oneboxed sites to set in stone what should be shown, such as each Wikipedia article setting the main image to be oneboxed instead of SO's spider picking one willy-nilly.  Finally, sites implementing these tags would lay the foundation for other sites and services to develop similar features to the onebox, without having to write per-site scrapers.