A resposible german executive body (Kultusministerkonferenz)  that certain doctorates from the EU grant the right to use the title 'Dr.':     Inhaber von in einem wissenschaftlichen Promotionsverfahren erworbenen Doktorgraden, die   in [meiner Uni] erworben wurden, können anstelle der   im Herkunftsland zugelassenen oder nachweislich allgemein üblichen Abkürzung [...] wahlweise die Abkürzung „Dr.“ [...] führen. Dies gilt nicht für Doktorgrade, die ohne   Promotionsstudien und -verfahren vergeben werden (so genannte Berufsdoktorate) und für   Doktorgrade, die nach den rechtlichen Regelungen des Herkunftslandes nicht der dritten   Ebene der Bologna-Klassifikation der Studienabschlüsse zugeordnet sind.    excluding non third cycle qualifications (Bolonga EHEA term) and doctorates that do not require some not further defined sort of studies ("doctoral" studies) with professional doctorates given as example. However, a UK doctor of clinical psychology (DClinPsy) is usually considered  to a PhD.  So, am I allowed to use Dr. MyName in Germany?  And will I be after Brexit?
121921
I'm moving to Germany in a couple of weeks and I'll be setting up as a freelancer. I'm just curious about my title though.  I got my PhD in the UK in 2015, it states "Doctor of Philosophy" on the certificate, as usual, but my research was in Computer Science, specifically experimental application of Computer Science techniques to Engineering problems (in fact, my work was actually funded by an automobile company based in Germany whom I visited quite regularly).  I'm no longer in academia, but last summer I was briefly at Hannover University, where somebody suggested that I would be eligible for the Dr.-Ing. title instead of the plain Dr. title.  Fact is, I would like the Dr.-Ing. given the technical nature of my freelance work, but I am not sure whether I am legally allowed to use it.   Can anybody advise me?
110669
This question has been discussed   but there doesn't seem to be a clear answer for my particular situation.  I have a Dr.rer.nat from Germany but currently I am working for an institute in the United Kingdom. Is it legal or acceptable to continue to use the title Dr.rer.nat (First Name) (Last name) in the UK or do I need to change it to (First Name) (Last name), (Ph.D)?
89226
It seems that US universities usually provide a link to the professor of the applicant, and let him/her directly upload the recommendation letter to that link, meaning that the student would have no access to it. However, when applying to Masters programs offered by German universities, I am surprised to see that they all ask the student to upload the recommendation letter in PDF format/to a text area directly, by his/her own, which seems to make little sense to me.  I'm afraid that some professors will just outright reject writing a letter which is to be handed to and viewed by the student. Or are such worries unnecessary? Is this a cultural difference between continental European and British/American system (My current university mostly follows the British/American system)? What should I do in this case. Should I ask the professors to write and hand me recommendation letters directly, or should I try to communicate with the university and let the professors email them the letter/give me a physical letter sealed within an envelop, which I will send to the university by mail later on?
44190
I have completed all the requirements for an M.S. degree and have filed the appropriate paperwork. All I have left to do is walk at the end of this semester. I want to put this on my CV, but it seems appropriate to differentiate it from my Ph.D., which is (only) "In progress", and another M.S. which I completed a few years ago.   How should I express this on my CV? Should I say "Anticipated" or "Expected", with the date?   My question is different than  because that question asks about a degree that was entirely incomplete, unawarded, and is not likely to ever be awarded. In my situation, the degree needs only to be formally awarded.
121547
During my final year at university, I wrote what I thought was a "bachelor thesis". Right before printing it I stumbled upon several documents stating the name "bachelor's thesis".  (Here we do not call it a dissertation just yet, so this question is only about the possessive bachelor's vs. bachelor.) A couple of Google search queries later, I had not found out which of these terms is correct.  Which should I use?
68165
I would expect the term "inspector general" to be "general inspector" instead.    In part, that may be because I know the German variant as "Generalinspekteur" of "Generalinspektor".  But I'm pretty sure it would be like this without knowing the German word, just from general language intuition.  So, why does the order of words make sense?    It would be interesting how it came to be like that - but that would not answer it alone. (An answer to  indicates it may be a method distinguish titles from general desrciptions.)
80955
I am a Computer Science PhD student aiming for an Academic career. One of the options I am considering after I receive the degree is to apply for a W1 professor position in Germany (Junior professor).   My question is very specific to Germany. Is there a chance I can become a Junior professor without being fluent in German? Most of the job postings I come across are actually written in German. Some of them do not mention German knowledge as a requirement, but it could be that it goes without saying.   I know that many courses, particularly in master programs, are taught in English. So I am sure there is a capacity to teach in English. But I am wondering if there is a culture of preferring and only accepting German speakers. Because if that's the case, I should start putting back up options.   Obviously I could work on my German. But my question is assuming I did not reach the required level of German until the time I start applying for Junior professorship.
