help with lme() for nested random effects factors this is a fairly basic question, but I have spent all day trying to figure it out (including reading other questions on this page), and I could really use some help.  I am trying to run a simple mixed model with one random effect nested under a one fixed effect. In short, I have two study sites with multiple activity measurements (i.e., repeated measures) for individuals at each site. So "activity" is my response, "site" is a fixed effect factor, and "individual" is a random effects factor that is nested under site (i.e., each individual is present at only one site, but I have multiple data points for each individual). I have tried to use the following line of code, but I am not convinced that I am doing it correctly.  result &lt;- lme(activity~site+individual,data=table1,random=~1|individual/site)  Specifically, my questions are as follows:  First, do I need to specify individual both in the second term of the model and in the final term? If I am understanding correctly, the second term specifies the fixed effects, and the final term specifies the random effects, so listing "individual" in both places seems incorrect, but if I don't do that, then I do not get any output for individual.  Second, for nesting terms, my initial impression was that you always started with the higher order terms (e.g., "site/individual" would nest individual within site), but if I do that with these data, I get error messages and NaN values. So, do I list individual/site or site/individual?  Third, since the nesting term is listed as the random term, will that make the model run with both individual and site as random effects? I need to make sure that the model retains site as a fixed effect, while including individual as a random effect.  Thank you for the help   Edit: it was pointed out to me that my question may be a duplicate of a previous question (); however, that question ended up not using a nested design, thus the nesting issues that I am asking about were never resolved. Thanks again.
Order of nested random effects in lme4 I just fit a model in lme4, and I'm wondering what the heck I fit...  I have individuals id, and each is measured pass/fail on items that can be described using two factors, f1 and f2. My theory says that id and f2 can interact. So I want to compare these models:  # f2 doesn't matter m1 &lt;- lmer(pass ~ f1 + (1|id), family="binomial")  # f2 is a fixed effect, doesn't interact with individuals m2 &lt;- lmer(pass ~ f1 + f2 + (1|id), family="binomial")  # f2 is a nested random effect, interacting with individuals m3 &lt;- lmer(pass ~ f1 + (1|f2/id), family="binomial")   First, am I right that there's a random effect of each level of f2, and each individual's level of f2 is partially pooled, depending on the number of observations for that individual?  Second, does it make sense to fit f2 as a fixed effect with random individuals nested within each level of f2? How does one write that?  Third, what's this, with f2 and id reversed in the formula? I typed it by accident, but now I want to understand it.  m3weird &lt;- lmer(pass ~ f1 + (1|id/f2), family="binomial")
what is beeping in my house? I know this sounds like a silly question and it may be closed before it may get a single answer but there is something strange in my house which beeps infrequently. I tried to troubleshoot the sound but no luck. I thought may be its coming from the living room but there is nothing special in the living room which may make a beep sound.  Can someone point me what should i look for to figure out what is making this sound? Which configuration of armor enchantments gives maximum protection? Getting hybrid graphics to work nvidia-prime GT650M What is the life expectancy of a Wookiee? At lunch, my coworkers and I were discussing The Force Awakens, and started questioning Chewbacca's age.  A quick check of  and it says he is possibly about 230 years old as of Episode VII.  Following the  link on that page, Wookieepedia claims that they live to be 400 years old.  Do we know from canon what the average life expectancy of a Wookiee is? During my studying to integration I find this integration.  So I tried to prove but I got stuk.  So I need help in this integration.  $$\displaystyle\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{x \sin (x)}{1+x^2}  dx = \frac {\pi}{e} $$ Book about space alien cats I read a book when I was young, it was about space alien cats. I believe the title was Quzzles, but I really don't know. The book was stolen from me before I was finished. I don't know much else about it. Is there a C pre-processor which eliminates #ifdef blocks based on values defined/undefined? What makes Stealing Signs wrong? I connected an external screen to my laptop, but my desktop didn't automagically extend to it, as it used to do about a year ago (older version of Ubuntu).  I went to the display settings. The screen was listed there (correct resolution, brand name, etc.). But when i put the switch on 'on' and click 'apply', i get this error:   Failed to apply configuration: %s  GDBus.Error:org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.UnknownMethod: No such interface `org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.XRANDR_2' on object at path /org/gnome/SettingsDaemon/XRANDR   It's been like this for a few months now, but i'd really like to be able to use an external screen/beamer again.  