how to tell the difference between autosomal and x linked pedigree?
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For example, in X-linked recessive traits, males are much more commonly affected than females. In autosomal traits, both males and females are equally likely to be affected (usually in equal proportions).
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Humans have two versions of all autosomal genes, called alleles, one from each parent. The recessive trait is hidden in the heterozygous individual (Dd) if the other allele is inherited in a dominant fashion, and so this person is a called a “carrier” of the recessive allele, but does not manifest the disease or trait.
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is inherited in an X-linked pattern. X-linked genetic disorders are conditions caused by an abnormal gene on the X chromosome and manifest mostly in males. Females that have an abnormal gene present on one of their X chromosomes are carriers for that disorder.
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['Size. This is the easiest way to tell two different chromosomes apart.', 'Banding pattern. The size and location of Giemsa bands on chromosomes make each chromosome pair unique.', 'Centromere position.']
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Autosomal traits are controlled by genes on one of the 22 human autosomes. Consider earlobe attachment. A single autosomal gene with two alleles determines whether you have attached earlobes or free-hanging earlobes. The allele for free-hanging earlobes (F) is dominant to the allele for attached earlobes (f).
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Genetic disorders that are due to mutations in genes on the X chromosome are described as X linked. If X chromosome has a genetic disease gene, it always causes illness in male patients, since men have only one X chromosome and therefore only one copy of each gene.
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['single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)', 'small-scale insertions/deletions.', 'polymorphic repetitive elements.', 'microsatellite variation.']
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Pedigrees are drawn using standard symbols and formatting. Males are represented by squares and females by circles. Individuals who are deceased have a slash through the symbol representing them. Symbols for individuals affected by a particular disorder are shaded.
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Males are said to be "hemizygous" for any X-chromosome genes, meaning that there are only half ("hemi") as many alleles as normally present for a diploid individual. As a consequence, if males (but not females) inherit an X-linked recessive trait from their mothers, they display the recessive phenotype.
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This type of inheritance is called "autosomal recessive." "Autosomal" means that the gene is on one of the first 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine gender, so that males and females are equally affected by the disease.
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Since males only have one X chromosome, any mutated gene on the X chromosome, dominant or recessive, will result in disease. Because females have two copies of X-linked genes, they will not be affected by inheriting of a single recessive mutation on an X-linked gene.
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FTDNA declares anyone a X match if segment is 1cM/500SNPs or greater. Women to women X comparisons will have more false X matches(they each have two X values) then a male to male comparison (they only have one X value each).
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Dizygotic Twins (non-identical) : Indicated by two diagonal vertical lines originating from the same point. Monozygotic twins (identical): Indicated by two diagonal vertical lines originating from the same point. No children: A vertical line with 2 hash marks at the end.
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- A genetic map gives the relative order and nucleotide distances between genetic loci; a physical map shows the banding patterns and other cytological features of chromosomes.
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Females Have Two X Chromosomes, Males Have One By the nature of X-chromosome-linked patterns of inheritance, females can be either homozygous or heterozygous for X-chromosome-linked traits, whereas males, because they have only a single X chromosome, are hemizygous.
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Homozygous: You inherit the same version of the gene from each parent, so you have two matching genes. Heterozygous: You inherit a different version of a gene from each parent. They do not match.
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Y-linked inheritance. Y-linked traits never occur in females, and occur in all male descendants of an affected male. The concepts of dominant and recessive do not apply to Y-linked traits, as only one allele (on the Y) is ever present in any one (male) individual.