I use Stata to perform a Kruskal-Wallis test on four groups of data (not normally distributed), and the results are shown below:  Kruskal-Wallis equality-of-populations rank test    +------------------------+   | group | Obs | Rank Sum |   |----------+-----+-------|   |     1 |   7 |   136.00 |   |     2 |   7 |    64.50 |   |     3 |   7 |   134.00 |   |     4 |   7 |    71.50 |   +------------------------+  chi-squared =     9.533 with 3 d.f. probability =     0.0230  chi-squared with ties =     9.538 with 3 d.f. probability =     0.0229   It is fine to conclude from above that there is significant difference between these 4 groups of data. But I wonder how to interpret the rank sums output by this test as shown above: can we actually say that group 1 and group 3 $&gt;$ group 2 and group 4 based on the ranks above? If not, what does a difference in the rank sum between two groups mean here?
I have some non-Gaussian distributed variable and I need to check if there are significant differences between the values of this variable in 5 different groups.  I have performed Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (which came up significant) and after that I had to check which groups were significantly different. Since the groups are kind of sorted (the values of the variable in the first group are supposed to be lower than the values of the variable in the second group which are supposed to be lower than the values of the variable in the third group and so on) I only performed 4 tests:  Group 1 vs Group 2 Group 2 vs Group 3 Group 3 vs Group 4 Group 4 vs Group 5   I have performed this analysis with two different methods. I started by using Dunn's Multiple Comparison Test but nothing came up significant. On the other hand if I use Mann-Whitney test and correct for the number of tests (4) using Bonferroni, 3 tests come up significant.  What does it mean? Which results should I trust?
Is indefinite integration non-linear? In column B I have contact number. I want to add a country code to all of them.  For example, if the number is 123456, I want it to become 88123456.    Each number is in 1 row, and there are about a thousand of them, so I want an automatic way to do this that allows me to add the country code to each of them without a space. Fatal error: Call to undefined function add_action() - an untouched problem The question was asked many times in many ways, but unfortunately is not covered well in most of the answers. I'm having the same issue doing things using include-files.  In my TwentyFourteen child theme's functions.php I used:  require_once get_stylesheet_directory_uri() .'/admin-panel/theme-options.php';   And I'm using . I've used it in many of my projects, the same way mentioned here, without having the error. But recently I'm having the issue in several of my projects. If I take the code to functions.php then everything's fine. But it's occurring only when I'm trying to include/require external file.  I'm having the error:     Fatal error: Call to undefined function add_action() in C:\xampp\htdocs\project\wp-content\themes\my-theme\admin-panel\theme-options.php on line 2   In this case I'm having the error using a child theme (of T14). But even in one of my parent theme I'm facing the issue. But in the same environment my other projects are running well with all the includes and/or requires (where several add_action()s are defined). I'm having issues in ALL the add_action() calls, like CPT assigning, Custom Taxonomy assigning etc. But I'm successfully developing another two projects including external files from inc/ folder where all my CPTs are assigned and their meta boxes too.  I tried reinstalling WordPress, deactivating all my plugins, tried from Child Theme, tried only the same thing by modifying TwentyFifteen (applying default theme), tried require(), require_once(), include(), include, require_once, and require one after another with failure. And I'm using WP 4.1.1 in all the good and problematic installs.  Majority of the previous questions are answered with a simple line:     As the message says, you haven defined the function add_action() and yet you're trying to use it.   But,   how come (isn't it already defined by WordPress)? and why it's differing project to project in the same environment (How come it's out of the scope now only in particular project[s])? How can I determine whether my processor is 32-bit or 64-bit? How can I determine whether my processor is 32-bit or 64-bit? My processor is AMD Phenom 8450 triple-core. Methane’s absorption bands are centered at 3.2 and 7.2 microns -- far off the peak of the Planck spectrum for a 290 K blackbody near 16 microns.  Moreover, its absorption bands overlap with the water absorption region.  So why is methane considered a stronger greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, which has an absorption band at 15 microns? Take a look at the following screenshot I took from Google Webmaster Tools "Remove URLs" page:   None of these were performed by me or others who have access to GWT.  How do these removal requests happen without us doing any requests?  Why is that happening?  How to stop that or is there any point in stopping that? "Fatal error: Cannot redeclare " I've rooted my phone.  Now what?  What do I gain from rooting? This is a common question by those who have just rooted their phones.  What apps, ROMs, benefits, etc. do I get from rooting?  