Given a set of observable facts, let's suppose that there are multiple hypotheses compatible with those facts that can explain them. Is there any way to tell which one of these hypotheses is ultimately true? Or are we doomed to use &quot;rules of thumb&quot; and heuristics to &quot;rank&quot; the hypotheses in an attempt to handle the uncertainty?
While studying I read about the principle of underdetermination of scientific theories. I made some researches online but I am more confused than before. I read about the Quine-Duhem holistic thesis, but I do not know if is the same as underdetermination.
Rounding to nearest 100 First number needs to be rounded to nearest second number. There are many ways of doing this, but whats the best and shortest algorithm? Anyone up for a challenge :-)   1244->1200  1254->1300 123->100 178->200 1576->1600 1449->1400 123456->123500 654321->654300 23->00 83->100 Short story collection about Transporter "Doors" I'm looking for a short story collection about different uses/inventions of transporter doors. I think it was just a single author collection, that I read in the early 2000s.  In each story these Transporter Doors exist, I seem to remember them being described as blank grey sheets. You step through them and come out somewhere else. The forward to the book talked about early Rocket stories where the launch of a spaceship would be the end of the tale.  Plots of the individual stories:  Two men one of whom's home is inside an asteroid are discussing the use of Base12 in their society and if it is because they have 12 fingers, one says that "people" used to use base10. The implication is that a different species arrived through the doors and replaced humans.  A man puts the code for his home into a door and is instead transported to prison where he's accused of murdering his wife, which he strongly denies.   Two scientists and a pilot take a probe ship deep into Jupiter's atmosphere, the will return to base via a door that they need to construct while they are down there. The scientists dislike each other and don't work well together. When they finish the door, the hamsters seem woosy out the other side, but the scientists insist it is ready. The pilot says he will go first as he can't fix it if it's wrong. When he arrives on the far side he's mentally damaged and the scientists have to get along without him acting as a buffer while the try to save themselves. How to generate XML file dynamically using PHP? I have to generate a xml file dynamically at runtime. Please help me in generating the below XML file dynamically using PHP.  &lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?&gt; &lt;xml&gt;  &lt;track&gt;      &lt;path&gt;song1.mp3&lt;/path&gt;      &lt;title&gt;Track 1 - Track Title&lt;/title&gt;  &lt;/track&gt;  &lt;track&gt;      &lt;path&gt;song2.mp3&lt;/path&gt;      &lt;title&gt;Track 2 - Track Title&lt;/title&gt;  &lt;/track&gt;  &lt;track&gt;      &lt;path&gt;song3.mp3&lt;/path&gt;      &lt;title&gt;Track 3 - Track Title&lt;/title&gt;  &lt;/track&gt;  &lt;track&gt;      &lt;path&gt;song4.mp3&lt;/path&gt;      &lt;title&gt;Track 4 - Track Title&lt;/title&gt;  &lt;/track&gt;  &lt;track&gt;      &lt;path&gt;song5.mp3&lt;/path&gt;      &lt;title&gt;Track 5 - Track Title&lt;/title&gt;  &lt;/track&gt;  &lt;track&gt;      &lt;path&gt;song6.mp3&lt;/path&gt;      &lt;title&gt;Track 6 - Track Title&lt;/title&gt;  &lt;/track&gt;  &lt;track&gt;      &lt;path&gt;song7.mp3&lt;/path&gt;      &lt;title&gt;Track 7 - Track Title&lt;/title&gt;  &lt;/track&gt;  &lt;track&gt;      &lt;path&gt;song8.mp3&lt;/path&gt;      &lt;title&gt;Track 8 - Track Title&lt;/title&gt;  &lt;/track&gt; I have a 1TB FAILING hard drive, a brand new 1 TB hard drive, a bootable ubuntu usb, and a working computer.  All I need is a step by step process of how to safely clone as much data as possible from one to the other. NOTE: THE DRIVE IS FAILING.  I know I need to enable multiverse and then install and use ddrescue to complete the task. But everywhere I look online, I can't get a straight path to the task. I know that this can be all done within the terminal and that's what I seek.  How can I do this? Is there a standard function in C that would return the length of an array? How does AdamW weight_decay works for L2 regularization? hello I have a question about weight regularization in Adam apparently the weight_decay in the AdamW function  has the same impact as an L2 regularization my questions are: is that parameter the same as lambda that we have in the regularization term?  how does it exactly work? and what is its impact on the model complexity? Captchas not displaying in SO for me When I get a captcha on Stack Overflow, I don't see the image or the input box with Firefox. I originally had the "HTTPS Anywhere" extension installed but still have the same issue when it's disabled (This caused issues previously when Google's SSL certs were expired for an old domain IIRC).  The requests to Google seem to be never-ending; browsing to the URLs that are still loading results in some pages of JavaScript, but no errors as you'd hope.  The screenshot was taken after the page had been open for more than 3 minutes, and I'm not sure why the GETs are still running. The request popup visible in Firebug is for "GET challenge?k=...."  