我被一群生活在山上的 女同性恋人士养大， 不久前我还像是个误入纽约的 森林小矮人。

I was raised by lesbians in the mountains, and I sort of came like a forest gnome to New York City a while back.


我的脑子变得很混乱， 待会儿再细说这部分。

Really messed with my head, but I'll get into that later.


先从我八岁时开始说起吧。

I'll start with when I was eight years old.


我有一个木盒子， 在里面放了一张纸币，一支笔，和一只叉子， 并把盒子埋在了科罗拉多。

I took a wood box, and I buried a dollar bill, a pen and a fork inside this box in Colorado.


我觉得一些奇异的机械人 或外星人会在五百年后发现它， 并以此来了解人类是 如何交流想法的， 可能是我们怎样吃意大利面。

And I thought some strange humanoids or aliens in 500 years would find this box and learn about the way our species exchanged ideas, maybe how we ate our spaghetti.


不管怎样，我觉得这还是挺有趣的， 因为三十年后的我，仍在制造盒子。

Anyway, this is kind of funny, because here I am, 30 years later, and I'm still making boxes.


从前我在夏威夷呆过一段时间 —— 我喜欢远足，冲浪， 以及尝试所有奇怪的事情， 我给我妈做了一个拼贴画。

Now, at some point I was in Hawaii -- I like to hike and surf and do all that weird stuff, and I was making a collage for my ma.


我拿来一本字典，把它撕碎， 然后弄成艾格尼斯·马丁 风格的那种格子， 我倒了一些树脂上去， 然后一只蜜蜂被粘住了。

And I took a dictionary and I ripped it up, and I made it into a sort of Agnes Martin grid, and I poured resin all over it and a bee got stuck.


她本来就很怕蜜蜂而且对蜜蜂过敏， 于是我往画板上倒了更多的树脂， 希望可以遮盖住那只蜜蜂。

Now, she's afraid of bees and she's allergic to them, so I poured more resin on the canvas, thinking I could hide it or something.


然而事与愿违： 我几乎算是放大了瑕疵， 就像放大镜一样，盖在字典的文字上。

Instead, the opposite happened: It sort of created a magnification, like a magnifying glass, on the dictionary text.


然后呢？我做了更多的盒子。


这一次，我开始放置 一些电子产品，青蛙， 和在街上捡到的奇怪的瓶子—— 任何东西我可以找到的东西 —— 我的一生都不断地在寻找， 试着在事物之间建立联系， 讲述它们之间的故事。

This time, I started putting electronics, frogs, strange bottles I'd find in the street -- anything I could find -- because I was always finding things my whole life, and trying to make relationships and tell stories between these objects.


于是我开始以它们为主题去作画， 而我意识到：“天啊天啊， 我可以在空间中作画！

So I started drawing around the objects, and I realized: Holy moly, I can draw in space!


我可以画出不受限制的线， 就像那些在犯罪现场的尸体周围画的线。

I can make free-floating lines, like the way you would draw around a dead body at a crime scene.


于是我把那些物件取出来， 为我的作品创造了一套分类学。

So I took the objects out, and I created my own taxonomy of invented specimens.


首先，植物类的—— 这类你们应该有些了解。

First, botanical -- which you can kind of get a sense of.


然后我开始弄了一些 奇怪的昆虫和生物。

Then I made some weird insects and creatures.


在一层又一层的树脂上作画， 真的非常好玩。

It was really fun; I was just drawing on the layers of resin.


而且这非常酷， 因为我开始可以办展览和各种活动， 赚到了一些钱， 可以带我的女友去吃大餐， 比如去时时乐餐厅。

And it was cool, because I was actually starting to have shows and stuff, I was making some money, I could take my girlfriend for dinner, and like, go to Sizzler.


一段时间之后， 我又开始用人体模型创作， 在树脂内部，按照真实人体尺寸 绘制的作品。

At some point, I got up to the human form, life-size resin sculptures with drawings of humans inside the layers.


这其实挺赞的，但是有一点： 这简直不是人干的活儿。

This was great, except for one thing: I was going to die.


我不知道要怎么办， 那些树脂快要把我害死了。

I didn't know what to do, because the resin was going to kill me.


我每晚睡觉时候都在想着它们。

And I went to bed every night thinking about it.


我开始在一层层的玻璃上绘画， 这就像在一扇扇的窗户上绘画， 然后需要把所有窗户叠在一起， 这样便形成了一个三维作品。

I started drawing on the layers of glass, almost like if you drew on a window, then you put another window, and another window, and you had all these windows together that made a three-dimensional composition.


这还真的行得通， 于是我可以不再用树脂了。

And this really worked, because I could stop using the resin.


我持续做了许多年， 积累出了一件庞大的作品， 我称它们为“三联画”。

So I did this for years, which culminated in a very large work, which I call "The Triptych."


“三联画”在很大程度上 是受到耶罗尼米斯·博斯 “人间乐园”的启发， 是一幅存放在 西班牙普拉多博物馆的油画。

"The Triptych" was largely inspired by Hieronymus Bosch's "[The] Garden of Earthly Delights," which is a painting in the [Museo del] Prado in Spain.


很好，那是一幅很酷的画作。


人们说，它是一幅超前的作品。

It's kind of ahead of its time, they say.


好，“三联画”，我会慢慢 跟你们解释这件作品。

So, "The Triptych." I'll walk you through this piece.


它重约10900多公斤。


它是双面的，所以总共是差不多11米。

It's double-sided, so it's 36 feet of composition.


左面你们会看到耶稣和蝗虫们。

To the left, you have Jesus and the locusts.


那里有一个洞穴， 那些有着动物头的怪物 穿梭于两个世界之间。

There's a cave where all these animal-headed creatures travel between two worlds.


他们由具象的世界 回到这个它们所藏身的 错综复杂的下层世界。

They go from the representational world, to this analog-mesh underworld, where they're hiding.


这些有着动物头的生物 聚集在灯塔附近， 准备在大海里集体自杀。

This is where the animal-headed creatures are by the lighthouse, and they're all about to commit mass suicide into the ocean.


大海是由成千上万的元素组成。

The ocean is made up of thousands of elements.


那里有一只鸟神绑在一只战舰上。

This is a bird god tied up to a battleship.


比利·葛培理在大海里， 油污里的海岸；瓦尔多； 本拉登的藏匿处 —— 如果你们认真地观察那片大海的话，

Billy Graham is in the ocean; the Horizon from the oil spill; Waldo; Osama Bin Laden's shelter -- if you look really hard, in the ocean.


就能找到各种奇怪事物。 另外，这是一个雌性生物。


她从海洋里出来，一只手在泼着油污， 另一只手中飘出云朵。

She's coming out of the ocean, and she's spitting oil into one hand and she has clouds coming out of her other hand.


她的手如天平一般， 有着神话中 对地球和宇宙平衡的表达。

Her hands are like scales, and she has the mythological reference of the Earth and cosmos in balance.


这是“三联画”的一部分。


这边她在向手心吐着什么。

That's her hand that she's spitting into.


然后，当你们从另一边观察， 她又像树干，像鸟的喙， 还会从那里吐出云来。

And then, when you go to the other side, she has like a trunk, like a bird's beak, and she's spitting clouds out of her trunk.


她还有着一条5.5米的蛇尾， 来连接“三联画”。

Then she has an 18-foot-long serpent's tail that connects "The Triptych."


她的尾巴还在火山的背面着火了。

Anyway, her tail catches on fire from the back of the volcano.