What should I be doing now? I’ve a date and I really waited long to make this happen. My gifrfriend is a bit worried about the security issue in Paris. Which locals think that the media is exagerrating the issue and the issue is small and non-threatening for tourists? “Unable to Connect to World” Minecraft PE 1.16.201 So my brother and I have been playing Minecraft together on our iPads for years now, but in September I got a new iPad Pro 3rd Generation and I’ve been having issues with Minecraft ever since. Every time we have tried to join each other’s worlds we get the message “Unable to connect to world”. Recently after the update on December 16th, it worked for about a week without having any issues, but now it has gone back to not letting us connect to the worlds. Both of us are able to connect to other people’s worlds, but not each other’s, we’ve tried many things to fix this but so far nothing has worked. If you have any ideas for what we should do please let me know, thank you so much! The range of $T^*$ is the orthogonal complement of $\ker(T)$ How can I prove that, if $V$ is a finite-dimensional vector space with inner product and $T$ a linear operator in $V$, then the range of $T^*$ is the orthogonal complement of the null space of $T$?  I know what I must do (for a $v$ in the range of $T^*$, I have to show that $v\perp w$ for every $w$ in $\ker(T)$ and then do the opposite), but I don't know how to show that this inner product is zero. I'm trying to install  in VirtualBox but the installation get stuck at Do you want to install boot loader GRUB    Some background:   The VM was created from the Ubuntu 32-bit (x86) VirtualBox template The VM has 1 core + 3096 MB RAM Video memory: 32 MB PAE/NX enabled Hardware virtualization: both VTx and nested pagination enabled Graphics acceleration: disabled (both 2D and 3D) Storage: 64 GB attached to IDE virtual controller (was SATA before: makes no difference)   I've already tried all the "standard" VirtualBox procedure (PAE yes/no; SATA/IDE; no soundcard; no USB; graphics accel. yes/no).  I also tried run the Live CD in VESA mode: like this it starts, but I'd still prefer to install it. Does the existence (now proved) of gravitational waves imply the existence of Gravitons? I studied the theoretical part about the Gravitational waves in General Relativity (linearization of gravity and small perturbations of the metric and so on).  But I was wondering about: since electromagnetic radiation is composed/carried by Photons (or better:the EM force), shall gravitational waves be composed/carried by Gravitons?   In the end:do gravitational waves imply the existence of gravitons? Or it's something unrelated and off topic? A new tab for a record Type! Hello Folks,              I have a question which might be more on the admin side of the force.com platform but involves development.  Question: If I create record types for an object, how can I create separate tabs for the same object but different record types. And, since they all are going to share the same fields, how can I distinguish the labeling?  I dont think this is currently possible, but I would like to know how can it be achieved?  What I have tried: I tried creating visualforce pages with enhanced lists but then in the enhanced list I can not specify the record type.  Please let me know how can I achieve this! Thank you for the help. Is there a word for describing people who know many things but superficially? Is there an appropriate word for the antonym of "full-stack", as in programming? Someone who knows a lot of things just as a full-stack programmer, but without mastering them. Exporting feature class into multiple feature classes based on field values using ArcGIS Desktop? I have a feature class with over 2,000 features, and I need to make them all individual feature classes based on a field.   Is there a way to do this? Open firefox from bash file "Error: no display specified" Finding $\int \frac {dx}{\sqrt {x^2 + 16}}$ How to restore a system after accidentally removing all kernels? I was trying to delete old kernels, but I must have deleted all of the kernels on my Ubuntu 11.04 laptop. Is there any way to fix this via USB boot or mounting hard drive on another system? MSBuild exec task with for I am trying to run the following commands as part of an MSBuild script:  for /R . %f in (*.targets) do copy /Y "%f" "C:\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild\Microso ft\VisualStudio\TeamBuild"   The commands is implemented in an exec the following way:  &lt;Exec WorkingDirectory="$(SolutionRoot)" Command="for /R . %f in (*.targets) do copy /Y &amp;quot;%f&amp;quot; &amp;quot;$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\Microsoft\VisualStudio\TeamBuild&amp;quot;" /&gt;   The command works fine from console, but when trying to run it from MSBuild I get the error:   Task "Exec"   Command:   for /R . %f in (*.targets) do copy /Y "%f" "C:\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild\Microsoft\VisualStudio\TeamBuild"   f" "C:\Program was unexpected at this time. C:\Users\rd-build\AppData\Local\Temp\OH Test2\Continuous.BuildTargets\BuildType\TFSBuild.proj(98,5): error MSB3073: The command "for /R . %f in (*.targets) do copy /Y "%f" "C:\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild\Microsoft\VisualStudio\TeamBuild"" exited with code 255. Done executing task "Exec" -- FAILED.   Any suggestions?