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Reproducible pipelines

Diffusion models are inherently random which is what allows it to generate different outputs every time it is run. But there are certain times when you want to generate the same output every time, like when you’re testing, replicating results, and even improving image quality. While you can’t expect to get identical results across platforms, you can expect reproducible results across releases and platforms within a certain tolerance range (though even this may vary).

This guide will show you how to control randomness for deterministic generation on a CPU and GPU.

We strongly recommend reading PyTorch’s statement about reproducibility:

“Completely reproducible results are not guaranteed across PyTorch releases, individual commits, or different platforms. Furthermore, results may not be reproducible between CPU and GPU executions, even when using identical seeds.”

##
Control randomness

During inference, pipelines rely heavily on random sampling operations which include creating the Gaussian noise tensors to denoise and adding noise to the scheduling step.

Take a look at the tensor values in the DDIMPipeline after two inference steps.

    from diffusers import DDIMPipeline
    import numpy as np

    ddim = DDIMPipeline.from_pretrained( "google/ddpm-cifar10-32", use_safetensors=True)
    image = ddim(num_inference_steps=2, output_type="np").images
    print(np.abs(image).sum())

Running the code above prints one value, but if you run it again you get a different value.

Each time the pipeline is run, torch.randn uses a different random seed to create the Gaussian noise tensors. This leads to a different result each time it is run and enables the diffusion pipeline to generate a different random image each time.

But if you need to reliably generate the same image, that depends on whether you’re running the pipeline on a CPU or GPU.

It might seem unintuitive to pass `Generator` objects to a pipeline instead of the integer value representing the seed. However, this is the recommended design when working with probabilistic models in PyTorch because a `Generator` is a random state that can be passed to multiple pipelines in a sequence. As soon as the `Generator` is consumed, the state is changed in place which means even if you passed the same `Generator` to a different pipeline, it won’t produce the same result because the state is already changed.

CPU
GPU

To generate reproducible results on a CPU, you’ll need to use a PyTorch Generator and set a seed. Now when you run the code, it always prints a value of `1491.1711` because the `Generator` object with the seed is passed to all the random functions in the pipeline. You should get a similar, if not the same, result on whatever hardware and PyTorch version you’re using.

    import torch
    import numpy as np
    from diffusers import DDIMPipeline

    ddim = DDIMPipeline.from_pretrained("google/ddpm-cifar10-32", use_safetensors=True)
    generator = torch.Generator(device="cpu").manual_seed(0)
    image = ddim(num_inference_steps=2, output_type="np", generator=generator).images
    print(np.abs(image).sum())

##
Deterministic algorithms

You can also configure PyTorch to use deterministic algorithms to create a reproducible pipeline. The downside is that deterministic algorithms may be slower than non-deterministic ones and you may observe a decrease in performance.

Non-deterministic behavior occurs when operations are launched in more than one CUDA stream. To avoid this, set the environment variable CUBLAS_WORKSPACE_CONFIG to `:16:8` to only use one buffer size during runtime.

PyTorch typically benchmarks multiple algorithms to select the fastest one, but if you want reproducibility, you should disable this feature because the benchmark may select different algorithms each time. Set Diffusers enable_full_determinism to enable deterministic algorithms.

    enable_full_determinism()

Now when you run the same pipeline twice, you’ll get identical results.

    import torch
    from diffusers import DDIMScheduler, StableDiffusionPipeline

    pipe = StableDiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained("stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5", use_safetensors=True).to("cuda")
    pipe.scheduler = DDIMScheduler.from_config(pipe.scheduler.config)
    g = torch.Generator(device="cuda")

    prompt = "A bear is playing a guitar on Times Square"

    g.manual_seed(0)
    result1 = pipe(prompt=prompt, num_inference_steps=50, generator=g, output_type="latent").images

    g.manual_seed(0)
    result2 = pipe(prompt=prompt, num_inference_steps=50, generator=g, output_type="latent").images

    print("L_inf dist =", abs(result1 - result2).max())
    "L_inf dist = tensor(0., device='cuda:0')"

##
Deterministic batch generation

A practical application of creating reproducible pipelines is deterministic batch generation. You generate a batch of images and select one image to improve with a more detailed prompt. The main idea is to pass a list of Generator’s to the pipeline and tie each `Generator` to a seed so you can reuse it.

Let’s use the stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5 checkpoint and generate a batch of images.

    import torch
    from diffusers import DiffusionPipeline
    from diffusers.utils import make_image_grid

    pipeline = DiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained(
        "stable-diffusion-v1-5/stable-diffusion-v1-5", torch_dtype=torch.float16, use_safetensors=True
    )
    pipeline = pipeline.to("cuda")

Define four different `Generator`s and assign each `Generator` a seed (`0` to `3`). Then generate a batch of images and pick one to iterate on.

Use a list comprehension that iterates over the batch size specified in `range()` to create a unique `Generator` object for each image in the batch. If you multiply the `Generator` by the batch size integer, it only creates one `Generator` object that is used sequentially for each image in the batch.

    [torch.Generator().manual_seed(seed)] * 4

    generator = [torch.Generator(device="cuda").manual_seed(i) for i in range(4)]
    prompt = "Labrador in the style of Vermeer"
    images = pipeline(prompt, generator=generator, num_images_per_prompt=4).images[0]
    make_image_grid(images, rows=2, cols=2)

Let’s improve the first image (you can choose any image you want) which corresponds to the `Generator` with seed `0`. Add some additional text to your prompt and then make sure you reuse the same `Generator` with seed `0`. All the generated images should resemble the first image.

    prompt = [prompt + t for t in [", highly realistic", ", artsy", ", trending", ", colorful"]]
    generator = [torch.Generator(device="cuda").manual_seed(0) for i in range(4)]
    images = pipeline(prompt, generator=generator).images
    make_image_grid(images, rows=2, cols=2)

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