我不知道怎么会出现这种效果。


这种事儿有时候确实会发生。


她的尾巴在一只独眼里终结， 由1986年的恐怖卡片组成的。

Her tail terminates in a cycloptic eyeball, made out of 1986 terrorist cards.


它们是上世纪80年代的产物， 像是棒球卡那种东西。

They were made in the 1980's, they're like baseball cards of terrorists.


这引申到我最近的一个项目。

That will bring you to my latest project.


我现在同时进行两个项目： 一个叫“心理地图”。

I'm in the middle of two projects: One's called "Psychogeographies."


这是一个长达六年的项目， 去制造100个这样的人类。

It's about a six-year project to make 100 of these humans.


每一个都是人类文化的一份存档， 由各种撕碎的传媒产品和物件拼凑， 可以是百科全书、字典或者是杂志。

Each one is an archive of our culture, through our ripped-up media and matter, whether it's encyclopedias or dictionaries or magazines.


每一样都可以被当做是一种存档， 以人体的轮廓呈现， 它们结队出行，每次20个， 4个或者12个。

But each one acts as a sort of an archive in the shape of a human, and they travel in groups of 20, 4, or 12 at a time.


它们像是细胞一般—— 一起出现，然后分裂。

They're like cells -- they come together, they divide.


你可以在它们之中走过。 这花费了我许多年的时间。

And you kind of walk through them. It's taking me years.


每一个，基本上 是一个1360多公斤的显微镜片， 里面封存着一个人。

Each one is basically a 3,000-pound microscope slide with a human stuck inside.


这个人的胸膛上 有一个小小的洞穴。

This one has a little cave in his chest.


这是他的头；那是他的胸膛， 你几乎可以看到起始点在哪里。

That's his head; there's the chest, you can kind of see the beginning.


接下来我会介绍其他的身体部分： 这是一个瀑布从他的胸膛喷涌而出， 遮盖他的生殖器——或者不是生殖器， 什么都行， 有点像是无性别的个体。

I'm going to go down the body for you: There's a waterfall coming out of his chest, covering his penis -- or not-penis, or whatever it is, a kind of androgynous thing.


我会快速地跟你们介绍一遍这些作品， 因为我没有太长时间来解释它们。

I'll take you quickly through these works, because I can't explain them for too long.


你们可以大概看到这里面有很多层。

There are the layers, you can kind of see it.


这是一个身体在分裂成两半。


这个作品有两个头， 两个头在互相沟通着。

This one has two heads, and it's communicating between the two heads.


在这个奇怪的造型中，你们可以看到 一些药片一样的东西 从一个头到另一个头。

You can see the pills coming out, going into one head from this weird statue.


在胸膛中间 有一个小小的树林。

There's a little forest scene inside the chest cavity.


总之，这次的演讲都是 关于这些盒子， 就像我们生活在其中的盒子。

Anyway, this talk's all about these boxes, like the boxes we're in.


太阳系就是我们生活在其中的盒子。

This box we're in, the solar system is a box.


这引申到我最近的盒子作品。


这是一个砖盒。 它叫做“先驱者之作”。

It's a brick box. It's called Pioneer Works.


（欢呼） 在这个盒子里，有一个物理学家， 一个脑神经科学家， 一个画家，一个音乐家， 一个作家，一个广播站， 一间博物馆，一所学校， 一间出版公司 向全世界宣传我们的作品； 一个花园。

Inside of this box is a physicist, a neuroscientist, a painter, a musician, a writer, a radio station, a museum, a school, a publishing arm to disseminate all the content we make there into the world; a garden.


我们摇动这个盒子， 而这些人就像粒子一样 互相撞击对方。

We shake this box up, and all these people kind of start hitting each other like particles.


而我想，这就是 你可以改变世界的方式。

And I think that's the way you change the world.


你重新定义你的内在， 和你生活的那个盒子。

You redefine your insides and the box that you're living in.


然后所有人共同意识到， 我们都生活在这里， 我们之间的千差万别不过是虚幻—— 有关国家，边界， 宗教——全部都不存在。

And you come together to realize that we're all in this together, that this delusion of difference -- this idea of countries, of borders, of religion -- doesn't work.


我们在同一个盒子中， 由同样的物质构成。

We're all really made up of the same stuff, in the same box.


而如果我们不开始试着 去互换一些美好的事物， 我们其实很快就会灭亡。

And if we don't start exchanging that stuff sweetly and nicely, we're all going to die real soon.


What do you do when you have a headache?


但你头疼，这片药药效要到达你的头部， 它先要经过胃、肠和许多其它器官。

But for this pill to get to your head, where the pain is, it goes through your stomach, intestines and various other organs first.


口服是最为有效且无痛的给药方式。 口服是最为有效且无痛的给药方式。

Swallowing pills is the most effective and painless way of delivering any medication in the body.


但是不利之处在于， 口服会导致药物稀释。

The downside, though, is that swallowing any medication leads to its dilution.


这可是一个大问题， 尤其是对于HIV患者。

And this is a big problem, particularly in HIV patients.


当他们使用抗HIV药物时， 这些药物有助于降低血液中的病毒含量， 并提升CD4细胞计数，

When they take their anti-HIV drugs, these drugs are good for lowering the virus in the blood, and increasing the CD4 cell counts.


但其副作用也是非常严重的， 而最大的问题在于， 因为药物进入血液时已经稀释， 到达目标位置时浓度更低。 这里才是最重要的地方： HIV病毒潜伏处。

But they are also notorious for their adverse side effects, but mostly bad, because they get diluted by the time they get to the blood, and worse, by the time they get to the sites where it matters most: within the HIV viral reservoirs.


这些地方在身体里面-- 诸如淋巴结、神经系统，以及肺部-- 这里的病毒在休眠， 不会迅速进入病人的血液中， 只要病人持续采用抗HIV药物治疗。

These areas in the body -- such as the lymph nodes, the nervous system, as well as the lungs -- where the virus is sleeping, and will not readily get delivered in the blood of patients that are under consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.


但是，当治疗中断时， 病毒就会苏醒并感染血液中的新细胞。

However, upon discontinuation of therapy, the virus can awake and infect new cells in the blood.


如今，对于目前的HIV药物治疗， 所有上述缺点成了一个大问题， 而病人必须终生服药。

Now, all this is a big problem in treating HIV with the current drug treatment, which is a life-long treatment that must be swallowed by patients.


有一天，我坐着突然想到： “我们可不可以 直接向病毒潜伏处中注入抗HIV药物， 这样药物不会稀释？”

One day, I sat and thought, "Can we deliver anti-HIV directly within its reservoir sites, without the risk of drug dilution?"


作为一名激光科学家， 答案就在我眼前： 激光，当然了。

As a laser scientist, the answer was just before my eyes: Lasers, of course.


如果激光可以应用于牙科， 糖尿病伤口修复与外科手术， 那可以想到的任何领域都可以使用， 包括直接向细胞注入药物。

If they can be used for dentistry, for diabetic wound-healing and surgery, they can be used for anything imaginable, including transporting drugs into cells.


实际上我们已经在用激光脉冲 在HIV感染的细胞上戳或钻出一个极小的孔， 这些孔钻开后会立即关闭。 我们用这个办法向细胞中注入药物。

As a matter of fact, we are currently using laser pulses to poke or drill extremely tiny holes, which open and close almost immediately in HIV-infected cells, in order to deliver drugs within them.


