How can I install a Beta version as an upgrade to an existing OS. I would prefer not to wipe out what is on the drive.
How do I upgrade to the unreleased version of Ubuntu for testing?
How to make hair material different from the plane itself? In Cycles Render, I added hair to a plane (as I was making a grass field) and I don't seem to know how to make the actual flat plane's material different from the hairs themselves, because I'd like to make the plane have an image texture and the hairs have a yellow-like color to them, but of course, if I attempt to make the material yellow-ish, the plane AND the hairs will become yellow. I'm done with the plane, I just want to control the hairs' materials. How to SEO a Single-Page website I am creating a new website for a client, and I think a single page website / layout will be pretty neat. There is not that much detailed content, it is a company that imports a lot of products from different companies. So it will be a bit of a showcase of the different types of products / equipment you can order. Of the whole catalog only maybe 10 products are actually shown.  Now I have the basic structure with sections and links like:      #home / #products / #equipment / #services / #contact.    Now from what I understand is that Google does not index links containing #, so there will be no problem of duplicate content, everything will be indexed as the frontpage.  Now what I want to optimize is searching. This company is agent of some product in the country, meaning only they have the permission to import and sell that product. This means  that when somebody searches for product x, this website pops up as the first hit.  Now can I make it that they will be automatically brought to the #products part of the website directly from google.  I was thinking of something like having google index the different sections as different pages. Is something like that possible? $$f(x,y) = \begin{cases} 2 &amp; 0&lt; x&lt; y&lt;1  \\     0 &amp;\text{otherwise} \end{cases} $$  I need to find   the density function of $y$ and conditional pdf of $X$ given $Y$.   My answer is coming out to be   $2y$ $\frac1y$ Listings: text highlighting based on prefix How can I apply different styles to keywords depending on their prefix?  Here is some sample code:  (-2,0,0) (2,1,1) op-registerbox !box1 ;box1 /Blue op-setproperties   I'd like to typeset   words starting with ! and ; in color red, words starting with / in color green, words starting with cp- in bold.   So far, this is what I've got:  \lstdefinelanguage{XX} { basicstyle=\small\sffamily\fontseries{c}, emphstyle=\underbar, keywordsprefix=[2]{/}, alsoletter={/}, keywordstyle=\textbf, keywordstyle=[2]\color{green}, morekeywords={op,registerbox, ...}, morestring=[b][\color{green}]", columns=flexible, escapechar=\%, numbersep=6pt, numberstyle=\scriptsize }   I'm aware that only one keywordsprefix can be defined at the moment: specifying more than one class of prefix (keywordsprefix=[2]{/}) is currently not supported. I'd like to avoid having to list all the words that match my description into morekeywords. Is that possible? How? What happened to this user's rep, badges, and name? This user is only displaying 56 rep.   But surely (s)he has much more than that.        The user has also never given out any bounties.  Also, badges are missing: Alternate moves, first one to roll a 6 wins: what's the probability of winning? Am I on the right track to proving this statement about composite function? A special bijection between $\mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}$ and $\mathbb{R}$ How can I automatically center an image? I use:  \documentclss{mwrep} ... \begin{figure}   \includegraphics{a.jpg} \caption[Long caption]{Caption} \label{pic-a} \end{figure}   How can I make images to be always visible on the center of page? (To be more specific: the center of the image should be between the left and right margin - I use different left and right margins). I don't want to put anything after every \begin{figure} in my document.  Important: I don't want to waste an entire page on a single image at the very center of the page. I want only horizontal alignment. (left &lt;-> right) Casting of objects to dynamic types at runtime I would like to say something like     The boy, Adam's, favorite toy was a bike.   What is the proper way to say this? Beamer keeping line position constant on itemize I want to have a slide in beamer with itemize exposing new line on each click while at the bottom part of the slide there are some equations. This is my attempt  \begin{frame}   \begin{overprint}{\textwidth}     \leavevmode     \begin{itemize}[&lt;+-&gt;]     \item &lt;1-&gt; Poisson Boltzman equation (PB)     \item &lt;2-&gt; Debye-H\"uckle equation  (DH)     \item &lt;3-&gt; The naive approach - applying (DH) equation to PE     \end{itemize}   \end{overprint}   \begin{tikzpicture}     \node at (0,0) {};         \node&lt;1,2&gt; [text width = 20cm]at (10.5,-1) {$ \nabla^2 \phi =\sum_i \frac{n_i q_i\text{e}^{-q_i \phi/kT}}{4 \pi \epsilon}$};         \node &lt;2&gt; [text width = 20cm]at (10.5,-2) {$q_i \phi/kT \ll 1 \Rightarrow \nabla^2 \phi \simeq \kappa^2 \phi$};         \node &lt;2&gt; [text width = 20cm, font=\footnotesize]at (10.5,-2.5) {$\kappa^2 = \lambda^{-1/2} =  \sum_i \frac{n_i q_i}{4 \pi \epsilon}$};         \node &lt;3&gt; [text width = 20cm] at(10.5,-1) {$\frac{F_{el}}{VkT} = - \left ( \frac{ 4 \pi e^2}{\epsilon kT}     \sum_{i=1} n_i z_i^2 \right )^{3/2} \left ( 12 \pi \right )^{-1}$};   \end{tikzpicture} \end{frame}   However, the itemized line jump up and down between slides. I've tried to use itemize without any environment surrounding it. I've also tried to use overlayarea instead of overprint. How can I keep the line position constant?  I've uploaded a gif animation to display this. On my machine it run really fast and I can't fix this. Hope the problem is understood.   