When browsing to the same captcha page in IE, there are no issues.  I'm aware this could be an issue with my Firefox configuration, as opposed to the site, but would appreciate it if someone could verify if it's just me, and suggest a fix.  EDIT   While visiting the Recaptcha site, I can see a Captcha with no problems If I right-click the problem URLs in FF and Open in new tab, the pages load fine. From the fact that FB omits IP Addresses for the problem ones, I assume that it's not even opening a connection (nor perhaps performing a DNS lookup) Other sites that use Recaptcha seem to work fine (I picked 3 at random from Google) How can I play mp3 files or videos? I want to set a from address in a salesforce SingleEmailMessage, but can't see a way to do this and there is no standard method described in the documentation.   I want the email to be sent from doNotReply@blahblah.com, however, the email address of the user editing the record (which triggers the email send) is used as from address.  I'm using the following code:  mail.setReplyTo(fromaddress); mail.setSenderDisplayName(fromaddress);   But my code only changes the display name, not the email address.  Full code:   public static void sendSingleMail(id objId, ID templateId, string fromaddress) {      Messaging.SingleEmailMessage mail = new Messaging.SingleEmailMessage();     mail.setReplyTo(fromaddress);     mail.setTemplateId(templateId);     mail.setTargetObjectId(objId);     mail.saveAsActivity = false;     mail.setReplyTo(fromaddress);     mail.setSenderDisplayName(fromaddress);      ErrLogger.logger('Email being sent to :');     ErrLogger.logger('objId found:  ' + objId);     ErrLogger.logger('templateId found:  ' + templateId);     ErrLogger.logger('fromaddress found:  ' + fromaddress);      Messaging.sendEmail(new Messaging.SingleEmailmessage[] {mail}); } I've recently bought a new Android smartphone. After setting it up and loading my contacts onto it I thought that would be it.  Now after some days, every time I unlock the phone it takes a few seconds before it opens the default browser and opens some spam website. I tried to see what was causing it. I removed any apps I didn't know I could trust, but the problem persisted. After trying to solve it for some time I gave up and reset the phone to factory default. Now after having it reset to the default it ran without issues for roughly a week before the problem reappeared.    I tried to uninstall some apps in order to see if they were to cause of it, but nothing changed after doing so. However I did notice that if I turn off the wifi it won't even try to open the browser (I haven't tried mobile data since I don't have a bundle). This makes me feel like it might be related to something on the network but that wouldn't explain why only that phone would have the issue when there are at least 6 android phones on that very same network.  I hope that there is someone who can help me find the cause of this issue and help me solve it.  TL;DR When unlocking my phone, it opens the browser and tries to open a spam website. But only does so while connected to the wifi.  Things I've tried so far:   Factory reset (only helped for a limited time) Clearing the browser cache and all related data  Removing any app I don't know to be reliable Attempting to find what triggers it (seems like some type of internet connection is required??)   The device is the Doogee Shoot 1. As for the browser, the default is set to be the Android browser, but if I change the default it would use Chrome just as well. It seems to really just use the browser that is set to default. Before I start, YES, I have done my own research - I know how annoying a repeat question is. Yet each answer is so specific to others...  When I tried the beta 2.8 64 bit, it says "Blender requires a driver with at least OpenGL 3.3 support. The program will now close."    The question: I know that it is true that 2.8 requires OpenGL 3.3. But does my PC not have it, doesn't support it, or do I have it and blender won't detect it? I'm not sure what info to include or what to look for, so here's my PC's specs:  Windows 10 (64 bit) Core -        Intel Core i5-2400 CPU @ 3.10GHz RAM -         8GB (7.89GB usable) System type - 64-bit Operating System, x64-based processor  Thanks!  EDIT: Graphics properties: Regarding field-level security, does Lightning Process Builder run as system-level permissions or user?  That is:   Can I trigger an update to a field that the current user cannot edit? Can I filter based on a field the current user cannot read? I have shown that a smooth solution of the problem $u_t+uu_x=0$ with $u(x,0)=\cos{(\pi x)}$ must satisfy the equation $u=\cos{[\pi (x-ut)]}$. Now I want to show that $u$ ceases to exist (as a single-valued continuous function) when $t=\frac{1}{\pi}$.  When $t=\frac{1}{\pi}$, then we get that $u=\cos{(\pi x-u)}$.  With single-valued function is it meant that the function is 1-1 ?  If so, then we have that $\cos{(2 \pi-u)}=\cos{(4 \pi -u)}$, i.e. for two different values of $x$, we get the same $u$, and so for $t=\frac{1}{\pi}$, $u$ is not 1-1.  