I know that this feature dates back 20 years but I still would like to find out  What is the purpose of the reserved blocks in ext2/3/4 filesystems?
89761
I understand that by default, newly created filesystems will be created with 5% of the space allocated for root. I also know you can change the defined space with:  tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sdXY   What I'm curious about though, is what the actual purpose for this reserved space is. Does it serve any practical purpose which would merit more than 5% space in some circumstances?  The reason I've stumbled upon this question is that we recently built a 1TB filestore, and couldn't quite figure out why a df -h left us missing 5% of our capacity.
69891
On my machine, fdisk -lu /dev/sda displays following output:     Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System /dev/sda1   *        2048    73947135    36972544   83  Linux /dev/sda2        73949182    78139391     2095105    5  Extended /dev/sda5        73949184    78139391     2095104   82  Linux swap / Solaris   What is this "blocks" unit? Is one "fdisk block" a 1KiB? Where does this unit come from?
35666
I have a lot of filesystems:   / on a PCI-E SSD swap on a SATA SSD /media/ned is a RAID5 array /tmp lives on RAM Parts of /home/oli are symlinked and bind-mounted in from ned I also have /media/jeff/ which is RAID1 that I store backups and bind-mount ~/.wine in off.   It's actually a lot more complicated than that. There are all sorts of extra symlinks that I need to untangle in the long run but for now I just need a nice way of taking a path and finding out where it physically lives.
116048
I have a bunch of external and internal HDDs that I use on a Linux system. I only have Linux systems, so using a Linux file-system would only make sense, right? However I'm currently using NTFS everywhere, because it gives me the most usable space out of HDDs.  I would like to switch to Linux file-systems now though, mostly because of permissions and compability (e.g. I can't get my LUKS encrypted NTFS partition to resize under Linux, keeps telling me to chkdsk under Windows).  However when I formatted those HDDs I tried out a bunch of different filesystems and every Linux filesystem, even ext2 which as far as I know has no journaling, used a lot of space for itself. I don't recall exact values, but it was over 100GB that NTFS got me more on a 2TB HDD, which is a lot.  So my question is: Is there a way to make ext-filesystems use less space for themselves? Or is there another filesystem (I've tried ext2, ext3, ext4, NTFS and vfat - None of them came even close to the usable space NTFS offered me) with perfect Linux support and great usable space?  I'd love to hear about how and why filesystems (especially ext2 which has no journaling) use that much more space than NTFS and I don't know where else to ask. I'd mostly prefer a way to use ext4 without journaling and anything else that uses up this much space, if that's possible.
79011
How do I hide the System Reserved partition from the Windows Explorer?    On the above screenshot, I want to get rid of System Reserved (D:). How do I do that?  I will never need to access it from there, why would I need the entry then?  PS: I want to hide it, not delete it.
60394
I've been wondering this for a while, why is there free space at the end of a drive that was formatted to NTFS in windows?  You can only see the unallocated space in Linux. So why is it there? Does it serve a purpose?
77215
There is any way to limit usage on folders with quota on Windows 2003 Server?  I know it's possible for volumes, but it's possible for folders?
122052
With the command of df, I can get something like:  Filesystem     1K-blocks     Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/root      197844228 15578648 180242500   8% / devtmpfs         4101368        0   4101368   0% /dev tmpfs             820648      292    820356   1% /run tmpfs               5120        0      5120   0% /run/lock tmpfs            1693720        4   1693716   1% /run/shm   What if I just want to keep the 180242500 number recorded of / and store it in a file (like disk-space-available.txt)  If I use df &gt;&gt; disk-space-available.txt it will store all the content while I just want the raw number in that file.  For example if there is something like this then it's working:  df -OUTPUT=raw-available-number 180242500   What can I do?
55005
What would be the best way to list 100 first files in a directory sorted by the created timestamp (oldest first). The directory is quite large (around 100000 files). ls piped to head takes an awful long time to complete.   Edit:  Filesystem is ext3. limiting the number of files in the folder is not worth the effort, since this is going to be a rare "clean-up" operation and files are generated by a 3rd party software.   Using file modified time, instead of the creation time provides and acceptable solution.
65080
I am trying to grow my C: drive to use the unallocated space on Disk 0. Is it safe to throw away the Recovery Partition (i.e. make it unallocated)? And if so, is GParted an ok tool to do that with? Or do I need to move that, and if so, is the way to do that to reduce the size of the unallocated partition so there is empty space at the end, then move it there?
68182
How are character special files and block special files different from regular files in a Unix-like system? Why are they called “character special” and “block special” respectively?
80533
I am a Linux user. I don't have Windows on my laptop. Also the hard drive size is less than 2 TB. Then why should I use GPT tables? Can't I go with old fasioned MBR?  I will be having two root partitions, two home partitions, and a swap space. So when a partition is not primary, but is extended, does that make any performance difference?