When I run this, I get I've designed for a campaign a duo of rogues. My character is as , and his follower is a Knife Mistress. Couple of question about them. Our party is about to ambush several . My Sniper will hide near their camp, and shoot the weakest one when fight begins. His follower will then rush the troll and slice him in several pieces. My Sniper has the Bleeding attack feat:  Bleeding Attack (Ex) Benefit: A rogue with this ability can cause living opponents to  by hitting them with a sneak attack. This attack causes the target to take 1 additional point of damage each round for each die of the rogue's sneak attack (e.g., 4d6 equals 4 points of bleed). Bleeding creatures take that amount of damage every round at the start of each of their turns. The bleeding can be stopped by a DC 15 Heal check or the application of any effect that heals hit point damage.  Emphasis mine. Thus, a normal enemy would bleed every turn, until he get cleaned of the bleeding effect. However, troll have a special ability, which is  5 (acid/fire)  Regeneration (Ex) A creature with this ability is difficult to kill. Creatures with regeneration heal damage at a fixed rate, as with , but they cannot die as long as their regeneration is still functioning (although creatures with regeneration still fall unconscious when their hit points are below 0). Certain attack forms, typically fire and acid, cause a creature’s regeneration to stop functioning on the round following the attack. During this round, the creature does not heal any damage and can die normally. The creature's descriptive text describes the types of damage that cause the regeneration to cease functioning.  So, the troll will automatically get rid of the bleeding effect during his first turn. My question is: Does the bleeding effect apply before the regeneration, or get neglected, because the troll will heal during his turn? Am I right to assume that, Bleeding attack effect getting triggered at the beginning of the troll turn, it will deal him the damages before the wounds heals? On the Goblet of Fire Barty Crouch exactly got Mad-Eye's voice when he transformed into him, but on the Deathly Hallows, they were all able to have their own voices instead of Harry's. Why is the effect of the polyjuice potion inconsistent? QCompleter Custom Completion Rules The  lists various combinatorial objects that are described by them. I posit that there might be bijections between these various combinatorial objects. For some of them (like Dyck paths, correctly matched parentheses and paths from the bottom left to top right of a $2n \times 2n$ grid) they are quite obvious.   I was then trying to find a bijection between the number of Dyck words and the number of ways of associating $n$ applications of a binary operator to $n+1$ items (third one on the list). I attempted to do this for a simple case ($n=3$ which is the example provided in the Wikipedia article). However, couldn't find one after multiple hours. Is it reasonable to expect such a bijection will exist? If so, how do we go about finding it?    EDIT: In addition to the very nice answer by @Marc, the following page also helped me see the bijection:   "Let $P$ be the Dyck path and $f(P)$ be the binary tree. If you go up in the Dyck path, create a left child. Otherwise, go up one vertex until creating a new right child is possible and create one."    Here is one of my attempts:   Number of Dyck words with length $2 \times 3$ is $\frac{6 \choose 3}{4} = 5$. They are:  hhhttt; hhthtt; hhttht; hthhtt; hththt  And the number of applications of a binary operator among $3+1=4$ factors is:  ((ab)c)d;     (a(bc))d;     (ab)(cd);     a((bc)d);     a(b(cd))  Both combinatorial objects have been arranged in a way that there is some kind of ordering between them. For the Dyck words for example, if h equals +1 and t equals -1, then the order is lexicographical from the left to the right of the cumulative score along the sequence.   Now, the first and last characters of the Dyck words are always h and t respectively. So, we can ignore them. We are left with:  hhtt; htht; htth; thht; thth  I tried to start from the left of the sequence abcd and if I see 'h', merge the character with the one to its right. This approach didn't produce a valid mapping from the third Dyck word to the third binary operator precedence order. X,Y are independent exponentially distributed then what is the distribution of X/(X+Y) Been crushing my head with this exercise. I know how to get the distribution of a ratio of exponential variables and of the sum of them, but i can't piece everything together.  The exercise goes as this:  If X,Y are independent exponentially distributed with beta = 1 (parameter of the exponential distribution = 1) then what is the distribution of X/(X+Y)  Any ideas?  Thanks a lot. How to find out if a file exists in C# / .NET? I would like to test a string containing a path to a file for existence of that file (something like the -e test in Perl or the os.path.exists() in Python) in C#. how to count dates entries monthwise from a resultset Why does minimizing the MAE lead to forecasting the median and not the mean? From the , specifically :     A forecast method that minimizes the MAE will lead to forecasts of the   median, while minimizing the RMSE will lead to forecasts of the mean   Can someone give an intuitive explanation of why minimizing the MAE leads to the forecasting the median and not the mean? And what does this means in practice?  I have asked a customer: "what is more important for you to make mean forecasts more accurate or to avoid very inaccurate forecasts?". He said that to made mean forecasts more accurate have higher priority. So, in this case, should I use MAE or RMSE? Before I read this citation I believed that MAE will be better for such condition. And now I doubt.