“这怎么可能？”你可能会问。


嗯，我们将一束能量极高但极细的激光 照射在HIV感染细胞的细胞膜上， 这些细胞浸泡在含有药物的液体里，

Well, we shine a very powerful but super-tiny laser beam onto the membrane of HIV-infected cells while these cells are immersed in liquid containing the drug.


激光将细胞刺穿， 毫秒之间，细胞就吞下了药物。

The laser pierces the cell, while the cell swallows the drug in a matter of microseconds.


在你反应过来之前， 钻出的孔又立即修复。

Before you even know it, the induced hole becomes immediately repaired.


现在，我们正在试管或培养皿里， 测试这一技术， 而目标是将这一技术 应用于人体。

Now, we are currently testing this technology in test tubes or in Petri dishes, but the goal is to get this technology in the human body, apply it in the human body.


嗯，我们使用的是一个三头仪器，

Well, the answer is: through a three-headed device.


第一个头是激光头， 用它在感染部位进行切割；

Using the first head, which is our laser, we will make an incision in the site of infection.


第二个头是摄像头， 用来找到感染位置；

Using the second head, which is a camera, we meander to the site of infection.


最后，第三个头是喷药头， 用来直接向感染部位注入药物， 同时用激光将细胞戳开一个孔。

Finally, using a third head, which is a drug-spreading sprinkler, we deliver the drugs directly at the site of infection, while the laser is again used to poke those cells open.


现在这个看起来还不成熟，

Well, this might not seem like much right now.


但如果能够成功， 终有一天，可以用这项技术 来彻底根除人体中的HIV。

But one day, if successful, this technology can lead to complete eradication of HIV in the body.


这是每个HIV研究者的梦想-- 对我们来说，就是用激光来治愈。

This is every HIV researcher's dream -- in our case, a cure lead by lasers.


在过去的十年里， 我一直在研究非政府武装集团： 像恐怖分子、造反派或民兵等武装组织。

For the past decade, I've been studying non-state armed groups: armed organizations like terrorists, insurgents or militias.


我记录他们在非战斗状态下都做些什么。

I document what these groups do when they're not shooting.


我的目标是更好地了解这些暴力分子 并研究促进从暴力途径到非暴力对抗的 过渡方式。

My goal is to better understand these violent actors and to study ways to encourage transition from violent engagement to nonviolent confrontation.


我做过实地考察, 研究过政策层面, 在图书馆翻阅过资料.

I work in the field, in the policy world and in the library.


理解非政府武装组织是解决当今大多数冲突的关键， 因为战争形态已经跟以前不一样了。

Understanding non-state armed groups is key to solving most ongoing conflict, because war has changed.


现在它是政府与非政府组织间的冲突。

It is now a conflict between states and non-state actors.


例如，在1975年到2011间签署的216项 和平协议中， 其中196项是政府与非政府组织之间签订的。

For example, of the 216 peace agreements signed between 1975 and 2011, 196 of them were between a state and a non-state actor.


因此我们需要了解这些集团；我们需要要么参与他们 要么在任何非成功不可的冲突解决过程中打败他们。

So we need to understand these groups; we need to either engage them or defeat them in any conflict resolution process that has to be successful.


我们要知道是什么让这些组织采取武装行动

We need to know what makes these organizations tick.


关于他们如何战斗、为何战斗我们了解很多， 但是没人关注当他们不战斗时都在干什么。

We know a lot about how they fight, why they fight, but no one looks at what they're doing when they're not fighting.


然而，武装斗争与非武装政治是相关联的。

Yet, armed struggle and unarmed politics are related.


它们都是相同组织的一部分。

It is all part of the same organization.


我们甚至不能理解这些集团，遑论打败他们， 如果我们不能了解全貌的话。

We cannot understand these groups, let alone defeat them, if we don't have the full picture.


当今的武装集团是复杂的组织。

And armed groups today are complex organizations.


以黎巴嫩真主党为例， 它因暴力对抗以色列而出名。

Take the Lebanese Hezbollah, known for its violent confrontation against Israel.


但自从上世纪80年代初创建以来， 真主党也建立了政党， 社会服务网络和军事机构。

But since its creation in the early 1980s, Hezbollah has also set up a political party, a social-service network, and a military apparatus.


类似地，因其对抗以色列的自杀式袭击而出名的 巴勒斯坦哈马斯， 自从2007年来也控制加沙走廊。

known for its suicide attacks against Israel, also runs the Gaza Strip since 2007.


因而这些集团所做的不仅仅是战斗。

So these groups do way more than just shoot.


他们建立复杂的宣传系统—— 包括无线电台、电视频道、 网站和社交媒体宣传。

They set up complex communication machines -- radio stations, TV channels, Internet websites and social media strategies.


这里还有伊斯兰国杂志， 用英文打印，发表文章来招募新兵。

And up here, you have the ISIS magazine, printed in English and published to recruit.


武装组织也投资复杂的基金筹备工作—— 不是通过掠夺的方式，而是通过建立可盈利的公司； 例如建筑公司。

Armed groups also invest in complex fund-raising -- not looting, but setting up profitable businesses; for example, construction companies.


它们使得这些集团能够增强自己的力量， 增加基金， 更好地招募，建立自己的品牌。

They allow these groups to increase their strength, increase their funds, to better recruit and to build their brand.


武装组织也做其他的一些事情： 它们通过投资社会服务 与大众建立更牢固的联系。

Armed groups also do something else: they build stronger bonds with the population by investing in social services.


他们建立学校，他们经营医院， 他们建立职业培训项目或小额贷款项目。

They build schools, they run hospitals, they set up vocational-training programs or micro-loan programs.


真主党提供所有这些服务，并且不止这些。

Hezbollah offers all of these services and more.


武装组织也寻求通过提供政府未提供的东西 来赢得大众的支持： 安全和稳定。

Armed groups also seek to win the population over by offering something that the state is not providing: safety and security.


塔利班在战乱重创的阿富汗的崛起， 或者甚至是伊斯兰国的崛起， 可以通过看这些团体提供安保的努力 来理解。

The initial rise of the Taliban in war-torn Afghanistan, or even the beginning of the ascent of ISIS, can be understood also by looking at these groups' efforts to provide security.


现在，不幸的是，在这些案例中， 提供安保对大众来说是个 难以承受的高代价。

Now, unfortunately, in these cases, the provision of security came at an unbearably high price for the population.


但是通常情况下，提供社会服务填充了一个缺口， 由政府留下的管理缺口， 使得这些集团能够增强自身实力 和权利。

But in general, providing social services fills a gap, a governance gap left by the government, and allows these groups to increase their strength and their power.


例如，要理解2006年巴勒斯坦哈马斯的选举胜利 就不能不承认集团的社会工作扮演的重要角色。

For example, the 2006 electoral victory of the Palestinian Hamas cannot be understood without acknowledging the group's social work.


现在，情况变得复杂起来， 然而在西方，当我们提起武装集团， 我们仅仅想到它暴力的一面。

Now, this is a really complex picture, yet in the West, when we look at armed groups, we only think of the violent side.


但这不足以理解这些集团的力量， 策略或长远目标。

But that's not enough to understand these groups' strength, strategy or long-term vision.


他们的崛起是因为他们填补了政府留下的空白， 他们以武装与政治集团的身份出现， 参与暴力斗争、提供管理。

They rise because they fill a gap left by the government, and they emerge to be both armed and political, engage in violent struggle and provide governance.


这些组织越复杂、精密， 他们越不会将自身视为国家的对立面。

And the more these organizations are complex and sophisticated, the less we can think of them as the opposite of a state.