122877
I recently moved to a Nordic country in an academic position. For my first grant application, I collaborated with other researchers at the university. As I was submitting the proposal along with the CVs, I noticed that two of the researchers had mentioned their religion. I have never seen this in academia, at least in South-east Asia where I spent majority of my work life.   Here are other details that I think are relevant:   Our research domain is engineering, not humanities or social sciences. Both researchers are Muslim. The funding agency is a private one that favors industrial collaborations.   My questions:   Is it appropriate to mention one's religion in an academic CV? Does mentioning one's religion help in grant proposals or academic positions? I think in a fair world it shouldn't. Do western countries, especially European, favor candidates who are Muslim?
96683
I'm using the word "Zwei-Drittel-Abstimmungsmehrheit" a bunch of times in my document. Often it won't fit into the current line, extending into the right margin.  I figured out that the following package helps :  \usepackage[shortcuts]{extdash}    Then I can write  Zwei\-/-Drittel\-/Abstimmungs\-mehrheit   and the hyphenation is done correctly.  Is there a way that I can set this hyphenation globally for this word? Like i can do it with the command  \hyphenation{...}   Sadly this command doesn't work for words containing dashes.
121752
Can a Ph.D. student who only knows how to speak English study in a European non-English speaking country (e.g., Austria, Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, etc.)  without any problems? Does applying to these universities require knowledge of that country's language?
100939
I'm in the following situation: In 3 months, I'll finish my PhD in theoretical physics, and I'm certain that I want to pursue an academic career. However, I'm just as certain that my PhD research is a dead end. (My advisor doesn't think so, but I disagree with him.) Thus, I seek to change the direction of my research, but I need a few months to obtain the necessary skills. Anyway, I missed the main application period for post-doc positions (in the US).  Given the following options (feel free to expand this list), which do you think provides the best perspective of leading me to a interesting post-doc position?   Finish my PhD. Get any post-doc position. Do the work I'm required to do there. Work hard in my spare time to teach myself the stuff I want to. After 1-2 years, find a post-doc position I'm really interested in. Finish my PhD. Get a well-paying job in the software industry. Do the work I'm required to do there. Work hard in my spare time to teach myself the stuff I want to. Work harder to keep publishing papers. After one year, find a post-doc position I'm really interested in. Abort my current work. Find a new subject and a new PhD advisor. Live on unemployment money as long as possible. Work hard in my spare time to teach myself the stuff I want to. Work harder to keep publishing papers. After one year, find a post-doc position I'm really interested in.   Pros:   Get the PhD title sooner. Stay in the scientific community. Get the PhD title sooner. Earn lots of money (6 figure). In a 9-to-5 job, have more spare time for private research than on a post-doc position, where work is never finished. Go to a foreign country. It's what I should've done 2 years ago. I'll have the education I want when I finish my PhD, not later (but be older anyway). No immediate advantages over the other options.   Cons:   If a logical continuation of my PhD work, I'll suffer from demotivation. My next advisor will not want me to work on other topics that I'm not paid for. Might have to stay for 2 years. I'll move out of the scientific community for some time. I know it's hard to get back in. I'll be even older when I finally get my PhD. Not sure if I would find another advisor. Open fight with my current advisor. I don't want to live on unemployment money for long.   A particular question concerning the options above: Does being out of academia for a year kill your prospects of obtaining a postdoc position later?  I do have some collaborators who will help me to keep publishing, provided that I put enough work into my research. Also, I'm willing to familiarize myself with other topics on my own (a prerequisite for an academic career anyway).  The next application period will be from October to December 2013, which isn't far away. I'm sure I'll have most of the skills I want by then (and a paper published proving that), but still would have to work until summer 2014 wherever I am applying now.  Please give me honest answers, even if they hurt. I'll provide more information as soon as possible, if anyone has questions.
