so i want to know how to make a variable not exceed its number limit.  for example:  int x;   the size of x is four bytes  and since it is signed it starts from  (−2,147,483,648) to (2,147,483,647)  so if the input is larger than 2,147,483,647 it would not register and i want to prevent the program from letting a number larger than its number limit from being inputted  here is a code that will run into that problem:  int x[3]; x[0] = 12; x[1] = 642; x[2] = 800000000; for (int z = 0;z &lt; 3;z++) {          x[z] = x[z] * 3;   }   so how will i go about preventing x[z] from multiplying its self by 3 if the result is bigger than the number limit of the variable type?
I was writing a program in C++ to find all solutions of ab = c, where a, b and c together use all the digits 0-9 exactly once. The program looped over values of a and b, and it ran a digit-counting routine each time on a, b and ab to check if the digits condition was satisfied.  However, spurious solutions can be generated when ab overflows the integer limit. I ended up checking for this using code like:  unsigned long b, c, c_test; ... c_test=c*b;         // Possible overflow if (c_test/b != c) {/* There has been an overflow*/} else c=c_test;      // No overflow   Is there a better way of testing for overflow? I know that some chips have an internal flag that is set when overflow occurs, but I've never seen it accessed through C or C++.    Beware that signed int overflow is undefined behaviour in C and C++, and thus you have to detect it without actually causing it. For signed int overflow before addition, see .
Why a backslash displays as "W"+strikethrough in Netbeans? I'm facing a strange problem with Netbeans. In the editor, when I type a backslash(), I see a W with a strikethrough (as shown in the attached image).  So the c:\\abc is displaying as:    But, when I copy and paste that string into notepad, it gets pasted normally (i.e. c:\\abc).  Has anyone faced this problem before? How to fix it? Simple way to monitor a multiple URLDownloadSubmit calls? What is mathematical existence? What's the value of $\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{k^2}{k!}$? For some series, it is easy to say whether it is convergent or not by the "convergence test", e.g., ratio test. However, it is nontrivial to calculate the value of the sum when the series converges. The question is motivated from the simple exercise to determining whether the series $\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{k^2}{k!}$ is convergent. One may immediately get that it is convergent by the ratio test. So here is my question:     What's the value of $$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{k^2}{k!}?$$ How can I recover my account? I tried to log into Minecraft today to find that my password isn't working. I tried to change it, but I can't login to my email because I forgot the answer to my security question. I tried changing the email to a different one, but that didn't work for some reason (it kept saying "invalid email"). I don't have my transation ID because I forgot which credit card I used.  Does this mean that I have to buy a new Minecraft account? How to type special/accented letters in LaTeX? Why do backslashes appear twice? Can I make a public directory under a private directory? I have a personal folder /a/b on the server with permission 700. I don't want others to list the contents in /a/b. The owner of /a is root.  Now I need to open the full authorities of directory /a/b/c to all users.  I changed the permission of /a/b/c to 777 but it is still inaccessible for others. Is there really a way to make a true toon shader material in Cycles? Is there a way to make a true toon shader material in Cycles?  Here's, in order of importance, what would be ideal to find in such a shader:   Must use Cycles Must be an actual shader Must not rely on lighting Must be independent of camera position Must react directly to lighting rather than manually having to change it to emulate it Should be easily made into a node-group Should have the following configurability:   Main color Darkness color Shadow depth (how far the shadow goes from the unlit side)    Below, I'll be listing some already-found methods and their flaws:    Cycles's Toon BDSF:  Source: Blender  Result:    Node setup:    Cons:   Not a clear-cut two-color shading Reacts to diffusion of surrounding objects      Mask &amp; Ramp:  Source:   Result:    Node setup (Compositor):    Cons:   Very grainy Does not support colour textures Not easy to change shadow depth in a nodegroup Not a material, requires compositor Requires use of object indexes     Shadeless Fresnel:  Source:   Result:    Node setup:    Cons:   Uses camera's direction Ignores lighting Not easy to change shadow depth in a nodegroup     Shadeless Normal:  Source:   Result:    Node setup:    Cons:   Ignores lighting Direction of shadow is manually changed Not easy to change shadow depth in a nodegroup   However, this one is easily the best one. It's pretty great, and would work still images very well.    