I was reading about packages, and I wondered what are package names for commands like "ls" and "echo"? These commands were installed on every Linux machine I've worked with, and I don't know which package installs them.  $ sudo apt purge ls   Reading package lists... Done   Building dependency tree          Reading state information... Done   E: Unable to locate package ls  $ sudo apt purge echo   Reading package lists... Done   Building dependency tree          Reading state information... Done   E: Unable to locate package echo   And the same thing happened for lots of other commands.  Q1. Is there any package which has all these primary commands in?  Q2. Do "ls" or "echo" or ... have a package? or they are just some commands?  Q3. How can I find the package name of commands like "ls", "echo", "read" and so other?
2907
Simple enough question: is there some shell command (or GUI method) I can use that, given the path to a file on my system, tells me what package put it there? Assuming the file did in fact come from a package, that is.  Bonus question: what if it's a file that isn't installed on my system? Is there, say, a website that will let me look up a file and see what packages, if any, provide it?
89698
I am often interested in the installation triggers (postinst, postrm) or certain parts of packages (like /usr/share and /etc). Currently, I am running the next command to retrieve the source code:  apt-get source [package-name]   The downside is, this file is often much bigger than the binary package and does not reflect the installation tree.  Right now, I am downloading the packages through :      Download the actual file   This takes too long for me and as someone who really likes the shell, I would like to do something like the next (imaginary) command:  apt-get get-deb-file [package-name]   I could not find something like this in the . The most close I found was the --download-only switch, but this puts the package in /var/cache/apt/archives (which requires root permissions) and not in the current directory.
4698
I installed a plain Ubuntu 10.10 on my computer and installed some software via apt-get. Last week I managed to break everything and just started from scratch, and I need to reinstall my software. Is there some way to create a list with all the packages that I have installed manually?  So that it would give me a list like texlive, ... and not texlive, texlive-dep1, textlive-dep2, ... and all the standard packages removed?  If I could somehow figure out which programs out of the regular install I have removed, that would be awesome too!    Update 2015-05-23: I now use Ansible as configuration management on my systems. There I specify the packages to install. This serves the goal, installing all the programs on a fresh system, even better. So this question might be the entry into some light configuration management.
71790
I'm trying to find what packages I have installed from a repository using terminal commands.  I found a post somewhere saying I could use aptitude search "?origin (&lt;repository&gt;) ?installed", but I couldn't get it working. I tried searching for a packages that came from ppa:ubuntu-wine/ppa and got nothing with these:  aptitude search "?origin (http://ppa.launchpad.net/ubuntu-wine/ppa/ubuntu/) ?installed" aptitude search "?origin (http://ppa.launchpad.net/ubuntu-wine/ppa/ubuntu/) ?installed" aptitude search "?origin (http://ppa.launchpad.net/ubuntu-wine/ppa/ubuntu/ raring/main) ?installed"   It would be nice if I could get something that works with PPAs.
22656
I have tried searching for this but there seems to be no command that can output a list of packages (ideally in Ubuntu) that I have installed, not including any dependencies.
15908
I've upgraded to Ubuntu 12.04 and did it . I didn't look at the "packages to remove" section before clicking next - I've done Ubuntu upgrades many times and assumed it was just the normal set of obsolete library packages etc. But I do tend to watch the terminal text go by and see what it's doing, and I saw it removing a number of packages I wanted. I guess these are packages that aren't on the CD that can't co-exist with the new Ubuntu.  Anyway, I want to find which packages have been removed. So does the update log get saved somewhere?  Then I can start doing some grepping on it and then reinstall the packages I did want.
12419
I'd tried command cat with an executable file:  cat /bin/ls   Now I can't read any word in this terminal (Linux console). How can I fix it?
57783
How can Bash rename a series of packages to remove their version numbers? I've been toying around with both expr and %%, to no avail.  Examples:  Xft2-2.1.13.pkg becomes Xft2.pkg  jasper-1.900.1.pkg becomes jasper.pkg  xorg-libXrandr-1.2.3.pkg becomes xorg-libXrandr.pkg
11155
I'd like to get a list of packages installed manually by apt or aptitude and be able to find out whether a foobar package was installed manually or automatically. Is there any neat way of doing that from the command line?
