what is a microfluidic channel?
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Microfluidics is the science of manipulating and controlling fluids, usually in the range of microliters (10-6) to picoliters (10-12), in networks of channels with dimensions from tens to hundreds of micrometers. ... It is viewed as an essential tool for life science research or in a larger way in biotechnologies.
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VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration) is the technology used to create small microchips which are capable of performing various operations e.g. Multiplexers, Encoders, flipflops. Many such functionalities are combined in ASICs(Application Specific Integrated Circuits).
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Micro-irrigation, also called localized irrigation, low volume irrigation, low-flow irrigation, or trickle irrigation, is an irrigation method with lower pressure and flow than a traditional sprinkler system. Low volume irrigation is used in agriculture for row crops, orchards, and vineyards.
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Microfluidic devices exploit the physical and chemical properties of liquids and gases at a microscale. Microfluidic devices offer several benefits over conventionally sized systems. Microfluidics allow the analysis and use of less volume of samples, chemicals and reagents reducing the global fees of applications.
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Gated ion channels are made up of multiple transmembrane proteins that create a pore, or channel, in the cell membrane. Depending upon its type, each ion channel is specific to the passage of a particular ionic species.
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Potassium Channels K+ channels are membrane proteins that allow rapid and selective flow of K+ ions across the cell membrane, and thus generate electrical signals in cells. Voltage-gated K+ channels (Kv channels), present in all animal cells, open and close upon changes in the transmembrane potential.
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These proteins are characterized by being open to both the intracellular and extracellular space at the same time. By contrast, carrier proteins are only open to the inside or outside of a cell at any given time. Channels or pores are typically designed so that only one specific substance can pass through.
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Gap junctions are clusters of intercellular channels that allow direct diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells. The intercellular channels are formed by head-to-head docking of hexameric assemblies (connexons) of tetraspan integral membrane proteins, the connexins (Cx) (Goodenough et al. 1996).
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Facilitated diffusion is the movement of a molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of a protein channel or carrier. ... Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane.
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Transport proteins function in both active and passive transport to move molecules across the plasma membrane. ... A channel protein serves as a tunnel across the membrane into the cell. More specifically, channel proteins help molecules across the membrane via passive transport, a process called facilitated diffusion.
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A gated channel protein is a transport protein that opens a "gate," allowing a molecule to pass through the membrane. Gated channels have a binding site that is specific for a given molecule or ion. A stimulus causes the "gate" to open or shut.
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Atencia et al. (2009) designed a device termed “the microfluidic palette,” which is capable of generating multiple spatial chemical gradients simultaneously inside a single chamber. While those designs allow generation of complex gradient patterns, they are limited to the creation of a pattern in a single chamber.
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With a microdrip set (drip factor of 60 gtt/ml), simply remember that the drip rate is the same as the flow rate. ... The drip rate (125 gtt/minute) is the same as the number of milliliters of fluid per hour (flow rate).
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Osmosis is the diffusion of starch molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion through ion channels is a form of active transport. Passive transport uses ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient. ... In active transport, energy is required to move a substance across the cell membrane.
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How microchipping works. A tiny microchip is quickly and simply inserted under the animal's skin, or in the neck for horses. This gives the pet their own unique code. The microchip can be scanned and matched to the owner's contact details, which are kept on a database, such as the national PetLog database.
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Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are integral membrane proteins that contain a pore which allows the regulated flow of selected ions across the plasma membrane.
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A model is developed to analyze the effect of axial conduction on heat transfer during single-phase flow in microchannels. The axial heat conduction in the wall introduces heat flow toward the inlet section resulting in an increase in the local fluid temperature and a corresponding increase in the wall temperature.