现在，你怎么称呼想真主党这样的集团？

Now, what do you call a group like Hezbollah?


他们管理部分领土，有政府所有的功能， 他们回收垃圾，他们维护排水系统。

They run part of a territory, they administer all their functions, they pick up the garbage, they run the sewage system.


这是政府吗？这是叛乱集团吗？


或是其他一些东西，一些不同的新东西？

Or maybe something else, something different and new?


我们生活在政府、非政府以及二者之间， 政府越无力，像今天的中东那样， 非政府武装组织就会更多地介入，填补那个空白。

We live in a world of states, non-states, and in-between, and the more states are weak, like in the Middle East today, the more non-state actors step in and fill that gap.


这对政府来说很重要，因为为了对抗这些集团， 他们将不得不在非军事领域投入更多。

This matters for governments, because to counter these groups, they will have to invest more in non-military tools.


填补这项政府空白， 必须居于任何可持续方式的中心。

Filling that governance gap has to be at the center of any sustainable approach.


这对于调解和创建和平也很重要。

This also matters very much for peacemaking and peacebuilding.


如果我们更好地理解武装集团， 我们将更好地了解该采取何种途径来 实现从暴力到非暴力形式的过渡。

If we better understand armed groups, we will better know what incentives to offer to encourage the transition from violence to nonviolence.


因此在这项政府与非政府间的竞赛中， 军事力量可以赢得一些战斗， 但是它不会给我们带来和平与稳定。

So in this new contest between states and non-states, military power can win some battles, but it will not give us peace nor stability.


为了实现这些目标， 我们需要的是填补这项安保空白 填补上政府管理的缺位 这才是阻止非政府武装组织繁荣的关键.

To achieve these objectives, what we need is a long-term investment in filling that security gap, in filling that governance gap that allowed these groups to thrive in the first place.


作为一个女人我很失败， 作为一个女权主义者我也很失败。

I am failing as a woman, I am failing as a feminist.


我非常支持性别平等， 但是我会担心， 如果我坦然接受“女权主义者”这个称号， 对那些优秀的女权主义者不公平。

I have passionate opinions about gender equality, but I worry that to freely accept the label of "feminist," would not be fair to good feminists.


我是一个女权主义者， 但我是一个相当不称职的女权主义者。

I'm a feminist, but I'm a rather bad one.


哦, 所以我叫我自己“一个不良女权主义者”。


或者至少，我写过一篇文章， 又写了一本书，叫《坏女权主义者》， 然后在采访中， 大家开始叫我“那个坏女权主义者”。

Or at least, I wrote an essay, and then I wrote a book called "Bad Feminist," and then in interviews, people started calling me The Bad Feminist.


所以，这个一开始跟自己开的玩笑， 带着对自己故意的挑衅， 变成了一个实在的东西。

So, what started as a bit of an inside joke with myself and a willful provocation, has become a thing.


我年轻的时候， 大概青少年时期， 我对女权主义者有些奇怪的误解。 比如她们体毛很多，易怒， 憎恨男性，憎恨性， 就好像她们是不好的东西。

When I was younger, mostly in my teens and 20s, I had strange ideas about feminists as hairy, angry, man-hating, sex-hating women -- as if those are bad things.


现在，我看到了这个世界如何对待女性， 似乎愤怒是最合理的回应。

These days, I look at how women are treated the world over, and anger, in particular, seems like a perfectly reasonable response.


但是在以前， 当人们在暗示我， 我是一个女权主义者的时候， 他们的语气让我担心。

But back then, when suggesting I might be a feminist.


女权主义者这个标签更像是一种指控。 这是一个以“F”开头的词，而且不是个“好”的词。

The feminist label was an accusation, it was an "F" word, and not a nice one.


我被打上“不按规则来”， “期待的太多”， “自我感觉太好”的女性的标签， 仅仅是因为我敢于去相信， 我和男人一样优秀。

I was labeled a woman who doesn't play by the rules, who expects too much, who thinks far too highly of myself, by daring to believe I'm equal -- -- superior to a man.


直到意识到你就是这样的， 并且不敢去想象变成别的样子，

until you realize that you very much are that woman, and cannot imagine being anyone else.


你才会想要做这样一个反叛的女性。 当年龄渐长，我开始去接受， 我确实是一个女权主义者，并且为之自豪。

As I got older, I began to accept that I am, indeed, a feminist, and a proud one.


我秉持着这样的信念： 男女平等。

I hold certain truths to be self-evident: Women are equal to men.


我们有权利以自己想要的方式在世上行走， 不受到任何骚扰或者暴力。

We have the right to move through the world as we choose, free from harassment or violence.


我们有权享受简单， 可以支付得起的避孕方式， 和生殖健康服务。

We have the right to easy, affordable access to birth control, and reproductive services.


我们有权利为自己的身体作出决定， 不受法律监管或者宗教教条束缚。

We have the right to make choices about our bodies, free from legislative oversight or evangelical doctrine.


我们有权尊重别人和受到别人的尊重。


当我们谈论到女性的需求， 我们也要考虑到我们所具有的其他属性。

When we talk about the needs of women, we have to consider the other identities we inhabit.


我们形体不同， 性别表达不同， 信念，性取向，所处社会阶层，能力等等都不同。

We are people with different bodies, gender expressions, faiths, sexualities, class backgrounds, abilities, and so much more.


当我们在考虑我们有哪些共同点的时候， 也要考虑到这些不同之处 以及这些不同之处是在如何影响我们。

We need to take into account these differences and how they affect us, as much as we account for what we have in common.


不把两方面都囊括进去， 女权主义没有意义。

Without this kind of inclusion, our feminism is nothing.


我认为这些是不容否认的事实， 但还是要澄清， 我自己很乱。

I hold these truths to be self-evident, but let me be clear: I'm a mess.


很多时候我错误的实行了女权主义。

There are many ways in which I'm doing feminism wrong.


当我开车去上班时， 我用很大的音量听残暴的饶舌歌。

When I drive to work, I listen to thuggish rap at a very loud volume.


即使歌词是在贬低女性， 让我深深地感到被冒犯。 Ying Yang Twins有首著名的歌，”Salt Shaker“, 特别“棒”。

Even though the lyrics are degrading to women -- these lyrics offend me to my core -- the classic Yin Yang Twins song "Salt Shaker" -- it is amazing.


“婊子，你要摇起来， 直到你的下身开始疼！”

Bitch, you gotta shake it 'til your camel starts to hurt!"


我得说我需要改变在音乐上的偏好。

I am utterly mortified by my music choices.


我坚定地相信有的男性的工作。 是我不想做的，比如 所有家务， 还有杀虫，扔垃圾，修剪草坪，修车。

I firmly believe in man work, which is anything I don't want to do, including -- -- all domestic tasks, but also: bug killing, trash removal, lawn care and vehicle maintenance.


我喜欢时尚杂志和漂亮的东西。

I enjoy fashion magazines and pretty things.


我看”The Bachelor“ 和浪漫爱情喜剧。 我还对童话故事在现实中实现 有着荒诞的想象。

I watch "The Bachelor" and romantic comedies, and I have absurd fantasies about fairy tales coming true.


我有些错误更让人不能忍。

Some of my transgressions are more flagrant.


如果一位女性想要把姓改成她老公的， 那是她的选择，我没有权利去评价。

If a woman wants to take her husband's name, that is her choice, and it is not my place to judge.


