what are the abnormalities of placenta?
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Placenta accreta, placenta increta, and placenta percreta. Abnormal placental implantation (accreta, incretak, and percreta) is described using a general clinical term, respectively, morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) [2] or “abnormal invasive placenta” (AIP).
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The placenta is an organ that develops in your uterus during pregnancy. This structure provides oxygen and nutrients to your growing baby and removes waste products from your baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of your uterus, and your baby's umbilical cord arises from it.
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The placenta is composed of several different cell types ranging from fibroblast, trophoblasts to mesenchymal cells. Epigenetic patterns are cell specific and different cell types in the placenta are known to have a different DNA methylation profile71.
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['Abnormal vaginal bleeding during or after pregnancy.', 'A uterus that is larger than expected at a given point in the pregnancy.', 'Severe nausea or vomiting during pregnancy.', 'High blood pressure at an early point in the pregnancy, which may include headaches and/or swelling of the feet and hands.']
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["A birth defect that affects the baby's gastrointestinal tract or central nervous system.", 'Maternal diabetes.', 'Twin-twin transfusion — a possible complication of identical twin pregnancies in which one twin receives too much blood and the other too little.']
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Although an enlarged placenta is not tremendously common, it's also not very rare. A few factors that can result in an enlarged placenta include smoking, certain infections in the uterus and certain maternal medical conditions, such as anemia, hypertension or diabetes.
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['Miscarriage.', 'Birth defects.', 'Twins.', 'High blood pressure.', 'Gestational diabetes.', 'Difficult labor.']
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Since the fetus doesn't breathe air, his or her blood circulates differently than it does after birth: The placenta is the organ that develops and implants in the mother's womb (uterus) during pregnancy. The unborn baby is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord.
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Every year, 7.9 million infants (approximately 6 percent of babies worldwide) are born with serious abnormalities. These can be related to the anatomy (such as clubfoot or cleft lip), chromosomal abnormalities (such as Down syndrome – Trisomy 21) or biochemical/genetic mutations (such as sickle-cell disease).
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Chronic hypertension and diabetes mellitus may cause or aggravate such dysfunction thus causing placental abruption. A history of Caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of placental abruption.
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['Preterm labor. ... ', 'Chronic health conditions. ... ', 'Taking certain medicines to treat health conditions, like high blood pressure, epilepsy and blood clots. ... ', 'Infections. ... ', 'Problems with the placenta. ... ', 'Not gaining enough weight during pregnancy.']
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As your baby grows, the placenta produces more and more insulin-counteracting hormones. In gestational diabetes, the placental hormones can mean a rise in blood sugar to a level that can affect the functioning of the placenta and the growth and development of the baby.
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If you have placenta previa, when the cervix begins to efface (thin out) and dilate (open up) for labor, blood vessels connecting the placenta to the uterus may tear. This can cause severe bleeding during labor and birth, putting you and your baby in danger.
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['Bleeding: Most commonly, bleeding is a sign of a problem with the placenta and does not indicate a fetal demise. ... ', 'Cramping: Pregnancy losses in the second trimester can be due to early labor.', 'Loss of fetal movement: This can indicate a fetal demise.']
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Normally, the uterus squeezes after delivery to stop bleeding where the placenta was. The placenta is an organ that grows in your uterus during pregnancy and nourishes your baby. With uterine atony, the uterus doesn't contract as well as it should. This can cause heavy bleeding after you give birth.
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If the placenta attaches instead to the lower part of the uterus, it can cover part or all of the cervix. When the placenta covers part or all of the cervix during the last months of pregnancy, the condition is known as placenta previa, or low-lying placenta.
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The placenta is the interface between mother and fetus. Functions of the placenta include gas exchange, metabolic transfer, hormone secretion, and fetal protection.