That's all I've got. Does anyone else have any methods that fall under most of the criteria I listed above? Also note that OSL is totally fine, if it works. Statements equivalent to the Axiom of Choice The Axiom of Choice reads:     The product of a collection of non-empty sets is non-empty.   As you know well, this axiom is equivalent to many other statements. A few examples (probably the most known) are the following:   Zorn's lemma: Let $(P,\ge)$ be a poset in which every chain has an upper bound. Then $P$ has a maximal element.   This is used in a number of different places to prove very powerful theorems. A couple of examples I can think of right now are: the proof that every ring has a maximal ideal (commutative algebra) and the  (functional analysis).   Well ordering theorem: Every set can be well-ordered (i.e. it admits a total order such that every subset has a least element). Tychonoff's theorem: Every product of compact topological spaces is compact.   This is used for example in the proof of  (again functional analysis).   gives various more. Among them:   Tarski's theorem: If $A$ is an infinite set, then there is a bijection $A\to A\times A$.   (As @Wicht dutifully commented, Tarski's theorem is the name given to the implication $|A|=A\times A \Rightarrow$ Axiom of Choice, while the other implication was known before the proof of this fact by Tarski.)   Every vector space has a basis.   My question is: what are other useful statements which are equivalent to the axiom of choice? Where are they used, and to prove what?  P.s.: By "useful statements" I mean either statements which are important theorems by themselves (as Tychonoff's theorem) or that are directly used in (simple versions of) the proof of important theorems (as Zorn's lemma). If I have a legendary creature out, and I make a copy of it (such as by enchanting it with  or making a ), do I get enters-the-battlefield effects from the creature before I have to sacrifice it to the legend rule? How can I make my typing "stick" to box side? Is time dilation an illusion? When should we use "and" and/or "and/or"? What's the difference between "and" and "and/or"?  How do we decide whether to use one or the other?  Note: Also it would be great if someone could explain how do we actually pronounce "and/or" verbally in a sentence... Comparisons: "so [adjective/adverb] as" or "as [adjective/adverb] as" Changing subject and verb positions in statements and questions Does an uncountable discrete subspace of the reals exist? Does an uncountable and discrete subspace of the reals exist? Find all natural numbers $n$ such that ${(n+1)}^{1/2}-{(n-1)}^{1/2}$ is rational How to delete duplicate LiDAR points? How can I delete duplicate LiDAR points? I incorrectly read the same las twice and saved as a one file resulting in duplicate XY points.  How should I delete these duplicate points? Can't deep learning models now be said to be interpretable? Are nodes features? For statistical and machine learning models, there are multiple levels of interpretability: 1) the algorithm as a whole, 2) parts of the algorithm in general 3) parts of the algorithm on particular inputs, and these three levels split into two parts each, one for training and one for function eval. The last two parts are much closer than to the first. I'm asking about #2, which usually leads to better understanding of #3). (if those are not what 'interpretability' means then what should I be thinking?)  As far as interpretability goes, logistic regression is one of the easiest to interpret. Why did this instance pass the threshold? Because that instance had this particular positive feature and it has a larger coefficient in the model. It's so obvious!  A neural network is  the classic example of a model that is difficult to interpret. What do all those coefficients mean? They all add up in such complicated crazy ways that it is hard to say what any particular coefficient is really doing.  But with all the deep neural nets coming out, it feels like things are becoming clearer. The DL models (for say vision) seem to capture things like edges or orientation in early layers, and in later layers it seems like some nodes are actually semantic (like the proverbial ). For example:    ()  This is a graphic () created by hand for presentation so I am very skeptical. But it is evidence that somebody thinks that is how it works.  Maybe in the past there just weren't enough layers for us to find recognizable features; the models were successful, just not easy to post-hoc analyze particular ones.  But maybe the graphic is just wishful thinking. Maybe NNs are truly inscrutable.  But the many graphics with their nodes labeled with pictures are also really compelling.    Do DL nodes really correspond to features?