如果一位女性选择在家带孩子， 我也支持她的决定。

If a woman chooses to stay home to raise her children, I embrace that choice, too.


问题并不是她的决定让她在经济上处于劣势； 问题是我们的社会形态 导致女性在做出选择时就会处于经济上的劣势。

The problem is not that she makes herself economically vulnerable in that choice; the problem is that our society is set up to make women economically vulnerable when they choose.


我拒绝主流的女权主义， 因为它一直以来忽略或者扭曲了 有色人种中的女性，工薪阶层中的女性， 同性恋或者变性者中女性的需求， 而只是有力的支持中上流社会里异性恋的白人女性。

I reject the mainstream feminism that has historically ignored or deflected the needs of women of color, working-class women, queer women and transgender women, in favor of supporting white, middle- and upper-class straight women.


听着，如果那才是好的女权主义， 我就是一名非常坏的女权主义者。

Listen, if that's good feminism -- I am a very bad feminist.


还有， 作为一名女权主义者，我感到压力很大。

There is also this: As a feminist, I feel a lot of pressure.


我们总是把女权主义者捧上神坛。

We have this tendency to put visible feminists on a pedestal.


当他们让我们失望， 我们会很高兴地把他们从神坛上踢下来。

When they disappoint us, we gleefully knock them from the very pedestal we put them on.


我说过，我自己很乱， 所以与其把我捧上神坛， 不如把我踢下来吧。

Like I said, I am a mess -- consider me knocked off that pedestal before you ever try to put me up there.


有太多女性， 尤其是一些打破桎梏的女性以及商界领袖， 都害怕被称为女权主义者。

Too many women, particularly groundbreaking women and industry leaders, are afraid to be labeled as feminists.


他们不敢站出来说，“没错，我是女权主义者”。 他们害怕这个标签的意义， 害怕做不到被加在身上的那些不现实的预期。

They're afraid to stand up and say, "Yes, I am a feminist," for fear of what that label means, for fear of being unable to live up to unrealistic expectations.


比如说，碧昂斯，我叫她“女神”。

Take, for example, Beyoncé, or as I call her, The Goddess.


近些年她以一名女权主义者的形象出现。

She has emerged, in recent years, as a visible feminist.


在2014 MTV颁奖典礼上， 她在10英尺的高台上， 站在“女权主义者”的牌子前表演。

At the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards, she performed in front of the word "feminist" 10 feet high.


那场景真的是无与伦比的精彩表演。 这位明星公开的拥护女权主义， 让年轻人们知道， 成为一名女权主义者是件值得庆贺的事。

It was a glorious spectacle to see this pop star openly embracing feminism and letting young women and men know that being a feminist is something to celebrate.


当这一时刻渐渐被人们淡忘， 文艺批评家们又开始无休无止的讨论 碧昂斯到底是不是个女权主义者。

As the moment faded, cultural critics began endlessly debating whether or not Beyoncé was, indeed, a feminist.


他们给她表现出的女权主义打分， 而不是简单地接受一个成熟， 优秀的女性自己的说法。

They graded her feminism, instead of simply taking a grown, accomplished woman at her word.


我们对女权主义者力求完美， 因为我们还在为了很多事情战斗， 我们想要这样， 我们太需要这样了。

We demand perfection from feminists, because we are still fighting for so much, we want so much, we need so damn much.


我们不再提出合理的，建设性的批评， 而是自己剖析任何女性所表现出的女权主义， 并彻底毁灭它。

We go far beyond reasonable, constructive criticism, to dissecting any given woman's feminism, tearing it apart until there's nothing left.


坏的女权主义，或者说， 更具包容性的女权主义，只是个开始。

Bad feminism -- or really, more inclusive feminism -- is a starting point.


我们要承认我们的不足并为其负责， 或者继续做我们承诺过的事情， 但要勇敢一点。

We go from acknowledging our imperfections to accountability, or walking the walk, and being a little bit brave.


如果我听有贬低性语言的歌曲， 我就为这些艺术家提供了一个需求， 而他们求之不得。

If I listen to degrading music, I am creating a demand for which artists are more than happy to contribute a limitless supply.


如果我们不要求他们改变他们的底线， 这些艺术家就不会改变 他们在歌里描述女性的方式。 当然，很困难。

These artists are not going to change how they talk about women in their songs until we demand that change by affecting their bottom line. Certainly, it is difficult.


但这样做到底有什么吸引人之处呢？


做出一个更好的选择很难， 但是证明一个选择不那么好却很容易。

It's hard to make the better choice, and it is so easy to justify a lesser one.


但是 当我证明那些坏的的选择的时候， 我的做法使得 女性更难获得应有的平等， 我不得不承认。

But -- when I justify bad choices, I make it harder for women to achieve equality, the equality that we all deserve, and I need to own that.


我想到了我的两个侄女，一个三岁，一个四岁。

I think of my nieces, ages three and four.


她们俩特别可爱，聪明又固执。 还特别的勇敢。

They are gorgeous and headstrong, brilliant girls, who are a whole lot of brave.


我希望他们能在一个能让她们的优秀品质 得到肯定的世界长大。

I want them to thrive in a world where they are valued for the powerful creatures they are.


我想到了她们， 突然的，要做出更好的选择，变的更容易。

I think of them, and suddenly, the better choice becomes far easier to make.


我们都能做出更好的选择。


我们可以在电视上出现 对女性表现性暴力的节目的时候换台， 比如体育节目， 比如电视剧《权利的游戏》。

We can change the channel when a television show treats sexual violence against women like sport, Game of Thrones.


我们可以在听见电台里播放 对女性弃如敝履的歌曲时换台。

We can change the radio station when we hear songs that treat women as nothing.


我们可以选择看别的电影 如果电影不善待女性角色， 而只是把她们作为点缀性角色。

We can spend our box office dollars elsewhere when movies don't treat women as anything more than decorative objects.


如果运动员们只把自己的同伴当做沙袋， 我们也可以不再支持竞技运动。

where the athletes treat their partners like punching bags.


另外，男性们，尤其是异性恋的白人男性， 可以说，除非有一定数量的女性参与决策， 我不会出版你的杂志， 参与你的项目， 或者跟你一起工作。

In other ways, men -- and especially straight white men -- can say, "No, I will not publish with your magazine, or participate in your project, or otherwise work with you, both as participants and decision makers.


我不会与你共事，除非你的出版物， 或者你的组织里包含了所有不同的人和事物。

I won't work with you until your publication, or your organization, is more inclusive of all kinds of difference."


我们当中那些被低估了 并且受邀参与这些项目的人， 也可以在没有更多的人 打破常规参与进来之前， 拒绝参与。

Those of us who are underrepresented and invited to participate in such projects, can also decline to be included until more of us are invited through the glass ceiling, and we are tokens no more.


如果不做出这样的努力， 不去反抗（那些不平等的待遇）， 我们的个人成就所具有的意义将不那么重大。

Without these efforts, without taking these stands, our accomplishments are going to mean very little.


我们鼓起勇气做出这些看上去并不重大的举动， 希望能以积水成海的力量 去影响那些更有权利和地位的人， 比如主编们，电影和音乐制作人们， 公司CEO们，法律制定者， 等等那些可以做出更大更勇敢的决定的人， 由他们去创造更深远的影响。

We can commit these small acts of bravery and hope that our choices trickle upward to the people in power -- editors, movie and music producers, CEOs, lawmakers -- the people who can make bigger, braver choices to create lasting, meaningful change.


