I am speeking about  graph, that shows a big probability mass.  This is the way that it finally shows with some data I found online and used to understand Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modeling. As far as I understand, this graphic is ideal to give out final names to each topic according to the frequency or relevance of each term given the topic but I've got two questions: 1. What would you simply say about topic 8 position on the graph? Meaning that I can't tell what each square represent in this graph, I can't tell in plain words what's the difference between topic 1 and 10, or topic 8 and 3, given their position on this graph. 2. What can you tell about the big gray line in comparisson to the red filling when lambda is 0? I mean, I think I get that when lambda is 1, it's meaning about plain frequency of the term in the whole corpus vs the frequency of the terms in that topic, but I'm not sure I get it with putting more wight in the ratio from red to gray, what is the gray line saying about that term and how is red contransting?
I write about  that shows a big probability mass. It's a web-based interactive visualization of topics estimated using Latent Dirichlet Allocation that is built using a combination of R and D3; the default for scaling the set of inter-topic distances defaults to Principal Components, but other algorithms are also enabled.    This is the way that it finally shows with some data I found online and used to understand Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modeling. As far as I understand, this graph is ideal to give out final names to each topic according to the frequency or relevance of each term given the topic but I've got two questions:   1. What would you simply say about topic 8 position on the graph? Meaning that I can't tell what each square represents in this graph, I can't tell in plain words what's the difference between topic 1 and 10, or topic 8 and 3, given their position on this graph?   2. What can you say about the big gray line in comparison with the red filling when lambda is 0? I think I get that when lambda is 1, it's meaning about plain frequency of the term in the whole corpus vs the frequency of the terms in that topic, but I'm not sure I get it with putting more weight in the ratio from red to gray: what is the gray line saying about that term and how is red contrasting?  You can get this for a model named lda_model$plot() found .   I am looking for the main idea at least. If there is info I need to add please tell me.
Roots of polynomials in field of prime characteristic p Let $F$ be a field of characteristic $p$, and let $\alpha \in F$. Let $f \in \mathbb{Z}_p[x]$ be such that $f(\alpha) = 0$. Apparently, we have $f(\alpha^p) = 0$. This was mentioned but not proved in my lectures. Can someone explain why please?  Thanks. Non-standard signature of main() compiles successfully how to read huge csv file into R by row condition? How to run Windows 10 from an external hard drive? I am currently able to boot from an external drive or multiboot USB. Taking this concept one step further, I have 3 questions:   1) Is it possible to install and run Windows 10 on a portable external hard drive or USB card with the same functionality of being installed on the internal drive?   2) Is it considered legal to do so or will it affect Windows updates in any way?   3) What are the steps to do that? 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Does anyone know where he is? mod [= remainder] operation (and relation), name and meaning I am trying to write the Euclidean algorithm in the following way:  $A = \lfloor A \div B \rfloor \times B + (\text{remainder of}) \: A \div B $   Now is there any symbol I can use  to say "remainder of A $\div$ B"? I know that in the C programming language there is the operator % for modulus; is that a valid symbol in maths? Can I write A % B? Or is there some other way? How to determine whether a given Linux is 32 bit or 64 bit? When I type uname -a, it gives the following output.  Linux mars 2.6.9-67.0.15.ELsmp #1 SMP Tue Apr 22 13:50:33 EDT 2008 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux   How can I know from this that the given OS is 32 or 64 bit?  This is useful when writing configure scripts, for example: what architecture am I building for? How do I get a consistent byte representation of strings in C# without manually specifying an encoding? 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What is the role of NS records at the apex of a DNS domain? $ORIGIN example.com. ; not necessary, using this to self-document  $TTL 3600 @        IN     SOA   ns1.example.com. admin.example.com. (                       1970010100 7200 1800 1209600 300)  @        IN     NS   ns1.example.com. @        IN     NS   ns2.example.com.  @        IN     A    198.51.100.1 ns1      IN     A    198.51.100.2 ns2      IN     A    198.51.100.3  sub1     IN     NS   ns1.example.edu.  sub2     IN     NS   ns1.sub2 ns1.sub2 IN     A    203.0.113.1 ; inline glue record   The role of a NS record beneath the apex of a domain is well-understood; they exist to delegate authority for a subdomain to another nameserver. Examples of this above would include the NS records for sub1 and sub2. These allow the nameserver to hand out referrals for portions of the domain that it does not consider itself authoritative for.  The purpose of the NS records at the apex of a domain, ns1 and ns2 in this case, seem to be less understood by the internet at large. My understanding (which may not be holistic) is as follows:   They are not used by caching DNS servers in order to determine the authoritative servers for the domain. This is handled by , which is defined at the registrar level. The registrar never uses this information to generate the glue records. They  used to delegate authority for the entire domain to other nameservers. Trying to do so with software such as ISC BIND will not result in the "expected" referral behavior at all, as the nameserver will continue to consider itself authoritative for the zone. They are not used by the nameserver to determine whether it should return authoritative responses (AA flag set) or not; that behavior is defined by whether the software is told to be a master or a slave for the zone. 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Windows Unable to Delete ._. File