who came up with the contingency theory?
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The contingency theory of leadership was proposed by the Austrian psychologist Fred Edward Fiedler in his landmark 1964 article, "A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness." The contingency theory emphasizes the importance of both the leader's personality and the situation in which that leader operates.
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The initial use of the Nature vs. Nurture Theory was credited to psychologist Sir Francis Galton in 1869 (Bynum, 2002). However, it is unclear who initially described the impact of genes and biology versus environmental influences.
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1. Philosophical and Historical Motivation. Game theory in the form known to economists, social scientists, and biologists, was given its first general mathematical formulation by John von Neuman and Oskar Morgenstern (1944).
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A bust of Democritus (or Democrites), who came up with the idea of indivisible atoms. The earliest known proponent of anything resembling modern atomic theory was the ancient Greek thinker Democritus. He proposed the existence of indivisible atoms as a response to the arguments of Parmenides and the paradoxes of Zeno.
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Proposal of perceptual load theory Lavie attempted to resolve the early/late selection debate by arguing that both early and late selection occur depending on the stimulus presented. She introduced the concept of perceptual load, referring to the complexity of the physical stimuli, particularly the distractor stimuli.
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Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839. This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory.
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Main Theorists. John Dewey (1933/1998) is often cited as the philosophical founder of this approach. Bruner (1990) and Piaget (1972) are considered the chief theorists among the cognitive constructivists, while Vygotsky (1978) is the major theorist among the social constructivists.
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The is–ought problem is also known as Hume's law or Hume's guillotine. A similar view is defended by G. E. Moore's open-question argument, intended to refute any identification of moral properties with natural properties. This so-called naturalistic fallacy stands in contrast to the views of ethical naturalists.
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Behaviorist B.F. Skinner derived the reinforcement theory, one of the oldest theories of motivation, as a way to explain behavior and why we do what we do. The theory may also be known as Behaviorism, or Operant Conditioning, which is still commonly taught in psychology today.
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Goal Setting Theory of Motivation. In 1960's, Edwin Locke put forward the Goal-setting theory of motivation. This theory states that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance. It states that specific and challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance.
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The situational theory of publics was developed by J. E. Grunig in 1968. He theorized that there are specific variables that determine a person's inclusion into one of four publics. These three variables are problem recognition, constraint recognition and level of involvement (Grunig, 1989).
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The uncertainty reduction theory, also known as initial interaction theory, developed in 1975 by Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese, is a communication theory from the post-positivist tradition.
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Scaffolding theory was first introduced in the late 1950s by Jerome Bruner, a cognitive psychologist. He used the term to describe young children's oral language acquisition.
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The corpuscular theory was largely developed by Isaac Newton. Newton's theory was predominant for more than 100 years and took precedence over Huygens' wave theory of light, partly because of Newton's great prestige.
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Unconformities Are Gaps in the Geological Record The concept of an unconformity arises from two of the oldest principles of geology, first stated in 1669 by Nicholas Steno: The Law of Original Horizontality: Layers of sedimentary rock (strata) are originally laid down flat, parallel to the Earth's surface.
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Anne Treisman proposed her selective attention theory in 1964. His theory is based on the earlier model by Broadbent. Treisman also believed that this human filter selects sensory inputs on the basis of physical characteristics.
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According to the standard account, C.S. Peirce gets credit for first proposing a pragmatic theory of truth, William James is responsible for popularizing the pragmatic theory, and John Dewey subsequently reframed truth in terms of warranted assertibility (for this reading of Dewey see Burgess & Burgess 2011: 4).