我们也可以大胆的宣布我们的女权主义， 不管是好的还是坏的， 或者介于二者之间的。

We can also boldly claim our feminism -- good, bad, or anywhere in between.


我的书《坏女权主义者》里最后一句话是这样的， “比起什么都不做， 我宁愿做一个坏的女权主义者。”

The last line of my book "Bad Feminist" says, "I would rather be a bad feminist than no feminist at all."


我这样说的原因有很多， 但是最重要的是，曾经一度， 我无法表达自己的意见， 是女权主义帮我赢回了这一权利。

This is true for so many reasons, but first and foremost, I say this because once upon a time, my voice was stolen from me, and feminism helped me to get my voice back.


我把它叫做意外， 让我可以感觉不那么沉重。

I call it an incident so I can carry the burden of what happened.


有些男孩伤害了我。 我当时很年轻， 根本不知道为了伤害一个女孩， 他们能做出什么样的事情。

Some boys broke me, when I was so young, I did not know what boys can do to break a girl.


他们像对待废物一样对待我。


让我开始觉得我就是个废物。


他们夺走了我发表意见的权利， 之后我都不敢想象， 我说的话会有任何的意义。

They stole my voice, and in the after, I did not dare to believe that anything I might say could matter.


And there, I wrote myself back together.


我通过写作把自己锻炼的更强大。

I wrote myself toward a stronger version of myself.


我读了一些女性写的文章， 她们可能能理解我的经历， 或者跟我经历过相似的事情， 所以能明白棕色皮肤的人所面对的是怎样一个世界。

I read the words of women who might understand a story like mine, and women who looked like me, and understood what it was like to move through the world with brown skin.


她们的文章让我觉得我并非一无是处。

I read the words of women who showed me I was not nothing.


我学着像她们一样写作。 然后再以自己的风格写作。

I learned to write like them, and then I learned to write as myself.


我又重新找回了话语权， 并且开始相信我的想法意见 有着无法估量的力量。

I found my voice again, and I started to believe that my voice is powerful beyond measure.


通过写作和实践女权主义， 我还发现了如果我能勇敢一点， 其他女性就可以听到我的演讲，看到我， 然后意识到， 我们并不像这世界告诉我们的那样无能。

Through writing and feminism, I also found that if I was a little bit brave, another woman might hear me and see me and recognize that none of us are the nothing the world tries to tell us we are.


这只手， 掌握着能完成任何任务的力量。

In one hand, I hold the power to accomplish anything.


这另一只手， 掌握着一个事实， 我其实只是一个女人。

And in my other, I hold the humbling reality that I am just one woman.


我是一个坏的女权主义者。 我是一个好女人。 在不放弃任何人类属性的前提下， 我试着改进自己的思维方式， 表达方式和行为方式。

I am a bad feminist, I am a good woman, I am trying to become better in how I think, and what I say, and what I do, without abandoning everything that makes me human.


我希望当我们需要勇气的时候， 我们都能勇敢一点。

I hope that we can all be a little bit brave, when we most need such bravery.


就在去年圣诞节过后， 加州有132个孩子感染了麻疹, 原因是他们去过了迪斯尼乐园， 或是接触了某些去过迪斯尼的孩子。

Just after Christmas last year, 132 kids in California got the measles by either visiting Disneyland or being exposed to someone who'd been there.


之后病毒还窜到了美加边境， 感染了在魁北克的100多个孩子。

The virus then hopped the Canadian border, infecting more than 100 children in Quebec.


这次的麻疹爆发中让人非常痛心的是， 尽管麻疹对于抵抗力低的 孩子可能致命， 它同时也是世界上 最容易预防的疾病之一。

One of the tragic things about this outbreak is that measles, which can be fatal to a child with a weakened immune system, is one of the most easily preventable diseases in the world.


能够有效预防麻疹的疫苗 早在半个多世纪前就已经面世， 但在这次的迪斯尼麻疹大爆发中， 很多被感染的孩子都未接种过疫苗， 因为他们的家长担心 接种疫苗可能会导致一个 更“严重”的问题： 自闭症。

An effective vaccine against it has been available for more than half a century, but many of the kids involved in the Disneyland outbreak had not been vaccinated because their parents were afraid of something allegedly even worse: autism.


但是—— 回想一下，那篇 引发此争议的报道 不是早已经被英国医学周刊 揭发、撤回，并且被证实是 刻意的欺诈造谣吗？

But wait -- wasn't the paper that sparked the controversy about autism and vaccines debunked, retracted, and branded a deliberate fraud by the British Medical Journal?


难道略懂些科学的人们 不知道所谓“疫苗引发自闭症”的 理论是胡说八道吗？

Don't most science-savvy people know that the theory that vaccines cause autism is B.S.?


我相信大多数人是知道的。 但是世界上还是有很多家长 仍然担心注射疫苗会带来 患上自闭症的风险。

I think most of you do, but millions of parents worldwide continue to fear that vaccines put their kids at risk for autism.


这是显示自闭症患者数量 普遍性上升的一个统计图表。

This is a graph of autism prevalence estimates rising over time.


在几乎整个20世纪， 自闭症都被认为是一种 极其罕见的疾病。

For most of the 20th century, autism was considered an incredibly rare condition.


少数几个听说过它的 心理学家和儿科医生， 觉得可能在他们的整个职业生涯中 也不会遇到一个这样的病例。

The few psychologists and pediatricians who'd even heard of it figured they would get through their entire careers without seeing a single case.


几十年间， 自闭症患者的统计数量都维持稳定， 在1万个孩子中大概有3到4例。

For decades, the prevalence estimates remained stable at just three or four children in 10,000.


但是到了90年代， 数字开始飞速上升。

But then, in the 1990s, the numbers started to skyrocket.


像Autism Speaks这样的募款机构 常常将自闭症描述为一种流行病， 就好像你去趟迪斯尼乐园 就能被传染一样。

Fundraising organizations like Autism Speaks routinely refer to autism as an epidemic, as if you could catch it from another kid at Disneyland.


如果不是疫苗的问题， 那原因究竟何在？


如果你去问亚特兰大疾控中心的人， 这究竟是怎么回事， 他们的解释多半是“评估标准变松了”， 或是“找到病例的能力变强了”， 所以统计数量上升了。

If you ask the folks down at the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta what's going on, they tend to rely on phrases like "broadened diagnostic criteria" and "better case finding" to explain these rising numbers.


但是这些话 并不能减轻年轻母亲们的恐惧， 尤其是当她发现自己两岁的 孩子目光游移不定时。

But that kind of language doesn't do much to allay the fears of a young mother who is searching her two-year-old's face for eye contact.


如果诊断标准需要放宽， 为什么标准在一开始如此严苛？

If the diagnostic criteria had to be broadened, why were they so narrow in the first place?


为什么自闭症的病例 在1990年代之前如此难找？

Why were cases of autism so hard to find before the 1990s?


五年前，我决定试着 找出这些问题的答案。

Five years ago, I decided to try to uncover the answers to these questions.


我的发现是， 这个数量的上升并非是由于 科学进展的缓慢和谨慎， 更多的是因为故事叙述在诱导大众。

I learned that what happened has less to do with the slow and cautious progress of science than it does with the seductive power of storytelling.


在整个20世纪， 医学界都用一个故事来解释 什么是自闭症以及它的发现过程。 但是那个故事后来被证明是错的， 而这个故事所造成的后果 正对全球公共健康带来灾难性的影响。

For most of the 20th century, clinicians told one story about what autism is and how it was discovered, but that story turned out to be wrong, and the consequences of it are having a devastating impact on global public health.