But if this is meant, how are we sure that for $t \neq \frac{1}{\pi}$ the function is single-valued? Do I need a UK visa? How and where to apply? I live in Germany since May 2013 as a spouse of German citizen. In Nov 2015 we divorced and I have German residence permit till Jan 2018. We have a son in this marriage and legally I have the right to live in Germany indefinitely. I would like to visit my brother and sister who are British citizens living in UK. What is the visa procedure for me to travel to UK for a week.  Do I need a visa to enter UK ? In "The Matrix Revolutions" How Does Neo Stop the Machine Weapons in the Real World? What does the explicit keyword mean in C++? Capturing SOAP requests to an ASP.NET ASMX web service Making overview with linked detailed maps in QGIS? i want to create 4-5 detailed maps, and then an overview map that has rectangles that markes the locations of the detailed maps. Best case would be if the rectangles were links to the detailed map.   I have managed to make the overview and the rectangles, and think I know how to make the detailed maps one by one. The rectangles are drawn manually on the overview map. All layers that I plan on using are in the same QGIS project.  The final product that I hope to create would be the overview map on the first page, followed by the detailed maps. The overview would have links to the detailed maps, click on the rectangles to open the right detailed map.  Is there a way to link the detailed maps to the overview in QGIS 2.8 print composer?  I'm still not sure if I'm doing something wrong, when I try to create the overview. I want it to show the extents of all of my detailed maps.   Is this possible? Why do statisticians say a non-significant result means "you can't reject the null" as opposed to accepting the null hypothesis? Traditional statistical tests, like the two sample t-test, focus on trying to eliminate the hypothesis that there is no difference between a function of two independent samples. Then, we choose a confidence level and say that if the difference of means is beyond the 95% level, we can reject the null hypothesis. If not, we "can't reject the null hypothesis". This seems to imply that we can't accept it either. Does it mean we're not sure if the null hypothesis is true?   Now, I want to design a test where my hypothesis is that a function of two samples is the same (which is the opposite of traditional statistics tests where the hypothesis is that the two samples are different). So, my null hypothesis becomes that the two samples are different. How should I design such a test? Will it be as simple as saying that if the p-value is lesser than 5% we can accept the hypothesis that there is no significant difference? Is there a way to check the size of the video memory? Specifically, is there one that works accurately for both integrated GPU's as well as PCI/AGP graphics cards?  Many integrated GPU's have dynamically allocated memory, so the solution would hopefully return either the maximum available video memory or the currently allocated amount. For stand-alone NVidia or ATI cards it would obviously return the total amount of physical GPU RAM.  lspci -v does output memory figures, but I do not believe it is the video memory. I suspect the figure reported is some system memory allocation or block or channel size, but I don't know for sure. You can see in these  that lspci was wrong in 5 of the 6 tests:  ** ASUS EN210 PCIe - 1024 Mb ***   01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation GT218 [GeForce 210] (rev a2)         Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Device 8354         Memory at e3000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16M]         Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]         Memory at e0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=32M]  *** Galaxy 8400GS PCIe - 512 Mb ***   01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation G98 [GeForce 8400 GS] (rev a1)     Subsystem: nVidia Corporation Device 05cc     Region 0: Memory at e4000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16M]     Region 1: Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]     Region 3: Memory at e2000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=32M]  *** VirtualBox VM - 10 Mb (headless server) ***   00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter         Memory at e0000000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=16M]  *** VirtualBox VM - 128 Mb ***   00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter (prog-if 00 [VGA Controller])         Memory at e0000000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=128M]  *** S3 Savage 4 AGP - unknown Mb (old lspci log), but I don't think they made these cards with 128Mb memory! ***   00:01.0 VGA compatible controller: S3 Inc. Savage 4 (rev 06) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])     Subsystem: IBM Unknown device 01c5     Region 0: Memory at feb80000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=512K]     Region 1: Memory at f0000000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=128M]  *** NVIDIA Quadro FX 1800 integrated - 1024 Mb ***   01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation GT215 [Quadro FX 1800M] (rev a2) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])     Subsystem: Dell Device 040c     Memory at e2000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16M]     Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]     Memory at e0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=32M]