3576
I cant find any documentation or articles online online for this...  how does Windows handle page files on multiple hard drives?  Does windows treat them as a concatenation, writing to one till its full then moving to the next?  Or does it treat them like a stripe, writing to each one incrementally?  Does it write to the first one free?  Or perhaps some other method?
11203
Can you help me? I want to make my flashdisk write protected. So no one can format my flashdisk because the data inside the flashdisk is important.
89270
I want to format my USB stick to ext4 and just use as I would any other typical non-linux format drive (FAT32, exFAT, NTFS).   That is to say, I want to be able to plug the usb stick into any of my linux machines, and read/write to it without needing to adjust permissions, like doing chmod or chown stuff.  I would prefer to use GUI partition software like GParted, rather than command-line commands, though I welcome any solution!  I'm sure a post like this is duplicate flag heaven for some, but after browsing 6~10 SO and forum posts from google, I didn't find a simple solution to my question. Seemed like everything was about adjusting permissions on a per-user basis. Maybe you just cannot use ext4 drives with the same brainless convenience as NTFS.
79227
I am a new Ubuntu user with a fresh installation, and am eager to get started with it. However, all of my important data is on Windows software RAID 0 array, and I need it to stay there as I'm also dual booting Windows. I need access to this data on Ubuntu, and can't really get anything real done until I have access.  I have already researched this subject as best as I could, and I managed to find a very helpful post:      The post describes how to get Ubuntu to see a Windows RAID 0 array that is made up of two drives. The main command used is sudo mdadm --build /dev/md0 --chunk=64 --level=0 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdd2 /dev/sdc2. According to that user, and the other posters in the thread, it actually does work. That's great.  I have not tried following these instructions yet. Why? The post includes a warning about how you must not write to it if you enter the wrong chunk size; it's understandable how that could cause problems. My concern is that my setup is different to their example, and I am not sure that the commands should be entered exactly the same for my setup. I am afraid to break it by doing it wrong, and therefore wish to get the advice of somebody more experienced.  This is how my setup differs from their example:   I have three 1 TB drives, not two drives (of whatever size they used). I have two RAID 0 partitions spread across those three drives: one 500 GB and 2.3 TB. This means that I need to NOT use the full disks when creating the RAID array, but instead use just part of them. I used a non-default block size for at least one of my RAID 0 partitions when I set them up years ago. I have no idea if this block size is the same as the chunk size that they mention. My 500 GB partition has a block size of 4 kb (4096 bytes per cluster), and my 2.3 TB partition has a block size of 64 kb (65536 bytes per cluster).   The relevant output from sudo lsblk -o NAME,FSTYPE,SIZE,MOUNTPOINT,LABEL (for just those three RAID0 drives) is:  NAME   FSTYPE   SIZE MOUNTPOINT            LABEL sdb           931.5G             ├─sdb1            1M             ├─sdb2          127M             └─sdb3        931.4G             sdc           931.5G             ├─sdc1            1M             ├─sdc2          127M             └─sdc3        931.4G             sdd           931.5G             ├─sdd1        166.7G             └─sdd2        764.7G    The relevant output from cat /proc/partitions (for just those three RAID0 drives) is:  8       16  976762584 sdb 8       17       1024 sdb1 8       18     130048 sdb2 8       19  976631478 sdb3 8       32  976762584 sdc 8       33       1024 sdc1 8       34     130048 sdc2 8       35  976631478 sdc3 8       48  976762584 sdd 8       49  174763008 sdd1 8       50  801865728 sdd2   The "Disks" program in Ubuntu displays the following partitions for my drives:  /dev/sdb:   GUID Partition Table . /dev/sdb1:  1.0 MB, Microsoft LDM metadata. /dev/sdb2:  133 MB, Microsoft Reserved. /dev/sdb3:  1.0 TB, Microsoft LDM data. /dev/sdc:   GUID Partition Table partitioning. /dev/sdc1:  1.0 MB, Microsoft LDM metadata. /dev/sdc2:  133 MB, Microsoft Reserved. /dev/sdc3:  1.0 TB, Microsoft LDM data. /dev/sdd:   Master Boot Record partitioning. /dev/sdd1:  179 GB, Unknown. /dev/sdd2:  821 GB, Unknown. /dev/sdd:   136 MB, Unallocated space.   I hope I've provided enough information here. So now, my question is this: what is the proper command for me to enter with my setup, so that I can access both of my Windows RAID 0 partitions from Ubuntu?  Thank you very much in advance.
99889
What is the difference between "extended" partitions and "logical" partitions on my hard disk? What's the need for each? I am using Linux