70935
I want to know the commands that a specific Debian package offers me.  For example lets say I installed a package called x.deb. This package surely contains some commands that i can use.  How to list these commands.  I know I can use compgen bash command to generate list of all available commands in my system but what i need is just for specific package.  I tried the solutions:  dpkg -L postgresql-9.3 | egrep '(bin|games)/' /usr/lib/postgresql/9.3/bin/pg_upgrade /usr/lib/postgresql/9.3/bin/pg_ctl /usr/lib/postgresql/9.3/bin/pg_resetxlog /usr/lib/postgresql/9.3/bin/postgres /usr/lib/postgresql/9.3/bin/pg_xlogdump /usr/lib/postgresql/9.3/bin/initdb /usr/lib/postgresql/9.3/bin/pg_controldata /usr/lib/postgresql/9.3/bin/postmaster   I tried the command postgres  user@userPc:~$ postgres No command 'postgres' found, did you mean:  Command 'postgrey' from package 'postgrey' (universe) postgres: command not found
62018
I'm contemplating writing a script that does this:   Goes through each file in /usr/lib Does a dpkg -s search on each file. Reports a list of "orphan" files not belonging to any .deb package.   The idea is that over time, I've installed a lot of make install software and I'd like to get a list of leftover files from manually installed software I've since deleted.
124277
I'm answering a question with a suggestion to use rename, and I realize I don't know what package it comes from (as part of the answer, I imagine saying something like "if you don't have rename, it's installed as part of [package]").  man rename tells me to SEE ALSO: mv(1), perl(1) - so my first thought is that it was installed with perl.  A related answer, , helps me figure out that the perl package includes prename but not rename - and it turns out that my /usr/bin/rename points to /etc/alternatives/rename which points to /usr/bin/prename  So this is still kind of confusing.  Did /etc/alternatives/rename point somewhere else before I installed perl?  Is there a general way to tell which package something comes from?
54205
I am completely new to Ubuntu. A friend recommended me to frequently run the following commands:  sudo apt-get upgrade sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get autoremove sudo apt-get autoclean   He said that this will somehow keep my system clean and updated. I do not know what exactly these commands do. Is it really useful to run them regularly?
8029
I've searched the net for such information and found different command lines, like these ones:  sudo apt-get remove application sudo apt-get remove application*  sudo apt-get remove --purge application sudo apt-get remove --purge application*  sudo apt-get purge application sudo apt-get purge application*   So, what is the correct way? Is it necessary to use that "*"?  After that, I also found these commands:  sudo updatedb sudo locate application sudo rm -rf (file/folder name)
102614
Today I happened to press ' after ls So the command is ls' &gt; ls' quote&gt; ls' zsh: command not found: ls\nls &gt;  Can someone tell me, what is the ls quote thing?
65092
I started using Ubuntu and like it so far. I got my first system at a point where problems would really hurt. Normally I do the apt-get upgrade stuff quite brain-off but this here made me feel a bit uncertain. The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:   linux-headers-4.15.0-29 linux-headers-4.15.0-29-generic linux-image-4.15.0-29-generic linux-modules-4.15.0-29-generic linux-modules-extra-4.15.0-29-generic Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.  I believe that newer version of this modules are installed and used already and that this old ones can be removed. But that is just me theory. When running autoremove it says that 335 MB will be freed. Is this safe or not? Update: I went for the autoremove with purge (even if I have enough space) I just seem to be greedily. It then popped up a purple screen asking me: A new version of /boot/grub/menu.lst is available, but the version installed currently has been locally modified. What would you like to do about menu.lst?  install the package maintainer's version keep the local version currently installed show the differences between the versions show a side-by-side difference between the versions show a 3-way difference between available versions do a 3-way merge between available versions (experimental) List item start a new shell to examine the situation  if I choose option 2: keep the local version, will it keep revert back to 4.15.0-29? what should I do. I'm sure this is just a small thing but I dont want this system to have short or longterm issues. Update: I compared both versions: one was the grub list and the other was some tmp list. one was version 29 and the other had version 34. I pressed: keep the local version currently installed twice and rebootet. $ uname -r 4.15.0-34-generic  hope that grub list is okay and its not the tmp list. Nevertheless I wanted to thank all you guys for the amount of very detailed answers. I felt a bit bad for all the time you spent answering me the initial question. But this seems to stand up for a decent community.
28424
When packages are already installed and I run an apt-get install &lt;package-name&gt;, sometimes it will print a line &lt;package-name&gt; is set to manually installed.  What does that mean?