81516
Elsevier has started circulating  as a consequence of the  to the editors of their journals:     Subject: US editors and reviewers can no longer handle submissions by   authors employed by the Government of Iran            Dear Dr Bruno Granier,      The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of the US Department of   the Treasury administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions. As   a result of OFAC sanctions we have been made aware that US editors, US   Elsevier staff and US reviewers are now unable to handle scientific   manuscripts where any of the authors are employed by the Government of   Iran. This includes the research departments of the various oil and   gas companies which are deemed to be entities of the Government of   Iran. We realize that this OFAC regulation will cause some   inconvenience in your role as an editor but Elsevier is legally   obliged to ensure that all reasonable efforts are made to avoid   submissions from Iranian government agencies and companies being   handled by US editors, US Elsevier staff and US reviewers. Please be   aware that editors, Elsevier staff and reviewers from outside the US   may still handle these manuscripts and that this OFAC regulation does   not pertain to manuscripts where the authors are based at Iranian   academic and research institutes. Manuscripts originating from a   clinical setting that are not government run, for example, a hospital   or clinical practice are also exempt from this regulation.      To view the official OFAC regulation, please click here. In practice   the result of these sanctions will mean that:      • Submissions where any author is based in Iran, and is not at an   academic and research institution, cannot be handled by US-based   editors, US Elsevier staff, US reviewers, or any US citizens based   outside of the US.      • If an Iranian author has dual affiliations (eg. university and   government), their submission cannot be handled by US-based editors,   US Elsevier staff, US reviewers, or any US citizens based outside of   the US.      • Affiliations of Iranian authors should therefore be checked, and any   manuscripts which fall under this OFAC regulation delegated to a   non-US editor, before handling.      • When assigning reviewers, affiliations of Iranian authors should   also be checked, and any papers which fall under this OFAC regulation   should only be sent to non-US reviewers. (As an editor you should do   what is reasonable to determine the nationality of a reviewer e.g.   check their email address. This check does not extend to emailing   reviewers directly to confirm their nationality or location). Unless   there is specific knowledge that a non-US-based reviewer is a US   citizen, editors can send such submissions to reviewers based outside   the US.      • If your journal workflow involves all submissions being handled by   US-based Elsevier staff, they will reject these manuscripts outright   before they reach you.      • Should there be no suitably qualified editor or reviewer, please   reject the manuscript outright.      When rejecting manuscripts which fall under this OFAC regulation   please use the new EES Decision Term "Reject - OFAC Sanctions" and the   following text:      "As a result of OFAC sanctions all editorial staff who are US-based/US   nationals are unable to handle scientific manuscripts which are   authored by Iranian scientists, employed by the Government of Iran.   Based on this OFAC regulation we are unfortunately unable to handle   your manuscript. We wish you success with your submission to another   Journal."       We apologize for the inconvenience this may cause. If you do have any   questions please contact your Publisher.       Sent on behalf of Dan Lovegrove      Cretaceous Research   Has there been any public response, by US editors or reviewers, stating whether they will obey (or not) the instruction? Also, does this letter conflict with the  of the  (all Elsevier journals are members of COPE as of January 2008)?
88226
A recent job posting at a British university has specified available openings at multiple levels: lecturer, senior lecturer, reader, and professor. However, it's not clear how to map these titles to American equivalents. For instance, where would someone who has finished up several years of an assistant professorship and is interested in moving into such a position be classified? Would it be as a senior lecturer or reader?
41319
I already have a PhD, but now I'm graduating with a Master's in another field from another university.  Question:  What academic robes do I wear?  I know it is normal to wear the regalia from the highest award but that seems strange in this case.
103018
This question is specifically aiming at the UK PhD admission system.   Having spent roughly 6 years in the UK - 2 years A-Level and 4 years undergraduate, I am now moving forward into applying for PhD programs. To my surprise, I discovered that I would have to face a lot of difficulties regarding my eligibility for funding.   Most of the funding I applied for were strictly 'UK/EU citizens only', and it is rare to have full funding for international students. I have applied to a lot of places, and received a lot of responses in the form of "... you are a good match, but I don't have funding for overseas students...".  Having chosen the UK to study with the belief that 'as long as I am competent I should be qualified for the job', the reality has really slapped back at me.   Why such discriminations are allowed in a developed country like the UK? I made this claim knowing little to nothing about the US or other countries' systems, but lots of my friends having applied to EU PhDs received their offers without being asked whether they are 'caucasians' or not.
51904
I hold an EU Blue Card and an Indian Passport and have submitted a paper to a conference in the USA due to occur in September 2019. The Blue Card will expire in August 2019 but have already obtained an extension for the same.  In order to present the paper in the conference I need to apply for a B1/B2 visa for the USA and not sure if I may be allowed to apply for one in Germany since I am not a German Citizen.  Are there any specific documents that I might need in order to apply for the B1/B2 Visa since I am not a citizen of the country where I am actually applying?
67129
I would like to know what is the preferred way to indicate that I took a degree in some subject while also naming the place where I obtained the degree from:   I got my master's degree from the University of Somewhere; I got my master's degree in the University of Somewhere; I took my master's degree in the University of Somewhere.   I would say that "in" is more suitable to mention the particular subject (a degree in maths, for instance) than to indicate the place, but I still have doubts.  By the way, is it a "master's degree" or a "Master's degree"?