然后又有了第二个关于自闭症的故事， 其准确性更高，但却鲜为人知， 仅在临床研究文献中偶尔提及。

There was a second, more accurate story of autism which had been lost and forgotten in obscure corners of the clinical literature.


第二个故事叙述了我们是 如何走到了今天这个地步， 以及我们之后应该做些什么。

This second story tells us everything about how we got here and where we need to go next.


第一个故事开始于约翰霍普金斯医院， 一位叫做 Leopard Kanner的儿童精神病医生。

The first story starts with a child psychiatrist at Johns Hopkins Hospital named Leo Kanner.


在1943年，Kanner发表了一篇论文， 描述了11个活在他们自己世界的孩子， 他们忽略身边的所有人， 甚至他们的父母。

In 1943, Kanner published a paper describing 11 young patients who seemed to inhabit private worlds, ignoring the people around them, even their own parents.


他们可以自娱自乐长达几个小时， 仅仅只是自己拍手， 但他们很容易被小事惊扰， 比如他们最喜欢的玩具 没有被放到通常的位置。

They could amuse themselves for hours by flapping their hands in front of their faces, but they were panicked by little things like their favorite toy being moved from its usual place without their knowledge.


基于他所接触的这些病患的情况， Kanner推测自闭症非常罕见。

Based on the patients who were brought to his clinic, Kanner speculated that autism is very rare.


到50年代，他作为世界上 研究自闭症的权威， 宣称自己只接触了不到 150个“真正病例”， 而慕名而来的诸多患者中 甚至有人来自南非。

By the 1950s, as the world's leading authority on the subject, he declared that he had seen less than 150 true cases of his syndrome while fielding referrals from as far away as South Africa.


这其实也不奇怪。 因为Kanner诊断自闭症的标准 非常苛刻。

That's actually not surprising, because Kanner's criteria for diagnosing autism were incredibly selective.


比如他不主张对将患有癫痫的 孩子诊断为自闭症， 但现在我们知道癫痫在自闭症中很常见。

For example, he discouraged giving the diagnosis to children who had seizures but now we know that epilepsy is very common in autism.


他曾经吹嘘说其他医生介绍来的 疑似自闭症的患者中，十个有九个 都不应该被诊断为自闭症。

He once bragged that he had turned nine out of 10 kids referred to his office as autistic by other clinicians without giving them an autism diagnosis.


Kanner是个很聪明的医生， 但他的许多理论都经不起推敲。

Kanner was a smart guy, but a number of his theories didn't pan out.


他将自闭症归类于一种儿童精神错乱， 是由于缺少来自父母的关爱。

He classified autism as a form of infantile psychosis caused by cold and unaffectionate parents.


他说，这些孩子 就像被放到了一个无法解冻的冰箱里。

These children, he said, had been kept neatly in a refrigerator that didn't defrost.


然而同时， Kanner也注意到他的一些幼年患者 在某些领域有着特殊的天赋， 比如音乐，数学和记忆力方面。

At the same time, however, Kanner noticed that some of his young patients had special abilities that clustered in certain areas like music, math and memory.


他的诊所中的一个男孩 在两岁前就可以辨别18首交响乐。

One boy in his clinic could distinguish between 18 symphonies before he turned two.


当他的母亲播放他最喜欢的曲子， 他会正确地说出 “贝多芬！”

When his mother put on one of his favorite records, he would correctly declare, "Beethoven!"


但是Kanner对这些能力并不感冒， 声称孩子们只是在重复 他们爱慕虚荣的父母所说的话， 急切地想要赢得父母的赞许。

But Kanner took a dim view of these abilities, claiming that the kids were just regurgitating things they'd heard their pompous parents say, desperate to earn their approval.


因此，自闭症患儿成了家庭的耻辱， 整整两代自闭症儿童 都被送到了精神病院接受治疗， 对整个世界而言， 他们几乎是不存在的。

As a result, autism became a source of shame and stigma for families, and two generations of autistic children were shipped off to institutions for their own good, becoming invisible to the world at large.


直到上世纪70年代， 研究人员才开始质疑Kanner 所谓“自闭症罕见”的理论。

Amazingly, it wasn't until the 1970s that researchers began to test Kanner's theory that autism was rare.


Lorna Wing是伦敦一位认知心理学家， 她认为Kanner的“冰箱养育”的理论 “极其愚蠢”， 她这么对我说。

Lorna Wing was a cognitive psychologist in London who thought that Kanner's theory of refrigerator parenting were "bloody stupid," as she told me.


她和她的丈夫John是温暖热情的人， 而他们有一个极度自闭的女儿Susie。

She and her husband John were warm and affectionate people, and they had a profoundly autistic daughter named Susie.


Lorna和John知道 养育Susie这样的孩子困难重重， 他们无法获得支持性服务， 也不能让她接受特殊教育， 因为没有自闭症的诊断书， 很多资源都无法获取。

Lorna and John knew how hard it was to raise a child like Susie without support services, special education, and the other resources that are out of reach without a diagnosis.


为了向国家医疗保健系统证明， 自闭症儿童和他们的家庭 需要更多的资源， Lorna和她的同事Judith Gould 决定去做一些三十年前 就应该被完成的事情，

To make the case to the National Health Service that more resources were needed for autistic children and their families, Lorna and her colleague Judith Gould decided to do something that should have been done 30 years earlier.


他们在普通人群中进行了 自闭症普及性的研究，

They undertook a study of autism prevalence in the general population.


他们在伦敦Camberwell郊区四处奔走， 去寻找社区中的自闭症儿童。

They pounded the pavement in a London suburb called Camberwell to try to find autistic children in the community.


他们的发现证实了 Kanner的理论模式过于狭隘， 而自闭症的现实情况却 十分丰富和多元化。

What they saw made clear that Kanner's model was way too narrow, while the reality of autism was much more colorful and diverse.


有些孩子完全不能说话， 而有些孩子却能对天文物理学， 恐龙或者皇室族谱

Some kids couldn't talk at all, while others waxed on at length about their fascination with astrophysics, dinosaurs or the genealogy of royalty.


这些他们感兴趣的事情侃侃而谈。 也就是说，这些孩子并非 一个模子里刻出来的， Judith这样形容道， 他们看到了很多自闭症儿童， 远远超出了Kanner单一的 理论模型所能涵盖的范围。

In other words, these children didn't fit into nice, neat boxes, as Judith put it, and they saw lots of them, way more than Kanner's monolithic model would have predicted.


一开始，他们对自己的数据感到茫然。

At first, they were at a loss to make sense of their data.


之前怎么会没人注意到这些孩子呢？

How had no one noticed these children before?


但是Loran提到了在1944年发表的 一篇德语论文， 就在Kanner论文发表的一年后， 而这篇文章却被人遗忘， 被一段可怕时光的余烬埋葬， 没人愿意记得或者想起这段时光。

But then Lorna came upon a reference to a paper that had been published in German in 1944, the year after Kanner's paper, and then forgotten, buried with the ashes of a terrible time that no one wanted to remember or think about.


Kanner知道这篇观点不同的文章， 但是在他自己的文章中完全没有提及。

Kanner knew about this competing paper, but scrupulously avoided mentioning it in his own work.


这篇德语论文甚至没有被译成英文， 但幸运的是，Lorna的丈夫懂德语， 他为Lorna翻译了这篇文章。

It had never even been translated into English, but luckily, Lorna's husband spoke German, and he translated it for her.