Any ideas?  Thanks. I'm embarking on a journey to create a conference abstract book using XeTeX and got stuck within five minutes:        The missing 'g' in 'somethin' influences the line height of the following line. How can I correct this?  At the end I want to be able to include the abstracts and corresponding information through our online registration system, so this should be a global setting.  My MWE:  \documentclass[10pt, a5paper]{article} \usepackage{fontspec}  %% GEOMETRY \usepackage[left=2cm, right=1.5cm]{geometry} % to change the page dimensions  \newenvironment{AbsHead} {     \fontsize{16}{22}\headfont\noindent }% {     \vspace{0.5 cm} }  \newenvironment{AbsAuthors} {     \fontsize{12}{14}\authorfont\noindent }% {    \vspace{0.5 cm} }  \begin{document}  ￼￼￼￼\setmainfont{Minion Pro} \newfontfamily\authorfont{Helvetica Neue Light} \newfontfamily\headfont{Helvetica Neue Condensed Bold}  \begin{AbsHead}The XIAP  something something something somethin somethin somethin somethin somethin somethin somethin something something\end{AbsHead}   \begin{AbsAuthors}Somebody Someone\end{AbsAuthors}   \noindent Purpose: Lorem ipsum \end{document} I have a dictionary: keys are strings, values are integers.  Example:   stats = {'a':1000, 'b':3000, 'c': 100}   I'd like to get 'b' as an answer, since it's the key with a higher value.  I did the following, using an intermediate list with reversed key-value tuples:  inverse = [(value, key) for key, value in stats.items()] print max(inverse)[1]   Is that one the better (or even more elegant) approach? No more disk space: How can I find what is taking up the space? I've run into a problem on one of my servers running 16.04: there is no disk space left.  I have no idea what is taking up the space. Is there a command to list the current directory sizes, so I can traverse and end up in the directory taking up all the space? I have heard that two permutations are conjugate if they have the same cyclic structure. Is there an intuitive way to understand why this is? In all the Star Wars movies, R2D2 just boops and beeps his way around. And everyone understands him perfectly, though he is obviously not speaking Basic.  How do people understand him - is there like an astromech language? If so, then would one have to learn it, or is it comprised of feelings and emotions (expressed in beeps), essentially making a tonal language?  If I may be permitted to use an example from the prequels without too many lynch mobs forming, Anakin Skywalker converses frequently with Artoo while in the Naboo fighter, but he couldn't have had much schooling at the age of eleven, especially because he was a slave.  So how would people, Anakin especially, be able to understand astromechs? About the relation between $\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\cosh((\alpha-\beta)x)}{(\cosh(x))^{\alpha+\beta }} \,dx$ and $B(\alpha,\beta)$ How do I get from   $$B(\alpha,\beta)=\int_{0}^{1}{ t^{ \alpha -1}  (1-t)^{ \beta -1} \,dt}$$ to:   $$2^{2- \alpha - \beta } \int_{0}^{ \infty}{ \frac{ \cosh (( \alpha - \beta )x)}{( \cosh(x))^{ \alpha + \beta }} \,dx}$$  ? I have tried different change of variables such as $t=1- \frac{1}{ \cosh (x)}$ and got $\int_{0}^{ \infty}{ \frac{ \sinh (x)  ( \cosh (x)-1)^{ \alpha -1} }{( \cosh(x))^{ \alpha + \beta }} \,dx}$ but without success. Find generator of multiplicative group of $\mathbb{F}_{27}$ I have a finite field $\mathbb{F}_{27}$. I need to find an element of order 13. I know that multiplicative group of this field is cyclic with order 26. So I want to find a generator $g$ of this cyclic group, then $g^2$ will have order 13. Also I know that all elements of this field can be represented by polynomials from $\mathbb{F}_3[t]$, where t is root of irreducible polynom $x^3-x-1$.  Probably we can find generator of $\mathbb{Z}_{26}$ and than build an isomorphism to $\mathbb{F}_{27}\setminus 0$.  Anyway I don't know were to start.  Thanks! Taking back turns, and forgotten privileges How to make a series of rectangles follow a pen path I am trying to get a series of shapes (rectangles) to follow a path (sine wave) that I made with the pen tool, but I have no clue how to do that or if it is possible.   I have tried warping a rectangle into the sine wave path, but it takes many different warped rectangles and it isn't smooth.  I thought  might work for rectangles, but it only works for text. Calculate the uncertainty in velocity of electron I got this question in one of my periodic test in coaching, I (seemingly) solved the question but later recognised what mess I did.  So, the question is :      Calculate the uncertainty in velocity of an electron. If the uncertainty in its position is ${10^ {-15}} \; \mathrm m$.   By simple calculations one can see that the answer would be ${5.79\times{10^{10}}} \; \mathrm{m/s}$. However, as one can see, the uncertainty in velocity is greater than the velocity of light then how is that possible or there is some other way to handle such problems.  P.S. I know the concept of dynamic mass but I am not very familiar with it. (I think that would work here, but don't know how?) Showing a number $n$ is prime if $(n-2)! \equiv 1 \pmod n$