这篇论文讲述了有关 自闭症的另一个故事。

The paper offered an alternate story of autism.


故事的作者叫做Hans Asperger， 他在1930年代在Vienna地区 开了一家综合诊所 和一所寄宿学校。 Asperger对于不同孩子 采取不同教学方法的理念 即便在现代也非常先进。

Its author was a man named Hans Asperger, who ran a combination clinic and residential school Asperger's ideas about teaching children with learning differences were progressive even by contemporary standards.


在他的诊所，孩子们早上练习音乐， 星期天下午会进行表演。

Mornings at his clinic began with exercise classes set to music, and the children put on plays on Sunday afternoons.


Asperger没有责备父母导致了自闭症， 而是将自闭症描述为一种 多诱因的终身缺陷。 这种缺陷一生都需要人们 同情的支持和理解。

Instead of blaming parents for causing autism, Asperger framed it as a lifelong, polygenetic disability that requires compassionate forms of support and accommodations over the course of one's whole life.


在Asperger的诊所里， 他没有把孩子当做病人， 而是把他们叫做小教授们， 并且在教育方法的建立上 寻求他们的帮助， 而这也正是他们所需要的。

Rather than treating the kids in his clinic like patients, Asperger called them his little professors, and enlisted their help in developing methods of education that were particularly suited to them.


重要的是，Asperger认为 自闭症是一种多元的疾病， 包括了无数的不同缺陷和天赋。

Crucially, Asperger viewed autism as a diverse continuum that spans an astonishing range of giftedness and disability.


他相信自闭症和 自闭症的特征都很常见， 自始至终都如此， 可以在身边熟悉的原型中 找到这种共性， 比如有社交障碍的科学家 和心不在焉的教授。

He believed that autism and autistic traits are common and always have been, seeing aspects of this continuum in familiar archetypes from pop culture like the socially awkward scientist and the absent-minded professor.


他得出的结论是， 要在科学或者艺术方面获得成功， 一定程度的自闭是至关重要的。

He went so far as to say, it seems that for success in science and art, a dash of autism is essential.


Lorna和Judith意识到Kanner在 “自闭症是罕见的”和“父母导致了自闭症” 这两点上同样都是错误的。

Lorna and Judith realized that Kanner had been as wrong about autism being rare as he had been about parents causing it.


之后的若干年里， 他们低调地和美国精神病学会合作， 拓宽了诊断自闭症的标准， 来反映他们所说的 “自闭症谱图”的多样性。

Over the next several years, they quietly worked with the American Psychiatric Association to broaden the criteria for diagnosis to reflect the diversity of what they called "the autism spectrum."


在80年代晚期和90年代初期， 他们提出的改变有了成效， 换掉了Kanner狭隘的模型， 取而代之的是Asperger广泛 又更全面的模型。

In the late '80s and early 1990s, their changes went into effect, swapping out Kanner's narrow model for Asperger's broad and inclusive one.


这些改变并不是凭空出现的。

These changes weren't happening in a vacuum.


巧合的是，当Lorna和Judith 私下努力进行 评估标准的改革时， 全世界的人们第一次见到了一位 患有自闭症的成年人。

By coincidence, as Lorna and Judith worked behind the scenes to reform the criteria, people all over the world were seeing an autistic adult for the first time.


在1988年“雨人”出现之前， 只有一小部分内部专家了解 自闭症的症状。 但在Dustin Hoffman扮演了 Raymond Babbitt之后， 这场令人难忘的表演给 “雨人”赢得了四项奥斯卡大奖， 全世界的儿科医生，心理学家， 老师们和家长们都知道了 自闭症的症状。

Before "Rain Man" came out in 1988, only a tiny, ingrown circle of experts knew what autism looked like, but after Dustin Hoffman's unforgettable performance as Raymond Babbitt earned "Rain Man" four Academy Awards, pediatricians, psychologists, teachers and parents all over the world knew what autism looked like.


巧合的是，与此同时， 第一个简便的诊断自闭症的 临床测试出现了。

Coincidentally, at the same time, the first easy-to-use clinical tests for diagnosing autism were introduced.


你不再需要认识那一小部分专家 来给自己的孩子进行诊断。

You no longer had to have a connection to that tiny circle of experts to get your child evaluated.


“雨人”， 评估标准的变化， 以及这些测试的组合， 产生了一种网络效应， 一场对自闭症认知的完美风暴。

The combination of "Rain Man," the changes to the criteria, and the introduction of these tests created a network effect, a perfect storm of autism awareness.


自闭症患者的确诊数目开始激增， 就像Lorna和Judith预测 而且希望的那样， 自闭症患者和他们的家庭 最终会得到他们应得的支持和服务。

The number of diagnoses started to soar, just as Lorna and Judith predicted, indeed hoped, that it would, enabling autistic people and their families to finally get the support and services they deserved.


之后Andrew Wakefield出现了， 将自闭症归咎于疫苗接种， 这是一个简单，有力， 又容易令人信服故事， 这故事和Kanner的 自闭症很罕见的理论一样错误。

Then Andrew Wakefield came along to blame the spike in diagnoses on vaccines, a simple, powerful, and seductively believable story that was as wrong as Kanner's theory that autism was rare.


如果疾控中心目前的 “美国每68个孩子中就有一个 患有自闭症”的估计是正确的， 自闭症患者就是世界上 最大的少数群体之一。

If the CDC's current estimate, that one in 68 kids in America are on the spectrum, is correct, autistics are one of the largest minority groups in the world.


在最近几年里， 自闭症患者在网上聚集起来， 来反驳他们是“下一代医学进展 才能解决的谜题”的说法， 他们创造了一个词，“神经多样性”， 来赞美人类认知的多元化。

In recent years, autistic people have come together on the Internet to reject the notion that they are puzzles to be solved by the next medical breakthrough, coining the term "neurodiversity" to celebrate the varieties of human cognition.


一种理解“神经多样性”的方法 是从人类的操作系统来思考。

One way to understand neurodiversity is to think in terms of human operating systems.


一个电脑不运行Windows系统 并不表示它坏了。

Just because a P.C. is not running Windows doesn't mean that it's broken.


从自闭的标准来说， 正常的人类大脑 很容易分心， 喜欢社交， 而且对细节不太关注。

By autistic standards, the normal human brain is easily distractable, obsessively social, and suffers from a deficit of attention to detail.


诚然，自闭症患者痛苦地生活在 一个不是为他们创造的世界里。

To be sure, autistic people have a hard time living in a world not built for them.


年以后， 我们还在努力追随Asperger的先进想法， 他认为对于自闭症最糟糕的 那些方面的“治疗方法” 是让患者有体贴的老师， 有包容心的上司， 支持他们的社会， 以及相信他们孩子潜力的父母。

[Seventy] years later, we're still catching up to Asperger, who believed that the "cure" for the most disabling aspects of autism is to be found in understanding teachers, accommodating employers, supportive communities, and parents who have faith in their children's potential.


一个患有自闭症的男性 Zosia Zaks曾经说过， “我们需要双手扶着甲板 来扶正人性的船舶。”

An autistic [man] named Zosia Zaks once said, "We need all hands on deck to right the ship of humanity."


当我们走向未知的未来时， 我们需要地球上 每个拥有智慧的人类， 团结起来，一起努力 解决遇到的问题。

As we sail into an uncertain future, we need every form of human intelligence on the planet working together to tackle the challenges that we face as a society.


每个人的智慧都举足轻重。